Should Men Get A PSA Blood Test To Screen For Prostate Cancer?
Vitamin E Supplements Increase Prostate Cancer Risk
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He regularly hiked steep hills as part of his job and kayaked intense oceans as part of his weekend play. He never even got a cold, so he rarely saw the doctor. Luckily he finally got a complete checkup when he turned 50, because it turned out that he had aggressive prostate cancer. This standard screening for prostate cancer in people who don’t have symptoms allowed him to be treated in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic check-up consists of a digital (finger) rectal exam to feel for prostate abnormalities and a simple blood test to measure the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland that's present in small quantities for healthy men, but it's generally evaluated for men with prostate cancer and other prostate disorders. The goal of PSA screening is to detect prostate cancer early, so that it's easier to treat and more likely to be cured. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why has PSA screening recently become so controversial when it’s just a simple blood test? The main issue is that PSA screening isn’t good at distinguishing between aggressive life-threatening prostate cancer and slow-growing prostate cancer that may never spread. It can lead to unnecessary side effects from overtreatment of slow-growing prostate cancer, including a risk of incontinence and impotence. But it can also help find aggressive prostate cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This controversy escalated in May 2012 when a government panel of health experts called the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1166176\" title=\"Screening for Prostate Cancer: USPSTF Recommendation Statement\">recommended\u003c/a> against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer for men of any age, stating that the benefits of screening don’t outweigh the harms of overtreatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPSTF based its recommendation primarily on two large published randomized clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of PSA screening. The first is the U.S. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial in which 76,685 men aged 55 to 74 years were randomly assigned to receive either annual PSA screening or “usual care.” The study found that slightly more prostate cancers were found in the PSA screened group, but the number of people that died from prostate cancer were about the same for both groups -- raising the question of whether men were harmed from overtreatment of cancers that weren’t life threatening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1166178\" title=\"Response to USPSTF Recommendation\">PLCO study is inherently flawed\u003c/a> because 52% of the “usual care” control group also received PSA screening and 40% of the study participants received PSA screening before enrollment in the trial. In addition, there were compliance issues –- many patients with abnormal screening tests didn’t have a prompt biopsy as instructed. Since so many men in the “usual care” control group received PSA screening, it isn't surprising that the prostate cancer mortality rates were the same for both groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPSTF also based its recommendation on the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) that randomly assigned 162,243 men aged 55 to 69 years to either PSA screening once every 4 years or an unscreened control group. This study initially found that prostate cancer deaths were reduced by 21% in the PSA screened group compared to the control group. After correcting for patients that did not follow the protocol-prescribed screening procedures, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19660851\" title=\"ERSPC results with data adjustments\">ERSPC found \u003c/a>that PSA screening actually reduced the risk for dying of prostate cancer by 31%. Many argue that this is a significant reduction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ad hoc group of nationally recognized prostate cancer medical experts have argued against the USPSTF recommendations. This \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1166178\" title=\"Response to USPSTF recommendation\">group states\u003c/a>, “We believe that eliminating reimbursement for PSA testing would take us back to an era when prostate cancer was often discovered at advanced and incurable stages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view of this group is supported by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847578\" title=\"PSA Screening: Analysis of Trends Over Time\">journal article\u003c/a> published in the July 2012 issue of Cancer. Researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center estimated the total number of men in the current U.S. population who would have metastatic prostate cancer at initial diagnosis if PSA screening weren’t used. Such metastatic prostate cancer is usually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006014\" title=\"Prostate cancer: frequency of advanced disease at presentation and disease-specific mortality\">rapidly fatal\u003c/a> with a median survival of less than 1 year to 2.6 years, depending on age. The researchers used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://seer.cancer.gov/\" title=\"SEER\">Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results \u003c/a>Program to compute the number of men that had metastatic prostate cancer at first presentation for the years 1983 to 2008. The pre-PSA incidence rate was calculated for 1983-1985, the years just before the FDA approved PSA screening. This pre-PSA rate was then extrapolated onto the U.S. population for 2008. