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Or my smile? Or…? ","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg","width":400,"height":231,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg","width":640,"height":369}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"dr-barry-starr":{"type":"authors","id":"6177","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6177","found":true},"name":"Dr. Barry Starr","firstName":"Dr. Barry","lastName":"Starr","slug":"dr-barry-starr","email":"bstarr@thetech.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Dr. Barry Starr (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/geneticsboy\">@geneticsboy\u003c/a>) is a Geneticist-in-Residence at The Tech Museum of Innovation in San Jose, CA and runs their Stanford at The Tech program. The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | 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sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lots of right answers from clever QUEST respondents!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/\" target=\"_blank\">last blog entry\u003c/a>, I wrote a quiz that tested some basic knowledge about genetics that experts have found the public struggles with. What I found from the responses I received is that the QUEST public doesn’t struggle with them or, more likely, people only answer quizzes like this if they are pretty confident in the first place. The ten respondents did very well indeed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also learned that I need to work on my question writing skills. In my efforts to be brief and to the point, I ended up writing the occasional question that had more than one correct answer. Of course once I realized that I scored either of the correct answers as correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I’ll do below is go over each question in a bit more detail. I’ll talk about why I asked it and what the answer is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1) Should you necessarily be scared if you find out you are 10 times more likely to get a rare cancer?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer to this one is no, you should not be scared. Everyone got this one right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If 1 in a million people get a certain cancer, the increase to 1 in 100,000 is pretty minimal. It is equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://www.funny2.com/odds.htm\">the difference between\u003c/a> getting struck by lightning and dating a supermodel. Neither is at all likely!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I included this question is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945403/\">one of the studies\u003c/a> suggested that this is a pretty common problem for people getting genetic counseling. They struggle with the idea of absolute vs. relative risk. In other words, the difference between how much more likely I am to get a disease compared to you versus how likely I am to get a disease period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43125\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/motherdaughter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43125\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43125\" title=\"MotherDaughter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MotherDaughter.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"141\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because you look like mom that doesn't mean you'll necessarily end up with her family's diseases.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>2) If you look like your mom, are you more likely to get the diseases that run in her family or your dad’s family?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer to this one is no as well. Nine out of ten respondents got this one right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The few genes associated with looks have very little to do with disease risk. Just because you and your mom have blue eyes, this has nothing to do with whether you have your mom’s increased risk for type 2 diabetes. There are different genes associated with each and they are independent of one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is another example. Let’s say Huntington’s disease runs in your dad’s family and your dad has the version of the huntingtin gene that will lead to him getting the disease. Your chances of getting the disease are 50% whether or not you have mom’s blue eyes and blonde hair or dad’s brown eyes and hair. The disease and the traits are caused by different genes...they do not come as a package deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the exceptions would be red hair and fair skin. These traits, which are caused by certain versions of the MC1R gene, do increase a person’s risk for skin cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I included this question because of the multitude of similar questions about this that I have received at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> and because it is mentioned in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945403/\">genetics counseling study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>3) If you have the recessive disease sickle cell anemia, should your kids be tested to see if they are carriers?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the way I was thinking about the question, the answer would be no. Only one out of ten people got this right but I suspect that may have to do with how I wrote the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I was trying to get at is if you have a recessive disease, then all of your kids will almost certainly be carriers of that disease. So there isn’t really any need for genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, we have two copies of each of our genes and for a recessive trait to be seen, both copies have to be the recessive version. Also remember that people pass one of their two copies of each gene to their child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is people with sickle cell anemia have to pass a version of the hemoglobin gene that can lead to sickle cell anemia down to each of their kids. All their kids will be carriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a genetic test probably isn’t necessary for the kids because they are undoubtedly carriers. Now that doesn’t mean the other partner shouldn’t be tested. He or she definitely should be tested to determine his or her carrier status. This will affect their chances for having a child with sickle cell anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I included this question because both the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945403/\">genetic counseling\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039252\">Australian\u003c/a> study showed that the idea of dominant and recessive traits was a confusing one. This also bears out in our list of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43115\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/cuteredheadedbaby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43115\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43115\" title=\"CuteRedheadedBaby\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/CuteRedheadedBaby.