Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis
Still Mining Gold in the Golden State
Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains
Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn
Mount Diablo Views
The Science of Snow
The Science of Snow
Skiing Volcano Country
Sponsored
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She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"brian-romans":{"type":"authors","id":"10171","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10171","found":true},"name":"Brian Romans","firstName":"Brian","lastName":"Romans","slug":"brian-romans","email":"romansbrian@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Brian Romans is the author the popular geoscience blog Clastic Detritus where he writes about topics in the field of sedimentary and marine geology and shares photographs of geologic field work from around the world. He is fascinated by the dynamic processes that shape our planet and the science of reconstructing ancient landscapes preserved in the geologic record. Brian came to the Bay Area in 2003 and completed a Ph.D. in geology at Stanford University in 2008. He lives in Berkeley with his wife, a high school science teacher, and is currently working as a research scientist in the energy industry. Follow him on \u003ca href=\"http://www.twitter.com/clasticdetritus\">Twitter\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Brian Romans | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/brian-romans"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_80827":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_80827","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"80827","score":null,"sort":[1447768811000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought","title":"Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought","publishDate":1447768811,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists fly over, count and climb unhealthy-looking giant sequoias to assess the drought’s impact.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1485812508,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":35,"wordCount":1681},"headData":{"title":"Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought | KQED","description":"Scientists fly over, count and climb unhealthy-looking giant sequoias to assess the drought’s impact.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"80827 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=80827","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/17/giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought/","disqusTitle":"Giant Sequoias Struggle with Drought","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/4Cn8FsOsBmY","path":"/quest/80827/giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the summer of 2014, biologist Nathan Stephenson was surveying giant sequoias in a clearing in Sequoia National Park. He looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 35 years studying giant sequoias in the Sierra Nevada, Stephenson had never seen a mature giant sequoia with that many brown leaves. He looked in the park’s records, which go back 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one had ever reported that before,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Half a dozen giant sequoias, like the one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Dead_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Half a dozen giant sequoias, like this one in the background, have died in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought started in California four years ago. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, he and his team surveyed 4,300 of the approximately 160,000 giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They found that one percent of them had shed half or more of their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trees lose foliage as a way to cope with drought,” said Stephenson, who works for the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only half a dozen giant sequoias have died in the Sierra Nevada’s Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks since the drought began, said the parks’ science coordinator Koren Nydick. But the fact that some giant sequoias started to show signs of stress last year caused concern among scientists because the trees are normally long-lived, with some known to be more than 3,000 years old. And all around them in the Sierra, some 6 million trees of other species have died, according to a U.S. Forest Service survey in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing firs, pines, incense cedars and oaks are all dying at a rate we’ve never seen before,” said Stephenson. “Even during the 1977 drought in California we didn’t see this many trees dying.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97695\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Nathan_Stephenson-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the summer of 2014, U.S. Geological Survey biologist Nathan Stephenson became concerned when he looked up at the crown of a mature giant sequoia, hundreds of years old, and noticed that half of its leaves had turned brown. “No one had ever reported that before,” he said. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The severity of the damage on some of the sequoias led him and other biologists to investigate further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, the USGS and the Carnegie Institution for Science counted the number of giant sequoias with brown leaves, climbed 50 of the trees to see if they were having trouble transporting water to their treetops and flew over giant sequoia groves to make images of their water content using special equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers’ conclusion: some giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park are showing signs of stress, but it’s unclear which trees might be at the highest risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant sequoias require more water than any other tree, said tree biologist Anthony Ambrose, of the University of California, Berkeley. On a hot summer day, they can suck up 500 to 800 gallons. That’s twice as much water as a California household uses in a day. And it’s not just any water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That water comes primarily from snow that slowly melts during the spring and recharges the groundwater,” said Ambrose, “so that during the summer months they have sufficient water to sustain their growth and physiology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that during California’s historic drought, little snow has been available to the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The last two winters here have been by far the warmest on record,” said Stephenson, “and what that’s meant is there’s been almost no snow on the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August and September, Ambrose and Wendy Baxter, another UC biologist, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. They collected leaves from their treetops –sometimes the equivalent of 30 stories up-- using a simple rig that allows them to hoist themselves up on a rope while hardly touching the bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97698\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_climbs_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter, of the University of California, Berkeley, climbed a giant sequoia in September. She used a simple rig that allowed her to hoist herself up on a rope while hardly touching the bark. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There’s a beautiful view up here,” said Baxter, as she looked out over the top of the forest from her vantage point 300 feet up. She used small shears to cut a clump of leaves from the treetop and stuffed them in plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at great heights, giant sequoias are able to draw water up to leaves at their treetops. Inside each of the trees’ cells, water gets pulled up to the top of the tree as if it were being sucked up through a straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we clip it, the water retracts back into the stem, kind of like a rubber band,” said Baxter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97697\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Wendy_Baxter_atop_sequoia_02-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Wendy Baxter and a colleague from the University of California, Berkeley, climbed 50 giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park in August and September to get a sense of whether the trees were having trouble transporting water to their treetops. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back on the ground, she handed the bags to UC Berkeley technician Ken Schwab, who placed a group of leaves inside a round metal device called a pressure chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we put our stem into the pressure chamber,” said Baxter, “the amount of pressure that it takes to force the water back out is an indication of how much tension it was under.