Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles
Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?
What's Next for Nuclear?
DON'T PANIC (but a tiny bit of radiation was found in U.S. milk)
Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium
Producer's Notes: Science of Fog
Journey Into The Sun
Sponsored
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Lindsay graduated with honors from Northwestern’s Radio, TV, and Film department.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/58f84d90c37fac0580527a0cb97d2cc3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lindsay Kelliher | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/58f84d90c37fac0580527a0cb97d2cc3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/58f84d90c37fac0580527a0cb97d2cc3?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lindsay-kelliher"},"darya-pino":{"type":"authors","id":"10218","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10218","found":true},"name":"Darya Pino","firstName":"Darya","lastName":"Pino","slug":"darya-pino","email":"darya@summertomato.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Darya Pino is a Ph.D trained scientist, San Francisco foodie, food and health writer and advocate of local, seasonal foods. She shares her unique scientific perspective on health and enthusiasm for delicious foods at her website Summer Tomato. Follow her on Twitter @summertomato.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Darya Pino | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b5303fe7938a19bb9d4baa7837fb8390?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/darya-pino"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_50771":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50771","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50771","score":null,"sort":[1362788420000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","publishDate":1362788420,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp6Z-2Y-HGg]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1363978286,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":916},"headData":{"title":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles | KQED","description":"They're out there... lurking in Earth's magnetic fields and damaging any satellite in their path.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","datePublished":"2013-03-09T00:20:20.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-22T18:51:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50771 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=50771","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/","disqusTitle":"Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gp6Z-2Y-HGg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50771/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_11835","quest_3351","quest_11518","quest_11836","quest_3658","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2361","quest_2739"],"featImg":"quest_50773","label":"quest"},"quest_46596":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46596","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46596","score":null,"sort":[1351709133000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl","title":"Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?","publishDate":1351709133,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46597\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/godzillavsfrankenstein/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46597\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-46597\" title=\"GodzillaVsFrankenstein\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GodzillaVsFrankenstein-640x355.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Why fear Frankenstein and not Godzilla?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, new traits come from differences in a plant’s genes. Plant breeders often use chemicals or radiation to create lots of new DNA differences in the plant they are interested in. The idea is that the more you mutate a plant’s DNA, the more likely you are to stumble on the DNA difference(s) you’re looking for. And this approach has worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, over 75% of the rice grown in California is a dwarf variety discovered this way. Same thing with different varieties of barley, peanuts, oats, wheat, and cocoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes radiation or chemicals are used to strengthen a trait that is already there too. The red grapefruit started out as a natural variety that lost its pink color with time. After zapping this variety’s seeds, scientists found a few that kept a deeper color of red. Now 75% of the grapefruits grown in Texas are this variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, this method has yielded many wonderful crop varieties. In fact, a lot of what we eat today is created through this process. But at the DNA level, it is a very messy affair. The genomes of these plants are often riddled with DNA mutations as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not bringing this up because this is bad. These foods have been around for a long time with no obvious side effects. No, I want to bring it up to contrast it with the way GM foods are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of all the collateral genetic damage that comes with mutating the bejeezus out of a plant’s DNA, GM technology is much more elegant. A single gene is added to a plant’s DNA and the rest of its DNA is left untouched. This method gets around the potential problems of all of the mutational baggage caused by those chemicals and/or radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why this debate about GM foods seems so weird. In one case we are all perfectly fine with food that has a large mutational load built into it but frightened or hesitant about the one with a single extra gene. We fear Frankenstein but are ok with Godzilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again I am not saying that this mutated rice or barley or whatever is bad. I’m just saying that GM foods are, if anything, even more benign than these safe foods. If we follow the logic of Proposition 37 (which requires labeling of GM foods), should we also label these Godzilla foods as well? If Godzilla corn has more genetic damage than Frankencorn, which should be labeled?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/25/business/la-fi-prop37-food-poll-20121024\">Recent Polling Suggests Prop 37 Could Go Either Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&\">NY Times article: Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">More About Golden Rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366826057,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":529},"headData":{"title":"Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl? | KQED","description":"In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?","datePublished":"2012-10-31T18:45:33.