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He moved to Raleigh in 2004 to work for the NBC-owned station and agrees wholeheartedly with the song, \"Nothing could be finer than to be in Carolina.\" Frank brings almost 25 years of TV experience to UNC-TV. He began his career in Presque Isle, Maine and has worked at stations in Clarksburg, W.Va, Lynchburg, Va., Norfolk, Baltimore and Cincinnati. \r\n\r\nFrank won a regional and national Emmy award for his coverage of riots in Cincinnati and a regional Emmy for a story on Raleigh's new downtown wayfinding system. His work has also been recognized by the Communicator awards, the Associated Press and the Society of Professional Journalists. Frank took a four year break from reporting to work with a Triangle Public Relations firm. While there, his PR and Marketing work won a Davey Award for a series of radio and television spots, as well as the social media campaign to rebrand a regional drug store chain.\r\n\r\nFrank grew up in Toledo, Ohio and graduated from Ohio University with a degree a journalism and a Master's degree in Political Science.\r\n\r\nFrank's true love is spending time with his wife and two children and his friends. He also enjoys photography, golfing and running (he's completed 3 half marathons with his wife).","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/913abdbcdfe509dc910c3e19e2875aa8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Frank Graff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/913abdbcdfe509dc910c3e19e2875aa8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/913abdbcdfe509dc910c3e19e2875aa8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/frankgraff"},"mshipman":{"type":"authors","id":"10464","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10464","found":true},"name":"Matt Shipman","firstName":"Matt","lastName":"Shipman","slug":"mshipman","email":"shiplives@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Matt Shipman is a science writer and public information officer at North Carolina State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a6c669e1967330f8c806304cd1e6054?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Matt Shipman | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a6c669e1967330f8c806304cd1e6054?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1a6c669e1967330f8c806304cd1e6054?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mshipman"},"williamfunk":{"type":"authors","id":"10531","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10531","found":true},"name":"William H. Funk","firstName":"William H.","lastName":"Funk","slug":"williamfunk","email":"williamfunk3@icloud.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"William H. “Bill” Funk.\r\nA native of Kentucky, Bill writes primarily long-form and narrative creative nonfiction stories about our evolving relationship with the natural world. As a freelance writer and documentary filmmaker, his work has appeared in Birdwatcher's Digest, The Southern Quarterly and The Utne Reader. Bill enjoys hiking, literature, canoeing, birding, cinema, and arguing about politics and religion. He fosters pit bulls for a local dog rescue group and recently wrapped production of a documentary that he wrote and directed about efforts to save abandoned and abused dogs in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Follow him @williamfunk3","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"William H. Funk | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/williamfunk"},"lestill":{"type":"authors","id":"10563","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10563","found":true},"name":"Lyle Estill","firstName":"Lyle","lastName":"Estill","slug":"lestill","email":"lyle@biofuels.coop","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lyle Estill is the founder of Piedmont Biofuels, a community scale biodiesel project in Pittsboro, North Carolina. He is the author of four books, ranging from biodiesel to local economy to activism, and many articles, newspaper columns, and essays on renewable energy.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e22daf9bf93fd4aae7357131dc1f9485?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lyle Estill | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e22daf9bf93fd4aae7357131dc1f9485?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e22daf9bf93fd4aae7357131dc1f9485?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lestill"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_53493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53493","score":null,"sort":[1410271252000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","publishDate":1410271252,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639706,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1109},"headData":{"title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What? | KQED","description":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","datePublished":"2014-09-09T14:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:15:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53493 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/09/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what/","disqusTitle":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_791","quest_12951","quest_12953","quest_12269","quest_9996","quest_1834","quest_2034","quest_12952","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2556","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12954"],"featImg":"quest_71786","label":"source_quest_53493"},"quest_63705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63705","score":null,"sort":[1408629617000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"guns-and-roses","title":"Guns and Roses","publishDate":1408629617,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A tree, a bird, a military base and one of largest ecological restoration efforts in the United States.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640679,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Guns and Roses | KQED","description":"A tree, a bird, a military base and one of largest ecological restoration efforts in the United States.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Guns and Roses","datePublished":"2014-08-21T14:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:31:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"63705 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/21/guns-and-roses/","disqusTitle":"Guns and Roses","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63705/guns-and-roses","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63705/guns-and-roses","authors":["10531"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_210","quest_326","quest_1095","quest_12934","quest_12935","quest_12269","quest_1824","quest_12937","quest_2283","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_12933","quest_10303","quest_12936"],"featImg":"quest_71456","label":"source_quest_63705"},"quest_70873":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70873","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70873","score":null,"sort":[1408024800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"5-things-everyone-should-know-about-washing-food","title":"5 Things Everyone Should Know About Washing Food","publishDate":1408024800,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Everybody eats, and no one wants to eat something that could make you sick. But there’s a lot of misinformation out there about how and whether you should wash your food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food safety is an important issue. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/\" target=\"_blank\">one in six people\u003c/a> in the United States will get sick because of food-borne illness. And risks can be increased or decreased at every point between the farm and your fork. Yes, you want to make sure to cook your food \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html\" target=\"_blank\">to the appropriate temperature\u003c/a>, but here are some other tips to help you make good decisions in the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"washing2\" width=\"166\" height=\"100\">\u003c/a>1. Don’t Wash Meat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome people think that you’re supposed to wash chicken, turkey, or other meats before cooking. Those people are wrong. “Research shows that washing meat can spread dangerous bacteria around your kitchen or food preparation area,” said Ben Chapman, a food safety researcher at North Carolina State University. “And washing poultry under running water can spray surface contamination up to three feet away. We cook meat to make it safer; washing meat can only make a meal riskier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71226\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite-202x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pathogens composite\" width=\"162\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>2. Washing Fruits and Veggies Only Removes up to 99 Percent of Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“That seems good, but it’s not great,” Chapman said. By comparison, cooking food can cut the number of bacteria or other microbial pathogens by 99.9999 percent. And that 0.9999 percent difference can be important. If a food is contaminated by thousands of microbes, washing off 99 percent means that dozens will be left behind -- and that’s enough to make you sick. That is why people who are immunocompromised, such as some chemotherapy patients, are often discouraged from eating raw fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"soap\" width=\"162\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>3. Don’t Use Soap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Although washing has its limitations, vigorously rinsing produce under running water is the most effective way to remove the microbes that cause foodborne illnesses,” Chapman said. You don’t need to use soap or special cleaning solutions. In fact, using soap can actually introduce additional risk, because soaps may contain chemicals that aren’t intended for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pesticides2\" width=\"162\" height=\"91\">\u003c/a>4. You Can’t Get All the Pesticides Off Your Food (but Don’t Panic)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome minute traces of pesticide will probably be on -- or in -- your fruits or vegetables when you eat them. “But being able to detect a pesticide doesn’t mean that it’s a public health problem,” said Chris Gunter, a researcher at NC State who studies vegetable agriculture. That’s because, after using a pesticide, farmers are required to wait for a specific period of time before harvesting (it’s called a “pre-harvest interval”). During that time, the pesticide breaks down or washes off, meaning any residual pesticide meets \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/stprf.htm\" target=\"_blank\">EPA’s human health requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash-239x169.jpg\" alt=\"organic food wash\" width=\"162\" height=\"115\">\u003c/a>5. Even Organic Food Can Use a Rinse\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nJust because produce is labeled “organic” doesn’t mean that it’s somehow immune to microbial contamination. Organic farmers usually grow their fruits and vegetables in open fields, just like conventional farmers, and are subject to some of the same risks, such as fecal contamination from wildlife (that is, poop can still get on the food).