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sometimes to look like one parent, you need genes from both! Red hair is one of these.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>4) If you look like your dad, did you get more of his DNA?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer here is a definite no. People almost always get half their DNA from their mom and half from their dad no matter who they look like. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask289\">here\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/paternal-grandmothers-dna\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">here \u003c/a>for some exceptions to this rule.) Eight out of ten people got this question right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again we have the issue where what we look like comes from only a few genes. Looking like your dad might mean you happened to get 20 or 50 of his genes related to physical appearance. This is out of the 25,000 or so genes we all have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are even some traits where you look like one parent because both parents contributed the right DNA. Let’s say you and your dad are a redhead. It is very unlikely you have red hair only because of him because red hair is a recessive trait and usually has to come from both sides of the family. In other words, mom had to pass you a red hair version of MC1R so you could look like your dad!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5) If you flip a coin and get heads ten times in a row, what are the chances that the next flip will be a head?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is 50%. Each coin flip is independent so what came before cannot affect the next flip. The coin doesn’t remember on which side it landed before. Nine out of ten got this one right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a very common misconception that if you flip a coin and get ten heads in a row, the next flip is more likely to be a tail (it is due!). Heck, my dad plays the craps tables in Las Vegas by looking for tables where a seven hasn’t come up in a while and places his bets at that table. This is no way to win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetics this mostly becomes an issue in predicting a child’s traits based on the children that came before. If two parents have four girls, they might think that a boy is more likely next time around. And if both parents are carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF), they might feel that if they’ve already had a child with CF, the risk is decreased for the next child. After all, that Punnett square showed that 1 in 4 of their kids would have CF, right? Well, no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Punnett square was used to calculate the risk that each child has for getting CF. If your first child has CF, your second still has a 1 in 4 chance for getting CF. Just because your first got it, that does not affect your second child’s chances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43120\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/dna/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43120\" title=\"DNA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/DNA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cells look different because they use different parts of the same DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>6) True or false: Each cell in your body has the same DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, this is the question I messed up on big time. By trying to keep it short and sweet, I didn’t ask the right question. What I should have asked was:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A muscle and a brain cell have the same DNA. True or False\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer to that question is “True” and we could have a nice discussion about how most of the cells in our body have the exact same DNA even though they look different. And then I’d go on to talk about how the differences come from the fact that each cell uses a different subset of genes. Sort of like following a single recipe in a cookbook to make cookies instead of following every recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But alas, I asked the wrong question and most of the respondents correctly noted the exceptions to the “every cell has the same DNA” idea. They noted that sperm and eggs have half the usual amount of DNA. And that because of mutations, various cells in our bodies have small differences from one another. They also mentioned that we are actually composed of our cells plus the trillions of bacteria that we all carry. (No one mentioned mature red blood cells which have no DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope you enjoyed the quiz and that you’ll enjoy the book, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste Like Chocolate?\u003c/a>. I am happy to do more quizzes like this in the future if people are interested. Any suggestions on genetics topics?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More scary news:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/yikes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43256\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43256\" title=\"Yikes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Yikes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Yikes.jpg 434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Yikes-400x509.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a> Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=465671563453860&set=a.456449604376056.98921.367116489976035&type=1&theater\">here \u003c/a>for source.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346358464,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1612},"headData":{"title":"The Results Are In For My Genetics Quiz | KQED","description":"In my last blog entry, I wrote a quiz that tested some basic knowledge about genetics that experts have found the public struggles with. What I found from the responses I received is that the QUEST public doesn’t struggle with them or, more likely, people only answer quizzes like this if they are pretty confident","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43103 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43103","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/","disqusTitle":"The Results Are In For My Genetics Quiz ","path":"/quest/43103/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/quiz1image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43106\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43106\" title=\"Quiz1Image\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Quiz1Image.