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The image of a sperm being injected into an egg is courtesy of Eugene Ermolovich (CRMI).","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg","width":400,"height":229,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg","width":640,"height":366}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"quest_21594":{"type":"attachments","id":"quest_21594","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"quest","id":"21594","found":true},"title":"CoupleOnBeach","publishDate":1311883779,"status":"inherit","parent":21587,"modified":1311883779,"caption":"Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg","width":400,"height":226,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg","width":640,"height":362}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"dr-barry-starr":{"type":"authors","id":"6177","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6177","found":true},"name":"Dr. Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_31832":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_31832","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"31832","score":null,"sort":[1330963725000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reproduction-unleashed","title":"Reproduction Unleashed","publishDate":1330963725,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/icsi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31837\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ICSI\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31837\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are getting pretty good at turning regular cells into those magical embryonic stem (ES) cells that can become any other kind of cell. They haven’t perfected their technique yet but when they do, all sorts of possibilities open up for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may come a time when infertile men can have their cells coaxed into ES cells and then coaxed back into sperm cells. Or when the same thing can happen with women (except her cells will be persuaded to become eggs). Now these folks may be able to have kids when they couldn’t before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology brings up an even more interesting possibility. Imagine a man’s cells are transformed into ES cells and then turned into egg cells. Or a woman’s cells undergo something similar except that the end result is a sperm cell. Now same sex couples could conceivably have children that share both partners’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, I do want to emphasize that we aren’t there yet. No one has done anything like this with artificially created ES cells. (Scientists call these artificially created ES cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=109\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a> or iPS cells to distinguish them from true ES cells.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have at least managed to \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/08/sperm-made-mostly-in-a-dish-produce.html\">turn natural mouse ES cells into a sperm\u003c/a> cell that can fertilize an egg which then results in a living pup. And they have done similar things in mice to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903421\">create precursor egg cells\u003c/a> from natural ES cells. So it should only be a matter of time before they get these working with human ES cells too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step would be to try to get these to work with iPS cells. Scientists have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127090732.htm\">make sperm and egg precursors\u003c/a> from mouse iPS cells. But to my knowledge, no one has yet created a fertilized egg from a sperm and an egg derived from these cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/mouse.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This mouse named\u003cbr>Kaguya had two moms.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>While iPS cells appear to be very similar to natural ES cells, the proof will be in the cells that come from them. Someone needs to do the experiment where a mouse iPS cell is turned into a sperm or an egg that is then used to create a viable mouse pup. Then, as long as we can solve the problem that these cells sometimes turn cancerous, we’ll be in business for helping infertile couples this way. (As opposed to the approach suggested by a \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/human-egg-stem-cells-isolated.html?ref=hp\">recent report\u003c/a> where scientists found egg stem cells in adult women’s ovaries.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this all seems doable. There aren’t any paradigm shifts or anything like that…mostly just technical hurdles to be overcome. The same may not be true for turning a man’s cells into eggs or a woman’s into sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is much harder for lots of different reasons. A big potential problem is that a man’s DNA is fundamentally different from a woman’s DNA. This is why, for example, we can’t just fuse two eggs and get a baby. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\">pulled this off in mice\u003c/a> but only by changing one egg’s DNA to make it more like a man’s. No way we could do something similar in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope would be that the iPS process would wipe the DNA clean of any gender. We don’t yet know if it does though. And if a bit of maleness remains in a man’s iPS cells or a bit of femaleness in a woman’s iPS cells, then we may not be able to get a working egg or sperm. We’ll just have to wait and see!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we don’t have to worry about is some narcissist making an egg and a sperm from his cells to make a baby entirely out of his genes. Because of how DNA is distributed into eggs and sperm, you wouldn’t get a clone. Instead you’d get the most inbred individual you’ve ever seen. Odds are that the child would suffer from some devastating genetic disease that lay hidden in the parent’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGNchPdlaGU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice primer on making iPS cells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Stem cell technology may one day help infertile couples conceive. And it might even allow same sex couples to conceive as well.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1331669678,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":732},"headData":{"title":"Reproduction Unleashed | KQED","description":"Stem cell technology may one day help infertile couples conceive. And it might even allow same sex couples to conceive as well.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reproduction Unleashed","datePublished":"2012-03-05T16:08:45.