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-24T17:54:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46596 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46596","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/","disqusTitle":"Frankenstein vs. Godzilla: What’s in Your Cereal Bowl?","path":"/quest/46596/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46597\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl/godzillavsfrankenstein/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46597\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-46597\" title=\"GodzillaVsFrankenstein\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GodzillaVsFrankenstein-640x355.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Why fear Frankenstein and not Godzilla?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In all of the recent discussion about genetically modified (GM) foods here in California, we’ve overlooked regular foods and how new traits are found (or created) in them. There isn’t usually a monk lovingly breeding peas in the Austrian countryside somewhere. Instead, more often than not, there is someone blasting a seed with radiation and/or harmful chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, new traits come from differences in a plant’s genes. Plant breeders often use chemicals or radiation to create lots of new DNA differences in the plant they are interested in. The idea is that the more you mutate a plant’s DNA, the more likely you are to stumble on the DNA difference(s) you’re looking for. And this approach has worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, over 75% of the rice grown in California is a dwarf variety discovered this way. Same thing with different varieties of barley, peanuts, oats, wheat, and cocoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes radiation or chemicals are used to strengthen a trait that is already there too. The red grapefruit started out as a natural variety that lost its pink color with time. After zapping this variety’s seeds, scientists found a few that kept a deeper color of red. Now 75% of the grapefruits grown in Texas are this variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, this method has yielded many wonderful crop varieties. In fact, a lot of what we eat today is created through this process. But at the DNA level, it is a very messy affair. The genomes of these plants are often riddled with DNA mutations as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not bringing this up because this is bad. These foods have been around for a long time with no obvious side effects. No, I want to bring it up to contrast it with the way GM foods are made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of all the collateral genetic damage that comes with mutating the bejeezus out of a plant’s DNA, GM technology is much more elegant. A single gene is added to a plant’s DNA and the rest of its DNA is left untouched. This method gets around the potential problems of all of the mutational baggage caused by those chemicals and/or radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why this debate about GM foods seems so weird. In one case we are all perfectly fine with food that has a large mutational load built into it but frightened or hesitant about the one with a single extra gene. We fear Frankenstein but are ok with Godzilla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again I am not saying that this mutated rice or barley or whatever is bad. I’m just saying that GM foods are, if anything, even more benign than these safe foods. If we follow the logic of Proposition 37 (which requires labeling of GM foods), should we also label these Godzilla foods as well? If Godzilla corn has more genetic damage than Frankencorn, which should be labeled?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/25/business/la-fi-prop37-food-poll-20121024\">Recent Polling Suggests Prop 37 Could Go Either Way\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/28/science/28crop.html?_r=1&\">NY Times article: Useful Mutants, Bred With Radiation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/26/greenpeace-or-golden-war/\">More About Golden Rice\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46596/frankenstein-vs-godzilla-what%e2%80%99s-in-your-cereal-bowl","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11577","quest_11576","quest_1228","quest_1900","quest_11575","quest_11419","quest_13202","quest_2361","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_46597","label":"quest"},"quest_44349":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44349","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44349","score":null,"sort":[1347993050000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-next-for-nuclear","title":"What's Next for Nuclear?","publishDate":1347993050,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Despite the accident last year at a nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, here in the United States, some policymakers – including President Obama – are pushing to expand nuclear energy as a source of abundant carbon-free electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power. It’s that simple,” said Obama in Feb. 2010, during a \u003ca title=\"Video of Obama press conference\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4eyH2haWWU\" target=\"_blank\">press conference at a Maryland nuclear plant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work has started on four new multi-billion dollar reactors in \u003ca title=\"Southern Company\" href=\"http://www.southerncompany.com/nuclearenergy/construction.