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any time you’re going to eat fresh produce you should rinse it off, if for no other reason than to rinse off dirt,” said Don Schaffner, a food safety researcher at Rutgers. “And rinsing off produce may offer some risk reduction in terms of microbial pathogens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus: Don’t Wash Pre-Washed Veggies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve bought salad mix that is labeled as “pre-washed,” you really don’t need to wash it again, Schaffner said. In fact, you probably shouldn’t wash it again. “An expert panel \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-851.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in 2007\u003c/a> that consumers who wash these salads again won’t reduce the risk,” Schaffner said, “and may actually create a risk of cross-contamination” where pathogens from other foods get onto the salad. In this case, being lazy is a virtue.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why washing your food is not always the best approach.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640884,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":731},"headData":{"title":"5 Things Everyone Should Know About Washing Food | KQED","description":"Why washing your food is not always the best approach.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"5 Things Everyone Should Know About Washing Food","datePublished":"2014-08-14T14:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:34:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"70873 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70873","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/14/5-things-everyone-should-know-about-washing-food/","disqusTitle":"5 Things Everyone Should Know About Washing Food","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/70873/5-things-everyone-should-know-about-washing-food","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Everybody eats, and no one wants to eat something that could make you sick. But there’s a lot of misinformation out there about how and whether you should wash your food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food safety is an important issue. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/\" target=\"_blank\">one in six people\u003c/a> in the United States will get sick because of food-borne illness. And risks can be increased or decreased at every point between the farm and your fork. Yes, you want to make sure to cook your food \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html\" target=\"_blank\">to the appropriate temperature\u003c/a>, but here are some other tips to help you make good decisions in the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"washing2\" width=\"166\" height=\"100\">\u003c/a>1. Don’t Wash Meat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome people think that you’re supposed to wash chicken, turkey, or other meats before cooking. Those people are wrong. “Research shows that washing meat can spread dangerous bacteria around your kitchen or food preparation area,” said Ben Chapman, a food safety researcher at North Carolina State University. “And washing poultry under running water can spray surface contamination up to three feet away. We cook meat to make it safer; washing meat can only make a meal riskier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71226\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite-202x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pathogens composite\" width=\"162\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>2. Washing Fruits and Veggies Only Removes up to 99 Percent of Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“That seems good, but it’s not great,” Chapman said. By comparison, cooking food can cut the number of bacteria or other microbial pathogens by 99.9999 percent. And that 0.9999 percent difference can be important. If a food is contaminated by thousands of microbes, washing off 99 percent means that dozens will be left behind -- and that’s enough to make you sick. That is why people who are immunocompromised, such as some chemotherapy patients, are often discouraged from eating raw fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"soap\" width=\"162\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>3. Don’t Use Soap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Although washing has its limitations, vigorously rinsing produce under running water is the most effective way to remove the microbes that cause foodborne illnesses,” Chapman said. You don’t need to use soap or special cleaning solutions. In fact, using soap can actually introduce additional risk, because soaps may contain chemicals that aren’t intended for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pesticides2\" width=\"162\" height=\"91\">\u003c/a>4. You Can’t Get All the Pesticides Off Your Food (but Don’t Panic)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome minute traces of pesticide will probably be on -- or in -- your fruits or vegetables when you eat them. “But being able to detect a pesticide doesn’t mean that it’s a public health problem,” said Chris Gunter, a researcher at NC State who studies vegetable agriculture. That’s because, after using a pesticide, farmers are required to wait for a specific period of time before harvesting (it’s called a “pre-harvest interval”). During that time, the pesticide breaks down or washes off, meaning any residual pesticide meets \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/stprf.htm\" target=\"_blank\">EPA’s human health requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash-239x169.jpg\" alt=\"organic food wash\" width=\"162\" height=\"115\">\u003c/a>5. Even Organic Food Can Use a Rinse\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nJust because produce is labeled “organic” doesn’t mean that it’s somehow immune to microbial contamination. Organic farmers usually grow their fruits and vegetables in open fields, just like conventional farmers, and are subject to some of the same risks, such as fecal contamination from wildlife (that is, poop can still get on the food).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any time you’re going to eat fresh produce you should rinse it off, if for no other reason than to rinse off dirt,” said Don Schaffner, a food safety researcher at Rutgers. “And rinsing off produce may offer some risk reduction in terms of microbial pathogens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus: Don’t Wash Pre-Washed Veggies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve bought salad mix that is labeled as “pre-washed,” you really don’t need to wash it again, Schaffner said. In fact, you probably shouldn’t wash it again. “An expert panel \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-851.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in 2007\u003c/a> that consumers who wash these salads again won’t reduce the risk,” Schaffner said, “and may actually create a risk of cross-contamination” where pathogens from other foods get onto the salad. In this case, being lazy is a virtue.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70873/5-things-everyone-should-know-about-washing-food","authors":["10464"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_521","quest_1122","quest_12885","quest_12269","quest_1779","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12883","quest_12884"],"featImg":"quest_70967","label":"source_quest_70873"},"quest_68204":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68204","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68204","score":null,"sort":[1406037618000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"coal-ash-conundrum","title":"Coal Ash Conundrum","publishDate":1406037618,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/dlane/\">Daniel Lane\u003c/a> contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Sunday in February in Eden, North Carolina, a sinkhole formed in the middle of a pond of coal ash slurry next to the retired Dan River Steam Station. A stormwater pipe underneath the ash pond cracked and was sucking in ash and shuttling it to the nearby river. Duke Energy, owner of the facility, sent emergency crews to the site, but it was a complicated fix. By the time they got it securely sealed on Thursday, the 48-inch pipe had belched more than 39,000 tons of coal ash into the Dan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dan, a major tributary of one of the largest and least disturbed ecosystems on the East Coast, ran gray. From Danville, Virginia, whose 42,000 residents draw their water from the river, to Kerr Lake, home to seven recreation areas with 800 miles of trails, a gray ribbon of coal ash was visible along 70 miles of prime sport-fishing territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71432\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/coal-ash-generation.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71432 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/coal-ash-generation-326x253.jpg\" alt=\" \" width=\"326\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coal ash can have 24 times the concentration of selenium compared to native soil. Click to enlarge. Courtesy: EPA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Coal Ash?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Coal ash is a byproduct of burning coal to make electricity. For every nine million tons of coal burned in the U.S., approximately \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/coal/coalmyb01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one ton of coal ash is produced\u003c/a>. Coal ash is a highly concentrated source of the mineral content that is left after the carbon is burned. It is similar to soil in terms of grain size and texture but contains high concentrations of toxic elements like selenium and arsenic. Coal ash is typically stored wet behind earthen dams adjacent to the power plant. The security of these impoundments is currently under review. The EPA is assessing the hazard potential of the 676 impoundments around the country. As of March 2014, 52 surface impoundments were given a “high” hazard potential rating by the EPA, meaning a failure of the impoundment is “probable, one or more expected.