A Record of the East Bay’s Past Revealed During Caldecott Tunnel Construction
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Photo by {link url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/happenstancephotos/}portmanteaus{/link} under Creative Commons license.","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false},"quest_12592":{"type":"attachments","id":"quest_12592","meta":{"index":"attachments_1591205162","site":"quest","id":"12592","found":true},"title":"pebbeachintro","publishDate":1299112007,"status":"inherit","parent":18167,"modified":1299112007,"caption":null,"credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro1-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro1-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro1-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro1-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro1-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro1.jpg","width":300,"height":200}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. 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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"brian-romans":{"type":"authors","id":"10171","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10171","found":true},"name":"Brian Romans","firstName":"Brian","lastName":"Romans","slug":"brian-romans","email":"romansbrian@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Brian Romans is the author the popular geoscience blog Clastic Detritus where he writes about topics in the field of sedimentary and marine geology and shares photographs of geologic field work from around the world. He is fascinated by the dynamic processes that shape our planet and the science of reconstructing ancient landscapes preserved in the geologic record. Brian came to the Bay Area in 2003 and completed a Ph.D. in geology at Stanford University in 2008. He lives in Berkeley with his wife, a high school science teacher, and is currently working as a research scientist in the energy industry. Follow him on \u003ca href=\"http://www.twitter.com/clasticdetritus\">Twitter\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Brian Romans | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/brian-romans"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_29217":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29217","score":null,"sort":[1326387546000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"confounding-concretions","title":"Confounding Concretions","publishDate":1326387546,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329183725,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":554},"headData":{"title":"Confounding Concretions | KQED","description":"Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"29217 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29217","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/","disqusTitle":"Confounding Concretions","path":"/quest/29217/confounding-concretions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29217/confounding-concretions","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10617","quest_3405","quest_13202","quest_2577"],"featImg":"quest_29218","label":"quest"},"quest_19198":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19198","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19198","score":null,"sort":[1299175232000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Pebble Beach","publishDate":1299175232,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro.jpg\" title=\"pebbeachintro\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-12592\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Pebble Beach is on the coast just north of Bean Hollow State Beach. Come for the pebbles, stay for the rocks.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a weekday the last time I visited Pebble Beach, on the San Mateo coast just south of Pescadero, and several busloads of children came and went. They flocked to the pebbles, flung them high, and were off in their buses 15 minutes later leaving the beach to me. I did the same here when I was a kid, and you can too—the pebbles are wonderful—but I can show you a better time today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pebble Beach (also called Bean Hollow Beach North) is a great place to look at the deep sea floor without getting your feet wet. The rocks exposed there are scrubbed clean by surf and nicely tipped up on edge for easy viewing, and they present many instructive mysteries that students actually pay professors and buy textbooks to learn.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nBut first, about the pebbles. You get to the beach on Route 1 going south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">San Gregorio Beach\u003c/a>, which skirts the coast on flat land that is largely planted to artichokes and ranchettes. This tableland is a marine terrace or wave-cut platform. See the setting in the photo below, from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=200400965&mode=sequential\">California Coastal Records Project\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebeachairview.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of Pebble Beach\">\u003cbr>\nThe San Mateo coast is famous for these terraces, especially down around Santa Cruz. They are land that was cut flat by the sea during the Pleistocene epoch, then lifted by tectonic activity. The terraces consist of beach sand and offshore sediment from tens of thousands of years ago, and most of the pebbles of Pebble Beach are recycled from that Pleistocene gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let's look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">USGS Open-File Report 98-137\u003c/a>):\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebeachmap.png\" width=\"500\" alt=\"geologic map\">\u003cbr>\nPebble Beach is right where the symbol that says \"63\" is. The areas marked \"Qmt\" are the marine terraces. If you examine the red contours, which show elevation at 50-meter intervals, you'll see that the terraces occupy at least three different levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks on the beach, revealed as the terrace is eroded away, are mapped in green and belong to the Pigeon Point Formation, a thick pile of former deep-sea sediments dating from the Late Cretaceous epoch, some time between 100 and 65 million years ago. That \"63\" symbol means that the beds of rock, originally horizontal, are tilted to an angle of 63 degrees. And here they are, exposed again just as the sea left them in the Pleistocene.