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Quiz1Image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Quiz1Image-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lots of right answers from clever QUEST respondents!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/20/arm-yourselves-for-the-upcoming-genetics-revolution/\" target=\"_blank\">last blog entry\u003c/a>, I wrote a quiz that tested some basic knowledge about genetics that experts have found the public struggles with. What I found from the responses I received is that the QUEST public doesn’t struggle with them or, more likely, people only answer quizzes like this if they are pretty confident in the first place. The ten respondents did very well indeed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also learned that I need to work on my question writing skills. In my efforts to be brief and to the point, I ended up writing the occasional question that had more than one correct answer. Of course once I realized that I scored either of the correct answers as correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I’ll do below is go over each question in a bit more detail. I’ll talk about why I asked it and what the answer is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>1) Should you necessarily be scared if you find out you are 10 times more likely to get a rare cancer?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer to this one is no, you should not be scared. Everyone got this one right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If 1 in a million people get a certain cancer, the increase to 1 in 100,000 is pretty minimal. It is equivalent to \u003ca href=\"http://www.funny2.com/odds.htm\">the difference between\u003c/a> getting struck by lightning and dating a supermodel. Neither is at all likely!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I included this question is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945403/\">one of the studies\u003c/a> suggested that this is a pretty common problem for people getting genetic counseling. They struggle with the idea of absolute vs. relative risk. In other words, the difference between how much more likely I am to get a disease compared to you versus how likely I am to get a disease period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43125\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/motherdaughter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43125\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43125\" title=\"MotherDaughter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/MotherDaughter.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"141\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just because you look like mom that doesn't mean you'll necessarily end up with her family's diseases.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>2) If you look like your mom, are you more likely to get the diseases that run in her family or your dad’s family?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer to this one is no as well. Nine out of ten respondents got this one right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The few genes associated with looks have very little to do with disease risk. Just because you and your mom have blue eyes, this has nothing to do with whether you have your mom’s increased risk for type 2 diabetes. There are different genes associated with each and they are independent of one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is another example. Let’s say Huntington’s disease runs in your dad’s family and your dad has the version of the huntingtin gene that will lead to him getting the disease. Your chances of getting the disease are 50% whether or not you have mom’s blue eyes and blonde hair or dad’s brown eyes and hair. The disease and the traits are caused by different genes...they do not come as a package deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the exceptions would be red hair and fair skin. These traits, which are caused by certain versions of the MC1R gene, do increase a person’s risk for skin cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I included this question because of the multitude of similar questions about this that I have received at \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> and because it is mentioned in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945403/\">genetics counseling study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>3) If you have the recessive disease sickle cell anemia, should your kids be tested to see if they are carriers?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the way I was thinking about the question, the answer would be no. Only one out of ten people got this right but I suspect that may have to do with how I wrote the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I was trying to get at is if you have a recessive disease, then all of your kids will almost certainly be carriers of that disease. So there isn’t really any need for genetic testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, we have two copies of each of our genes and for a recessive trait to be seen, both copies have to be the recessive version. Also remember that people pass one of their two copies of each gene to their child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is people with sickle cell anemia have to pass a version of the hemoglobin gene that can lead to sickle cell anemia down to each of their kids. All their kids will be carriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So a genetic test probably isn’t necessary for the kids because they are undoubtedly carriers. Now that doesn’t mean the other partner shouldn’t be tested. He or she definitely should be tested to determine his or her carrier status. This will affect their chances for having a child with sickle cell anemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I included this question because both the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945403/\">genetic counseling\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039252\">Australian\u003c/a> study showed that the idea of dominant and recessive traits was a confusing one. This also bears out in our list of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43115\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/cuteredheadedbaby/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43115\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43115\" title=\"CuteRedheadedBaby\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/CuteRedheadedBaby.