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia \u003c/a>and South Carolina, the first to begin construction in the United States in more than 30 years. But observers disagree over exactly what this means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we don’t know if there is a nuclear renaissance,” said Per Peterson, chair of the \u003ca title=\"UC Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering\" href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Nuclear Engineering\u003c/a>. “That will depend on whether these new plants that are under construction now can be built on schedule, on budget, at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, nuclear energy provides \u003ca title=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" href=\"http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/nuclear_industry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of U.S. electricity\u003c/a> – far more than all solar, wind and other renewable sources combined. And a recent EPA study shows that in order for the country to reduce its carbon emissions enough to slow down climate change, it will need to boost its nuclear energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics argue that the country doesn’t need nuclear energy to meet its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The notion that nuclear is the only option we have to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is preposterous,” said \u003ca title=\"Ralph Cavanagh bio\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/ralph-cavanagh\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Cavanagh\u003c/a>, co-director of the energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh said that cost and risk have pushed utilities around the country away from nuclear energy and towards other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has two nuclear plants, the \u003ca title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant\" href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\" target=\"_blank\">Diablo Canyon Power Plant\u003c/a>, near San Luis Obispo, and the \u003ca title=\"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\" href=\"http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/PowerGeneration/SanOnofreNuclearGeneratingStation/default.htm?goto=songs\" target=\"_blank\">San Onofre plant\u003c/a>, near San Diego, which has been closed \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/san-onofre-cuts-raise-questions-about-nuclear-plants-future.html\" target=\"_blank\">since Jan. 2012\u003c/a>, after problems were found with some of the tubes that carry steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44378\" title=\"Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, member of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant's Independent Safety Committee, in the plant's turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prospects for the development of new nuclear plants in the state stalled long ago. The Rancho Seco nuclear plant, in Sacramento, was closed in 1989 after a public vote. And California still has in place a 1976 moratorium on building any new nuclear plants until the federal government creates a permanent site to dispose of nuclear waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and the rest of the country, nuclear accidents from the past continue to cast a shadow on the technology. The worst one to date happened with a devastating explosion and fire at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986, which released radiation across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-eight rescue workers died from radiation exposure. Other health effects started to show up a few years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary finding so far is an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in those who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident,” said \u003ca title=\"Dr. Lydia Zablotska\" href=\"http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/personnel/lzablotska.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Lydia Zablotska\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMM-3VZV6Rs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Lydia-Zablotska-interview.pdf\">Interview Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radiation increased the risk of leukemia among the 600,000 workers who cleaned up after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predict that the Chernobyl accident will cause 4,000 to 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 3,000 to 4,000 cases of leukemia. Fourteen deaths from thyroid cancer have been documented so far. And scientists are still following the population for other health effects that might appear later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of nuclear energy say that the risks of an accident should be weighed against the health effects from burning fossil fuels. The American Lung Association estimates 13,000 people die in the United States each year from breathing soot particles from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public health and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels are so enormous that they dwarf even the consequences of nuclear accidents,” said Per Peterson. “That said, we need to be moving towards new nuclear energy technologies that do not have the potential to release radioactive materials into the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Peterson and his students at UC Berkeley's Department of Nuclear Engineering are working on a new type of nuclear reactor they say would be safer and cheaper than those operating today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s nuclear reactors are cooled by water, which can cause problems if a plant loses power. The explosions at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, following an earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, were brought on by a chemical reaction between water and the metal that protects the uranium fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44381\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44381\" title=\"110321_1f_kokuen1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam rises from a reactor at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, in March 2011. Photo: TEPCO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“At Fukushima, water reacted with the metal cladding of the fuel to release hydrogen, which ultimately caused explosions,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the water inside a nuclear plant can be problematic in other ways too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water pressure built up inside the containment to very high pressures, causing leakage and requiring venting, which released radioactive materials,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear reaction, the goal at any power plant is to produce heat and turn water into steam. During a May visit to Pacific Gas and Electric’s Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Peterson stood on a hill above the plant’s two dome-shaped structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Below us are the two reactor containment buildings that contain the nuclear reactors that are producing heat and boiling water,” he said. “The steam is going into that large turbine building behind and turning the turbines that turn generators and make the electricity that is going out over our heads into the center of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44400\" title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Diablo Canyon Power Plant's two