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the there would be three times more men first presenting with metastatic prostate cancer today without the use of PSA screening. Specifically, they estimated that there would have been 25,000 men presenting with metastatic disease in 2008 in the absence of PSA-screening, instead of the 8,000 men that were actually observed using PSA-screening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the uncertainty and controversy about PSA screening continues despite extensive research. Since I work in the field of prostate cancer research, friends and family members have asked my opinion. It seems to me that the new screening guidelines against PSA testing assume that ignorance is less stressful than having faith in your doctor; specifically, it's better to not even perform a simple PSA blood test because patients with low PSA levels are often over-treated. Why not just change how to treat patients with low PSA levels and repeat the blood test in 6 months to a year to see how quickly the PSA level rises -- since prostate cancer is more likely to cause a rapid rise in PSA levels? Is this common practice of “watchful waiting” by your doctor really more stressful than not having the blood test at all? For some, that simple blood test could also indicate that you have aggressive prostate cancer that has spread and needs immediate treatment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, I'm not a medical physician so it's important to speak about your health with your doctor. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/news/News/task-force-recommends-against-routine-prostate-cancer-screenin\" title=\"American Cancer Society recommendation\">American Cancer Society\u003c/a> recommends that men discuss the possible risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening with their doctor before deciding whether to be screened. For men of average risk, testing typically begins at age 50. Men at higher risk (African-American men and men with a family history of prostate cancer), testing begins at age 45. Men need to make their own informed decision until researchers find a biomarker for prostate cancer that is better than PSA.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Medical experts disagree on whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood tests are an effective screening technique for prostate cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against PSA screening for men of any age, but recent research disagrees with this assessment. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349810491,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":1129},"headData":{"title":"Should Men Get A PSA Blood Test To Screen For Prostate Cancer? | KQED","description":"Medical experts disagree on whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood tests are an effective screening technique for prostate cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against PSA screening for men of any age, but recent research disagrees with this assessment. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Should Men Get A PSA Blood Test To Screen For Prostate Cancer?","datePublished":"2012-09-03T15:00:03.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-09T19:21:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43138 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43138","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/03/should-you-get-a-psa-blood-test/","disqusTitle":"Should Men Get A PSA Blood Test To Screen For Prostate Cancer?","path":"/quest/43138/should-you-get-a-psa-blood-test","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43147\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/OlderManDraw_JointBaseLewisMcChord_Flickr_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/OlderManDraw_JointBaseLewisMcChord_Flickr_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"OlderManDraw_JointBaseLewisMcChord_Flickr_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43147\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/OlderManDraw_JointBaseLewisMcChord_Flickr_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/OlderManDraw_JointBaseLewisMcChord_Flickr_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of Joint Base Lewis McChord via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My brother-in-law was seemingly the healthiest person I knew. He regularly hiked steep hills as part of his job and kayaked intense oceans as part of his weekend play. He never even got a cold, so he rarely saw the doctor. Luckily he finally got a complete checkup when he turned 50, because it turned out that he had aggressive prostate cancer. This standard screening for prostate cancer in people who don’t have symptoms allowed him to be treated in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The basic check-up consists of a digital (finger) rectal exam to feel for prostate abnormalities and a simple blood test to measure the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland that's present in small quantities for healthy men, but it's generally evaluated for men with prostate cancer and other prostate disorders. The goal of PSA screening is to detect prostate cancer early, so that it's easier to treat and more likely to be cured. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why has PSA screening recently become so controversial when it’s just a simple blood test? The main issue is that PSA screening isn’t good at distinguishing between aggressive life-threatening prostate cancer and slow-growing prostate cancer that may never spread. It can lead to unnecessary side effects from overtreatment of slow-growing prostate cancer, including a risk of incontinence and impotence. But it can also help find aggressive prostate cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This controversy escalated in May 2012 when a government panel of health experts called the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1166176\" title=\"Screening for Prostate Cancer: USPSTF Recommendation Statement\">recommended\u003c/a> against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer for men of any age, stating that the benefits of screening don’t outweigh the harms of overtreatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPSTF based its recommendation primarily on two large published randomized clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of PSA screening. The first is the U.S. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial in which 76,685 men aged 55 to 74 years were randomly assigned to receive either annual PSA screening or “usual care.” The study found that slightly more prostate cancers were found in the PSA screened group, but the number of people that died from prostate cancer were about the same for both groups -- raising the question of whether men were harmed from overtreatment of cancers that weren’t life threatening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1166178\" title=\"Response to USPSTF Recommendation\">PLCO study is inherently flawed\u003c/a> because 52% of the “usual care” control group also received PSA screening and 40% of the study participants received PSA screening before enrollment in the trial. In addition, there were compliance issues –- many patients with abnormal screening tests didn’t have a prompt biopsy as instructed. Since so many men in the “usual care” control group received PSA screening, it isn't surprising that the prostate cancer mortality rates were the same for both groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USPSTF also based its recommendation on the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) that randomly assigned 162,243 men aged 55 to 69 years to either PSA screening once every 4 years or an unscreened control group. This study initially found that prostate cancer deaths were reduced by 21% in the PSA screened group compared to the control group. After correcting for patients that did not follow the protocol-prescribed screening procedures, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19660851\" title=\"ERSPC results with data adjustments\">ERSPC found \u003c/a>that PSA screening actually reduced the risk for dying of prostate cancer by 31%. Many argue that this is a significant reduction. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ad hoc group of nationally recognized prostate cancer medical experts have argued against the USPSTF recommendations. This \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1166178\" title=\"Response to USPSTF recommendation\">group states\u003c/a>, “We believe that eliminating reimbursement for PSA testing would take us back to an era when prostate cancer was often discovered at advanced and incurable stages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The view of this group is supported by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22847578\" title=\"PSA Screening: Analysis of Trends Over Time\">journal article\u003c/a> published in the July 2012 issue of Cancer. Researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center estimated the total number of men in the current U.S. population who would have metastatic prostate cancer at initial diagnosis if PSA screening weren’t used. Such metastatic prostate cancer is usually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22006014\" title=\"Prostate cancer: frequency of advanced disease at presentation and disease-specific mortality\">rapidly fatal\u003c/a> with a median survival of less than 1 year to 2.6 years, depending on age. The researchers used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://seer.cancer.gov/\" title=\"SEER\">Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results \u003c/a>Program to compute the number of men that had metastatic prostate cancer at first presentation for the years 1983 to 2008. The pre-PSA incidence rate was calculated for 1983-1985, the years just before the FDA approved PSA screening. This pre-PSA rate was then extrapolated onto the U.S. population for 2008. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that the there would be three times more men first presenting with metastatic prostate cancer today without the use of PSA screening. Specifically, they estimated that there would have been 25,000 men presenting with metastatic disease in 2008 in the absence of PSA-screening, instead of the 8,000 men that were actually observed using PSA-screening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the uncertainty and controversy about PSA screening continues despite extensive research. Since I work in the field of prostate cancer research, friends and family members have asked my opinion. It seems to me that the new screening guidelines against PSA testing assume that ignorance is less stressful than having faith in your doctor; specifically, it's better to not even perform a simple PSA blood test because patients with low PSA levels are often over-treated. Why not just change how to treat patients with low PSA levels and repeat the blood test in 6 months to a year to see how quickly the PSA level rises -- since prostate cancer is more likely to cause a rapid rise in PSA levels? Is this common practice of “watchful waiting” by your doctor really more stressful than not having the blood test at all? For some, that simple blood test could also indicate that you have aggressive prostate cancer that has spread and needs immediate treatment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, I'm not a medical physician so it's important to speak about your health with your doctor. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/news/News/task-force-recommends-against-routine-prostate-cancer-screenin\" title=\"American Cancer Society recommendation\">American Cancer Society\u003c/a> recommends that men discuss the possible risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening with their doctor before deciding whether to be screened. For men of average risk, testing typically begins at age 50. Men at higher risk (African-American men and men with a family history of prostate cancer), testing begins at age 45. Men need to make their own informed decision until researchers find a biomarker for prostate cancer that is better than PSA.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43138/should-you-get-a-psa-blood-test","authors":["6360"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11407","quest_10273","quest_11408","quest_11406","quest_11405","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_43147","label":"quest"},"quest_25915":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25915","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25915","score":null,"sort":[1318597206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vitamin-e-supplements-increase-prostate-cancer-risk","title":"Vitamin E Supplements Increase Prostate Cancer Risk ","publishDate":1318597206,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/vitamin-E.