San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy
Sand Waves and the Golden Gate
The Changing Bay: Wetland Restoration Projects in Northern California
Reporter's Notes: The Changing Bay
Medicine from the Ocean Floor
Sponsored
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A public television veteran, she has produced numerous award-winning national documentaries and series including Fire on the Rim and Teachings of the Tree People. Katie served as Head of Educational Media at the outdoor learning center IslandWood on Bainbridge Island near Seattle, where she developed and produced educational projects for National Geographic and the National Science Foundation. She recently completed a Master's degree in Media Psychology and Social Change.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["manage_categories","leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katie Jennings | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katiejennings"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_65631":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65631","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65631","score":null,"sort":[1395410423000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dredging-up-a-problem","title":"Dredging Up a Problem","publishDate":1395410423,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442699329,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1191},"headData":{"title":"Dredging Up a Problem | KQED","description":"The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"65631 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65631","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/21/dredging-up-a-problem/","disqusTitle":"Dredging Up a Problem","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65631/dredging-up-a-problem","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65631/dredging-up-a-problem","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_9","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12760","quest_252","quest_12021","quest_688","quest_12757","quest_3541","quest_10167","quest_883","quest_12269","quest_10201","quest_1339","quest_10327","quest_12758","quest_12098","quest_12638","quest_2141","quest_9868","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2576","quest_12759","quest_12212"],"featImg":"quest_68713","label":"source_quest_65631"},"quest_61358":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61358","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61358","score":null,"sort":[1382536859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-river-returns","title":"A River Returns","publishDate":1382536859,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565342,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":777},"headData":{"title":"A River Returns | KQED","description":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61358 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61358","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/23/a-river-returns/","disqusTitle":"A River Returns","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TfjRG9RxL8","path":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","authors":["10446","10425"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_326","quest_12007","quest_12125","quest_924","quest_11940","quest_11176","quest_1022","quest_12269","quest_12326","quest_12249","quest_2001","quest_12517","quest_12327","quest_12325","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2423","quest_2477","quest_2576","quest_12328","quest_2786","quest_2893","quest_3048","quest_3071","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_62677","label":"quest"},"quest_46193":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46193","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46193","score":null,"sort":[1350588109000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan","title":"A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan","publishDate":1350588109,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scriptsto calibrate their alphabetsopened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layersvarvesrepresenting about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A long core of sediment from a Japanese lake is a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1351578647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":771},"headData":{"title":"A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan | KQED","description":"A long core of sediment from a Japanese lake is a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"46193 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46193","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/","disqusTitle":"A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan","path":"/quest/46193/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scriptsto calibrate their alphabetsopened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layersvarvesrepresenting about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46193/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3516","quest_11544","quest_2114","quest_13202","quest_11543","quest_2576","quest_11542"],"featImg":"quest_46194","label":"quest"},"quest_38549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38549","score":null,"sort":[1316829171000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"24353-revision-2","title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor","publishDate":1316829171,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. ","status":"publish","parent":24353,"modified":1684973923,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":43},"headData":{"title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor | KQED","description":"Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"WpOldSlug":"24353-revision","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/38549/24353-revision-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38549/24353-revision-2","authors":["6219"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_267","quest_838","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_1783","quest_11132","quest_2034","quest_2349","quest_2576"],"label":"quest"},"quest_10428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10428","score":null,"sort":[1290110233000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay","title":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy","publishDate":1290110233,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Suspended Sediment Concentration in the San Francisco Bay, USGS. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version of the image.