Two Endangered Icons: Southern Resident Killer Whales and Chinook Salmon
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The other sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. Can you determine by studying the map where these continental divides are located? How can you tell?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 2: What percentage of the U.S. population gets its drinking water from the Delaware River Watershed?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 3: Draw a diagram that explains the \"stream ordering\" system. Next, locate the stream nearest to your home or school on a map. What order of stream do you think it is?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 4: Examine the pattern of waterways in the Brandywine Basin. Does the pattern remind you of any other patterns in nature? Which ones? How are they similar?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 5: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are headwaters (stream orders 1 and 2).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 6: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are mid-sized streams (stream orders 3 and 4).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 7: Use the stream order chart to find how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are river (stream orders 5+).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 8, 11 and 14 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the amount of sunlight available compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the widths, depths and slopes compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the rock size and sediment found at the bottom differ?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the plants found next to the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river support life within the water?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the habitat for fish compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are width, depth, slope and rock size interconnected in each part of the stream system?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 9, 12 and 15 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the abundance and variety of algae compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do wood debris and falling leaves play in the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do bacteria, fungi and detritus have in the stream ecosystem?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the preferred food sources of shredders, collectors and grazers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between a collector-gatherer and a collector-filterer?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 10, 13 and 16 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which insects depicted have the shortest life and the longest life spans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some strategies predators use to find their prey?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What would happen to the fish and birds if the water were too polluted to support a diverse community of aquatic organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Count the ratio of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators in each cross section. How do the ratios change as you move downstream?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Can you now describe what a diverse community of aquatic organisms looks like?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There is evidence to suggest that the ratios of functional feeding groups that you found in this interactive holds true for the majority of headwaters, mid-sized streams, and rivers in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)\" target=\"_blank\">Piedmont region\u003c/a> of the United States. The \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> theory describes this dynamic equilibrium, giving us a conceptual model to guide our efforts to repair and restore degraded rivers. How would the \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> concept inform your ability to evaluate any plans for Piedmont stream restoration?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a> to conduct an investigation about the ratios of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators of your watershed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to the document \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>\" from Ohio EPA. How would the loss of headwaters impact aquatic food webs both inside and outside the waterways?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>, Ohio EPA\u003cbr>\nA one-page primer on the importance of headwaters in sediment, nutrient and flood control\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center & National Wildlife Federation.\u003cbr>\nStudents and teachers can investigate their local stream ecosystems using the Leaf Pack Experiment Stream Ecology Kit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6RKxeREHLc\">Macro-invertebrates\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlintreuting.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Caitlin Treuting\u003c/a> (available on YouTube)\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute amateur video shows larvae underwater with some remarkably clear details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVMCPXDohgA\">Field Survey of Macro-invertebrates,\u003c/a>Susquehanna River Basin Commission\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute video shows how to sample water quality with macroinvertebrates.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>HS-ESS3-3. \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea: \u003c/strong>The sustainability of human societies and the biodiversity that supports them requires responsible management of natural resources. \u003cstrong>ESS3.B \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cross Cutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Systems and System Models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Engaging in argument from evidence\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how the physical, chemical, and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient interconnected ecosystems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521668492,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.stroudcenter.org/rcc/dlo/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":875},"headData":{"title":"Navigate a Watershed | KQED","description":"Learn how the physical, chemical, and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient interconnected ecosystems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Navigate a