nuclear reactors are inside the containment domes. The brown building behind the domes is the turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1980s, Diablo Canyon’s two reactors were the last to go into operation in California. Today, they produce 16 percent of Northern California’s electricity, enough to power about 2 million homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear reactions are an efficient way to produce heat. In a nuclear reaction, a particle called a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium atom. The reaction – known as fission -- breaks the nucleus in two and releases heat, as well as more neutrons that go on to create a chain reaction of nucleus-splitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson aims to make nuclear plants safer by cooling the reactor’s core – where the nuclear reaction takes place – with a liquid other than water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fluoride salts that we’re developing as coolants boil at extremely high temperatures – above 1,400 degrees centigrade – which means that under the conditions we operate at, they’re always at low pressure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further reduce risk, Peterson proposes storing the fuel inside graphite pebbles, which wouldn’t melt down in an accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44371\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44371\" title=\"Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, chair of the University of California, Berkeley's Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, examines his model of a pebble-bed reactor. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pebbles would also offer another advantage over today’s reactors, said Peterson. In a room at the nuclear engineering department, his students have built a model of the pebble-bed reactor they’re testing. They use colored plastic balls slightly smaller than golf balls in place of the graphite fuel pebbles. And for research purposes, they’ve replaced the fluoride salts with water, which is easier to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow, green and gray plastic balls move through a narrow plastic tank, mimicking the way in which graphite pebbles full of fuel might one day float through liquid fluoride salts in a real pebble-bed reactor. The moving pebbles would be an improvement over current reactors, which have to be closed down every 18 months to bring in fresh uranium rods, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about 30 days for a pebble to go through the core, before it’s removed, inspected, and possibly reinserted,” he said. “That means you’re continuously replacing the fuel and you don’t need to shut down for refueling outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson’s pebble-bed reactor could be in operation in 20 years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Can nuclear power be produced safely and affordably? A scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to do just that.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566750,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1446},"headData":{"title":"What's Next for Nuclear? | KQED","description":"Can nuclear power be produced safely and affordably? A scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to do just that.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What's Next for Nuclear?","datePublished":"2012-09-18T18:30:50.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:39:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44349 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=44349","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/18/whats-next-for-nuclear/","disqusTitle":"What's Next for Nuclear?","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvvhVh8nC2k","path":"/quest/44349/whats-next-for-nuclear","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite the accident last year at a nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, here in the United States, some policymakers – including President Obama – are pushing to expand nuclear energy as a source of abundant carbon-free electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power. It’s that simple,” said Obama in Feb. 2010, during a \u003ca title=\"Video of Obama press conference\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4eyH2haWWU\" target=\"_blank\">press conference at a Maryland nuclear plant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work has started on four new multi-billion dollar reactors in \u003ca title=\"Southern Company\" href=\"http://www.southerncompany.com/nuclearenergy/construction.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia \u003c/a>and South Carolina, the first to begin construction in the United States in more than 30 years. But observers disagree over exactly what this means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we don’t know if there is a nuclear renaissance,” said Per Peterson, chair of the \u003ca title=\"UC Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering\" href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Nuclear Engineering\u003c/a>. “That will depend on whether these new plants that are under construction now can be built on schedule, on budget, at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, nuclear energy provides \u003ca title=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" href=\"http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/nuclear_industry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of U.S. electricity\u003c/a> – far more than all solar, wind and other renewable sources combined. And a recent EPA study shows that in order for the country to reduce its carbon emissions enough to slow down climate change, it will need to boost its nuclear energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics argue that the country doesn’t need nuclear energy to meet its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The notion that nuclear is the only option we have to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is preposterous,” said \u003ca title=\"Ralph Cavanagh bio\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/ralph-cavanagh\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Cavanagh\u003c/a>, co-director of the energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh said that cost and risk have pushed utilities around the country away from nuclear energy and towards other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has two nuclear plants, the \u003ca title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant\" href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\" target=\"_blank\">Diablo Canyon Power Plant\u003c/a>, near