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher the pressure required to push the water out, the more stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of the trees are definitely as stressed as we’ve ever measured giant sequoia,” said Ambrose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, Ambrose and Baxter took measurements in two sites in the forest where some of the giant sequoias had lost half of their leaves in 2014 and in two sites where trees had looked healthier. They found that the most water-stressed trees and the least stressed ones could be found in all sites. Perhaps, Ambrose said, some trees within a particular site have more access to groundwater, their roots reaching deep underground into cracks and crevices that other trees can’t get to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97691\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97691\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Anthony_Ambrose_atop_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California, Berkeley, biologist Anthony Ambrose cuts leaves from the top of a giant sequoia in Sequoia National Park at daybreak on Sept. 2. \u003ccite>(Lincoln Else/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In comparison with the summer of 2014, fewer giant sequoias lost half of their leaves this summer, said Stephenson. He thinks that perhaps the trees “did all the hard work of adjusting to the drought last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out what trees will succumb to drought is a difficult business, said Greg Asner, of Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science. Sometimes, Asner said, trees lose lots of leaves and later rebound when they have access to water. Other times, trees look healthy, but are in fact water-stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asner designed the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars in trees using a technology called laser-guided spectral imaging. This summer he flew over and made images of the giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest. On the resulting map, the sequoias on the west side of Giant Forest appear orange and red, a sign that they’re doing worst in terms of their water content. The trees on the east side of the forest appear in blue, a sign that they have more water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Asner_Screenshot5-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Asner, of the Carnegie Institution for Science, created this map of giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park’s Giant Forest this summer, after imaging the trees with the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, a plane with instruments that measure water, nitrogen and sugars. The trees that appear in blue are getting the most water. The yellow, orange and red trees are getting the least. \u003ccite>(Greg Asner/Carnegie Institution for Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But only repeated flights can accurately pinpoint the most vulnerable giant sequoias, said Asner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot tell if a tree is improving or declining in a single mapping,” he said. “By re-flying we can see the total amount of water change in each canopy, and that will be the best possible measure of how each tree is doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists say, they can’t draw conclusions about just how stressed the iconic giant sequoia trees are after four years of severe drought, or how many might be at risk of dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the research, however, is important in establishing a baseline that will allow them to monitor giant sequoias for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our main concern isn’t necessarily the current drought right now; it’s looking to the future,” said Stephenson. “If the climate continues to warm, it will put more stress on the giant sequoias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-97694\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/General_Sherman_giant_sequoia-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The General Sherman, in the middle, is billed as the largest tree in the world. If conditions for giant sequoias worsened in the future, Sequoia National Park officials might consider irrigating the General Sherman and other famous giant sequoias. \u003ccite>(Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the drought continues, or if the trees show significant decline as the climate continues to warm, giant sequoias might need some human intervention in the future to survive climate change. That could take the form of prescribed burns to reduce competition for water from surrounding trees. Parks officials could even decide to irrigate some of their most famous giant sequoias, such as the General Sherman, billed as the world’s largest tree, said Nydick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If temperatures continue to increase, as they’re almost certain to,” said Ambrose, “at what point will they reach a threshold where they can’t recover?”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/80827/giant-sequoias-struggle-with-drought","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_886","quest_13390","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13391","quest_2630","quest_12667","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81283","label":"quest"},"quest_53744":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53744","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53744","score":null,"sort":[1367514487000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis","title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis","publishDate":1367514487,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367972589,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":723},"headData":{"title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis | KQED","description":"An hour of crowded freeway or a jaunt through granite, greenery and history? The choice is yours.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53744 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53744","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/","disqusTitle":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Through Folsom to Loomis","path":"/quest/53744/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You could crawl through Sacramento during rush hour on your way to (or from) Reno and Tahoe, or you could take a 36-mile side trip through water, history, greenery and geology in the granite lands and early gold country of Folsom. Here's the route as it appears on Google Maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsommap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53745\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png\" alt=\"folsommap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsommap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make this side trip, turn off I-80 just west of Sacramento onto US 50. This point is the western end of US 50; you can stay on that historic route past South Lake Tahoe and across Nevada to reach the Atlantic at Ocean City, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Route 50 starts at sea level and stays on the level ground of the Central Valley, following the American River toward the mountains. Twenty miles later you've climbed just 130 feet. All of the ups and downs of the road are related to interchanges and overcrossings, not topography. You won't see it from the highway, but most of the ground is gravel tailings, piled up over decades of gold mining in the bed of the American River. The river course is open to the public in Sacramento County's \u003ca href=\"http://www.msa2.saccounty.net/parks/Pages/RegionalParksDetails.aspx?pn=American%20River%20Parkway\">American River Parkway\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Hazel Avenue, 21 miles into the drive, exit and turn left (just above the \"E\" in Gold River on the map). It's a few hundred yards to the Nimbus Fish Hatchery, which has been here since the 1950s. You can tour the hatchery, or you can sit and watch the river flow. The last dam on the river, the relatively low Nimbus Dam, is just to the east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-hatchery/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53746\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg\" alt=\"Nimbus Fish Hatchery\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-hatchery-400x250.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And here we finally have topography, and rocks. The rock in the cliffs is mapped as the Turlock Lake Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone about a half million years old. At that time the rising Sierra Nevada was shedding this sediment in vast fan-shaped aprons up and down the eastern Central Valley. The wonderful \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/24/side-trips-from-interstate-5-the-deep-san-joaquin-valley/\">fossil beds of the Fairmead Landfill site\u003c/a>, down by Chowchilla, are in this formation, but no one has reported anything like that around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Return to US 50, go east another mile, and take Folsom Boulevard north. Now let's look at the geologic map of the route (derived from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">State Geologic Map\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53747\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png\" alt=\"folsomgeomap\" width=\"500\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgeomap-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turlock Lake Formation makes up most of the area marked QPc, and the pink area is granite. That's what you'll see in the northern half of this side trip, between the towns of Folsom and Loomis. But first you pass a high pile of clean boulder gravel, two miles from US 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsomgravel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53748\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg\" alt=\"folsomgravel\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsomgravel-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is just a tiny bit of the tailings left behind by the gold syndicates, much of it over a century ago. Pull over if you can and climb on it. Folsom began as a gold-rush town, and if you have the time there's a lot of history to explore. Along here you'll also catch glimpses of the sprawling, monumental \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom Dam\u003c/a>, built in the 1950s for flood control and power generation. Folsom Lake behind it is a major outdoor asset for the capital region. There are several opportunities along the route to visit the lake and wet your feet in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=500\">Folsom Lake State Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Folsom, the road will take you all the way to Auburn if you like, but we'll leave it at the town of Granite Bay and take Laird Road north to I-80 at Loomis. This is the pleasant, green part of the drive. By now you've surely noticed the abundant granite boulders and outcrops. They're all part of the Rocklin Pluton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/02/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis/folsom-granite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-53749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg\" alt=\"folsom-granite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/folsom-granite-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the same rock that makes up the High Sierra, but here it's humble and charming instead of grand and rugged. If it were lifted up three miles and sculpted by erosion for a few million years, it would look like Yosemite. The Rocklin Pluton is an outlier, far to the west of most Sierran granitic intrusions. Its high-quality stone, so convenient to rail and river shipping, was first quarried early during statehood and has been used in public buildings and industrial infrastructure ever since. To get deeper into the subject, once back on I-80 you can take the next exit, Penryn Road, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/\">visit the old Griffith Quarry\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53744/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-through-folsom-to-loomis","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_142","quest_11819","quest_1233","quest_10406","quest_11518","quest_11022","quest_2630"],"featImg":"quest_53749","label":"quest"},"quest_50496":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50496","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50496","score":null,"sort":[1362686843000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state","title":"Still Mining Gold in the Golden State","publishDate":1362686843,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steadyapparently permanenthigh price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California is not yet finished producing the gold that made it wealthy and famous.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363979832,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":864},"headData":{"title":"Still Mining Gold in the Golden State | KQED","description":"California is not yet finished producing the gold that made it wealthy and famous.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50496 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50496","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/","disqusTitle":"Still Mining Gold in the Golden State","path":"/quest/50496/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since California became a state in 1850, it has had a gold industry: sometimes booming, sometimes just thriving and sometimes under its own version of Prohibition. Lately California gold has become an endangered species. The last producers in the Mother Lode are down to less than a handful, but it looks like the industry is ready to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold was always known in the mountains of California, even before James Marshall famously spotted nuggets in his new millrace near Coloma on 24 January 1848. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.coloma.com/california-gold-discovery/\">Marshall's find\u003c/a> sparked the first serious flush of gold production as thousands of men waded into the Sierra Nevada rivers, sifting the gravel with their pans and sluices. They've been there ever since, ranging from weekend panners to elaborate syndicates. It was the syndicates that ruined things for everyone else with their \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">notorious hydraulic methods\u003c/a>. Before the courts shut down the industry in 1884, operations progressed from the gravel terraces of the Central Valley into the mountains, where hydraulickers stripped large swaths of land of their woods and soils and sent the waste sediment downstream to smother the farmlands of the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining was banned from discharging waste into the Sacramento River. That left two ways to keep doing it. One was to strip other rivers instead, most notably the Trinity River, where the practice lasted into the mid-1900s. The other was to dredge Central Valley gravels without affecting the river. The huge gravel beds laid down in the Valley by the Yuba and Feather rivers, where the first gold dredger set to work in 1850, nurtured a long-lasting industry based on floating dredges. The last of these, Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17, is still at work there today. By digging up one side of a pond and depositing the waste on the other, the great dredge slowly travels across the gravel fields east of Yuba City collecting enough powder-fine gold to pay for itself. The sand and gravel can be quarried again and sold later as aggregate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/golddredge17/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg\" alt=\"Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/golddredge17-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuba Gold Dredge No. 17 works its way across the Deep Reserve Area on behalf of Cal Sierra Development Inc., digging gravel with a belt of buckets (seen below the control room at center), sifting out fine-grained gold and heavy minerals, and dumping the rest out the stern with its high stacker (left). Launched in 1918 and refurbished twice, it makes the damnedest noise you ever heard. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hard-rock mines of the Sierra Nevada, hundreds of them, produced the majority of California's gold and populated the region with strong communities. Without them the Mother Lode country would be a thinly peopled land of loggers like the northern Coast Range. The death blow to this industry was a federal wartime order in 1942 that halted all work. For the next five years the shafts filled with groundwater and the workers dispersed, making it uneconomical to reopen any but the richest deposits. Over the next decades the slow decline in the value of gold squeezed out what mines could be revived, and then the regulatory climate shifted to give nature a little more say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Carson Hill Rock Products, south of Angels Camp, still digs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calaverashistory.org/post/carson-hill\">fabulous ground\u003c/a> that yielded the 195-pound Calaveras Nugget in 1854. But its main business is the green-veined decorative rock called mariposite. I am told that the operators keep their eye out for gold as they go, but produce it from the richest pockets only as a byproduct and thus avoid many of the regulations imposed on a gold mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50497\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/mariposite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50497\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg\" alt=\"Mariposite rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50497\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mariposite-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mariposite rock is named for the green phyllosilicate mineral mariposite, a variety of phengite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steadyapparently permanenthigh price of gold today is driving a few long-standing efforts to reopen large-scale gold mining in the Sierra. Foremost of these is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.suttergoldmining.com/s/Home.asp\">Lincoln Mine project\u003c/a>, in Amador County between Jackson and Plymouth, where the Sutter Gold Mining company has methodically gotten all its permits in order and anticipates starting to produce ore for real this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one little mine, started in 1896, still runs as an artisan operation: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.origsix.com/\">Original Sixteen to One Mine\u003c/a>, up in Sierra County in the hamlet of Alleghany. Its business model today is based solely on specimen gold, doing its work by hand and making no toxic waste. If you ever run across decorative California gold like this, with visible metal in creamy quartz, you're surely looking at the mine's output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/matrixgoldspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg\" alt=\"A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/matrixgoldspec-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small cabochon of gold quartz rests on serpentinite, a rock closely associated with the Mother Lode\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Occasionally the miners hit a jackpot, like this specimen called \"The Whopper,\" that can pay for more than a year's expenses all by itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50499\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/07/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state/califgoldwhopper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\" width=\"480\" height=\"279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/califgoldwhopper-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy Mike Diggles, U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Original Sixteen to One Mine will let you spend a day in the mine with the miners for $400, lunch included. There's no word on the website on whether you can keep what you find, but other rewards in Alleghany include \u003ca href=\"http://www.caseys-place.com/\">Casey's Place\u003c/a> and, if you make an appointment, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.undergroundgold.com/Index.html\">Underground Gold Miners Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50496/still-mining-gold-in-the-golden-state","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11818","quest_11819","quest_11822","quest_11820","quest_11821","quest_13202","quest_2630"],"featImg":"quest_50498","label":"quest"},"quest_44500":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44500","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44500","score":null,"sort":[1348168065000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains","publishDate":1348168065,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44505\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdio-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44505\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44505\" title=\"emigdio-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdio-top-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern wall of the Great Valley is worth passing through instead of passing by. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all the construction going on south of Bakersfield on I-5, now is a time to seriously consider a scenic detour of two hours or so that avoids the congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key points are the little towns of Maricopa and Lebec, and the road between them is named Cerro Noroeste Road at its west end and Frazier Mountain Park Road at its east end. I've marked it with asterisks in this Google Maps clipping. How you get to Maricopa is up to you: state route 33 gets you there from Coalinga, as does state route 58 from Buttonwillow. Another road goes through the Elk Hills if you have extra time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiotopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44506\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44506\" title=\"emigdiotopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo-400x344.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic overlay (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) shows that this road threads along the part of the San Andreas fault called the Great Bend. Compressive forces across the fault here have pushed up the land into mountain ranges, the San Emigdio range on the north and the Transverse Ranges on the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44504\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiogeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44504\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44504\" title=\"emigdiogeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo-400x344.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink is Sierra Nevada granite, brown is Precambrian rocks, other colors are mostly young (Tertiary) sedimentary and volcanic rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'll show you the sights from the southbound perspective. The San Emigdios get their name from the patron saint of earthquakes, and this area was badly shaken by the enormous 1857 earthquake that \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/\">ruptured the ground from Parkfield to El Cajon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haze often hides the range, but as you approach the west side of the Great Valley it emerges over the arid oil-producing country around Taft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-taftview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44509\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44509\" title=\"emig-taftview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerro Noroeste Road begins as a turnoff from state route 33/166 just west of the fault trace. If you take an early opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857norosag.htm\">look north\u003c/a>, you can follow the fault's path into the Carrizo Plain. The road ascends to a ridge with spectacular views. Northward you'll see a kaleidoscope of vegetation and lithology on the Great Valley's south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-lithline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44507\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44507\" title=\"emig-lithline\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southward is a succession of Transverse Range ridges that includes the Sierra Madre, San Rafael and Santa Ynez mountains, the last of which overlooks the Santa Barbara coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrosouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44501\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44501\" title=\"emig-cerrosouth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In springtime, the vegetation includes some choice vernal pools. This was in late May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-vernalpool/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44510\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44510\" title=\"emig-vernalpool\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high point of the road is Apache Saddle, just over 6000 feet. This is also the highest point on the San Andreas fault. On the other side is the resort area from Pine Mountain Club to Lake of the Woods to Frazier Park, right off I-5. If you take the time to explore, you'll find that the rocks are very different on opposite sides of the fault—that's because the southern side has been carried hundreds of miles west past the northern side, one earthquake at a time, for some 25 million years and counting. This is the view of the fault valley from Mount Pinos; the highest peak is Mount San Emigdio, flagship peak of the range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-pinosview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44508\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44508\" title=\"emig-pinosview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I showed you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/\">California's oldest rocks\u003c/a> from Mount Pinos a few months ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault valley itself is a dramatic showcase of tectonic features if you know what you're looking at. Its inhabitants sprawl around the fault trace, as they do almost everywhere. This view is looking west in Pine Mountain Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrovalleywest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44502\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44502\" title=\"emig-cerrovalleywest\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along, you'll drive through Cuddy Valley. This photo was taken in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cuddyvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44503\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44503\" title=\"emig-cuddyvalley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault trace runs along the foot of the hills on the opposite side. At the far end is \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857cuddysag.htm\">a prominent sag pond\u003c/a>, formed where two fault strands allow the ground to subside between them. The large peak is Frazier Mountain, which you can drive up if you return for a longer visit. And why wouldn't you? It beats creeping up the Grapevine.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Journeying through the Great Valley's southern rampart is time better spent than inching up the Grapevine.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349809142,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":635},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains | KQED","description":"Journeying through the Great Valley's southern rampart is time better spent than inching up the Grapevine.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"44500 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=44500","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: San Emigdio Mountains","path":"/quest/44500/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44505\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdio-top/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44505\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44505\" title=\"emigdio-top\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdio-top-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern wall of the Great Valley is worth passing through instead of passing by. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all the construction going on south of Bakersfield on I-5, now is a time to seriously consider a scenic detour of two hours or so that avoids the congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key points are the little towns of Maricopa and Lebec, and the road between them is named Cerro Noroeste Road at its west end and Frazier Mountain Park Road at its east end. I've marked it with asterisks in this Google Maps clipping. How you get to Maricopa is up to you: state route 33 gets you there from Coalinga, as does state route 58 from Buttonwillow. Another road goes through the Elk Hills if you have extra time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiotopo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44506\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44506\" title=\"emigdiotopo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiotopo-400x344.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic overlay (from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>) shows that this road threads along the part of the San Andreas fault called the Great Bend. Compressive forces across the fault here have pushed up the land into mountain ranges, the San Emigdio range on the north and the Transverse Ranges on the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44504\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emigdiogeo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44504\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44504\" title=\"emigdiogeo\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emigdiogeo-400x344.