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/unconform.jpg\" alt=\"unconformity\">\u003cbr>\nThe surface between the steeply dipping rocks and the horizontally bedded terrace deposits is called an angular unconformity. In this case it represents a gap in time of at least 65 million years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next five photos are cross-section views, shot looking directly down that 63-degree angle at the rocks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebcgl.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003cbr>\nHere's where fine-grained siltstone, light-colored sandstone and cobblestone conglomerate are stacked. There's another angular unconformity between the siltstone and sandstone. And look at the wavy top surface of the sandstone—the conglomerate clearly arrived in a rush, pushing into the sandstone while it was still loose sand. This was a very active environment, an offshore basin where large amounts of coarse sediment washed down periodically in underwater landslides. In fact, it was rather like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/16/a-submarine-grand-canyon-offshore-central-california/\">offshore California today\u003c/a>. The many small stones embedded in these rocks were eroded free to become the gravel in the marine terrace. So the pebbles of Pebble Beach have been recycled two times, and maybe more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some more signs of vigorous activity, including load marks from heavy gravel landing on soft silt:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/loadstrucs.jpg\" alt=\"load structures\">\u003cbr>\nRip-up clasts are chunks of fine-grained seafloor that were swept up by strong sand flows:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/ripups.jpg\" alt=\"rip-up clasts\">\u003cbr>\nDrag-folded laminations show how overriding sand flows deformed the soft silt beneath them:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/draglam.jpg\" alt=\"laminations\">\u003cbr>\nAnd here are some tiny thin veins of bitumen, ancient organic matter that may once have been a mat of vegetation:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/bitumen.jpg\" alt=\"bitumen\">\u003cbr>\nThe final attraction of Pebble Beach is the honeycomb weathering, often called tafoni, that forms when salt air attacks clean sandstone:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/honeycomb.jpg\" alt=\"honeycomb weathering\">\u003cbr>\nToo bad the schoolkids can't stay all afternoon! But you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.2273608 -122.41097730\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Pebble Beach is a great place to look at the deep sea floor without getting your feet wet.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443827792,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Pebble Beach | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19198 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12583","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Pebble Beach","path":"/quest/19198/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebbeachintro.jpg\" title=\"pebbeachintro\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-12592\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Pebble Beach is on the coast just north of Bean Hollow State Beach. Come for the pebbles, stay for the rocks.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a weekday the last time I visited Pebble Beach, on the San Mateo coast just south of Pescadero, and several busloads of children came and went. They flocked to the pebbles, flung them high, and were off in their buses 15 minutes later leaving the beach to me. I did the same here when I was a kid, and you can too—the pebbles are wonderful—but I can show you a better time today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pebble Beach (also called Bean Hollow Beach North) is a great place to look at the deep sea floor without getting your feet wet. The rocks exposed there are scrubbed clean by surf and nicely tipped up on edge for easy viewing, and they present many instructive mysteries that students actually pay professors and buy textbooks to learn.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nBut first, about the pebbles. You get to the beach on Route 1 going south from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">San Gregorio Beach\u003c/a>, which skirts the coast on flat land that is largely planted to artichokes and ranchettes. This tableland is a marine terrace or wave-cut platform. See the setting in the photo below, from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacoastline.org/cgi-bin/image.cgi?image=200400965&mode=sequential\">California Coastal Records Project\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebeachairview.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of Pebble Beach\">\u003cbr>\nThe San Mateo coast is famous for these terraces, especially down around Santa Cruz. They are land that was cut flat by the sea during the Pleistocene epoch, then lifted by tectonic activity. The terraces consist of beach sand and offshore sediment from tens of thousands of years ago, and most of the pebbles of Pebble Beach are recycled from that Pleistocene gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now let's look at the geologic map of the area (from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">USGS Open-File Report 98-137\u003c/a>):\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebeachmap.png\" width=\"500\" alt=\"geologic map\">\u003cbr>\nPebble Beach is right where the symbol that says \"63\" is. The areas marked \"Qmt\" are the marine terraces. If you examine the red contours, which show elevation at 50-meter intervals, you'll see that the terraces occupy at least three different levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks on the beach, revealed as the terrace is eroded away, are mapped in green and belong to the Pigeon Point Formation, a thick pile of former deep-sea sediments dating from the Late Cretaceous epoch, some time between 100 and 65 million years ago. That \"63\" symbol means that the beds of rock, originally horizontal, are tilted to an angle of 63 degrees. And here they are, exposed again just as the sea left them in the Pleistocene.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/unconform.jpg\" alt=\"unconformity\">\u003cbr>\nThe surface between the steeply dipping rocks and the horizontally bedded terrace deposits is called an angular unconformity. In this case it represents a gap in time of at least 65 million years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next five photos are cross-section views, shot looking directly down that 63-degree angle at the rocks.