San Luis Obispo, and the \u003ca title=\"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\" href=\"http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/PowerGeneration/SanOnofreNuclearGeneratingStation/default.htm?goto=songs\" target=\"_blank\">San Onofre plant\u003c/a>, near San Diego, which has been closed \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/san-onofre-cuts-raise-questions-about-nuclear-plants-future.html\" target=\"_blank\">since Jan. 2012\u003c/a>, after problems were found with some of the tubes that carry steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44378\" title=\"Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, member of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant's Independent Safety Committee, in the plant's turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prospects for the development of new nuclear plants in the state stalled long ago. The Rancho Seco nuclear plant, in Sacramento, was closed in 1989 after a public vote. And California still has in place a 1976 moratorium on building any new nuclear plants until the federal government creates a permanent site to dispose of nuclear waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and the rest of the country, nuclear accidents from the past continue to cast a shadow on the technology. The worst one to date happened with a devastating explosion and fire at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986, which released radiation across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-eight rescue workers died from radiation exposure. Other health effects started to show up a few years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary finding so far is an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in those who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident,” said \u003ca title=\"Dr. Lydia Zablotska\" href=\"http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/personnel/lzablotska.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Lydia Zablotska\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bMM-3VZV6Rs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bMM-3VZV6Rs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Lydia-Zablotska-interview.pdf\">Interview Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radiation increased the risk of leukemia among the 600,000 workers who cleaned up after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predict that the Chernobyl accident will cause 4,000 to 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 3,000 to 4,000 cases of leukemia. Fourteen deaths from thyroid cancer have been documented so far. And scientists are still following the population for other health effects that might appear later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of nuclear energy say that the risks of an accident should be weighed against the health effects from burning fossil fuels. The American Lung Association estimates 13,000 people die in the United States each year from breathing soot particles from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public health and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels are so enormous that they dwarf even the consequences of nuclear accidents,” said Per Peterson. “That said, we need to be moving towards new nuclear energy technologies that do not have the potential to release radioactive materials into the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Peterson and his students at UC Berkeley's Department of Nuclear Engineering are working on a new type of nuclear reactor they say would be safer and cheaper than those operating today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s nuclear reactors are cooled by water, which can cause problems if a plant loses power. The explosions at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, following an earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, were brought on by a chemical reaction between water and the metal that protects the uranium fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44381\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44381\" title=\"110321_1f_kokuen1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam rises from a reactor at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, in March 2011. Photo: TEPCO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“At Fukushima, water reacted with the metal cladding of the fuel to release hydrogen, which ultimately caused explosions,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the water inside a nuclear plant can be problematic in other ways too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water pressure built up inside the containment to very high pressures, causing leakage and requiring venting, which released radioactive materials,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear reaction, the goal at any power plant is to produce heat and turn water into steam. During a May visit to Pacific Gas and Electric’s Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Peterson stood on a hill above the plant’s two dome-shaped structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Below us are the two reactor containment buildings that contain the nuclear reactors that are producing heat and boiling water,” he said. “The steam is going into that large turbine building behind and turning the turbines that turn generators and make the electricity that is going out over our heads into the center of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44400\" title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Diablo Canyon Power Plant's two nuclear reactors are inside the containment domes. The brown building behind the domes is the turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1980s, Diablo Canyon’s two reactors were the last to go into operation in California. Today, they produce 16 percent of Northern California’s electricity, enough to power about 2 million homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear reactions are an efficient way to produce heat. In a nuclear reaction, a particle called a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium atom. The reaction – known as fission -- breaks the nucleus in two and releases heat, as well as more neutrons that go on to create a chain reaction of nucleus-splitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson aims to make nuclear plants safer by cooling the reactor’s core – where the nuclear reaction takes place – with a liquid other than water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fluoride salts that we’re developing as coolants boil at extremely high temperatures – above 1,400 degrees centigrade – which means that under the conditions we operate at, they’re always at low pressure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further reduce risk, Peterson proposes storing the fuel inside graphite pebbles, which wouldn’t melt down in an accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44371\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44371\" title=\"Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, chair of the University of California, Berkeley's Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, examines his model of a pebble-bed reactor. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pebbles would also offer another advantage over today’s reactors, said Peterson. In a room at the nuclear engineering department, his students have built a model of the pebble-bed reactor they’re testing. They use colored plastic balls slightly smaller than golf balls in place of the graphite fuel pebbles. And for research purposes, they’ve replaced the fluoride salts with water, which is easier to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow, green and gray plastic balls move through a narrow plastic tank, mimicking the way in which graphite pebbles full of fuel might one day float through liquid fluoride salts in a real pebble-bed reactor. The moving pebbles would be an improvement over current reactors, which have to be closed down every 18 months to bring in fresh uranium rods, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about 30 days for a pebble to go through the core, before it’s removed, inspected, and possibly reinserted,” he said. “That means you’re continuously replacing the fuel and you don’t need to shut down for refueling outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson’s pebble-bed reactor could be in operation in 20 years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44349/whats-next-for-nuclear","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_10610","quest_11464","quest_11467","quest_11466","quest_11468","quest_13","quest_2361","quest_2893","quest_11465","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_44355","label":"quest_3357"},"quest_13442":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_13442","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"13442","score":null,"sort":[1301673614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dont-panic-but-a-tiny-bit-of-radiation-was-found-in-u-s-milk","title":"DON'T PANIC (but a tiny bit of radiation was found in U.S. milk)","publishDate":1301673614,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/cow2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> \"Minuscule\" amounts of iodine-131 was found in milk from Washington state. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevoarnold/2937658955/\">stevoarnold\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/31/us-japan-usa-food-idUSTRE72T7OE20110331\">Reuters reports\u003c/a> that trace amounts (0.8 pCi/L) of radioactive iodine-131 was found in milk from cows in Washington state, though officials stress this is nothing to be alarmed about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of findings are to be expected in the coming days and are far below levels of public health concern, including for infants and children,\" said the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency in a joint statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the levels found in the US are 5,000 times below the FDA's standard, this particular isotope of iodine is not normally present in milk. When milk is contaminated, iodine-131 can accumulate in the thyroid and lead to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>US officials have been monitoring radiation levels in milk and drinking water since the radiation leak at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant after the March 11 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the half life of iodine-131 is quite short, only 8 days, meaning the vast majority of the dangerous isotope should be degraded in 2 weeks time so long as there is not additional exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>US citizens are at extremely low risk of radiation exposure due to the events in Japan, but officials will continue to monitor the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"\"Minuscule\" amounts of iodine-131 was found in milk from Washington state.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366826954,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":224},"headData":{"title":"DON'T PANIC (but a tiny bit of radiation was found in U.S. milk) | KQED","description":""Minuscule" amounts of iodine-131 was found in milk from Washington state.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"DON'T PANIC (but a tiny bit of radiation was found in U.S. milk)","datePublished":"2011-04-01T16:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-24T18:09:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"13442 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=13442","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/01/dont-panic-but-a-tiny-bit-of-radiation-was-found-in-u-s-milk/","disqusTitle":"DON'T PANIC (but a tiny bit of radiation was found in U.S. milk)","path":"/quest/13442/dont-panic-but-a-tiny-bit-of-radiation-was-found-in-u-s-milk","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/cow2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem> \"Minuscule\" amounts of iodine-131 was found in milk from Washington state. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevoarnold/2937658955/\">stevoarnold\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/31/us-japan-usa-food-idUSTRE72T7OE20110331\">Reuters reports\u003c/a> that trace amounts (0.8 pCi/L) of radioactive iodine-131 was found in milk from cows in Washington state, though officials stress this is nothing to be alarmed about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These types of findings are to be expected in the coming days and are far below levels of public health concern, including for infants and children,\" said the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency in a joint statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the levels found in the US are 5,000 times below the FDA's standard, this particular isotope of iodine is not normally present in milk. When milk is contaminated, iodine-131 can accumulate in the thyroid and lead to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>US officials have been monitoring radiation levels in milk and drinking water since the radiation leak at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant after the March 11 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately the half life of iodine-131 is quite short, only 8 days, meaning the vast majority of the