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the gold extracted from the Sierra foothills during the Gold Rush was in placer deposits. That is, it was mixed with the rest of the sediment naturally eroding from the mountainside. Flecks of gold have a greater density than almost all the other particles and, thus, can be concentrated through natural water movement. A similar process is seen when you go to the beach. When the mixture of minerals and waves are just right you might notice darker grains of sand creating streaks or patches in the wet sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miners had to devise ways to extract the gold because it was still a minor component even in rich placer deposits. Methods like panning and simple equipment like sluice boxes were used with moving water to enhance the natural mineral separation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all this relatively easy-to-get gold was extracted from the streams and rivers prospectors turned to \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">hydraulic mining\u003c/a> to obtain the riches. Hydraulic mining was the process of using high-powered water canons to artificially erode gold-bearing hills made of sedimentary deposits. These sedimentary deposits were ancient stream beds that contained gold in placer deposits much like the modern streams did. Essentially, hydraulic mining eroded ancient river sediment from the hillside and diverted the material into the modern river where miners then extracted the gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the activity of hydraulic mining devastated the local environment. The landscape was scarred and the mountain streams choked with gravel and sediment. And the effects weren't just local. These rivers and streams flowed into the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/12/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin River\u003c/a> and Sacramento River and deposited some of this sediment in the Central Valley causing flooding and navigation problems. Some of the finer sediment was transported even further, to the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of hydraulic mining practices are still measurable in the Bay today. Geologists from the USGS are studying the amount of sediment the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta delivers to the Bay and are finding that the Gold Rush-induced sediment levels \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">might be diminishing\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"[USGS geologist David Schoellhamer] says all the extra sediment has finally worked its way past the Golden Gate. The bay's water is about 30 percent clearer than it was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is taken many decades for this complex sediment delivery system to reach a new equilibrium. However, the readjustment of the estuary to these 'new' conditions might create new problems:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"Less sediment in the bay could spell trouble if scientists' predictions about rising sea levels come to pass. These delicate tidal marshes could be inundated over the next century.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I find fascinating, yet also extremely challenging, is how the choices we've made as a civilization over the decades and centuries combine and sum to create the issues we face right now. There are no simple answers. Regardless of how well-intentioned some environmental programs may be there will always be some uncertainty about how natural systems respond. Continuing scientific research of these systems will reduce that uncertainty and inform policy decisions of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">\u003cem>Images: (1) \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/sfbay/sedtrans/\">California Water Science Center\u003c/a>; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor.jpg\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"USGS geologists are finding that Gold Rush-induced sediment levels in the San Francisco bay might be diminishing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316650215,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":539},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy | KQED","description":"USGS geologists are finding that Gold Rush-induced sediment levels in the San Francisco bay might be diminishing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"10428 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/18/gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"San Francisco Bay Slowly Recovering From Gold Rush Miners' Devastating Legacy","path":"/quest/10428/gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Suspended Sediment Concentration in the San Francisco Bay, USGS. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ruhl1.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version of the image.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the gold extracted from the Sierra foothills during the Gold Rush was in placer deposits. That is, it was mixed with the rest of the sediment naturally eroding from the mountainside. Flecks of gold have a greater density than almost all the other particles and, thus, can be concentrated through natural water movement. A similar process is seen when you go to the beach. When the mixture of minerals and waves are just right you might notice darker grains of sand creating streaks or patches in the wet sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miners had to devise ways to extract the gold because it was still a minor component even in rich placer deposits. Methods like panning and simple equipment like sluice boxes were used with moving water to enhance the natural mineral separation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all this relatively easy-to-get gold was extracted from the streams and rivers prospectors turned to \u003ca href=\"http://museumca.org/goldrush/fever19-hy.html\">hydraulic mining\u003c/a> to obtain the riches. Hydraulic mining was the process of using high-powered water canons to artificially erode gold-bearing hills made of sedimentary deposits. These sedimentary deposits were ancient stream beds that contained gold in placer deposits much like the modern streams did. Essentially, hydraulic mining eroded ancient river sediment from the hillside and diverted the material into the modern river where miners then extracted the gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10430\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/800px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor1-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the