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink is Sierra Nevada granite, brown is Precambrian rocks, other colors are mostly young (Tertiary) sedimentary and volcanic rocks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I'll show you the sights from the southbound perspective. The San Emigdios get their name from the patron saint of earthquakes, and this area was badly shaken by the enormous 1857 earthquake that \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/\">ruptured the ground from Parkfield to El Cajon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haze often hides the range, but as you approach the west side of the Great Valley it emerges over the arid oil-producing country around Taft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-taftview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44509\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44509\" title=\"emig-taftview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-taftview-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerro Noroeste Road begins as a turnoff from state route 33/166 just west of the fault trace. If you take an early opportunity to \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857norosag.htm\">look north\u003c/a>, you can follow the fault's path into the Carrizo Plain. The road ascends to a ridge with spectacular views. Northward you'll see a kaleidoscope of vegetation and lithology on the Great Valley's south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-lithline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44507\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44507\" title=\"emig-lithline\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-lithline-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southward is a succession of Transverse Range ridges that includes the Sierra Madre, San Rafael and Santa Ynez mountains, the last of which overlooks the Santa Barbara coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrosouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44501\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44501\" title=\"emig-cerrosouth\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrosouth-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In springtime, the vegetation includes some choice vernal pools. This was in late May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-vernalpool/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44510\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44510\" title=\"emig-vernalpool\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-vernalpool-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high point of the road is Apache Saddle, just over 6000 feet. This is also the highest point on the San Andreas fault. On the other side is the resort area from Pine Mountain Club to Lake of the Woods to Frazier Park, right off I-5. If you take the time to explore, you'll find that the rocks are very different on opposite sides of the fault—that's because the southern side has been carried hundreds of miles west past the northern side, one earthquake at a time, for some 25 million years and counting. This is the view of the fault valley from Mount Pinos; the highest peak is Mount San Emigdio, flagship peak of the range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-pinosview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44508\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44508\" title=\"emig-pinosview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-pinosview-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(I showed you \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/29/californias-and-the-worlds-oldest-rocks/\">California's oldest rocks\u003c/a> from Mount Pinos a few months ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault valley itself is a dramatic showcase of tectonic features if you know what you're looking at. Its inhabitants sprawl around the fault trace, as they do almost everywhere. This view is looking west in Pine Mountain Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cerrovalleywest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44502\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44502\" title=\"emig-cerrovalleywest\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cerrovalleywest-400x259.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along, you'll drive through Cuddy Valley. This photo was taken in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/20/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains/emig-cuddyvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44503\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-44503\" title=\"emig-cuddyvalley\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/emig-cuddyvalley-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fault trace runs along the foot of the hills on the opposite side. At the far end is \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/saf1857/saf1857cuddysag.htm\">a prominent sag pond\u003c/a>, formed where two fault strands allow the ground to subside between them. The large peak is Frazier Mountain, which you can drive up if you return for a longer visit. And why wouldn't you? It beats creeping up the Grapevine.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44500/side-trips-from-interstate-5-san-emigdio-mountains","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10760","quest_13202","quest_2484","quest_2630","quest_11472"],"featImg":"quest_44505","label":"quest"},"quest_43594":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43594","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43594","score":null,"sort":[1346958002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn","title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn","publishDate":1346958002,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammeryou won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sometimes you need a break when you're taking Interstate 80 to or from the Sierra. Try this historic quarry in the foothills.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349810525,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":462},"headData":{"title":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn | KQED","description":"Sometimes you need a break when you're taking Interstate 80 to or from the Sierra. Try this historic quarry in the foothills.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43594 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43594","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/","disqusTitle":"Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn","path":"/quest/43594/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the young state of California began to prosper, it came time to make substantial buildings. Thus the opportunity arose for the difficult art of quarrying and finishing granite to supply the need for good building stone. The High Sierra is made of granite, but in the 1800s it was remote and challenging country. (Note: By \"granite\" I mean what geologists refer to as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/a/granitoids.htm\">granitoid\u003c/a>, a wide range of rock types that qualify as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stonestuff/f/granitestone.htm\">commercial granite\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sierra granites represent the deep-seated bodies of magma that supplied the lava for a long chain of volcanic islands, rather like Japan or Indonesia today, during the Mesozoic Era some 80 to 160 million years ago. However, an accident of California geology placed an outlier of the High Sierra granite near Sacramento at the edge of the foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43600\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra granite is colored dark red in this old state geologic map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Quarrying of this granite began early in the 1850s, but the industry really burgeoned when a Welsh immigrant experienced in stonework, named Griffith Griffith, picked a good outcrop and started a quarry near Rocklin in 1864. He named his company town Penrhyn after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.penmorfa.com/Slate/penrhyn.html\">old Welsh slate district\u003c/a>. (Today's it's Penryn.) Here's where it fits on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">state geologic map\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmapclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmapclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"475\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43595\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmapclose-400x317.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Griffith Quarry soon landed contracts from governments and was off to the races. Parts of the Capitol building in Sacramento, the foundation of the San Francisco Mint and many old unsung railroad beds consist of Griffith stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the pit is preserved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Facility/Museums/LocalMuseums/quarry.aspx\">a Placer County park\u003c/a>. The old quarry office, made of the finest Penryn granite, is a museum that's open weekend afternoons. Don't miss it if you're there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43596\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithmuseum/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithmuseum\" width=\"500\" height=\"396\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43596\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithmuseum-400x317.