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhy This Matters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Water tests at the Danville water treatment plant showed a spike in arsenic in the first days of the contamination, but arsenic levels returned to normal a week later. The ash, however, was not gone. It was just gone from view, merged with the most fertile zone in a river -- the nutrient-rich and life-giving layer of sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most species of aquatic insects live in the sediment, collecting, filtering, and grazing upon minute particles of food. Nothing goes to waste down there, not even the arsenic and selenium from coal ash. Heavy metals get lodged into the tissues of any insect that eats them. When minnows eat the insects, they consume the toxins. Larger fish get toxins from every minnow they eat. As you climb higher in the food chain, the amount of arsenic or selenium you find multiplies progressively. This process is called \u003ca href=\"http://sustainablenano.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/3-bioaccumulation-vs-biomagnification.png\" target=\"_blank\">biomagnification\u003c/a> and it has impacts on a food web from bottom to top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://media.news.wfu.edu/experts/dennis-lemly/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Dennis Lemly\u003c/a>, research fish biologist and professor of biology at Wake Forest University, calls selenium an “invisible” toxin because it doesn’t directly harm the fish that eats it. “Instead, it migrates to the ovaries and enters growing embryos, causing defects in major organs and physical deformities in the head, spine, mouth, and fins (see effects of selenium poisoning in North Carolina \u003ca href=\"http://appvoices.org/2013/12/05/effects-of-selenium-poisoning-deformed-and-dying-fish-at-sutton-lake/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>). A lot of them die shortly after birth,” Lemly said. “So over a period of two or three years, the older fish die off and there’s no young ones to replace them and repopulate. They just die off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71431\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-400x253.jpg\" alt=\"Location of coal ash contamination sites as of Feb, 2014. Red denotes a coal ash contaminated site. Green denotes a coal ash spill. Black denotes both a contaminated site and a spill. Source: EPA Coal Ash Damage Cases. Map courtesy Arc-GIS\" width=\"367\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-400x253.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-800x505.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-1180x746.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-960x607.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites.jpg 1396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Location of coal ash contamination sites as of Feb, 2014. Red denotes a coal ash contaminated site. Green denotes a coal ash spill. Black denotes both a contaminated site and a spill. Click to enlarge. Source: EPA Coal Ash Damage Cases. Map courtesy Arc-GIS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future of Coal Ash Disposal\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhile the long-term effects of the Dan River coal ash spill won't be known for a while, the short-term effects may be influencing regulation. In 2008, the catastrophic 1.1 billion gallon spill in Kingston, Tennessee, galvanized public debate about coal ash storage. In 2010, the EPA proposed the nation’s first-ever rules to ensure the safe disposal of coal ash. According to the EPA, “these rules would ensure stronger oversight of the structural integrity of impoundments in order to prevent future accidents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lemly is in favor of more regulation, “I have been on record many times recommending a complete banning of the surface disposal in impoundments. I continue to do that. I’m hopeful that the EPA ruling on coal ash that is supposed to come out in December will provide a complete ban on surface impoundment disposal.” The EPA is expected to finalize their rules for coal ash on December 19.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What happens when 39,000 tons of coal ash spill into a river?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442643527,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":824},"headData":{"title":"Coal Ash Conundrum | KQED","description":"What happens when 39,000 tons of coal ash spill into a river?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Coal Ash Conundrum","datePublished":"2014-07-22T14:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T06:18:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68204 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68204","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/07/22/coal-ash-conundrum/","disqusTitle":"Coal Ash Conundrum","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68204/coal-ash-conundrum","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST North Carolina’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/dlane/\">Daniel Lane\u003c/a> contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Sunday in February in Eden, North Carolina, a sinkhole formed in the middle of a pond of coal ash slurry next to the retired Dan River Steam Station. A stormwater pipe underneath the ash pond cracked and was sucking in ash and shuttling it to the nearby river. Duke Energy, owner of the facility, sent emergency crews to the site, but it was a complicated fix. By the time they got it securely sealed on Thursday, the 48-inch pipe had belched more than 39,000 tons of coal ash into the Dan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dan, a major tributary of one of the largest and least disturbed ecosystems on the East Coast, ran gray. From Danville, Virginia, whose 42,000 residents draw their water from the river, to Kerr Lake, home to seven recreation areas with 800 miles of trails, a gray ribbon of coal ash was visible along 70 miles of prime sport-fishing territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71432\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 326px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/coal-ash-generation.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71432 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/coal-ash-generation-326x253.jpg\" alt=\" \" width=\"326\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coal ash can have 24 times the concentration of selenium compared to native soil. Click to enlarge. Courtesy: EPA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Coal Ash?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Coal ash is a byproduct of burning coal to make electricity. For every nine million tons of coal burned in the U.S., approximately \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/coal/coalmyb01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one ton of coal ash is produced\u003c/a>. Coal ash is a highly concentrated source of the mineral content that is left after the carbon is burned. It is similar to soil in terms of grain size and texture but contains high concentrations of toxic elements like selenium and arsenic. Coal ash is typically stored wet behind earthen dams adjacent to the power plant. The security of these impoundments is currently under review. The EPA is assessing the hazard potential of the 676 impoundments around the country. As of March 2014, 52 surface impoundments were given a “high” hazard potential rating by the EPA, meaning a failure of the impoundment is “probable, one or more expected.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhy This Matters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Water tests at the Danville water treatment plant showed a spike in arsenic in the first days of the contamination, but arsenic levels returned to normal a week later. The ash, however, was not gone. It was just gone from view, merged with the most fertile zone in a river -- the nutrient-rich and life-giving layer of sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most species of aquatic insects live in the sediment, collecting, filtering, and grazing upon minute particles of food. Nothing goes to waste down there, not even the arsenic and selenium from coal ash. Heavy metals get lodged into the tissues of any insect that eats them. When minnows eat the insects, they consume the toxins. Larger fish get toxins from every minnow they eat. As you climb higher in the food chain, the amount of arsenic or selenium you find multiplies progressively. This process is called \u003ca href=\"http://sustainablenano.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/3-bioaccumulation-vs-biomagnification.png\" target=\"_blank\">biomagnification\u003c/a> and it has impacts on a food web from bottom to top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://media.news.wfu.edu/experts/dennis-lemly/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Dennis Lemly\u003c/a>, research fish biologist and professor of biology at Wake Forest University, calls selenium an “invisible” toxin because it doesn’t directly harm the fish that eats it. “Instead, it migrates to the ovaries and enters growing embryos, causing defects in major organs and physical deformities in the head, spine, mouth, and fins (see effects of selenium poisoning in North Carolina \u003ca href=\"http://appvoices.org/2013/12/05/effects-of-selenium-poisoning-deformed-and-dying-fish-at-sutton-lake/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>). A lot of them die shortly after birth,” Lemly said. “So over a period of two or three years, the older fish die off and there’s no young ones to replace them and repopulate. They just die off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71431\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-400x253.jpg\" alt=\"Location of coal ash contamination sites as of Feb, 2014. Red denotes a coal ash contaminated site. Green denotes a coal ash spill. Black denotes both a contaminated site and a spill. Source: EPA Coal Ash Damage Cases. Map courtesy Arc-GIS\" width=\"367\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-400x253.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-800x505.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-1180x746.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites-960x607.