activity of hydraulic mining devastated the local environment. The landscape was scarred and the mountain streams choked with gravel and sediment. And the effects weren't just local. These rivers and streams flowed into the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/12/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin River\u003c/a> and Sacramento River and deposited some of this sediment in the Central Valley causing flooding and navigation problems. Some of the finer sediment was transported even further, to the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of hydraulic mining practices are still measurable in the Bay today. Geologists from the USGS are studying the amount of sediment the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta delivers to the Bay and are finding that the Gold Rush-induced sediment levels \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128113664\">might be diminishing\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"[USGS geologist David Schoellhamer] says all the extra sediment has finally worked its way past the Golden Gate. The bay's water is about 30 percent clearer than it was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is taken many decades for this complex sediment delivery system to reach a new equilibrium. However, the readjustment of the estuary to these 'new' conditions might create new problems:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"Less sediment in the bay could spell trouble if scientists' predictions about rising sea levels come to pass. These delicate tidal marshes could be inundated over the next century.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I find fascinating, yet also extremely challenging, is how the choices we've made as a civilization over the decades and centuries combine and sum to create the issues we face right now. There are no simple answers. Regardless of how well-intentioned some environmental programs may be there will always be some uncertainty about how natural systems respond. Continuing scientific research of these systems will reduce that uncertainty and inform policy decisions of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">\u003cem>Images: (1) \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/sfbay/sedtrans/\">California Water Science Center\u003c/a>; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Monitor.jpg\">Wikipedia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10428/gold-rush-sediment-in-the-san-francisco-bay","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_2472","quest_2473","quest_2487","quest_33","quest_2576"],"featImg":"quest_10454","label":"quest"},"quest_9253":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_9253","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"9253","score":null,"sort":[1287073806000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate","title":"Sand Waves and the Golden Gate","publishDate":1287073806,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/bridge.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Seafloor under the Golden Gate Bridge, USGS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafloor mapping of the San Francisco Bay and surrounding areas by marine scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://seafloor.csumb.edu/index.html\">Cal State University at Monterey Bay's Sea Floor Mapping Lab (SFML)\u003c/a> is important for keeping shipping lanes safe, understanding pollution dispersal, mapping habitats, and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seafloor.csumb.edu/\">Mapping of the underwater topography\u003c/a> (called bathymetry) reveals landscapes fundamental to understanding the Bay Area's unique geology. The Golden Gate strait connects the San Francisco Bay to the open Pacific Ocean and is only one mile across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the tidal range in the Bay Area is not incredibly large, the narrowness of the Golden Gate creates a \u003ca href=\"http://funnel.sfsu.edu/courses/geol102/ex6.html\">funneling effect\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"Large volumes of water move into and out of San Francisco Bay as the tidal level of the Pacific Ocean just outside the Golden Gate changes each day. When the tide is changing from low to high levels, a flooding current moves water inland from (and through) the Golden Gate. When the tide is changing from high to low levels, an ebbing current moves water from inside the Bay toward (and through) the Golden Gate.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sea_floor_mapping.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-9256 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/sea_floor_mapping.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image above (from Cal State Monterey Bay) is a perspective image looking towards the east. The colors represent water depth with the reds and yellows as shallower water and the blue and purple deeper water. The prominent patterns in the foreground might look like ripple marks on the beach, but these sand waves are similar in scale to some sand dunes seen in deserts -- up to 30 feet tall and more than 700 feet from crest to crest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vigorous currents funneled through the Golden Gate continuously move sediment from underneath the bridge where it accumulates as these sand waves. But remember, this is a static snapshot of very dynamic systems. I'd love to see multiple repeat surveys that show how the field of sand waves change over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the processes that move this sediment from \u003ca href=\"http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2006/09/research.html\">this USGS article\u003c/a> and in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/07/20/MNGU1K2AV91.DTL\">this SF Chronicle piece\u003c/a> from 2006, along with this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-3d-charting-the-ocean-floor\">QUEST story on 3-D seafloor mapping. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-3d-charting-the-ocean-floor\">~\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-3d-charting-the-ocean-floor\">\u003cem>Images: (1) From USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2917, \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/\">Under the Golden Gate Bridge -- Views of the Seafloor Near the Entrance to San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstate.edu/coast/coast_data_and_products/seafloor.shtml\">Cal State Monterey Bay Sea Foor Mapping Lab\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.80121220680936 -122.53662873990834\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Mapping of the underwater topography (called bathymetry) reveals landscapes fundamental to understanding the Bay Area's unique geology. The Golden Gate strait connects the San Francisco Bay to the open Pacific Ocean and is only one mile across.