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/pebcgl.jpg\" alt=\"conglomerate\">\u003cbr>\nHere's where fine-grained siltstone, light-colored sandstone and cobblestone conglomerate are stacked. There's another angular unconformity between the siltstone and sandstone. And look at the wavy top surface of the sandstone—the conglomerate clearly arrived in a rush, pushing into the sandstone while it was still loose sand. This was a very active environment, an offshore basin where large amounts of coarse sediment washed down periodically in underwater landslides. In fact, it was rather like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/16/a-submarine-grand-canyon-offshore-central-california/\">offshore California today\u003c/a>. The many small stones embedded in these rocks were eroded free to become the gravel in the marine terrace. So the pebbles of Pebble Beach have been recycled two times, and maybe more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some more signs of vigorous activity, including load marks from heavy gravel landing on soft silt:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/loadstrucs.jpg\" alt=\"load structures\">\u003cbr>\nRip-up clasts are chunks of fine-grained seafloor that were swept up by strong sand flows:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/ripups.jpg\" alt=\"rip-up clasts\">\u003cbr>\nDrag-folded laminations show how overriding sand flows deformed the soft silt beneath them:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/draglam.jpg\" alt=\"laminations\">\u003cbr>\nAnd here are some tiny thin veins of bitumen, ancient organic matter that may once have been a mat of vegetation:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/bitumen.jpg\" alt=\"bitumen\">\u003cbr>\nThe final attraction of Pebble Beach is the honeycomb weathering, often called tafoni, that forms when salt air attacks clean sandstone:\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/honeycomb.jpg\" alt=\"honeycomb weathering\">\u003cbr>\nToo bad the schoolkids can't stay all afternoon! But you can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.2273608 -122.41097730\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19198/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_294","quest_3535","quest_3697","quest_2233","quest_2447","quest_3385","quest_2564","quest_2577","quest_2885","quest_3810","quest_3812"],"featImg":"quest_12592","label":"quest"},"quest_7233":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7233","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7233","score":null,"sort":[1282238006000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-record-of-the-east-bay%e2%80%99s-past-revealed-during-caldecott-tunnel-construction","title":"A Record of the East Bay’s Past Revealed During Caldecott Tunnel Construction","publishDate":1282238006,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Geologic map of Caldecott Tunnel area (credit: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">USGS\u003c/a> ) Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map2.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland — perhaps you are too familiar with the tunnel as you sit in the bottleneck traffic waiting to enter it. What you may not be familiar with, however, is the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed. There are currently three separate tunnels, or bores, that make up Caldecott Tunnel. Construction for a fourth bore is now underway an is already yielding \u003ca href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/top-stories/ci_15533976?nclick_check=1\">interesting geologic results\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.caldecott-tunnel.org/\">Caldecott Fourth Bore Project website\u003c/a> contains a wealth of information about the entire project — from funding to logistics to tunneling methods and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of excavating a tunnel produces a lot of rock and, in this case, it is sedimentary rock that is known to contain abundant fossils. The geologic map shown above depicts the distribution of distinct rock types and ages in this area. The part of the ridge that Caldecott Tunnel cuts through is made up three formations — each of which has their own color: The Orinda Formation is the orange unit at the east portal, the Claremont Chert in yellow, and an unnamed mudstone in brown at the west portal. The tectonic forces that created these hills also caused the layered sedimentary rocks to be tilted at high angles and, in many areas, the layers are standing up vertical. The rocks are older from east to west so, in this case, excavation of the tunnel from east to west is similar to drilling down into older layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_7237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orinda Formation along Hwy 24 near east portal of Caldecott Tunnel (credit: Jeff Weiss, public information officer for Fourth Bore Project)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The rocks are lithified sediments that were deposited in the Miocene period, which ranged from 23 to 5 million years ago. The Orinda Formation (the orange unit by east portal in map above) is approximately 10 million years old and is known to contain \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/888\">abundant mammal and plant fossils\u003c/a> in nearby areas. The Orinda Formation is characterized by a wide variety of sedimentary rocks including mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate that were deposited in streams in creeks (see some photos of the rocks near the tunnel \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop30overview.htm\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mammal fossils found in the Orinda Formation include*:\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Gomphotherium\u003c/em> (a primitive type of elephant)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Hipparion\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Nannipus\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Pliohippus\u003c/em> (primitive horses)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Barbourofelis\u003c/em> (member of primitive cat family)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Cranioceras\u003c/em> (deer-like mammal)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Ticholeptus\u003c/em> (member of extinct group of pig-like animals)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Desmostylus\u003c/em> (exctinct sea cow similar to a hippopotamus)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Miocene was the peak of mammal diversity and thought to be linked to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Miocene/Miocene.htm\">development of grassland ecosystems\u003c/a>. So, next time you’re stuck in traffic leading up to the tunnel remember that you’re driving through the geologic evidence of a past Bay Area environment. Excavation of the fourth bore is really just getting started so stay tuned for more in the coming months. I will do my best to find out what I can and blog about it here for QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">List of mammal fossils from \u003ca href=\"http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Museum of Paleontology database\u003c/a>. If you want to learn more about specific species, you can learn a lot by simply googling the italicized names in the list above.