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sometimes to look like one parent, you need genes from both! Red hair is one of these.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>4) If you look like your dad, did you get more of his DNA?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer here is a definite no. People almost always get half their DNA from their mom and half from their dad no matter who they look like. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask289\">here\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/paternal-grandmothers-dna\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">here \u003c/a>for some exceptions to this rule.) Eight out of ten people got this question right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again we have the issue where what we look like comes from only a few genes. Looking like your dad might mean you happened to get 20 or 50 of his genes related to physical appearance. This is out of the 25,000 or so genes we all have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are even some traits where you look like one parent because both parents contributed the right DNA. Let’s say you and your dad are a redhead. It is very unlikely you have red hair only because of him because red hair is a recessive trait and usually has to come from both sides of the family. In other words, mom had to pass you a red hair version of MC1R so you could look like your dad!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5) If you flip a coin and get heads ten times in a row, what are the chances that the next flip will be a head?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is 50%. Each coin flip is independent so what came before cannot affect the next flip. The coin doesn’t remember on which side it landed before. Nine out of ten got this one right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a very common misconception that if you flip a coin and get ten heads in a row, the next flip is more likely to be a tail (it is due!). Heck, my dad plays the craps tables in Las Vegas by looking for tables where a seven hasn’t come up in a while and places his bets at that table. This is no way to win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetics this mostly becomes an issue in predicting a child’s traits based on the children that came before. If two parents have four girls, they might think that a boy is more likely next time around. And if both parents are carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF), they might feel that if they’ve already had a child with CF, the risk is decreased for the next child. After all, that Punnett square showed that 1 in 4 of their kids would have CF, right? Well, no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Punnett square was used to calculate the risk that each child has for getting CF. If your first child has CF, your second still has a 1 in 4 chance for getting CF. Just because your first got it, that does not affect your second child’s chances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43120\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/dna/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-43120\" title=\"DNA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/DNA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cells look different because they use different parts of the same DNA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>6) True or false: Each cell in your body has the same DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, this is the question I messed up on big time. By trying to keep it short and sweet, I didn’t ask the right question. What I should have asked was:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A muscle and a brain cell have the same DNA. True or False\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer to that question is “True” and we could have a nice discussion about how most of the cells in our body have the exact same DNA even though they look different. And then I’d go on to talk about how the differences come from the fact that each cell uses a different subset of genes. Sort of like following a single recipe in a cookbook to make cookies instead of following every recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But alas, I asked the wrong question and most of the respondents correctly noted the exceptions to the “every cell has the same DNA” idea. They noted that sperm and eggs have half the usual amount of DNA. And that because of mutations, various cells in our bodies have small differences from one another. They also mentioned that we are actually composed of our cells plus the trillions of bacteria that we all carry. (No one mentioned mature red blood cells which have no DNA.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope you enjoyed the quiz and that you’ll enjoy the book, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/book-titles\">When Will Broccoli Taste Like Chocolate?\u003c/a>. I am happy to do more quizzes like this in the future if people are interested. Any suggestions on genetics topics?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More scary news:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/10/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui/yikes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43256\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-43256\" title=\"Yikes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Yikes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"552\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Yikes.jpg 434w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Yikes-400x509.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a> Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=465671563453860&set=a.456449604376056.98921.367116489976035&type=1&theater\">here \u003c/a>for source.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43103/the-results-are-in-for-my-genetics-qui","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11395","quest_3549","quest_11183","quest_1197","quest_11397","quest_13202","quest_3733","quest_11396","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_43106","label":"quest"},"quest_26087":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26087","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26087","score":null,"sort":[1319469652000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"will-he-have-my-nose","title":"Will He Have My Nose?","publishDate":1319469652,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26088\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/silcouple/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26088\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SilCouple\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26088\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Or my eyes? Or my smile? Or…? \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is that