Watershed","datePublished":"2014-04-09T16:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-21T21:41:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"69046 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69046","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/09/navigate-a-watershed/","disqusTitle":"Navigate a Watershed","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69046/navigate-a-watershed","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Learn how the physical and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient, interconnected ecosystems. Move from watershed to river basin to cross sections of headwaters, streams and rivers for a look at the inner world of surface water using the tabs below the image. Click on the blinking dots for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.stroudcenter.org/rcc/dlo/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\">Surface Water\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Question\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does a diverse community of aquatic organisms look like?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Tab 1: There are two continental divides in the U.S. One divide sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The other sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. Can you determine by studying the map where these continental divides are located? How can you tell?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 2: What percentage of the U.S. population gets its drinking water from the Delaware River Watershed?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 3: Draw a diagram that explains the \"stream ordering\" system. Next, locate the stream nearest to your home or school on a map. What order of stream do you think it is?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 4: Examine the pattern of waterways in the Brandywine Basin. Does the pattern remind you of any other patterns in nature? Which ones? How are they similar?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 5: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are headwaters (stream orders 1 and 2).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 6: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are mid-sized streams (stream orders 3 and 4).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 7: Use the stream order chart to find how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are river (stream orders 5+).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 8, 11 and 14 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the amount of sunlight available compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the widths, depths and slopes compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the rock size and sediment found at the bottom differ?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the plants found next to the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river support life within the water?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the habitat for fish compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are width, depth, slope and rock size interconnected in each part of the stream system?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 9, 12 and 15 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the abundance and variety of algae compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do wood debris and falling leaves play in the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do bacteria, fungi and detritus have in the stream ecosystem?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the preferred food sources of shredders, collectors and grazers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between a collector-gatherer and a collector-filterer?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 10, 13 and 16 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which insects depicted have the shortest life and the longest life spans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some strategies predators use to find their prey?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What would happen to the fish and birds if the water were too polluted to support a diverse community of aquatic organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Count the ratio of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators in each cross section. How do the ratios change as you move downstream?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Can you now describe what a diverse community of aquatic organisms looks like?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There is evidence to suggest that the ratios of functional feeding groups that you found in this interactive holds true for the majority of headwaters, mid-sized streams, and rivers in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)\" target=\"_blank\">Piedmont region\u003c/a> of the United States. The \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> theory describes this dynamic equilibrium, giving us a conceptual model to guide our efforts to repair and restore degraded rivers. How would the \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> concept inform your ability to evaluate any plans for Piedmont stream restoration?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a> to conduct an investigation about the ratios of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators of your watershed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to the document \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>\" from Ohio EPA. How would the loss of headwaters impact aquatic food webs both inside and outside the waterways?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>, Ohio EPA\u003cbr>\nA one-page primer on the importance of headwaters in sediment, nutrient and flood control\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center & National Wildlife Federation.\u003cbr>\nStudents and teachers can investigate their local stream ecosystems using the Leaf Pack Experiment Stream Ecology Kit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6RKxeREHLc\">Macro-invertebrates\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlintreuting.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Caitlin Treuting\u003c/a> (available on YouTube)\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute amateur video shows larvae underwater with some remarkably clear details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVMCPXDohgA\">Field Survey of Macro-invertebrates,\u003c/a>Susquehanna River Basin Commission\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute video shows how to sample water quality with macroinvertebrates.