dangerous isotope should be degraded in 2 weeks time so long as there is not additional exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>US citizens are at extremely low risk of radiation exposure due to the events in Japan, but officials will continue to monitor the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/13442/dont-panic-but-a-tiny-bit-of-radiation-was-found-in-u-s-milk","authors":["10218"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_1122","quest_3584","quest_13201","quest_3621","quest_3623","quest_1825","quest_2017","quest_2361","quest_13365","quest_3821"],"featImg":"quest_13445","label":"quest"},"quest_6814":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6814","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6814","score":null,"sort":[1280440809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-how-to-make-fog","title":"Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium","publishDate":1280440809,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you live in the Bay Area, you’re familiar with \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection_fog.html\">advection\u003c/a> fog – it’s the thick fog that blankets the coast during summertime mornings. Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley talks more about this phenomenon in our Science on the SPOT, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For demonstration on how advection fog is created (and how you can do this at home), check out this video we filmed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a>‘s \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~emuller/\">Eric Muller\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever wonder how advection fog is produced? Learn how from The Exploratorium.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975108,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":85},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium | KQED","description":"Ever wonder how advection fog is produced? Learn how from The Exploratorium.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium","datePublished":"2010-07-29T22:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:38:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/6814/producers-notes-how-to-make-fog","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you live in the Bay Area, you’re familiar with \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection_fog.html\">advection\u003c/a> fog – it’s the thick fog that blankets the coast during summertime mornings. Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley talks more about this phenomenon in our Science on the SPOT, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For demonstration on how advection fog is created (and how you can do this at home), check out this video we filmed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a>‘s \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~emuller/\">Eric Muller\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6814/producers-notes-how-to-make-fog","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_71","quest_285","quest_13195","quest_1119","quest_2361","quest_2395","quest_2486","quest_2951","quest_3004","quest_3021","quest_19"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6537":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6537","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6537","score":null,"sort":[1279650633000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-science-of-fog","title":"Producer's Notes: Science of Fog","publishDate":1279650633,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Science of Fog | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/WS106-Fog_300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>While foggy days aren’t ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally I wouldn’t be hoping for a chilly, foggy day during the summertime here in San Francisco. For the purposes of filming our Science on the SPOT story, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>,” however, we hoped that the Presidio would be socked in with a thick blanket of fog for our interview with \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">UC Berkeley’s Todd Dawson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, Mother Nature cooperated with us to give us plenty of atmospheric fog to work with for our shoot. We interviewed Dawson about the two types of fog that are prevalent in the Bay Area, and about his \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-living/ci_15412963?nclick_check=1\">ongoing research\u003c/a> on the decline of fog along the California coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson also elaborated on some conflicting reports in the media on whether fog was declining or actually increasing. “There was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/06/DDJT187GK9.DTL\">study done previous to ours\u003c/a> over a shorter period of time. It’s only about 35 years. And the records came only from the Los Angeles area and from San Francisco. They weren’t a comprehensive sort of investigation of all of the temperature records that we’ve done throughout California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those investigators came to the conclusion based on a model that they had developed based on those just temperature records, [with] no fog data. They ran the model, and it gave them an output that says, ‘Oh, fog is going to be increasing.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our investigation is much longer. It takes place over more than 110 years. It’s hourly temperature records and precipitation records. It involves all of the fog data from the airports that we’ve been able to get throughout the entire state. And, of course, it’s a longer period. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like the stock market, if you look at a small part of a change in the stock market, on any given day it might look like it’s rising. But if you look over 100 years of the stock market, you’re going to say that, ‘Ah, stocks have been declining steadily over that longer period of time.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what looks to be a bit of a conflict is really just because we’re looking at different windows of time and different kinds of information. And I think that’s why sometimes people kind of go, “Well, somebody told me that fog’s supposed to be increasing.’ And our data is saying no, it’s decreasing. It kind of depends on the window of time you’re looking at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.787437 -122.505198\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While foggy days aren't ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":454},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Science of Fog | KQED","description":"While foggy days aren't ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Science of Fog","datePublished":"2010-07-20T18:30:33.