most traits have not been studied in very much detail. Which makes sense in a world of finite research dollars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is right, we spend most of the limited money on trying to understand and find cures for diseases. Very little goes toward figuring out the chances that Junior will have grandpa’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big reason we can’t make good predictions is that the genetics behind most traits are surprisingly complex. Except maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=44\">red hair\u003c/a>, there really aren’t any simple dominant-recessive traits. Which means we don’t even have the parents with recessive traits to fall back on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you probably already know, we have two copies of each of our genes – one from mom and one from dad. These genes can come in different versions and some versions are dominant and some recessive. The dominant ones trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if you have a recessive trait, then both of your copies of the gene in question should be the recessive version. So if two parents each had a recessive trait, then their child should end up with a recessive trait too. Because that is all the parents have to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why we can predict that two red haired parents will pretty much \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=189\">always have red haired kids\u003c/a> (J.K. Rowling got the Weasleys right!). None of the other traits out there are so simple though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=372\">ear lobe attachment\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\">cleft chin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> and whatever else you learned in high school biology are way more complicated than advertised. None of them are a simple, single gene, dominant/recessive trait. Even eye color is complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much everyone knows that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. And so blue-eyed parents can’t have a brown eyed-child. Heck, one group of scientists even used this as a basis for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-2-804099-0\">evolutionary model\u003c/a>. Too bad it is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-eyed parents can have brown-eyed kids. It isn’t as common as the other way around but it can and does happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is hard to guess what a child will look like just by seeing the parents. But if we could look at their DNA we could predict what their child might look like, right? No. In fact, we couldn’t predict what \u003cem>they \u003c/em>looked like from their DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are often surprised to learn that even if scientists are given a complete genetic readout of a person, they would not be able to predict what he or she looks like. We could guess ethnic background and have a good shot at predicting if they had red hair. And that is pretty much it. Oh, except for eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are starting to make real progress on figuring out eye color from a person’s DNA. By looking at six different markers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309121933.htm\">they can predict\u003c/a> whether someone has blue or brown eyes around 90% of the time. They are only right about hazel, green and other colors about 75% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can see that even “simple” eye color takes six genes to make any good predictions. How can anyone make a good prediction just from looking at two brown eyed people? They can’t without a good family history and even then, they can be fooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is with a well-studied trait where we have the markers and understand what is going on. All bets are off for the other traits. For now anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325108749,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":644},"headData":{"title":"Will He Have My Nose? | KQED","description":"I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26087 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=26087","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/","disqusTitle":"Will He Have My Nose?","path":"/quest/26087/will-he-have-my-nose","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26088\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/silcouple/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26088\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SilCouple\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26088\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Or my eyes? Or my smile? Or…? \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is that most traits have not been studied in very much detail. Which makes sense in a world of finite research dollars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is right, we spend most of the limited money on trying to understand and find cures for diseases. Very little goes toward figuring out the chances that Junior will have grandpa’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big reason we can’t make good predictions is that the genetics behind most traits are surprisingly complex. Except maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=44\">red hair\u003c/a>, there really aren’t any simple dominant-recessive traits. Which means we don’t even have the parents with recessive traits to fall back on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you probably already know, we have two copies of each of our genes – one from mom and one from dad. These genes can come in different versions and some versions are dominant and some recessive. The dominant ones trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if you have a recessive trait, then both of your copies of the gene in question should be the recessive version. So if two parents each had a recessive trait, then their child should end up with a recessive trait too. Because that is all the parents have to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why we can predict that two red haired parents will pretty much \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=189\">always have red haired kids\u003c/a> (J.K. Rowling got the Weasleys right!). None of the other traits out there are so simple though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=372\">ear lobe attachment\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\">cleft chin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> and whatever else you learned in high school biology are way more complicated than advertised. None of them are a simple, single gene, dominant/recessive trait. Even eye color is complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much