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>HS-ESS3-3. \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea: \u003c/strong>The sustainability of human societies and the biodiversity that supports them requires responsible management of natural resources. \u003cstrong>ESS3.B \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cross Cutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Systems and System Models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Engaging in argument from evidence\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69046/navigate-a-watershed","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12791","quest_12790","quest_12793","quest_12792","quest_12789","quest_10427","quest_10016","quest_12640"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_69291","label":"source_quest_69046"},"quest_68667":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68667","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68667","score":null,"sort":[1395843602000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"groundwater-beneath-the-surface","title":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface","publishDate":1395843602,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This lighthearted animation takes us beneath the surface to see groundwater in action. Watch anthropomorphized drops of groundwater travel through this system. A smiling character with a shovel digs us down to the water table, allowing us to flow through the water cycle and thus making the process much easier to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is water called beneath the surface?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some dangers facing aquifers and groundwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is groundwater so vital to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the water cycle operate?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Name as many parts of the water cycle as you can and describe the function of each.\u003cbr>\nPossible activity: Draw a water cycle with as many parts as you can to show how they all interact, and then replay the animation to check and fill in the rest.\u003cbr>\nCompare groundwater to aquifers. How are they alike and how are they different?\u003cbr>\nHow are aquifers replenished or depleted?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS kids activities\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle-kids-adv.html\" target=\"_blank\">Interactive Water Cycle Graphic\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS -\u003c/strong> A fun interactive water cycle diagram that describes the moving and changing forms for water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Water Science School \" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sc1.html\" target=\"_blank\">The USGS Water Science School\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> -\u003c/strong>Educational activity on how much water it takes to grow a hamburger.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Groundwater Association, Groundwater Facts\" href=\"http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Groundwater-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Groundwater Facts\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Groundwater Association - \u003c/strong>53 Billion Gallons a day used for agriculture: \"Irrigation accounts for the largest use of groundwater in the United States. Some 53.5 billion gallons of groundwater are used daily for agricultural irrigation from 407,923 wells.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, history and information\" href=\"http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.wat.018\" target=\"_blank\">Size of High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains\u003c/strong> - History and information on the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic, groundwater interactions & resources\" href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/\" target=\"_blank\">A Fresh Water Story\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic - \u003c/strong>Fun interactions on groundwater, surface water and other related resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"View this animation that dives inside an aquifer and beneath the surface to see groundwater in action.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450484662,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":389},"headData":{"title":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface | KQED","description":"View this animation that dives inside an aquifer and beneath the surface to see groundwater in action.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface","datePublished":"2014-03-26T14:20:02.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T00:24:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68667 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68667","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/groundwater-beneath-the-surface/","disqusTitle":"Groundwater, Beneath the Surface","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNWAerr_xEE","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68667/groundwater-beneath-the-surface","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This lighthearted animation takes us beneath the surface to see groundwater in action. Watch anthropomorphized drops of groundwater travel through this system. A smiling character with a shovel digs us down to the water table, allowing us to flow through the water cycle and thus making the process much easier to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is water called beneath the surface?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some dangers facing aquifers and groundwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-Discussion Questions for Ground Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is groundwater so vital to us?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the water cycle operate?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Name as many parts of the water cycle as you can and describe the function of each.\u003cbr>\nPossible activity: Draw a water cycle with as many parts as you can to show how they all interact, and then replay the animation to check and fill in the rest.\u003cbr>\nCompare groundwater to aquifers. How are they alike and how are they different?\u003cbr>\nHow are aquifers replenished or depleted?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS kids activities\" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle-kids-adv.html\" target=\"_blank\">Interactive Water Cycle Graphic\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS -\u003c/strong> A fun interactive water cycle diagram that describes the moving and changing forms for water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Water Science School \" href=\"http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sc1.html\" target=\"_blank\">The USGS Water Science School\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong> -\u003c/strong>Educational activity on how much water it takes to grow a hamburger.