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/4.-location-of-coal-ash-sites.jpg 1396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Location of coal ash contamination sites as of Feb, 2014. Red denotes a coal ash contaminated site. Green denotes a coal ash spill. Black denotes both a contaminated site and a spill. Click to enlarge. Source: EPA Coal Ash Damage Cases. Map courtesy Arc-GIS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future of Coal Ash Disposal\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhile the long-term effects of the Dan River coal ash spill won't be known for a while, the short-term effects may be influencing regulation. In 2008, the catastrophic 1.1 billion gallon spill in Kingston, Tennessee, galvanized public debate about coal ash storage. In 2010, the EPA proposed the nation’s first-ever rules to ensure the safe disposal of coal ash. According to the EPA, “these rules would ensure stronger oversight of the structural integrity of impoundments in order to prevent future accidents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Lemly is in favor of more regulation, “I have been on record many times recommending a complete banning of the surface disposal in impoundments. I continue to do that. I’m hopeful that the EPA ruling on coal ash that is supposed to come out in December will provide a complete ban on surface impoundment disposal.” The EPA is expected to finalize their rules for coal ash on December 19.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68204/coal-ash-conundrum","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12922","quest_12923","quest_638","quest_12924","quest_12269","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2759","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3114"],"featImg":"quest_71434","label":"source_quest_68204"},"quest_70498":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70498","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70498","score":null,"sort":[1404914450000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","title":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","publishDate":1404914450,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s not your fault, gardeners. Strawberries are not very well suited to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-north-carolina-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php\" target=\"_blank\">hot, dry climate\u003c/a>. That’s why your garden-variety strawberries probably don’t look -- or taste -- much like the plump varieties found at farm stands or grocery stores. But help is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, the North Carolina climate is hostile to the so-called “love fruit.” These delicate seed receptacles are more suited to temperate climates, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">like coastal California\u003c/a>, where cool, moist nights help the plant thrive. But strawberries \u003cstrong>can\u003c/strong> flourish in more extreme climates, thanks to science and “North Carolina is able to grow strawberries because of all the science and technology that is devoted to the crop,” said Debby Wechsler, executive secretary of the North Carolina Strawberry Association. “It’s really what is known as intense management. It takes a lot of care. It’s not like you just throw them out and let them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of that intense management can be seen on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wallerfamilyfarm.com/Site/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Waller Family Farm\u003c/a> in Durham, NC. Mark Waller farms 40 acres of strawberries on what used to be a tobacco farm. Customers can pick their own strawberries or visit the market he runs during the strawberry season, which lasts anywhere from April through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we see about eight to ten blooms per plant, we really pick up the intensity around the farm,” said Waller. “Not only are we fertilizing but we are also really watching for frost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus Barclay Poling’s research comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s real humid, with ‘lots of moisture in the air’ type of night, we can get frost or ice crystals on the bloom and we’ve killed blossoms as high as 31 degrees, which is really interesting,” explained Poling. “If it’s a dry night, with a low dew point, in those conditions the flowers can super cool to as low as 27, so that’s quite a range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcV_jYeHGQ0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this video to learn how farmers and scientists use digital thermometers to help strawberries thrive in North Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poling has found the average critical temperature for strawberry blooms in the state is 28 degrees. If the blooms get much colder than that, they will either stay dormant and wait for warmer weather or possibly die if the cold persists. Because the blooms are the most vulnerable tissue for the strawberry plant, and the most critical to a successful harvest, Poling compiles a wealth of weather information into an alert system to warn farmers of significant weather events during the all-important spring growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a key tool in this “nurture versus nature” battle is a new type of handheld digital thermometer, which Poling helped develop. Electrodes at one end of a wire are inserted into the strawberry blossoms while the other end of the wire is connected to a digital thermometer. The device reads the temperature of the strawberry blossom. Farmers use those readings together with the weather forecast to decide whether to cover the crops or irrigate them to protect from frost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just protection from the cold: the handheld thermometer is also helpful as the weather gets warm. If the strawberry blossom temperature gets too high, the farmer needs to increase irrigation to cool the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8109_640x360\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The United States is the world's leading strawberry producer, accounting for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\">over 25 percent of global production\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The reality is that for all of the help science has provided to strawberry farmers, Mother Nature is still full of surprises and challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of like going out on a hike and seeing a sign that says ‘unmarked trail,’” said Poling as he smiled and plucked a berry from a plant to examine it. “For all we can monitor and plan for, every strawberry season is an unmarked trail, and so you go out and anticipate what might be happening, but you are never sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave you, the intrepid gardener, trying to grow strawberries in this hostile North Carolina environment? Well, you can either invest in one of Poling’s $1,000 thermometers, or you can head to your closest \u003ca href=\"http://www.pickyourown.org/NC.htm\" target=\"_blank\">“U-pick” farm\u003c/a>, walk the rows, and pick your own perfectly plump strawberries for under $2 a pound.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how scientists and farmers work together to grow strawberries in hostile climates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442643788,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":767},"headData":{"title":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries | KQED","description":"Watch how scientists and farmers work together to grow strawberries in hostile climates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","datePublished":"2014-07-09T14:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T06:23:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"70498 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70498","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/07/09/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries/","disqusTitle":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/70498/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not your fault, gardeners. Strawberries are not very well suited to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-north-carolina-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php\" target=\"_blank\">hot, dry climate\u003c/a>. That’s why your garden-variety strawberries probably don’t look -- or taste -- much like the plump varieties found at farm stands or grocery stores. But help is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, the North Carolina climate is hostile to the so-called “love fruit.” These delicate seed receptacles are more suited to temperate climates, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">like coastal California\u003c/a>, where cool, moist nights help the plant thrive. But strawberries \u003cstrong>can\u003c/strong> flourish in more extreme climates, thanks to science and “North Carolina is able to grow strawberries because of all the science and technology that is devoted to the crop,” said Debby Wechsler, executive secretary of the North Carolina Strawberry Association. “It’s really what is known as intense management. It takes a lot of care. It’s not like you just throw them out and let them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of that intense management can be seen on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wallerfamilyfarm.com/Site/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Waller Family Farm\u003c/a> in Durham, NC. Mark Waller farms 40 acres of strawberries on what used to be a tobacco farm. Customers can pick their own strawberries or visit the market he runs during the strawberry season, which lasts anywhere from April through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we see about eight to ten blooms per plant, we really pick up the intensity around the farm,” said Waller. “Not only are we fertilizing but we are also really watching for frost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus Barclay Poling’s research comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s real humid, with ‘lots of moisture in the air’ type of night, we can get frost or ice crystals on the bloom and we’ve killed blossoms as high as 31 degrees, which is really interesting,” explained Poling. “If it’s a dry night, with a low dew point, in those conditions the flowers can super cool to as low as 27, so that’s quite a range.