everyone knows that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. And so blue-eyed parents can’t have a brown eyed-child. Heck, one group of scientists even used this as a basis for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-2-804099-0\">evolutionary model\u003c/a>. Too bad it is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-eyed parents can have brown-eyed kids. It isn’t as common as the other way around but it can and does happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is hard to guess what a child will look like just by seeing the parents. But if we could look at their DNA we could predict what their child might look like, right? No. In fact, we couldn’t predict what \u003cem>they \u003c/em>looked like from their DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are often surprised to learn that even if scientists are given a complete genetic readout of a person, they would not be able to predict what he or she looks like. We could guess ethnic background and have a good shot at predicting if they had red hair. And that is pretty much it. Oh, except for eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are starting to make real progress on figuring out eye color from a person’s DNA. By looking at six different markers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309121933.htm\">they can predict\u003c/a> whether someone has blue or brown eyes around 90% of the time. They are only right about hazel, green and other colors about 75% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can see that even “simple” eye color takes six genes to make any good predictions. How can anyone make a good prediction just from looking at two brown eyed people? They can’t without a good family history and even then, they can be fooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is with a well-studied trait where we have the markers and understand what is going on. All bets are off for the other traits. For now anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26087/will-he-have-my-nose","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_10284","quest_10290","quest_10288","quest_3549","quest_10292","quest_10289","quest_10286","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_10285","quest_10291","quest_10293","quest_10283","quest_13202","quest_3733","quest_3319","quest_10287"],"featImg":"quest_26088","label":"quest"},"quest_19237":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19237","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19237","score":null,"sort":[1307373792000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dominant-isn%e2%80%99t-always-common","title":"Dominant isn't Always Common","publishDate":1307373792,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/EyeColorMap21.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Just because a trait is dominant does not mean it is common. Each color represents different levels of light eyes. Blue=80%+, teal=50-79%, olive=20-49%, brown=1-19%, black=none. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Light_eye_coloration_map.png\">Dark Tichondrias\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first things we’re taught in genetics is that some traits are dominant and others are recessive. And that the dominant traits trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So brown eyes trump blue eyes. And red hair is always trumped by other hair colors. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From this, people often jump to the conclusion that the dominant trait is also the most common one. This isn’t always the case and there is no reason it should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not a trait is common has to do with how many copies of that gene version (or allele) are in the population. It has little or nothing to do with whether the trait is dominant or recessive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s take eye color as an example. The decision on whether to have brown eyes or not is pretty much controlled by a single gene, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=76\">OCA2\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/genetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More on genetics\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We can think of OCA2 as having two versions, brown and not-brown. The brown allele of OCA2 is dominant over the not-brown allele.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly everyone in most of Africa has brown eyes. This isn’t because brown eyes are dominant over blue and green. Instead, it is because there are mostly brown alleles of OCA2 in the African population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern Europe is a different story. In some parts of the continent, over 80% of the population has lighter colored eyes. Here the not-brown allele is more common even though it is recessive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this allele isn’t exclusive, there are still brown-eyed folks in northern Europe. So why don’t their brown eyes dominate over time? Because in populations, dominant isn’t dominant over other people’s recessive gene versions. Your brown eyes can’t affect my kids’ eye color unless we get married.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s do a thought experiment to make this clearer. To simplify things we’ll call brown eyes B and not-brown eyes b.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/AlleleGeneration.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Without some sort of outside pressure, the ratio of blue to brown eyes stays the same.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, you will have brown eyes if you are BB or Bb and blue or green if you are bb. This is because brown (B) is dominant over blue and green (b).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine we start out with eleven bb people and one Bb person. The Bb person has 4 kids with one of the bb folks and each bb couple also has 4 kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using regular old Mendelian genetics, we'll have 20 bb people from our 5 bb couples and 2 Bb and 2 bb from our mixed couple. This is 2 people with brown eyes and 22 people with blue or green. The same ratio as we started with. Brown did not become more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now these folks all pair up randomly and have 4 kids each. Since we aren't going to allow incest, the Bb folks will find a bb for a mate. If they have 4 kids each, then we have 44 bb and 4 Bb. Again the same eleven blue to one brown ratio. Whether an allele is dominant or not does not affect how common a trait is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now of course traits can \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=411\">become more common\u003c/a> over time. The changes just don’t have anything to do with whether the trait is dominant or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If brown eyes gave an advantage, then it would start to become more common. Brown eyes would also become more common if a bunch of Africans moved in or many of the blue-eyed people were killed for some reason (witch burning?). And there are other ways too of getting more brown eyes in Europe. Or more blue eyes in Africa (see South Africa for example).