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1287073806,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":396},"headData":{"title":"Sand Waves and the Golden Gate | KQED","description":"Mapping of the underwater topography (called bathymetry) reveals landscapes fundamental to understanding the Bay Area's unique geology. The Golden Gate strait connects the San Francisco Bay to the open Pacific Ocean and is only one mile across.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"9253 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=9253","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/14/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate/","disqusTitle":"Sand Waves and the Golden Gate","path":"/quest/9253/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/bridge.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Seafloor under the Golden Gate Bridge, USGS\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seafloor mapping of the San Francisco Bay and surrounding areas by marine scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://seafloor.csumb.edu/index.html\">Cal State University at Monterey Bay's Sea Floor Mapping Lab (SFML)\u003c/a> is important for keeping shipping lanes safe, understanding pollution dispersal, mapping habitats, and much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://seafloor.csumb.edu/\">Mapping of the underwater topography\u003c/a> (called bathymetry) reveals landscapes fundamental to understanding the Bay Area's unique geology. The Golden Gate strait connects the San Francisco Bay to the open Pacific Ocean and is only one mile across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the tidal range in the Bay Area is not incredibly large, the narrowness of the Golden Gate creates a \u003ca href=\"http://funnel.sfsu.edu/courses/geol102/ex6.html\">funneling effect\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #800000\">\u003cem>\"Large volumes of water move into and out of San Francisco Bay as the tidal level of the Pacific Ocean just outside the Golden Gate changes each day. When the tide is changing from low to high levels, a flooding current moves water inland from (and through) the Golden Gate. When the tide is changing from high to low levels, an ebbing current moves water from inside the Bay toward (and through) the Golden Gate.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/sea_floor_mapping.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-9256 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/sea_floor_mapping.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"357\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image above (from Cal State Monterey Bay) is a perspective image looking towards the east. The colors represent water depth with the reds and yellows as shallower water and the blue and purple deeper water. The prominent patterns in the foreground might look like ripple marks on the beach, but these sand waves are similar in scale to some sand dunes seen in deserts -- up to 30 feet tall and more than 700 feet from crest to crest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vigorous currents funneled through the Golden Gate continuously move sediment from underneath the bridge where it accumulates as these sand waves. But remember, this is a static snapshot of very dynamic systems. I'd love to see multiple repeat surveys that show how the field of sand waves change over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the processes that move this sediment from \u003ca href=\"http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2006/09/research.html\">this USGS article\u003c/a> and in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/07/20/MNGU1K2AV91.DTL\">this SF Chronicle piece\u003c/a> from 2006, along with this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-3d-charting-the-ocean-floor\">QUEST story on 3-D seafloor mapping. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-3d-charting-the-ocean-floor\">~\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sea-3d-charting-the-ocean-floor\">\u003cem>Images: (1) From USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2917, \u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/\">Under the Golden Gate Bridge -- Views of the Seafloor Near the Entrance to San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>; (2) \u003ca href=\"http://www.calstate.edu/coast/coast_data_and_products/seafloor.shtml\">Cal State Monterey Bay Sea Foor Mapping Lab\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.80121220680936 -122.53662873990834\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9253/sand-waves-and-the-golden-gate","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_1739","quest_2034","quest_2038","quest_2486","quest_2487","quest_2564","quest_2576"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5676":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5676","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5676","score":null,"sort":[1271638809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map","title":"The Changing Bay: Wetland Restoration Projects in Northern California","publishDate":1271638809,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Wetlands -- they are possibly the most diverse ecosystems on the plant, according to environmental scientists. In California, they house numerous fish species, including the California killifish, bay goby, striped bass, topsmelt and starry flounder. In addition, insects such as the salt marsh water boatman, wandering skipper, and numerous species of beetles and flies reside in this rich habitat. The state's coastal wetlands are also home to the infamous salt marsh harvest mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally speaking, these habitats are the marshes, sand beaches, mudflats and the shallow waters of our rivers and creeks whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally; such areas may also be covered partially or completely by shallow pools of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are also nature’s best defense against climate change and subsequent sea-level rise, because of two important functions they perform: they help reduce the concentrations of greenhouse gases through their ability to sink carbon; and store and regulate water. In other words, they act as sponges absorbing