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BcV_jYeHGQ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BcV_jYeHGQ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this video to learn how farmers and scientists use digital thermometers to help strawberries thrive in North Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poling has found the average critical temperature for strawberry blooms in the state is 28 degrees. If the blooms get much colder than that, they will either stay dormant and wait for warmer weather or possibly die if the cold persists. Because the blooms are the most vulnerable tissue for the strawberry plant, and the most critical to a successful harvest, Poling compiles a wealth of weather information into an alert system to warn farmers of significant weather events during the all-important spring growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a key tool in this “nurture versus nature” battle is a new type of handheld digital thermometer, which Poling helped develop. Electrodes at one end of a wire are inserted into the strawberry blossoms while the other end of the wire is connected to a digital thermometer. The device reads the temperature of the strawberry blossom. Farmers use those readings together with the weather forecast to decide whether to cover the crops or irrigate them to protect from frost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just protection from the cold: the handheld thermometer is also helpful as the weather gets warm. If the strawberry blossom temperature gets too high, the farmer needs to increase irrigation to cool the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8109_640x360\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The United States is the world's leading strawberry producer, accounting for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\">over 25 percent of global production\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The reality is that for all of the help science has provided to strawberry farmers, Mother Nature is still full of surprises and challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of like going out on a hike and seeing a sign that says ‘unmarked trail,’” said Poling as he smiled and plucked a berry from a plant to examine it. “For all we can monitor and plan for, every strawberry season is an unmarked trail, and so you go out and anticipate what might be happening, but you are never sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave you, the intrepid gardener, trying to grow strawberries in this hostile North Carolina environment? Well, you can either invest in one of Poling’s $1,000 thermometers, or you can head to your closest \u003ca href=\"http://www.pickyourown.org/NC.htm\" target=\"_blank\">“U-pick” farm\u003c/a>, walk the rows, and pick your own perfectly plump strawberries for under $2 a pound.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70498/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","authors":["10457"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2530","quest_12908","quest_2809","quest_13364","quest_10363","quest_10303"],"featImg":"quest_71003","label":"source_quest_70498"},"quest_70528":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70528","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70528","score":null,"sort":[1402408839000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"foraging-for-a-better-beer","title":"Foraging for a Better Beer","publishDate":1402408839,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch as a Durham, NC brewery makes persimmon beer from foraging to fermentation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m not normally a drinker of fruity beers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An occasional orange slice is one thing, but beer infused with raspberry, strawberry, or pear is not my thing. Give me a malty or hoppy beer, just please leave the fruit out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or at least that’s what I used to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After being introduced to First Frost, Fullsteam Brewery’s persimmon beer, I can confirm that not all fruity beers are created equal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fullsteam.ag/\" target=\"_blank\">Fullsteam Brewery\u003c/a>, located in Durham, North Carolina, specializes in what they call “plow to pint” beer. That basically means they use local ingredients (including sweet potatoes) in their beer making. On my last visit, their “yeast wrangler” was on her way to a local park to collect pollen samples for in-house yeast production. They use local ingredients because it helps area farmers, it makes their beer uniquely “Southern,” and it’s a great way to distinguish and market their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70813\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_2762_2_persimmon16x9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_2762_2_persimmon16x9-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Fullsteam Brewery pays community members $2.50 per pound for native, foraged persimmons. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persimmons ripen around the first frost of the year, when they often fall to the ground. Photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago Fullsteam’s Chief Executive Optimist -- yes, that’s on his business card -- Sean Lilly Wilson decided to brew a beer with persimmons, an abundant fruit in the South. But obtaining enough persimmons proved problematic. The specific variety they needed (\u003ca href=\"http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/diospyros/virginiana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Diospyros Virginiana\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>), with its cinnamon and apricot notes, is most commonly found in people’s backyards. So they did what any modern brewery would do: they reached out via Facebook and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/fullsteam/status/119133609192996864\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a>, asking people to forage for persimmons. From Raleigh to Rougemont, people were shaking persimmon trees, collecting the fallen fruit, and selling them to Fullsteam for market rate ($2.50 a pound).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As food prices soar and people search for a way to reduce waste and connect with the land, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/05/16/2014/weeding-out-and-dining-in-foraging-with-tama-matsuoka-wong.html\" target=\"_blank\">foraging\u003c/a> - a hippie-naturalist version of dumpster diving - has seen a bump in popularity across the country. There are countless blogs, books, apps, and even \u003ca href=\"http://foragesf.com/wild-kitchen/\" target=\"_blank\">restaurants\u003c/a> that specialize in collecting wild specimens for edible and medicinal purposes. Today’s foragers are not your typical mushroom hunters of yesteryear, combing the woods in search of the perfect chanterelles. Today’s foragers are often urban, sophisticated, and, very often, \u003ca href=\"http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/culinary/wine-beer-and-spirits/The-Foraged-Beer-Trend.html\" target=\"_blank\">beer-minded\u003c/a>. Which brings us back to Fullsteam’s persimmon partnership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70817\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Angel_foraged.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70817 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Angel_foraged-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Angel_foraged\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fullsteam Brewery pays community members, including Angel Elliott of Rougemont, N.C., $2.50 per pound for native, foraged persimmons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year’s batch of First Frost beer included 550 pounds of native persimmons. Asked if Fullsteam could make the beer without the community support, Mr. Optimist gave an emphatic “no.” They simply don’t have the resources to go into the woods and collect all those persimmons themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Fullsteam admits to supplementing the community-foraged persimmons with commercial varieties, they believe the community is an indispensable ingredient. Their Forager initiative is as much about using local ingredients as it is connecting people with the land. If this sounds like PR green-washing, just spend an afternoon in the tavern talking to employees and patrons. It seems everyone is a backyard gardener, chicken keeper, or farmer’s market shopper. In Durham, buying local is more than a bumper sticker slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as far as taste goes, well, I found myself too wrapped up in the legend of the fruit -- they said it’s ripest just before the first frost -- and the history of the beer to pay too much attention to its flavor profile. I like my beer cold and uncomplicated. And this one tasted like beer. Community beer. With hints of foraging and pumpkin. Good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch as a Durham, NC brewery makes persimmon beer from foraging to fermentation. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442677694,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":638},"headData":{"title":"Foraging for a Better Beer | KQED","description":"Watch as a Durham, NC brewery makes persimmon beer from foraging to fermentation. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Foraging for a Better Beer","datePublished":"2014-06-10T14:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T15:48:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"70528 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70528","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/10/foraging-for-a-better-beer/","disqusTitle":"Foraging for a Better Beer","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lRiLdOb8sI","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/70528/foraging-for-a-better-beer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch as a Durham, NC brewery makes persimmon beer from foraging to fermentation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m not normally a drinker of fruity beers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An occasional orange slice is one thing, but beer infused with raspberry, strawberry, or pear is not my thing. Give me a malty or hoppy beer, just please leave the fruit out of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or at least that’s what I used to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After being introduced to First Frost, Fullsteam Brewery’s persimmon beer, I can confirm that not all fruity beers are created equal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fullsteam.ag/\" target=\"_blank\">Fullsteam Brewery\u003c/a>, located in Durham, North Carolina, specializes in what they call “plow to pint” beer. That basically means they use local ingredients (including sweet potatoes) in their beer making. On my last visit, their “yeast wrangler” was on her way to a local park to collect pollen samples for in-house yeast production. They use local ingredients because it helps area farmers, it makes their beer uniquely “Southern,” and it’s a great way to distinguish and market their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70813\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_2762_2_persimmon16x9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70813\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_2762_2_persimmon16x9-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Fullsteam Brewery pays community members $2.50 per pound for native, foraged persimmons. \" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Persimmons ripen around the first frost of the year, when they often fall to the ground. Photos by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A few years ago Fullsteam’s Chief Executive Optimist -- yes, that’s on his business card -- Sean Lilly Wilson decided to brew a beer with persimmons, an abundant fruit in the South. But obtaining enough persimmons proved problematic. The specific variety they needed (\u003ca href=\"http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/diospyros/virginiana.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Diospyros Virginiana\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>), with its cinnamon and apricot notes, is most commonly found in people’s backyards. So they did what any modern brewery would do: they reached out via Facebook and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/fullsteam/status/119133609192996864\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a>, asking people to forage for persimmons. From Raleigh to Rougemont, people were shaking persimmon trees, collecting the fallen fruit, and selling them to Fullsteam for market rate ($2.50 a pound).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As food prices soar and people search for a way to reduce waste and connect with the land, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/05/16/2014/weeding-out-and-dining-in-foraging-with-tama-matsuoka-wong.html\" target=\"_blank\">foraging\u003c/a> - a hippie-naturalist version of dumpster diving - has seen a bump in popularity across the country. There are countless blogs, books, apps, and even \u003ca href=\"http://foragesf.com/wild-kitchen/\" target=\"_blank\">restaurants\u003c/a> that specialize in collecting wild specimens for edible and medicinal purposes. Today’s foragers are not your typical mushroom hunters of yesteryear, combing the woods in search of the perfect chanterelles. Today’s foragers are often urban, sophisticated, and, very often, \u003ca href=\"http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/culinary/wine-beer-and-spirits/The-Foraged-Beer-Trend.html\" target=\"_blank\">beer-minded\u003c/a>. Which brings us back to Fullsteam’s persimmon partnership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70817\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Angel_foraged.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70817 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Angel_foraged-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Angel_foraged\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fullsteam Brewery pays community members, including Angel Elliott of Rougemont, N.C., $2.50 per pound for native, foraged persimmons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year’s batch of First Frost beer included 550 pounds of native persimmons. Asked if Fullsteam could make the beer without the community support, Mr. Optimist gave an emphatic “no.” They simply don’t have the resources to go into the woods and collect all those persimmons themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Fullsteam admits to supplementing the community-foraged persimmons with commercial varieties, they believe the community is an indispensable ingredient. Their Forager initiative is as much about using local ingredients as it is connecting people with the land. If this sounds like PR green-washing, just spend an afternoon in the tavern talking to employees and patrons. It seems everyone is a backyard gardener, chicken keeper, or farmer’s market shopper. In Durham, buying local is more than a bumper sticker slogan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as far as taste goes, well, I found myself too wrapped up in the legend of the fruit -- they said it’s ripest just before the first frost -- and the history of the beer to pay too much attention to its flavor profile. I like my beer cold and uncomplicated. And this one tasted like beer. Community beer. With hints of foraging and pumpkin. Good enough for me.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70528/foraging-for-a-better-beer","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_12448","quest_12876","quest_12874","quest_12875","quest_1127","quest_12269","quest_12873","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_12872","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2822","quest_13364","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3071","quest_3831"],"featImg":"quest_70814","label":"source_quest_70528"},"quest_67709":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67709","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67709","score":null,"sort":[1401372001000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wood-pellet-exports-to-europe","title":"In Wood We Trust","publishDate":1401372001,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Does milling wood pellets in North Carolina and shipping them to Europe make sense?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442678011,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":937},"headData":{"title":"In Wood We Trust | KQED","description":"Does milling wood pellets in North Carolina and shipping them to Europe make sense?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Wood We Trust","datePublished":"2014-05-29T14:00:01.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T15:53:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67709 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67709","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/29/wood-pellet-exports-to-europe/","disqusTitle":"In Wood We Trust","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67709/wood-pellet-exports-to-europe","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67709/wood-pellet-exports-to-europe","authors":["10563"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_482","quest_984","quest_12861","quest_1044","quest_12269","quest_12729","quest_12862","quest_12858","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2992","quest_2993","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12046","quest_12859"],"featImg":"quest_70462","label":"source_quest_67709"},"quest_69039":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69039","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69039","score":null,"sort":[1397066417000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-system-of-surface-water","title":"The System of Surface Water","publishDate":1397066417,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The physical channels of interconnected headwaters, streams, and rivers on earth support and are supported by a complex web of life, active above and below the water line. Working together, the river basin systems are able to trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, remove pollution, feed downstream waters, and provide abundant niches for fish and wildlife. Rivers and their watershed systems are the only “corporations” on earth that manufacture clean water every day, and for free. This infographic is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water/\">Water \u003c/a>series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Introductory Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does your drinking water come from: surface water, private well, public well, or rainwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many rivers in the U.S. do you think are in good health?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do streams and rivers wiggle around so much? Watch the three-minute video \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/10/02/2009/recipe-for-a-river.html\">Recipe for a River\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em> to find out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Rivers.pdf\">Click for a pdf\u003c/a> of the map of rivers and explore the pattern of waterways in the U.S. Can you draw watershed boundaries of the major watersheds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Locate your county on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/drinkingwatermap.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Drinking Water Map\u003c/a>. Approximately how many people in your county get their drinking water from streams?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If one in three people in the U.S. obtains drinking water from stream water, from where do the other two out of three people get their drinking water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What makes freshwater unsafe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is your drinking water treated? If so, where and how is it treated?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who pays to keep freshwater safe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Investigate the costs and benefits of drinking only bottled water at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket09.sci.ess.water.wshed/what-is-a-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\">What is a Watershed?\u003c/a>, Kentucky Educational Television (available through PBS LearningMedia)\u003cbr>\nA two-minute video illustrating the watershed concept\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm\">Surf Your Watershed\u003c/a>, EPA\u003cbr>\nA portal to links about every watershed in the U.S, including environmental information, USGS data, citizen monitoring groups, and assessments of the watershed's health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/education/nytrek2007/video.shtm\" target=\"_blank\">Mountaintop to Tap\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center\u003cbr>\nWatch twelve lively teenagers hike, camp, explore, take photographs, learn, and dance their way along the path of New York City’s water supply system -- from mountaintop to tap -- in this 37-minute video.