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:38:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/6537/producers-notes-science-of-fog","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/WS106-Fog_300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>While foggy days aren’t ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally I wouldn’t be hoping for a chilly, foggy day during the summertime here in San Francisco. For the purposes of filming our Science on the SPOT story, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>,” however, we hoped that the Presidio would be socked in with a thick blanket of fog for our interview with \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">UC Berkeley’s Todd Dawson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, Mother Nature cooperated with us to give us plenty of atmospheric fog to work with for our shoot. We interviewed Dawson about the two types of fog that are prevalent in the Bay Area, and about his \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-living/ci_15412963?nclick_check=1\">ongoing research\u003c/a> on the decline of fog along the California coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson also elaborated on some conflicting reports in the media on whether fog was declining or actually increasing. “There was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/06/DDJT187GK9.DTL\">study done previous to ours\u003c/a> over a shorter period of time. It’s only about 35 years. And the records came only from the Los Angeles area and from San Francisco. They weren’t a comprehensive sort of investigation of all of the temperature records that we’ve done throughout California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those investigators came to the conclusion based on a model that they had developed based on those just temperature records, [with] no fog data. They ran the model, and it gave them an output that says, ‘Oh, fog is going to be increasing.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our investigation is much longer. It takes place over more than 110 years. It’s hourly temperature records and precipitation records. It involves all of the fog data from the airports that we’ve been able to get throughout the entire state. And, of course, it’s a longer period. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like the stock market, if you look at a small part of a change in the stock market, on any given day it might look like it’s rising. But if you look over 100 years of the stock market, you’re going to say that, ‘Ah, stocks have been declining steadily over that longer period of time.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what looks to be a bit of a conflict is really just because we’re looking at different windows of time and different kinds of information. And I think that’s why sometimes people kind of go, “Well, somebody told me that fog’s supposed to be increasing.’ And our data is saying no, it’s decreasing. It kind of depends on the window of time you’re looking at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.787437 -122.505198\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6537/producers-notes-science-of-fog","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_71","quest_285","quest_13195","quest_1119","quest_2361","quest_2395","quest_2486","quest_2951","quest_3004","quest_3021","quest_19"],"label":"quest"},"quest_17525":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17525","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17525","score":null,"sort":[1274236200000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"journey-into-the-sun","title":"Journey Into The Sun","publishDate":1274236200,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford University and Lockheed Martin are playing pivotal roles in a nearly billion-dollar NASA mission to explore the sun. A spacecraft launched in early 2010 is obtaining IMAX-like images of the sun every second of the day, generating more data than any NASA mission in history. The data will allow researchers to learn about solar storms and other phenomena that can cause blackouts and harm astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visit these links to learn more about the sun:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/18/quest-quiz-the-sun/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Quiz: The Sun\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/18/web-extra-music-of-the-sun/\" target=\"_blank\">Web Extra: Music of the Sun\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/18/producers-notes-journey-into-the-sun/\" target=\"_blank\">Producer's Notes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists at Stanford University and Lockheed Martin are playing pivotal roles in a nearly billion-dollar NASA mission to explore the sun. A spacecraft launched in early 2010 is obtaining IMAX-like images of the sun every second of the day, generating more data than any NASA mission in history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457712860,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":94},"headData":{"title":"Journey Into The Sun | KQED","description":"Scientists at Stanford University and Lockheed Martin are playing pivotal roles in a nearly billion-dollar NASA mission to explore the sun. 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A spacecraft launched in early 2010 is obtaining IMAX-like images of the sun every second of the day, generating more data than any NASA mission in history. The data will allow researchers to learn about solar storms and other phenomena that can cause blackouts and harm astronauts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visit these links to learn more about the sun:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/18/quest-quiz-the-sun/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Quiz: The Sun\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/18/web-extra-music-of-the-sun/\" target=\"_blank\">Web Extra: Music of the Sun\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/05/18/producers-notes-journey-into-the-sun/\" target=\"_blank\">Producer's Notes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17525/journey-into-the-sun","authors":["6176","10206"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_3351","quest_1716","quest_1918","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2361","quest_2693","quest_2717","quest_2741","quest_2827","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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