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Now, researchers in a small western Wisconsin county are looking for the best ways to repair the land before the companies leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg\" alt=\"Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69937\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At wells across the country, Wisconsin sand is mixed with water and chemicals and forced into rock formations at intense pressures. The process releases valuable oil and natural gas, in a process commonly known as “fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin law requires frac sand companies to show local governments how they’ll fill in their mines in a way that will avoid future soil erosion and runoff at the site – what the industry calls “reclamation.” Exactly how they do that is basically up to companies, leaving unanswered questions about how the soil is impacted by mining and how healthy it may be after a company moves out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to answer those questions, a first-of-its-kind study is underway in Chippewa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically removing the soil, we’re stockpiling it, we’re mining out material that’s below the soil and now we’re putting that soil back on the surface,” said Holly Dolliver, a soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a lead researcher on the project. “Presumably, there’s going to be some changes that are going to happen to that soil when we scrape it off and stockpile it for a period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FracSandConveyor-450x237.jpg\" alt=\"A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND) \" width=\"450\" height=\"237\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To quantify those changes, Dolliver and a group of graduate students will spend this summer measuring soil before it's scraped away for mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be looking at the physical characteristics of the soil, we’ll be looking at the chemical characteristics, and we’ll be looking at the biological characteristics of the soil in that natural or native setting,” said Dolliver. “And, then with that data, we’re going to be able to look at that soil after it’s been reclaimed and actually be able to quantify what those changes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolliver and her team will establish test plots where they’ll add varying levels of nutrients like manure and agricultural lime to see which promotes better biological activity and plant growth. But she says one of the most unique parts of the study will be determining whether fine clays and silts – currently considered waste by frac sand companies – can be used to improve water retention in reclaimed soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To our knowledge, no one has ever attempted to look at using the fines in the reclamation process,” said Dolliver. “Like all waste materials that get generated, we’re trying to find a beneficial use for this material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SandPile-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of the frac sand mines in Wisconsin were built after 2010, Badger Mining Company, based in the city of Berlin, has been mining and reclaiming land for more than 30 years. Marty Lehman, an associate with Badger, says reclamation is a learning process and that he’s excited to see what the Chippewa County study will find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great opportunity to help develop new techniques,” said Lehman. “They’ll have ideas that maybe we didn’t have. They’ll try things that maybe we didn’t try. We’ll have experience and hands-on examples of what can be done, or what we tried that didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Masterpole is the director of the Chippewa County Land Conservation and Forest Management Department, which is sponsoring the reclamation study. He says the\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>overall goal is to find best practices that companies across Wisconsin can use to make sure thousands of acres of land slated for mining can become productive again after companies have moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until now we have very limited experiences, collectively, in reclamation,” said Masterpole. “There have been a couple companies that have a pretty good track record, but for many of us reclamation means just getting a site stabilized. But we think that we need to be able to move beyond that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chippewa County land reclamation study will last five years, with additional soil monitoring expected well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Wisconsin, sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before. But what will the land look like after the rush ends?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450498187,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":813},"headData":{"title":"Repairing the Land After Frac Sand is Removed | KQED","description":"In Wisconsin, sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before. But what will the land look like after the rush ends?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68141 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68141","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/23/repairing-the-land-after-frac-sand-is-removed/","disqusTitle":"Repairing the Land After Frac Sand is Removed","source":"Energy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/energy/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/Fracsandweb.mp3","path":"/quest/68141/repairing-the-land-after-frac-sand-is-removed","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just beneath the green, rolling hills of western Wisconsin lies a key ingredient feeding the energy boom across America: sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The durable sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before, causing concern about what the land will look like after the rush ends. Now, researchers in a small western Wisconsin county are looking for the best ways to repair the land before the companies leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg\" alt=\"Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69937\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At wells across the country, Wisconsin sand is mixed with water and chemicals and forced into rock formations at intense pressures. The process releases valuable oil and natural gas, in a process commonly known as “fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin law requires frac sand companies to show local governments how they’ll fill in their mines in a way that will avoid future soil erosion and runoff at the site – what the industry calls “reclamation.” Exactly how they do that is basically up to companies, leaving unanswered questions about how the soil is impacted by mining and how healthy it may be after a company moves out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to answer those questions, a first-of-its-kind study is underway in Chippewa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically removing the soil, we’re stockpiling it, we’re mining out material that’s below the soil and now we’re putting that soil back on the surface,” said Holly Dolliver, a soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a lead researcher on the project. “Presumably, there’s going to be some changes that are going to happen to that soil when we scrape it off and stockpile it for a period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FracSandConveyor-450x237.jpg\" alt=\"A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND) \" width=\"450\" height=\"237\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To quantify those changes, Dolliver and a group of graduate students will spend this summer measuring soil before it's scraped away for mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be looking at the physical characteristics of the soil, we’ll be looking at the chemical characteristics, and we’ll be looking at the biological characteristics of the soil in that natural or native setting,” said Dolliver. “And, then with that data, we’re going to be able to look at that soil after it’s been reclaimed and actually be able to quantify what those changes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolliver and her team will establish test plots where they’ll add varying levels of nutrients like manure and agricultural lime to see which promotes better biological activity and plant growth. But she says one of the most unique parts of the study will be determining whether fine clays and silts – currently considered waste by frac sand companies – can be used to improve water retention in reclaimed soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To our knowledge, no one has ever attempted to look at using the fines in the