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Groundwater Association, Groundwater Facts\" href=\"http://www.ngwa.org/Fundamentals/use/Pages/Groundwater-facts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Groundwater Facts\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Groundwater Association - \u003c/strong>53 Billion Gallons a day used for agriculture: \"Irrigation accounts for the largest use of groundwater in the United States. Some 53.5 billion gallons of groundwater are used daily for agricultural irrigation from 407,923 wells.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, history and information\" href=\"http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.wat.018\" target=\"_blank\">Size of High Plains Aquifer\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains\u003c/strong> - History and information on the Ogallala Aquifer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"National Geographic, groundwater interactions & resources\" href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/\" target=\"_blank\">A Fresh Water Story\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Geographic - \u003c/strong>Fun interactions on groundwater, surface water and other related resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth’s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: The Role of Water in Earth’s Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68667/groundwater-beneath-the-surface","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_12748","quest_12749","quest_1278","quest_12761","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12762","quest_12354","quest_10016","quest_10179","quest_12747","quest_2766","quest_12640","quest_12746","quest_10806","quest_12745"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68773","label":"source_quest_68667"},"quest_68677":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68677","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68677","score":null,"sort":[1395843049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-groundwater-term-game","title":"The Groundwater Term Game","publishDate":1395843049,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/groundwater_game/\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Groundwater Game tests your knowledge of major terms used to describe parts of the aquifer systems, from groundwater to permeability to saturated zone. Drag and drop the correct term into a sentence to make it accurate and to match the illustration. Can you score 12 out of 12?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production Credits:\u003cbr>\nProducer: Abram Lueders\u003cbr>\nExecutive Producer: Melanie Eirich\u003cbr>\nGraphic Designer: Lisa Craig\u003cbr>\nContributing Producer for QUEST Nebraska: Gary Hochman\u003cbr>\nEducational Review: Anica Brown\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Come up with a list of all the terms you can think of that relate to water, both terms you have just learned and terms you already knew, like rain, snow, stream, etc. Divide them into terms above ground and terms below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Describe a water cycle with as many parts as you can.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you didn’t get all terms correctly defined in this game, go back to the first two explainers to review and then try this game again with the goal of getting 100% correct!\u003cbr>\nDiscuss the terms that were new to you in this game. How did you decide how to match them to a definition?\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve drawn a water cycle, fit the new terms from this game into your drawing. How do you think the new terms affect the water cycle?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Information on Groundwater\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-643/\" target=\"_blank\">What is Groundwater\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS - \u003c/strong>An informative website on Groundwater processes, terms and general information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Dr. Waters information and terms for Surface Water and Groundwater\" href=\"http://www.drwaters.org/?itemCategory=34143&siteid=300&priorId=0\" target=\"_blank\">Surface water and Groundwater\u003c/a>. Are they connected? \u003cstrong>Dr. Waters -\u003c/strong>Information and terms on Surface Water and Groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"UNL Water Center website\" href=\"http://watercenter.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Nebraska Water Center and Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska, Water Center - \u003c/strong>A wealth of water related articles for Nebraska and nationwide.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Science Daily\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Science Daily Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Science Daily website - \u003c/strong>News and information on water.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C. Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. MS - ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and Using Models.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Play the fun interactive game to check your groundwater knowledge! ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443828401,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://imgdev.unl.edu/groundwater_game/"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":430},"headData":{"title":"The Groundwater Term Game | KQED","description":"Play the fun interactive game to check your groundwater knowledge! ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Groundwater Term Game","datePublished":"2014-03-26T14:10:49.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:26:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68677 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68677","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/the-groundwater-term-game/","disqusTitle":"The Groundwater Term Game","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68677/the-groundwater-term-game","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/groundwater_game/\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Groundwater Game tests your knowledge of major terms used to describe parts of the aquifer systems, from groundwater to permeability to saturated zone. Drag and drop the correct term into a sentence to make it accurate and to match the illustration. Can you score 12 out of 12?