any overflow of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government came to understand how biologically productive wetlands are and in 1977 enacted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/cwa/\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, the primary federal law in the US governing water pollution and limiting wetlands destruction. The law also created requirements that if a wetland had to be drained, developers at least had to offset the loss by creating artificial wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands have historically been the victim of large-scale draining efforts for real estate development, flooding them for use as recreational lakes or agriculture. Ironically, wetlands absorb and protect the surrounding ecosystem from the polluted run-off coming from the agricultural lands that displaced them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, more than 300 wetland restoration projects have been commissioned, varying in size from the 0.7-acre large \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawetlands.net/tracker/ba/view/1364\">12\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street Reconstruction Project in Alameda County\u003c/a> to more than 13,000 acres being restored as a part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> in San Mateo County. However, the collective size of the projects (58,889.5 acres across California) is dwarfed when you consider that the state has lost 95 percent of its wetland habitat in the past 125 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, it is estimated that by 1993 half of the Earth’s wetlands had been drained, according to a report published in the \u003cem>New Scientist\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below you’ll find a map detailing the restoration projects taking place in the San Francisco Bay Area that shows information of their size, location and construction status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&source=embed&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&z=9&source=embed\">Wetland Restoration Projects--Northern California\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/18/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/ghost-fleet-on-the-move\">Listen to The Changing Bay\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.827184 -122.421682\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Wetlands -- they are possibly the most diverse ecosystems on the plant, according to environmental scientists.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829249,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":435},"headData":{"title":"The Changing Bay: Wetland Restoration Projects in Northern California | KQED","description":"Wetlands -- they are possibly the most diverse ecosystems on the plant, according to environmental scientists.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5676 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=5676","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/18/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map/","disqusTitle":"The Changing Bay: Wetland Restoration Projects in Northern California","path":"/quest/5676/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wetlands -- they are possibly the most diverse ecosystems on the plant, according to environmental scientists. In California, they house numerous fish species, including the California killifish, bay goby, striped bass, topsmelt and starry flounder. In addition, insects such as the salt marsh water boatman, wandering skipper, and numerous species of beetles and flies reside in this rich habitat. The state's coastal wetlands are also home to the infamous salt marsh harvest mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally speaking, these habitats are the marshes, sand beaches, mudflats and the shallow waters of our rivers and creeks whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally; such areas may also be covered partially or completely by shallow pools of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are also nature’s best defense against climate change and subsequent sea-level rise, because of two important functions they perform: they help reduce the concentrations of greenhouse gases through their ability to sink carbon; and store and regulate water. In other words, they act as sponges absorbing any overflow of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government came to understand how biologically productive wetlands are and in 1977 enacted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/cwa/\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, the primary federal law in the US governing water pollution and limiting wetlands destruction. The law also created requirements that if a wetland had to be drained, developers at least had to offset the loss by creating artificial wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands have historically been the victim of large-scale draining efforts for real estate development, flooding them for use as recreational lakes or agriculture. Ironically, wetlands absorb and protect the surrounding ecosystem from the polluted run-off coming from the agricultural lands that displaced them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, more than 300 wetland restoration projects have been commissioned, varying in size from the 0.7-acre large \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawetlands.net/tracker/ba/view/1364\">12\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street Reconstruction Project in Alameda County\u003c/a> to more than 13,000 acres being restored as a part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> in San Mateo County. However, the collective size of the projects (58,889.5 acres across California) is dwarfed when you consider that the state has lost 95 percent of its wetland habitat in the past 125 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, it is estimated that by 1993 half of the Earth’s wetlands had been drained, according to a report published in the \u003cem>New Scientist\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below you’ll find a map detailing the restoration projects taking place in the San Francisco Bay Area that shows information of their size, location and construction status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&source=embed&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&z=9&source=embed\">Wetland Restoration Projects--Northern California\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/18/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/ghost-fleet-on-the-move\">Listen to The