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some old quarries become destinations while some become eyesores. This one is something between the extremes in a state of genteel decrepitude, with interpretive trails and safety railings plus some benches and picnic tables. It's just the kind of place that kids should explore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43598\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43598\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpit-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone itself is still widely exposed in waste piles as well as the pit walls. Don't bring a rock hammeryou won't need it and the stones are protected anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithpile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43597\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithpile\" width=\"600\" height=\"432\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43597\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithpile-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close up, the stone is revealed as a relatively dark fine-grained granitoid with abundant biotite (black mica) plus black hornblende, white feldspar and a little gray quartz. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/06/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn/griffithstone/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43599\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"griffithstone\" width=\"600\" height=\"424\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/griffithstone-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I might call it a quartz diorite or even a tonalite, but you don't have to. Just enjoy its rugged good looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visit the quarry park, take the Penryn Road exit off I-80 and head north, then turn right on Taylor Road. Total distance, just over a mile. For more geologic and historical detail, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.quarriesandbeyond.org/states/ca/quarry_photo/ca-placer_photos_1a.html\">Penryn page at Quarries and Beyond\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43594/geological-side-trips-from-interstate-80-griffith-quarry-in-penryn","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11371","quest_11418","quest_10406","quest_11417","quest_3724","quest_13202","quest_2471","quest_2630"],"featImg":"quest_43598","label":"quest"},"quest_19234":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19234","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19234","score":null,"sort":[1307044475000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mount-diablo-views","title":"Mount Diablo Views","publishDate":1307044475,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablo300.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mount Diablo is seen with its foothills from Wildcat Canyon Road near Inspiration Point in the Berkeley Hills. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortulus_aptus/\">Seán O'Hara\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative commons license. Photos by Andrew Alden unless otherwise indicated.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. It has fossils. It has a lot of serpentinite in it, with the accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine plant community\u003c/a>. It's been mined for mercury and other metals. It's an exceptional structure even in a region of crazy-complicated tectonic structures. But I expect to get into the geological details some other time. Because first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo was always a landmark, so widely visible around the Bay and central California that in 1851 its peak was named the base line for land divisions. Around here and across the majority of California and all of Nevada, every \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/maps/ig/township-range/\">township and section\u003c/a> is numbered in relation to the north-south Mt. Diablo Meridian and the east-west Mt. Diablo Base Line. (Full details are given by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdshs.org/\">Mount Diablo Surveyors Historical Society\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today few of us have any awareness of land division, and we can simply enjoy the peak's prominence as we drive Bay Area roads or hike the hills. Around the Bay proper, Mount Diablo peeks over the Berkeley Hills as seen from Corona Heights in San Francisco . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosf.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san francisco\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the hills above Marin City, where the \"devil's mountain\" overlooks Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiabloangel.jpg\" alt=\"angel island\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see the peak's full extent we need to cross the hills of the East Bay, or at least climb them. Here the mountain is seen from the Los Buellis Hills, east of San Jose, looking up the valley formed by the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosanjose.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san jose\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once over the hills, your every vista centers around Diablo whether it's the view from Oakland . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosiesta.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo siesta valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Tassajara Valley . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablotassa.jpg\" alt=\"tassajara valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Delta:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosjv.jpg\" alt=\"delta\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/philosophygeek/\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Interstate 5, Mount Diablo can be spotted from the Dunnigan Hills in the north to near Patterson in the south. From state route 99 it's visible from a much longer stretch, but only if the conditions are right. In fact, instead of driving everywhere to determine Mount Diablo's viewshed, it's more efficient to visit the peak itself on a perfect day and look outward. There's a handy sign pointing out what's possible on a perfect day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosign.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/allaboutgeorge/\">George Kelly\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been up there on a perfect day, and while it's not geometrically possible, atmospheric refraction has allowed me to spot Mount Shasta. An example of a typical excellent (not perfect) day shows Pyramid Peak in the central Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosierra.jpg\" alt=\"sierra nevada\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/14657061@N00/\">advencap\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such days were once more common. A. J. McCall, standing at the Sierra's crest on September 7, 1849, recorded \"a picture of wonderful grandeur and magnificence\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Below were a succession of innumerable pine-covered mountain peaks, growing less and less until they disappeared in a broad, yellow valley sweeping north and south until lost to view, and beyond another range of mountains. This was the far-famed Sacramento Valley, nearly a hundred miles distant. The purity of the atmosphere rendered vision almost illimitable, showing every line and shadow distinctly.\" (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2010/03/19/hard-road-west-by-keith-meldahl.htm\">source\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today the activities of ten million modern Californians make such purity almost unattainable—especially around Labor Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common belief that when pioneer scout Kit Carson guided the Fremont Expedition over the Sierra in the winter of 1844 (at today's Carson Pass), he recognized his position by spotting Mount Diablo: \"There is the little mountain—it is 15 years since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\" But \u003ca href=\"http://www.longcamp.com/little_mountain.html\">Bob Graham and Peter Lathrop argue convincingly\u003c/a> that it was not Diablo, but the whole Coast Range that Carson meant. That's too bad; it was a good story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8817 -121.9146\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. But first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134989,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":684},"headData":{"title":"Mount Diablo Views | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19234 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14940","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/","disqusTitle":"Mount Diablo Views","path":"/quest/19234/mount-diablo-views","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablo300.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Mount Diablo is seen with its foothills from Wildcat Canyon Road near Inspiration Point in the Berkeley Hills. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hortulus_aptus/\">Seán O'Hara\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative commons license. Photos by Andrew Alden unless otherwise indicated.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo, in the heart of the East Bay, is an interesting mountain in many ways. It has fossils. It has a lot of serpentinite in it, with the accompanying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/16/home-sweet-serpentine/\">serpentine plant community\u003c/a>. It's been mined for mercury and other metals. It's an exceptional structure even in a region of crazy-complicated tectonic structures. But I expect to get into the geological details some other time. Because first of all, Mount Diablo is just \u003ci>there\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo was always a landmark, so widely visible around the Bay and central California that in 1851 its peak was named the base line for land divisions. Around here and across the majority of California and all of Nevada, every \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/maps/ig/township-range/\">township and section\u003c/a> is numbered in relation to the north-south Mt. Diablo Meridian and the east-west Mt. Diablo Base Line. (Full details are given by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdshs.org/\">Mount Diablo Surveyors Historical Society\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today few of us have any awareness of land division, and we can simply enjoy the peak's prominence as we drive Bay Area roads or hike the hills. Around the Bay proper, Mount Diablo peeks over the Berkeley Hills as seen from Corona Heights in San Francisco . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosf.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san francisco\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the hills above Marin City, where the \"devil's mountain\" overlooks Angel Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiabloangel.jpg\" alt=\"angel island\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see the peak's full extent we need to cross the hills of the East Bay, or at least climb them. Here the mountain is seen from the Los Buellis Hills, east of San Jose, looking up the valley formed by the Calaveras fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosanjose.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo san jose\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once over the hills, your every vista centers around Diablo whether it's the view from Oakland . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosiesta.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo siesta valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Tassajara Valley . . .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablotassa.jpg\" alt=\"tassajara valley\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>. . . or from the Delta:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosjv.jpg\" alt=\"delta\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/philosophygeek/\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Interstate 5, Mount Diablo can be spotted from the Dunnigan Hills in the north to near Patterson in the south. From state route 99 it's visible from a much longer stretch, but only if the conditions are right. In fact, instead of driving everywhere to determine Mount Diablo's viewshed, it's more efficient to visit the peak itself on a perfect day and look outward. There's a handy sign pointing out what's possible on a perfect day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosign.jpg\" alt=\"mount diablo sign\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/allaboutgeorge/\">George Kelly\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've been up there on a perfect day, and while it's not geometrically possible, atmospheric refraction has allowed me to spot Mount Shasta. An example of a typical excellent (not perfect) day shows Pyramid Peak in the central Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mtdiablosierra.jpg\" alt=\"sierra nevada\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/14657061@N00/\">advencap\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such days were once more common. A. J. McCall, standing at the Sierra's crest on September 7, 1849, recorded \"a picture of wonderful grandeur and magnificence\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Below were a succession of innumerable pine-covered mountain peaks, growing less and less until they disappeared in a broad, yellow valley sweeping north and south until lost to view, and beyond another range of mountains. This was the far-famed Sacramento Valley, nearly a hundred miles distant. The purity of the atmosphere rendered vision almost illimitable, showing every line and shadow distinctly.\" (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/b/2010/03/19/hard-road-west-by-keith-meldahl.htm\">source\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Today the activities of ten million modern Californians make such purity almost unattainable—especially around Labor Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a common belief that when pioneer scout Kit Carson guided the Fremont Expedition over the Sierra in the winter of 1844 (at today's Carson Pass), he recognized his position by spotting Mount Diablo: \"There is the little mountain—it is 15 years since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen it yesterday.\" But \u003ca href=\"http://www.longcamp.com/little_mountain.html\">Bob Graham and Peter Lathrop argue convincingly\u003c/a> that it was not Diablo, but the whole Coast Range that Carson meant. That's too bad; it was a good story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8817 -121.9146\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19234/mount-diablo-views","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_910","quest_1881","quest_1889","quest_2025","quest_2487","quest_2630","quest_3791","quest_3817"],"featImg":"quest_14942","label":"quest"},"quest_17075":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17075","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17075","score":null,"sort":[1298910600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-snow-2","title":"The Science of Snow","publishDate":1298910600,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. Lauren Sommer travels to Lake Tahoe where researchers are trying to understand the inner workings of snow a little bit better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. Lauren Sommer travels to Lake Tahoe where researchers are trying to understand the inner workings of snow a little bit better.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1310161074,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":75},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Snow | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17075 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/28/the-science-of-snow-2/","disqusTitle":"The Science of Snow","path":"/quest/17075/the-science-of-snow-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. Lauren Sommer travels to Lake Tahoe where researchers are trying to understand the inner workings of snow a little bit better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17075/the-science-of-snow-2","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_1881","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_3339","quest_2630","quest_2644","quest_3328","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_3340","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_12549","label":"quest"},"quest_19193":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19193","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19193","score":null,"sort":[1298670985000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-snow","title":"The Science of Snow","publishDate":1298670985,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Science of Snow | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches aren’t something most skiers and snowboarders have to think about. That’s because ski areas take preventative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the backside of \u003ca href=\"http://www.squaw.com/\">Squaw Valley Ski Resort\u003c/a>, two ski patrollers drop into a black diamond run known as Granite Chief. Below them are mounds of fresh, untouched powder – more than seven feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patrollers are throwing explosive charges onto the slopes to trigger smaller, less dangerous avalanches. Booms ring out across the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. You shovel snow when it’s old, it’s hard to break that block of snow loose from its neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a lot of snow falls quickly like it does in the Sierras, this bonding process may not happen fast enough to support the snowpack, which leads to avalanches. The warmer a snowpack is, the faster it bonds. But if it’s colder, sometimes a different kind of crystal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the temperature at the base of the snowpack – this is gonna be around zero degrees C. But on a very cold night, the temperature at the surface say might be -20 degrees C,” says Dozier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in temperature can create another shape of crystal – a faceted crystal. “They’re sort of angular. They don’t bond together very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These crystals look like grains of sugar and they create weak layers deep in the snowpack. A better understanding of snow crystals could help avalanche forecasters. Dozier says it could also help water managers trying to anticipate the snowpack melt in the spring, an event that’s critical to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avalanche forecaster Brandon Schwartz in the field:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/zdUJ2KI4EQs?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974530,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":971},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Snow | KQED","description":"Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/19193/the-science-of-snow","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches aren’t something most skiers and snowboarders have to think about. That’s because ski areas take preventative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the backside of \u003ca href=\"http://www.squaw.com/\">Squaw Valley Ski Resort\u003c/a>, two ski patrollers drop into a black diamond run known as Granite Chief. Below them are mounds of fresh, untouched powder – more than seven feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patrollers are throwing explosive charges onto the slopes to trigger smaller, less dangerous avalanches. Booms ring out across the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. You shovel snow when it’s old, it’s hard to break that block of snow loose from its neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a lot of snow falls quickly like it does in the Sierras, this bonding process may not happen fast enough to support the snowpack, which leads to avalanches. The warmer a snowpack is, the faster it bonds. But if it’s colder, sometimes a different kind of crystal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the temperature at the base of the snowpack – this is gonna be around zero degrees C. But on a very cold night, the temperature at the surface say might be -20 degrees C,” says Dozier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in temperature can create another shape of crystal – a faceted crystal. “They’re sort of angular. They don’t bond together very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These crystals look like grains of sugar and they create weak layers deep in the snowpack. A better understanding of snow crystals could help avalanche forecasters. Dozier says it could also help water managers trying to anticipate the snowpack melt in the spring, an event that’s critical to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avalanche forecaster Brandon Schwartz in the field:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/zdUJ2KI4EQs?