reclamation process,” said Dolliver. “Like all waste materials that get generated, we’re trying to find a beneficial use for this material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SandPile-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of the frac sand mines in Wisconsin were built after 2010, Badger Mining Company, based in the city of Berlin, has been mining and reclaiming land for more than 30 years. Marty Lehman, an associate with Badger, says reclamation is a learning process and that he’s excited to see what the Chippewa County study will find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great opportunity to help develop new techniques,” said Lehman. “They’ll have ideas that maybe we didn’t have. They’ll try things that maybe we didn’t try. We’ll have experience and hands-on examples of what can be done, or what we tried that didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Masterpole is the director of the Chippewa County Land Conservation and Forest Management Department, which is sponsoring the reclamation study. He says the\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>overall goal is to find best practices that companies across Wisconsin can use to make sure thousands of acres of land slated for mining can become productive again after companies have moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until now we have very limited experiences, collectively, in reclamation,” said Masterpole. “There have been a couple companies that have a pretty good track record, but for many of us reclamation means just getting a site stabilized. But we think that we need to be able to move beyond that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chippewa County land reclamation study will last five years, with additional soil monitoring expected well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68141/repairing-the-land-after-frac-sand-is-removed","authors":["10509"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12835","quest_12269","quest_10979","quest_3351","quest_12837","quest_1832","quest_2349","quest_12355","quest_10164","quest_12836"],"featImg":"quest_69962","label":"source_quest_68141"},"quest_24478":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24478","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24478","score":null,"sort":[1316114055000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"making-better-land","title":"Making Better Land","publishDate":1316114055,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Humans have been reclaiming land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at reclamation, but nature continues to test our work.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1317340123,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":654},"headData":{"title":"Making Better Land | KQED","description":"Humans have been reclaiming land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at reclamation, but nature continues to test our work.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"24478 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24478","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/","disqusTitle":"Making Better Land","path":"/quest/24478/making-better-land","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24480\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandsfship/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24480\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandSFship\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandSFship-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Gold Rush-era ship is excavated from historical fill at a San Francisco construction site in 2005. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Humans have been making land for thousands of years. Lately we have gotten better at it, but nature has a head start of a few billion years, and we don't work with nature's infinite care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the largest scale, land grows because volcanoes and tectonic movements elevate rocks above sea level. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">The Bay Area has no volcanoes at present\u003c/a>, and the basic framework of our terrain is tectonism organized around the San Andreas fault system. On the scale of human history, that's too slow to be relevant. For growing new land, erosion and deposition matter more to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New land grows naturally around the Bay as wetlands capture sediment washed in with the seawater. Unfortunately for builders, it's soft black mud and it's barely at sea level. And unfortunately for shippers, \"bay mud\" bars vessels from approaching the shore almost everywhere except around steep bodies of bedrock, like Yerba Buena and Alcatraz Islands. When Gold Rush settlers came here to stay, making bay mud into useful land—reclamation—was one of their chief concerns. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco there were so many abandoned ships in the harbor that many were simply scuttled and buried in fill—dredged sand and mud from the Bay, mostly, along with waste rock and debris. We dig up the old ships occasionally while building around the Financial District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More land was made elsewhere simply by diking off sections of the Bay, letting it dry out, and putting it to use growing crops or harvesting sea salt. (Today the salt ponds of the South Bay are carefully being restored to working wetland.) In San Mateo County, levees were built to create Brewer's Island around the turn of the last century. The dry bay mud served as hayfields and salt ponds until T. Jack Foster set out to turn Brewer's Island into a complete planned city. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/community_info/Creating-the-Land.cfm\">creation of Foster City\u003c/a> in the 1960s was overseen by geotechnical engineers, but the basic method was age-old: dredge, dump, drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Geological Survey has mapped artificial land along with all the other geologic units around the Bay. The majority of this reclaimed land is in the central Bay, in San Francisco and Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/bayfillmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24479\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/bayfillmap-640x232.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"bayfillmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"232\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24479\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reclaimed land shows its weakness in earthquakes. In the 1906 quake it was widely noted that buildings placed on \"made land\" were prone to failure. Nonetheless the city's rubble was used for fill at the site of the 1915 Pan Pacific Exposition, which later became developed as the Marina district. In the 1989 Loma Prieta quake the Marina had the deadliest damage in the city. Likewise, the Cypress section of Interstate 880, in west Oakland, failed where it crossed old fill. In San Francisco the notorious Embarcadero Freeway, also built upon old fill, was torn down shortly after Loma Prieta, before it could fail. Our areas of fill, old and new, will continue to be tested by earthquakes while our reclamation practices continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geology enthusiasts, Oakland's reclaimed land has given us an unexpected treat, seen in the new Middle Harbor Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24481\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/15/making-better-land/madelandtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-24481\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"madelandtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/madelandtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica seawall recycles rock from an early land reclamation project: the port of Oakland. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1880s, early in the creation of Oakland's harbor, a pair of \"training walls\" was built to guide the tides into scouring the ship channel clean. The project required lots of large boulders, and every quarry along the Bay Area shoreline was recruited to supply the stones. When the old north training wall was demolished in 2001, some of the best rocks were set aside. These were made into \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/oakland-stone-landmarks-middle-harbor-parks-replica-training-wall/\">a replica pier\u003c/a>, nicely laid down in drystone masonry, that displays excellent specimens of Bay Area rock types.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24478/making-better-land","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10167","quest_10165","quest_10168","quest_1607","quest_13202","quest_10164","quest_10166","quest_2618"],"featImg":"quest_24480","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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