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. \u003cstrong>HS-ESS2-5\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. \u003cstrong>ESS2.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the ribbons of rivers that crisscross the U.S. and deliver drinking water to more than 117 million people every day. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444786950,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":436},"headData":{"title":"The System of Surface Water | KQED","description":"Explore the ribbons of rivers that crisscross the U.S. and deliver drinking water to more than 117 million people every day. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The System of Surface Water","datePublished":"2014-04-09T18:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-14T01:42:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"69039 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69039","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/09/the-system-of-surface-water/","disqusTitle":"The System of Surface Water","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69039/the-system-of-surface-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The physical channels of interconnected headwaters, streams, and rivers on earth support and are supported by a complex web of life, active above and below the water line. Working together, the river basin systems are able to trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, remove pollution, feed downstream waters, and provide abundant niches for fish and wildlife. Rivers and their watershed systems are the only “corporations” on earth that manufacture clean water every day, and for free. This infographic is part of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water/\">Water \u003c/a>series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Introductory Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Where does your drinking water come from: surface water, private well, public well, or rainwater?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How many rivers in the U.S. do you think are in good health?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Discussion Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do streams and rivers wiggle around so much? Watch the three-minute video \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/video/10/02/2009/recipe-for-a-river.html\">Recipe for a River\u003c/a> from \u003cem>Science Friday\u003c/em> to find out.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Rivers.pdf\">Click for a pdf\u003c/a> of the map of rivers and explore the pattern of waterways in the U.S. Can you draw watershed boundaries of the major watersheds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Locate your county on the EPA’s \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/drinkingwatermap.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Drinking Water Map\u003c/a>. Approximately how many people in your county get their drinking water from streams?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If one in three people in the U.S. obtains drinking water from stream water, from where do the other two out of three people get their drinking water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What makes freshwater unsafe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is your drinking water treated? If so, where and how is it treated?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who pays to keep freshwater safe for drinking?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Investigate the costs and benefits of drinking only bottled water at home.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket09.sci.ess.water.wshed/what-is-a-watershed/\" target=\"_blank\">What is a Watershed?\u003c/a>, Kentucky Educational Television (available through PBS LearningMedia)\u003cbr>\nA two-minute video illustrating the watershed concept\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/locate/index.cfm\">Surf Your Watershed\u003c/a>, EPA\u003cbr>\nA portal to links about every watershed in the U.S, including environmental information, USGS data, citizen monitoring groups, and assessments of the watershed's health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/education/nytrek2007/video.shtm\" target=\"_blank\">Mountaintop to Tap\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center\u003cbr>\nWatch twelve lively teenagers hike, camp, explore, take photographs, learn, and dance their way along the path of New York City’s water supply system -- from mountaintop to tap -- in this 37-minute video.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes. \u003cstrong>HS-ESS2-5\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. \u003cstrong>ESS2.C\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Stability and change\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Planning and carrying out investigations\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69039/the-system-of-surface-water","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13193","quest_13196","quest_12779","quest_12780","quest_10427","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_69279","label":"source_quest_69039"},"quest_69046":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_69046","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"69046","score":null,"sort":[1397059229000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"navigate-a-watershed","title":"Navigate a Watershed","publishDate":1397059229,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Learn how the physical and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient, interconnected ecosystems. Move from watershed to river basin to cross sections of headwaters, streams and rivers for a look at the inner world of surface water using the tabs below the image. Click on the blinking dots for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.stroudcenter.org/rcc/dlo/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\">Surface Water\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Question\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does a diverse community of aquatic organisms look like?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Tab 1: There are two continental divides in the U.S. One divide sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The other sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. Can you determine by studying the map where these continental divides are located? How can you tell?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 2: What percentage of the U.S. population gets its drinking water from the Delaware River Watershed?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 3: Draw a diagram that explains the \"stream ordering\" system. Next, locate the stream nearest to your home or school on a map. What order of stream do you think it is?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 4: Examine the pattern of waterways in the Brandywine Basin. Does the pattern remind you of any other patterns in nature? Which ones? How are they similar?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 5: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are headwaters (stream orders 1 and 2).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 6: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are mid-sized streams (stream orders 3 and 4).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 7: Use the stream order chart to find how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are river (stream orders 5+).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 8, 11 and 14 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the amount of sunlight available compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the widths, depths and slopes compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the rock size and sediment found at the bottom differ?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the plants found next to the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river support life within the water?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the habitat for fish compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are width, depth, slope and rock size interconnected in each part of the stream system?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 9, 12 and 15 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the abundance and variety of algae compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do wood debris and falling leaves play in the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do bacteria, fungi and detritus have in the stream ecosystem?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the preferred food sources of shredders, collectors and grazers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between a collector-gatherer and a collector-filterer?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 10, 13 and 16 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which insects depicted have the shortest life and the longest life spans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some strategies predators use to find their prey?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What would happen to the fish and birds if the water were too polluted to support a diverse community of aquatic organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Count the ratio of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators in each cross section. How do the ratios change as you move downstream?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Can you now describe what a diverse community of aquatic organisms looks like?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There is evidence to suggest that the ratios of functional feeding groups that you found in this interactive holds true for the majority of headwaters, mid-sized streams, and rivers in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)\" target=\"_blank\">Piedmont region\u003c/a> of the United States. The \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> theory describes this dynamic equilibrium, giving us a conceptual model to guide our efforts to repair and restore degraded rivers. How would the \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> concept inform your ability to evaluate any plans for Piedmont stream restoration?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a> to conduct an investigation about the ratios of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators of your watershed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to the document \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>\" from Ohio EPA. How would the loss of headwaters impact aquatic food webs both inside and outside the waterways?