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.85822548033667 -122.21365928999148\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland, but do you know about the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1282238006,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":587},"headData":{"title":"A Record of the East Bay’s Past Revealed During Caldecott Tunnel Construction | KQED","description":"If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland, but do you know about the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7233 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7233","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/19/a-record-of-the-east-bay%e2%80%99s-past-revealed-during-caldecott-tunnel-construction/","disqusTitle":"A Record of the East Bay’s Past Revealed During Caldecott Tunnel Construction","path":"/quest/7233/a-record-of-the-east-bay%e2%80%99s-past-revealed-during-caldecott-tunnel-construction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Geologic map of Caldecott Tunnel area (credit: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">USGS\u003c/a> ) Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map2.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland — perhaps you are too familiar with the tunnel as you sit in the bottleneck traffic waiting to enter it. What you may not be familiar with, however, is the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed. There are currently three separate tunnels, or bores, that make up Caldecott Tunnel. Construction for a fourth bore is now underway an is already yielding \u003ca href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/top-stories/ci_15533976?nclick_check=1\">interesting geologic results\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.caldecott-tunnel.org/\">Caldecott Fourth Bore Project website\u003c/a> contains a wealth of information about the entire project — from funding to logistics to tunneling methods and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of excavating a tunnel produces a lot of rock and, in this case, it is sedimentary rock that is known to contain abundant fossils. The geologic map shown above depicts the distribution of distinct rock types and ages in this area. The part of the ridge that Caldecott Tunnel cuts through is made up three formations — each of which has their own color: The Orinda Formation is the orange unit at the east portal, the Claremont Chert in yellow, and an unnamed mudstone in brown at the west portal. The tectonic forces that created these hills also caused the layered sedimentary rocks to be tilted at high angles and, in many areas, the layers are standing up vertical. The rocks are older from east to west so, in this case, excavation of the tunnel from east to west is similar to drilling down into older layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_7237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orinda Formation along Hwy 24 near east portal of Caldecott Tunnel (credit: Jeff Weiss, public information officer for Fourth Bore Project)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The rocks are lithified sediments that were deposited in the Miocene period, which ranged from 23 to 5 million years ago. The Orinda Formation (the orange unit by east portal in map above) is approximately 10 million years old and is known to contain \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/888\">abundant mammal and plant fossils\u003c/a> in nearby areas. The Orinda Formation is characterized by a wide variety of sedimentary rocks including mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate that were deposited in streams in creeks (see some photos of the rocks near the tunnel \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop30overview.htm\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mammal fossils found in the Orinda Formation include*:\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Gomphotherium\u003c/em> (a primitive type of elephant)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Hipparion\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Nannipus\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Pliohippus\u003c/em> (primitive horses)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Barbourofelis\u003c/em> (member of primitive cat family)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Cranioceras\u003c/em> (deer-like mammal)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Ticholeptus\u003c/em> (member of extinct group of pig-like animals)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Desmostylus\u003c/em> (exctinct sea cow similar to a hippopotamus)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Miocene was the peak of mammal diversity and thought to be linked to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Miocene/Miocene.htm\">development of grassland ecosystems\u003c/a>. So, next time you’re stuck in traffic leading up to the tunnel remember that you’re driving through the geologic evidence of a past Bay Area environment. Excavation of the fourth bore is really just getting started so stay tuned for more in the coming months. I will do my best to find out what I can and blog about it here for QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">List of mammal fossils from \u003ca href=\"http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Museum of Paleontology database\u003c/a>. If you want to learn more about specific species, you can learn a lot by simply googling the italicized names in the list above.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.85822548033667 -122.21365928999148\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7233/a-record-of-the-east-bay%e2%80%99s-past-revealed-during-caldecott-tunnel-construction","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_1133","quest_13200","quest_1367","quest_3351","quest_2025","quest_2577"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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