From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science
Producer's Notes: Amazing Jellies
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She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_39936":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_39936","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"39936","score":null,"sort":[1340377684000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science","title":"From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science","publishDate":1340377684,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Later this year, an iconic instrument of science returns to the sea: Alvin, the submersible that captured the first images of the Titanic wreck and discovered countless new species in exotic places like hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean technology has come a long way since Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned submarines such as Alvin, to explore the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when humans no longer put themselves at risk in the ocean depths, do we lose the thrill of exploration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The thrill, and the danger, of ocean exploration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 1991, Bob Vrijenhoek and another ocean researcher, Richard Lutz, were leading an expedition off the coast of Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ocean technology has come a long ways since the submersible Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned subs like Alvin, to explore the earth's depths. But can remote-control exploration capture the thrill of science? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450492886,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":55,"wordCount":1545},"headData":{"title":"From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science | KQED","description":"Ocean technology has come a long ways since the submersible Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned subs like Alvin, to explore the earth's depths. But can remote-control exploration capture the thrill of science? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science","datePublished":"2012-06-22T15:08:04.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T02:41:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"39936 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=39936","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science/","disqusTitle":"From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/Engineering/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-25-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/39936/from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Later this year, an iconic instrument of science returns to the sea: Alvin, the submersible that captured the first images of the Titanic wreck and discovered countless new species in exotic places like hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean technology has come a long way since Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned submarines such as Alvin, to explore the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when humans no longer put themselves at risk in the ocean depths, do we lose the thrill of exploration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The thrill, and the danger, of ocean exploration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 1991, Bob Vrijenhoek and another ocean researcher, Richard Lutz, were leading an expedition off the coast of Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39936/from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_11229","quest_11231","quest_252","quest_11233","quest_1773","quest_3316","quest_13203","quest_2045","quest_13","quest_2456","quest_11232","quest_11230"],"featImg":"quest_39941","label":"source_quest_39936"},"quest_5826":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5826","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5826","score":null,"sort":[1274810402000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-amazing-jellies-siphonophores","title":"Producer's Notes: Amazing Jellies","publishDate":1274810402,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>What are the longest animals in the world? Hint: you’ve most likely never heard of them. They glow in the dark and have many stomachs, mouths and tentacles – sometimes hundreds. They’re about the width of a broomstick, but they can grow to be more than 100 feet long. So although blue whales are bulkier, some species of this marine animal are longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6017\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/nur010063001.jpg\" alt=\"The longest animals in the world aren’t what you’d imagine.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6017\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The longest animals in the world aren’t what you’d imagine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re called \u003ca href=\"http://siphonophores.org/\">siphonophores \u003c/a>(that’s pronounced sigh-FAWN-oh-for) and they’re cousins to the jellyfish you can see at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>. Aliens, giant caterpillars, tropical flowers: siphonophores resemble all three. And in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amazing-jellies--siphonophores2\">today’s QUEST television story\u003c/a> you’ll have a unique opportunity to see footage of the siphonophores that live in the Monterey Bay, courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week’s story also features a behind-the-scenes visit to the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s jellyfish exhibit. And I can promise you that you’ve never seen the orange sea nettles in the giant blue tank quite like you’ll see them in this story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What are the longest animals in the world? Hint: you’ve most likely never heard of them. They glow in the dark and have many stomachs, mouths and tentacles – sometimes hundreds.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457712391,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":207},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Amazing Jellies | KQED","description":"What are the longest animals in the world? Hint: you’ve most likely never heard of them. They glow in the dark and have many stomachs, mouths and tentacles – sometimes hundreds.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Amazing Jellies","datePublished":"2010-05-25T18:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-11T16:06:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"5826 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/05/25/producers-notes-amazing-jellies-siphonophores/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/25/producers-notes-amazing-jellies-siphonophores/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Amazing Jellies","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pimIbTqJLZc","path":"/quest/5826/producers-notes-amazing-jellies-siphonophores","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What are the longest animals in the world? Hint: you’ve most likely never heard of them. They glow in the dark and have many stomachs, mouths and tentacles – sometimes hundreds. They’re about the width of a broomstick, but they can grow to be more than 100 feet long. So although blue whales are bulkier, some species of this marine animal are longer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6017\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/nur010063001.jpg\" alt=\"The longest animals in the world aren’t what you’d imagine.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6017\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The longest animals in the world aren’t what you’d imagine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re called \u003ca href=\"http://siphonophores.org/\">siphonophores \u003c/a>(that’s pronounced sigh-FAWN-oh-for) and they’re cousins to the jellyfish you can see at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>. Aliens, giant caterpillars, tropical flowers: siphonophores resemble all three. And in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/amazing-jellies--siphonophores2\">today’s QUEST television story\u003c/a> you’ll have a unique opportunity to see footage of the siphonophores that live in the Monterey Bay, courtesy of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week’s story also features a behind-the-scenes visit to the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s jellyfish exhibit. And I can promise you that you’ve never seen the orange sea nettles in the giant blue tank quite like you’ll see them in this story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5826/producers-notes-amazing-jellies-siphonophores","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_197","quest_331","quest_739","quest_1185","quest_1186","quest_1207","quest_1490","quest_1527","quest_1528","quest_1529","quest_1530","quest_1705","quest_1773","quest_1865","quest_1866","quest_2456","quest_2639","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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