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>, Ohio EPA\u003cbr>\nA one-page primer on the importance of headwaters in sediment, nutrient and flood control\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center & National Wildlife Federation.\u003cbr>\nStudents and teachers can investigate their local stream ecosystems using the Leaf Pack Experiment Stream Ecology Kit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6RKxeREHLc\">Macro-invertebrates\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlintreuting.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Caitlin Treuting\u003c/a> (available on YouTube)\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute amateur video shows larvae underwater with some remarkably clear details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVMCPXDohgA\">Field Survey of Macro-invertebrates,\u003c/a>Susquehanna River Basin Commission\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute video shows how to sample water quality with macroinvertebrates.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>HS-ESS3-3. \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea: \u003c/strong>The sustainability of human societies and the biodiversity that supports them requires responsible management of natural resources. \u003cstrong>ESS3.B \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cross Cutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Systems and System Models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Engaging in argument from evidence\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how the physical, chemical, and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient interconnected ecosystems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1521668492,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.stroudcenter.org/rcc/dlo/index.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":875},"headData":{"title":"Navigate a Watershed | KQED","description":"Learn how the physical, chemical, and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient interconnected ecosystems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Navigate a Watershed","datePublished":"2014-04-09T16:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-21T21:41:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"69046 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=69046","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/09/navigate-a-watershed/","disqusTitle":"Navigate a Watershed","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/69046/navigate-a-watershed","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Learn how the physical and biological systems within watersheds work together to create a continuum of resilient, interconnected ecosystems. Move from watershed to river basin to cross sections of headwaters, streams and rivers for a look at the inner world of surface water using the tabs below the image. Click on the blinking dots for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.stroudcenter.org/rcc/dlo/index.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\">Surface Water\u003c/a> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Pre-viewing Question\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does a diverse community of aquatic organisms look like?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Tab 1: There are two continental divides in the U.S. One divide sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The other sends rainwater and snowmelt towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific. Can you determine by studying the map where these continental divides are located? How can you tell?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 2: What percentage of the U.S. population gets its drinking water from the Delaware River Watershed?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 3: Draw a diagram that explains the \"stream ordering\" system. Next, locate the stream nearest to your home or school on a map. What order of stream do you think it is?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 4: Examine the pattern of waterways in the Brandywine Basin. Does the pattern remind you of any other patterns in nature? Which ones? How are they similar?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 5: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are headwaters (stream orders 1 and 2).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 6: Use the stream order chart to calculate how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are mid-sized streams (stream orders 3 and 4).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tab 7: Use the stream order chart to find how much of the Brandywine’s total stream miles are river (stream orders 5+).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 8, 11 and 14 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the amount of sunlight available compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the widths, depths and slopes compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the rock size and sediment found at the bottom differ?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do the plants found next to the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river support life within the water?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How does the habitat for fish compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are width, depth, slope and rock size interconnected in each part of the stream system?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 9, 12 and 15 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does the abundance and variety of algae compare?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do wood debris and falling leaves play in the headwaters, mid-sized streams and river?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What roles do bacteria, fungi and detritus have in the stream ecosystem?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the preferred food sources of shredders, collectors and grazers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between a collector-gatherer and a collector-filterer?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to tabs 10, 13 and 16 to answer these questions about the Brandywine's headwaters, mid-sized streams, and river.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which insects depicted have the shortest life and the longest life spans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some strategies predators use to find their prey?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What would happen to the fish and birds if the water were too polluted to support a diverse community of aquatic organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Count the ratio of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators in each cross section. How do the ratios change as you move downstream?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Follow-up Questions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Can you now describe what a diverse community of aquatic organisms looks like?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>There is evidence to suggest that the ratios of functional feeding groups that you found in this interactive holds true for the majority of headwaters, mid-sized streams, and rivers in the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)\" target=\"_blank\">Piedmont region\u003c/a> of the United States. The \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> theory describes this dynamic equilibrium, giving us a conceptual model to guide our efforts to repair and restore degraded rivers. How would the \u003cem>River Continuum\u003c/em> concept inform your ability to evaluate any plans for Piedmont stream restoration?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Extension Activity\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a> to conduct an investigation about the ratios of shredders/collectors/grazers/predators of your watershed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Refer to the document \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>\" from Ohio EPA. How would the loss of headwaters impact aquatic food webs both inside and outside the waterways?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Links to Learn More\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/wqs/headwaters/HWH_import_jan2003.pdf\">The Importance and Benefits of Primary Headwater Streams\u003c/a>, Ohio EPA\u003cbr>\nA one-page primer on the importance of headwaters in sediment, nutrient and flood control\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stroudcenter.org/lpn/%5d\">Leaf Pack Network\u003c/a>, Stroud Water Research Center & National Wildlife Federation.\u003cbr>\nStudents and teachers can investigate their local stream ecosystems using the Leaf Pack Experiment Stream Ecology Kit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6RKxeREHLc\">Macro-invertebrates\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.caitlintreuting.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Caitlin Treuting\u003c/a> (available on YouTube)\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute amateur video shows larvae underwater with some remarkably clear details.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVMCPXDohgA\">Field Survey of Macro-invertebrates,\u003c/a>Susquehanna River Basin Commission\u003cbr>\nThis three-minute video shows how to sample water quality with macroinvertebrates.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>HS-ESS3-3. \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea: \u003c/strong>The sustainability of human societies and the biodiversity that supports them requires responsible management of natural resources. \u003cstrong>ESS3.B \u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cross Cutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Systems and System Models\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Engineering Practice:\u003c/strong> Engaging in argument from evidence\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/69046/navigate-a-watershed","authors":["10443"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12791","quest_12790","quest_12793","quest_12792","quest_12789","quest_10427","quest_10016","quest_12640"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_69291","label":"source_quest_69046"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.livefromhere.org/","meta":{"site":"arts","source":"american public media"},"link":"/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"}},"marketplace":{"id":"marketplace","title":"Marketplace","info":"Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. 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