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This animation is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Production Credits:\u003cbr>\nProducer: Abram Lueders\u003cbr>\nExecutive Producer: Melanie Eirich\u003cbr>\nGraphic Designer: Lisa Craig\u003cbr>\nContributing Producer for QUEST Nebraska: Gary Hochman\u003cbr>\nEducational Review: Anica Brown\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Come up with a list of all the terms you can think of that relate to water, both terms you have just learned and terms you already knew, like rain, snow, stream, etc. Divide them into terms above ground and terms below ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Describe a water cycle with as many parts as you can.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you didn’t get all terms correctly defined in this game, go back to the first two explainers to review and then try this game again with the goal of getting 100% correct!\u003cbr>\nDiscuss the terms that were new to you in this game. How did you decide how to match them to a definition?\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve drawn a water cycle, fit the new terms from this game into your drawing. How do you think the new terms affect the water cycle?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"USGS Information on Groundwater\" href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-643/\" target=\"_blank\">What is Groundwater\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>USGS - \u003c/strong>An informative website on Groundwater processes, terms and general information.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Dr. Waters information and terms for Surface Water and Groundwater\" href=\"http://www.drwaters.org/?itemCategory=34143&siteid=300&priorId=0\" target=\"_blank\">Surface water and Groundwater\u003c/a>. Are they connected? \u003cstrong>Dr. Waters -\u003c/strong>Information and terms on Surface Water and Groundwater.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"UNL Water Center website\" href=\"http://watercenter.unl.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Nebraska Water Center and Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of Nebraska, Water Center - \u003c/strong>A wealth of water related articles for Nebraska and nationwide.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Science Daily\" href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/earth_climate/water/\" target=\"_blank\">Science Daily Water News\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Science Daily website - \u003c/strong>News and information on water.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. MS - ESS2, Earth & Science Systems: Earth's Systems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. MS - ESS2.C. Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. MS - ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and Using Models.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68677/the-groundwater-term-game","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_11856","quest_12748","quest_12749","quest_1278","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12752","quest_12750","quest_12354","quest_10016","quest_10179","quest_12754","quest_2766","quest_12640","quest_12746","quest_12753","quest_12755","quest_12751"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68764","label":"source_quest_68677"},"quest_45570":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45570","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45570","score":null,"sort":[1349449226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it","title":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It","publishDate":1349449226,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/marsgravel-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45577\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg\" alt=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" title=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The news from Mars just keeps getting better. NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" title=\"NASA MSL News Release\" target=\"_blank\">has struck pay dirt\u003c/a>: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing that bit of news was tantalizing, and seeing the photographic evidence a true thrill for someone who loves scratching around in the rocks and sand of the desert, looking for signs and clues of the geologic history of the place. Death Valley is my favorite hunting ground for signs of water--and why, you might ask, would I go looking for water in a desert? To that I would answer, looking for signs of water in a lake or river is just too darned easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pictorial evidence in question is a bed of gravel and rounded stones bound together by finer material that has solidified over time. The conglomerate rock is similar to examples of sediment found on Earth: solid layers a lot like very coarse concrete. The materials were washed down by river or stream action, transported from the locations where they originally eroded, and in the process of tumbling along with the flow the larger stones becoming rounded and smoothed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, at the site of Curiosity's find near the bottom of a large alluvial fan (the pile of material deposited by stream action at the bottom end of a downhill flow), the layer of conglomerate material has been broken and upturned for the rover to see and examine—possibly by a meteorite impact in the past. Were it not for whatever had broken and exposed the layer, Curiosity's wheels may have rolled right over it, inches from the great find but unaware of it laying there under topsoil. From the size and appearance of the rocks in the conglomerate—from sand grain to golf ball sized—scientists estimate that the water which deposited the material probably moved along at a speed of three feet per second, and was anywhere from a few inches to two or three feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall some interesting formations out in the deserts of Northern Arizona, where I lived for a few years, which the Curiosity report from NASA reminded me of. In one particular spot, somewhere east of Flagstaff and maybe west of Winslow, are what I call \"petrified rivers\". Snaking around the flat desert just off the north shoulder of Interstate 40 is a winding network of raised \"roadways\" of rock, rising a foot or two off the ground and meandering about in the pattern of flowing streams. I learned that these features are sedimentary conglomerate rock laid down by streams that flowed there in the past and solidified over time. Then, long after the water stopped flowing as the region dried out, erosion by wind and rainfall gradually wore away the softer surrounding soils, leaving the harder streambed conglomerates intact, exposed for anyone passing on the Interstate to see and wonder about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-laid conglomerate stone on Mars that Curiosity happened upon is a first. There has previously been plenty of evidence letting us speculate about past liquid water on Mars, from drainage channels viewed from orbit to various minerals found on the ground to ice buried under Mars' surface, but this new find is the first concrete evidence (so to speak) for actual water-transported material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, each new discovery like this makes me ask, \"what's next?