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19193/the-science-of-snow","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_1881","quest_13203","quest_3339","quest_2630","quest_2644","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_3340","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_12521","label":"quest"},"quest_11381":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11381","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11381","score":null,"sort":[1294333203000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"volcanic-rocks-on-display-at-kirkwood-ski-resort","title":"Skiing Volcano Country","publishDate":1294333203,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/kirkwood11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Kirkwood Mountain Resort.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that time of year when people head up to the Sierra Nevada Mountains for some great skiing and snowboarding. This season is looking to be a good one with a handful of big storms dumping \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/sierra-nevada/skireport.html\">huge amounts of snow\u003c/a> on resorts and in back-country terrain. Although deep snow cover obscures the view of some of the geology, the views from chair lifts and other vistas while skiing is a fantastic opportunity to think about the geologic evolution of these mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite ski area in the Sierra is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kirkwood.com/site/\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>, which is along State Route 88 approximately three to three and a half hour drive from San Francisco and 20-30 minutes from the town of South Lake Tahoe. In addition to great terrain, Kirkwood has some fantastic geology, some of which you can ski right up to and check out in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks exposed at the surface on the mountains of Kirkwood are various volcanic rocks ranging from about \u003ca href=\"http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/120/3-4/274\">6 million to 15 million years old\u003c/a> (depending on exactly where you are). The volcanic deposits at Kirkwood are nothing like the smooth lava flows you might see on the Big Island of Hawai'i. They are more similar to the recent volcanic deposits seen on the flanks of and in areas adjacent to the Cascades volcanoes in northern California, Oregon, and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca title=\"glove rock looking good from afar under snow that is far from good by Dean_In_SF, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/deaninsf/58344556/\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/27/58344556_9e83e23eeb.jpg\" alt=\"glove rock looking good from afar under snow that is far from good\" width=\"500\" height=\"341\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the cliffs exposed at Kirkwood during the winter are beautiful volcanic debris flow deposits that have up to boulder-sized chunks of igneous rock within a fine-grained rock. These rocks are interpreted to be the deposits of mixtures of mud, sand, and volcanic rock debris that flowed down the flanks of the now-extinct volcanoes. I forgot the name of the specific trail -- please comment if you know -- but there is a great run where you can take a short break to catch your breath and walk up to some outcrops of these debris flow deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, next time you're sitting on the chair lift waiting to take that next run, look around at these beautiful mountains and picture the ancient volcanic landscape that created the terrain you're skiing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images: (1) \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/malparkington/288452552/\">Kirkwood\u003c/a> from Mal Parkington / Flickr; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/deaninsf/58344556/\">Glove Rock\u003c/a> from Dean_In_SF / Flickr\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.69783641265611 -120.04325863905251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Next time you're sitting on the chair lift waiting to take that next run at Kirkwood, look around at these beautiful mountains and picture the ancient volcanic landscape that created the terrain.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1294333203,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":384},"headData":{"title":"Skiing Volcano Country | KQED","description":"Next time you're sitting on the chair lift waiting to take that next run at Kirkwood, look around at these beautiful mountains and picture the ancient volcanic landscape that created the terrain.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11381 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11381","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/06/volcanic-rocks-on-display-at-kirkwood-ski-resort/","disqusTitle":"Skiing Volcano Country","path":"/quest/11381/volcanic-rocks-on-display-at-kirkwood-ski-resort","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/kirkwood11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Kirkwood Mountain Resort.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's that time of year when people head up to the Sierra Nevada Mountains for some great skiing and snowboarding. This season is looking to be a good one with a handful of big storms dumping \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/sierra-nevada/skireport.html\">huge amounts of snow\u003c/a> on resorts and in back-country terrain. Although deep snow cover obscures the view of some of the geology, the views from chair lifts and other vistas while skiing is a fantastic opportunity to think about the geologic evolution of these mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite ski area in the Sierra is \u003ca href=\"http://www.kirkwood.com/site/\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>, which is along State Route 88 approximately three to three and a half hour drive from San Francisco and 20-30 minutes from the town of South Lake Tahoe. In addition to great terrain, Kirkwood has some fantastic geology, some of which you can ski right up to and check out in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks exposed at the surface on the mountains of Kirkwood are various volcanic rocks ranging from about \u003ca href=\"http://bulletin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/120/3-4/274\">6 million to 15 million years old\u003c/a> (depending on exactly where you are). The volcanic deposits at Kirkwood are nothing like the smooth lava flows you might see on the Big Island of Hawai'i. They are more similar to the recent volcanic deposits seen on the flanks of and in areas adjacent to the Cascades volcanoes in northern California, Oregon, and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca title=\"glove rock looking good from afar under snow that is far from good by Dean_In_SF, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/deaninsf/58344556/\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/27/58344556_9e83e23eeb.jpg\" alt=\"glove rock looking good from afar under snow that is far from good\" width=\"500\" height=\"341\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the cliffs exposed at Kirkwood during the winter are beautiful volcanic debris flow deposits that have up to boulder-sized chunks of igneous rock within a fine-grained rock. These rocks are interpreted to be the deposits of mixtures of mud, sand, and volcanic rock debris that flowed down the flanks of the now-extinct volcanoes. I forgot the name of the specific trail -- please comment if you know -- but there is a great run where you can take a short break to catch your breath and walk up to some outcrops of these debris flow deposits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, next time you're sitting on the chair lift waiting to take that next run, look around at these beautiful mountains and picture the ancient volcanic landscape that created the terrain you're skiing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images: (1) \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/malparkington/288452552/\">Kirkwood\u003c/a> from Mal Parkington / Flickr; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/deaninsf/58344556/\">Glove Rock\u003c/a> from Dean_In_SF / Flickr\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.69783641265611 -120.04325863905251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11381/volcanic-rocks-on-display-at-kirkwood-ski-resort","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_1575","quest_1881","quest_2630","quest_2644","quest_2682"],"featImg":"quest_11394","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/FreshAir_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/HereNow_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/insideEurope.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/liveFromHere.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/Marketplace_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mindshift2021-tile-3000x3000-1-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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