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dominant does not mean common. Which in some ways is a good thing considering diseases like Huntington’s disease that are dominant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=227\">Why some gene versions are dominant and some are recessive.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A common genetic misconception is that dominant means common. Here Dr. Starr explains why dominant and recessive doesn't matter for how common a trait is.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1542232003,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"Dominant isn't Always Common | KQED","description":"A common genetic misconception is that dominant means common. Here Dr. Starr explains why dominant and recessive doesn't matter for how common a trait is.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"19237 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/06/dominant-isn%e2%80%99t-always-common/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/06/dominant-isn%e2%80%99t-always-common/","disqusTitle":"Dominant isn't Always Common","path":"/quest/19237/dominant-isn%e2%80%99t-always-common","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/EyeColorMap21.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Just because a trait is dominant does not mean it is common. Each color represents different levels of light eyes. Blue=80%+, teal=50-79%, olive=20-49%, brown=1-19%, black=none. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Light_eye_coloration_map.png\">Dark Tichondrias\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first things we’re taught in genetics is that some traits are dominant and others are recessive. And that the dominant traits trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So brown eyes trump blue eyes. And red hair is always trumped by other hair colors. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From this, people often jump to the conclusion that the dominant trait is also the most common one. This isn’t always the case and there is no reason it should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not a trait is common has to do with how many copies of that gene version (or allele) are in the population. It has little or nothing to do with whether the trait is dominant or recessive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s take eye color as an example. The decision on whether to have brown eyes or not is pretty much controlled by a single gene, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=76\">OCA2\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/genetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More on genetics\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We can think of OCA2 as having two versions, brown and not-brown. The brown allele of OCA2 is dominant over the not-brown allele.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly everyone in most of Africa has brown eyes. This isn’t because brown eyes are dominant over blue and green. Instead, it is because there are mostly brown alleles of OCA2 in the African population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern Europe is a different story. In some parts of the continent, over 80% of the population has lighter colored eyes. Here the not-brown allele is more common even though it is recessive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this allele isn’t exclusive, there are still brown-eyed folks in northern Europe. So why don’t their brown eyes dominate over time? Because in populations, dominant isn’t dominant over other people’s recessive gene versions. Your brown eyes can’t affect my kids’ eye color unless we get married.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s do a thought experiment to make this clearer. To simplify things we’ll call brown eyes B and not-brown eyes b.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/AlleleGeneration.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Without some sort of outside pressure, the ratio of blue to brown eyes stays the same.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, you will have brown eyes if you are BB or Bb and blue or green if you are bb. This is because brown (B) is dominant over blue and green (b).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine we start out with eleven bb people and one Bb person. The Bb person has 4 kids with one of the bb folks and each bb couple also has 4 kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using regular old Mendelian genetics, we'll have 20 bb people from our 5 bb couples and 2 Bb and 2 bb from our mixed couple. This is 2 people with brown eyes and 22 people with blue or green. The same ratio as we started with. Brown did not become more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now these folks all pair up randomly and have 4 kids each. Since we aren't going to allow incest, the Bb folks will find a bb for a mate. If they have 4 kids each, then we have 44 bb and 4 Bb. Again the same eleven blue to one brown ratio. Whether an allele is dominant or not does not affect how common a trait is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now of course traits can \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=411\">become more common\u003c/a> over time. The changes just don’t have anything to do with whether the trait is dominant or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If brown eyes gave an advantage, then it would start to become more common. Brown eyes would also become more common if a bunch of Africans moved in or many of the blue-eyed people were killed for some reason (witch burning?). And there are other ways too of getting more brown eyes in Europe. Or more blue eyes in Africa (see South Africa for example).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dominant does not mean common. Which in some ways is a good thing considering diseases like Huntington’s disease that are dominant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=227\">Why some gene versions are dominant and some are recessive.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19237/dominant-isn%e2%80%99t-always-common","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_3451","quest_227","quest_3549","quest_1188","quest_3586","quest_1193","quest_3588","quest_3589","quest_3679","quest_3733"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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