\" Really, I may be leaping too far ahead of conservative speculation here, but personally I'm hoping to see fossils….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, has struck pay dirt: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998350,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":621},"headData":{"title":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It | KQED","description":"NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, has struck pay dirt: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It","datePublished":"2012-10-05T15:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:52:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45570 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=45570","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/","disqusTitle":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It","path":"/quest/45570/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/marsgravel-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45577\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg\" alt=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" title=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The news from Mars just keeps getting better. NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" title=\"NASA MSL News Release\" target=\"_blank\">has struck pay dirt\u003c/a>: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing that bit of news was tantalizing, and seeing the photographic evidence a true thrill for someone who loves scratching around in the rocks and sand of the desert, looking for signs and clues of the geologic history of the place. Death Valley is my favorite hunting ground for signs of water--and why, you might ask, would I go looking for water in a desert? To that I would answer, looking for signs of water in a lake or river is just too darned easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pictorial evidence in question is a bed of gravel and rounded stones bound together by finer material that has solidified over time. The conglomerate rock is similar to examples of sediment found on Earth: solid layers a lot like very coarse concrete. The materials were washed down by river or stream action, transported from the locations where they originally eroded, and in the process of tumbling along with the flow the larger stones becoming rounded and smoothed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, at the site of Curiosity's find near the bottom of a large alluvial fan (the pile of material deposited by stream action at the bottom end of a downhill flow), the layer of conglomerate material has been broken and upturned for the rover to see and examine—possibly by a meteorite impact in the past. Were it not for whatever had broken and exposed the layer, Curiosity's wheels may have rolled right over it, inches from the great find but unaware of it laying there under topsoil. From the size and appearance of the rocks in the conglomerate—from sand grain to golf ball sized—scientists estimate that the water which deposited the material probably moved along at a speed of three feet per second, and was anywhere from a few inches to two or three feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall some interesting formations out in the deserts of Northern Arizona, where I lived for a few years, which the Curiosity report from NASA reminded me of. In one particular spot, somewhere east of Flagstaff and maybe west of Winslow, are what I call \"petrified rivers\". Snaking around the flat desert just off the north shoulder of Interstate 40 is a winding network of raised \"roadways\" of rock, rising a foot or two off the ground and meandering about in the pattern of flowing streams. I learned that these features are sedimentary conglomerate rock laid down by streams that flowed there in the past and solidified over time. Then, long after the water stopped flowing as the region dried out, erosion by wind and rainfall gradually wore away the softer surrounding soils, leaving the harder streambed conglomerates intact, exposed for anyone passing on the Interstate to see and wonder about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-laid conglomerate stone on Mars that Curiosity happened upon is a first. There has previously been plenty of evidence letting us speculate about past liquid water on Mars, from drainage channels viewed from orbit to various minerals found on the ground to ice buried under Mars' surface, but this new find is the first concrete evidence (so to speak) for actual water-transported material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, each new discovery like this makes me ask, \"what's next?\" Really, I may be leaping too far ahead of conservative speculation here, but personally I'm hoping to see fossils….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45570/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_3528","quest_742","quest_10259","quest_1751","quest_11516","quest_13202","quest_10016","quest_2457","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_45572","label":"quest"},"quest_22879":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_22879","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"22879","score":null,"sort":[1314232918000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"two-endangered-icons-southern-resident-killer-whales-and-chinook-salmon","title":"Two Endangered Icons: Southern Resident Killer Whales and Chinook Salmon","publishDate":1314232918,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\nKenneth Balcomb, senior scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.whaleresearch.com/\">Center for Whale Research\u003c/a> in Friday Harbor, Washington, explains the connection between the Southern Resident killer whales (orcas) and chinook salmon. The whales prefer chinook salmon over any other food source and scientists have determined there’s a tight correlation between the two populations. When the salmon are abundant, the whales thrive. 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