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-13T20:14:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"31832 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=31832","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/","disqusTitle":"Reproduction Unleashed","path":"/quest/31832/reproduction-unleashed","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/icsi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31837\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ICSI\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31837\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are getting pretty good at turning regular cells into those magical embryonic stem (ES) cells that can become any other kind of cell. They haven’t perfected their technique yet but when they do, all sorts of possibilities open up for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may come a time when infertile men can have their cells coaxed into ES cells and then coaxed back into sperm cells. Or when the same thing can happen with women (except her cells will be persuaded to become eggs). Now these folks may be able to have kids when they couldn’t before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology brings up an even more interesting possibility. Imagine a man’s cells are transformed into ES cells and then turned into egg cells. Or a woman’s cells undergo something similar except that the end result is a sperm cell. Now same sex couples could conceivably have children that share both partners’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, I do want to emphasize that we aren’t there yet. No one has done anything like this with artificially created ES cells. (Scientists call these artificially created ES cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=109\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a> or iPS cells to distinguish them from true ES cells.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have at least managed to \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/08/sperm-made-mostly-in-a-dish-produce.html\">turn natural mouse ES cells into a sperm\u003c/a> cell that can fertilize an egg which then results in a living pup. And they have done similar things in mice to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903421\">create precursor egg cells\u003c/a> from natural ES cells. So it should only be a matter of time before they get these working with human ES cells too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step would be to try to get these to work with iPS cells. Scientists have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127090732.htm\">make sperm and egg precursors\u003c/a> from mouse iPS cells. But to my knowledge, no one has yet created a fertilized egg from a sperm and an egg derived from these cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/mouse.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This mouse named\u003cbr>Kaguya had two moms.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>While iPS cells appear to be very similar to natural ES cells, the proof will be in the cells that come from them. Someone needs to do the experiment where a mouse iPS cell is turned into a sperm or an egg that is then used to create a viable mouse pup. Then, as long as we can solve the problem that these cells sometimes turn cancerous, we’ll be in business for helping infertile couples this way. (As opposed to the approach suggested by a \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/human-egg-stem-cells-isolated.html?ref=hp\">recent report\u003c/a> where scientists found egg stem cells in adult women’s ovaries.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this all seems doable. There aren’t any paradigm shifts or anything like that…mostly just technical hurdles to be overcome. The same may not be true for turning a man’s cells into eggs or a woman’s into sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is much harder for lots of different reasons. A big potential problem is that a man’s DNA is fundamentally different from a woman’s DNA. This is why, for example, we can’t just fuse two eggs and get a baby. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\">pulled this off in mice\u003c/a> but only by changing one egg’s DNA to make it more like a man’s. No way we could do something similar in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope would be that the iPS process would wipe the DNA clean of any gender. We don’t yet know if it does though. And if a bit of maleness remains in a man’s iPS cells or a bit of femaleness in a woman’s iPS cells, then we may not be able to get a working egg or sperm. We’ll just have to wait and see!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we don’t have to worry about is some narcissist making an egg and a sperm from his cells to make a baby entirely out of his genes. Because of how DNA is distributed into eggs and sperm, you wouldn’t get a clone. Instead you’d get the most inbred individual you’ve ever seen. Odds are that the child would suffer from some devastating genetic disease that lay hidden in the parent’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGNchPdlaGU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGNchPdlaGU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice primer on making iPS cells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/31832/reproduction-unleashed","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_20","quest_10745","quest_1459","quest_13202","quest_9929","quest_10746","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_31837","label":"quest"},"quest_21587":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21587","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21587","score":null,"sort":[1312216614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-high-cost-of-sex","title":"The High Cost of Sex","publishDate":1312216614,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biologically speaking, sex is ungodly expensive. One reason it may have evolved in to keep our genomes stable and intact.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1312485161,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":586},"headData":{"title":"The High Cost of Sex | KQED","description":"Biologically speaking, sex is ungodly expensive. One reason it may have evolved in to keep our genomes stable and intact.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The High Cost of Sex","datePublished":"2011-08-01T16:36:54.000Z","dateModified":"2011-08-04T19:12:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"21587 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=21587","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/","disqusTitle":"The High Cost of Sex","path":"/quest/21587/the-high-cost-of-sex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21587/the-high-cost-of-sex","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_9926","quest_9927","quest_475","quest_848","quest_9924","quest_1032","quest_1197","quest_9925","quest_9923","quest_13202","quest_2383","quest_2601","quest_9928","quest_9929","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_21594","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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