Changing Bay\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.827184 -122.421682\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5676/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map","authors":["10213"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_284","quest_621","quest_1099","quest_1233","quest_3351","quest_2257","quest_13206","quest_2423","quest_2483","quest_2487","quest_2559","quest_2576","quest_3048","quest_3108","quest_3114","quest_3140"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5615":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5615","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5615","score":null,"sort":[1271455763000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-the-changing-bay","title":"Reporter's Notes: The Changing Bay","publishDate":1271455763,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Reporter’s Notes: The Changing Bay | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-changing-bay\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/4-25ChangingBay_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of those environmental stories where one event, seemingly far in the past, can have a surprising ripple effect into the future. Most of us think of the Gold Rush and picture prospectors panning for gold in streams and rivers. But some miners used more industrial techniques like hydraulic mining. Using massive, pressurized hoses, they washed down entire mountainsides to get to the gold. (\u003ca href=\"http://education.savingthebay.org/the-aftermath-of-the-gold-rush-mining-and-mercury-in-the-bay/\">Check out this clip\u003c/a> from the KQED special “Saving the Bay” for more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, millions of tons of sediment washed into rivers and streams in the Sierra foothills and made its way down to San Francisco Bay. Amazingly, that process has taken decades, creating a murkier bay in the meantime. Ten years ago, scientists at the US Geological Survey noticed the bay was clearing. While that can have many causes, scientists believe that the sediment pulse from the Gold Rush had finally worked its way out of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like the story would end there, but sediment has a complex role in the bay. Some ecosystems, especially wetlands, depend on sediment. Salt marshes are built on every high tide by sediment that gets trapped in the plants. These wetlands are also continually sinking as the soil settles, so this growth is key for keeping them at the right elevation. Less sediment in the bay means there’s less for the wetlands, which could be an issue. But there’s one thing that makes it worse: sea level rise. Some estimates say that the bay \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could rise by 55 inches\u003c/a> by the end of the century. That means sediment will have an increasingly important role in the future, one that state agencies are just starting to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.827184 -122.421682\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Less sediment in the bay means there's less for the wetlands, which could be an issue. But there's one thing that makes it worse: sea level rise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975308,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":302},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: The Changing Bay | KQED","description":"Less sediment in the bay means there's less for the wetlands, which could be an issue. But there's one thing that makes it worse: sea level rise.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/5615/reporters-notes-the-changing-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-changing-bay\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/04/4-25ChangingBay_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is one of those environmental stories where one event, seemingly far in the past, can have a surprising ripple effect into the future. Most of us think of the Gold Rush and picture prospectors panning for gold in streams and rivers. But some miners used more industrial techniques like hydraulic mining. Using massive, pressurized hoses, they washed down entire mountainsides to get to the gold. (\u003ca href=\"http://education.savingthebay.org/the-aftermath-of-the-gold-rush-mining-and-mercury-in-the-bay/\">Check out this clip\u003c/a> from the KQED special “Saving the Bay” for more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, millions of tons of sediment washed into rivers and streams in the Sierra foothills and made its way down to San Francisco Bay. Amazingly, that process has taken decades, creating a murkier bay in the meantime. Ten years ago, scientists at the US Geological Survey noticed the bay was clearing. While that can have many causes, scientists believe that the sediment pulse from the Gold Rush had finally worked its way out of the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like the story would end there, but sediment has a complex role in the bay. Some ecosystems, especially wetlands, depend on sediment. Salt marshes are built on every high tide by sediment that gets trapped in the plants. These wetlands are also continually sinking as the soil settles, so this growth is key for keeping them at the right elevation. Less sediment in the bay means there’s less for the wetlands, which could be an issue. But there’s one thing that makes it worse: sea level rise. Some estimates say that the bay \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could rise by 55 inches\u003c/a> by the end of the century. That means sediment will have an increasingly important role in the future, one that state agencies are just starting to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.827184 -122.421682\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5615/reporters-notes-the-changing-bay","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_284","quest_621","quest_1099","quest_1233","quest_3351","quest_2257","quest_13206","quest_2423","quest_2483","quest_2487","quest_2559","quest_2576","quest_3048","quest_3108","quest_3114","quest_3140"],"label":"quest"},"quest_24353":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24353","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24353","score":null,"sort":[1237861800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"medicine-from-the-ocean-floor","title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor","publishDate":1237861800,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/01/2010-01-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? 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