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/vitamin-E-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vitamin E\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25917\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A clinical trial testing the effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on prostate cancer shows a statistically significant increase in cancer risk with vitamin E supplementation, according to the latest analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was started in 2001 with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/2001/select\">much enthusiasm\u003c/a> and was funded by the National Cancer Institute. Two previous cancer trials (for other forms of the disease) had suggested that people who supplemented with vitamin E and selenium had reduced risk of prostate cancer. This was the first trial designed to specifically test the benefits of these nutrients on prostate cancer, either alone or when administered together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were four conditions in the trial. In one condition participants were given a pill of 400 IU of vitamin E (oil based capsules) and another pill of 200 mg selenium (pressed tablets) to take daily. In another condition men were given the vitamin E pill and a placebo pill that looked like selenium. In the third condition participants were given the real selenium pill and a placebo that looked like vitamin E. And in the final condition both pills were placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hoped they could achieve a 25% reduction in prostate cancer risk with vitamin E or selenium, but in 2008 researchers detected slightly more prostate cancer in men who were taking the vitamin E supplement alone. Though at that time the increase was not significant, the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee terminated the trial since it was obvious that the 25% reduction would not be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest analysis included 18 months of follow-up on those who had participated in the trial. The new data showed that men who were taking the vitamin E supplement had a 17% increase in prostate cancer risk compared to those taking placebo, and the increase has reached statistical significance. Men taking selenium alone or vitamin E and selenium together also had higher incidence of prostate cancer, though the results did not achieve statistical significance and could be due to chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the vitamin E dosage of the SELECT trial was particularly high at 400 IU. The current US \u003ca href=\"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine\">Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for vitamin E\u003c/a> is only 22.4 IU, and the previous trial that showed a benefit of vitamin E for prostate cancer risk used only 50 IU. A typical multivitamin has closer to 30 IU of vitamin E, though vitamin E only supplements can often contain more than 100 IU. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the current findings, vitamin E only supplements would not be recommended, particularly for men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click here for more info on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/qa/2008/selectqa\">SELECT trial\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"400 IU of vitamin E daily increases risk of prostate cancer by 17%.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325109108,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":434},"headData":{"title":"Vitamin E Supplements Increase Prostate Cancer Risk | KQED","description":"400 IU of vitamin E daily increases risk of prostate cancer by 17%.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vitamin E Supplements Increase Prostate Cancer Risk ","datePublished":"2011-10-14T13:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-28T21:51:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25915 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25915","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/14/vitamin-e-supplements-increase-prostate-cancer-risk/","disqusTitle":"Vitamin E Supplements Increase Prostate Cancer Risk ","path":"/quest/25915/vitamin-e-supplements-increase-prostate-cancer-risk","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/vitamin-E.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/vitamin-E-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vitamin E\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25917\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A clinical trial testing the effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on prostate cancer shows a statistically significant increase in cancer risk with vitamin E supplementation, according to the latest analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was started in 2001 with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/2001/select\">much enthusiasm\u003c/a> and was funded by the National Cancer Institute. Two previous cancer trials (for other forms of the disease) had suggested that people who supplemented with vitamin E and selenium had reduced risk of prostate cancer. This was the first trial designed to specifically test the benefits of these nutrients on prostate cancer, either alone or when administered together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were four conditions in the trial. In one condition participants were given a pill of 400 IU of vitamin E (oil based capsules) and another pill of 200 mg selenium (pressed tablets) to take daily. In another condition men were given the vitamin E pill and a placebo pill that looked like selenium. In the third condition participants were given the real selenium pill and a placebo that looked like vitamin E. And in the final condition both pills were placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers hoped they could achieve a 25% reduction in prostate cancer risk with vitamin E or selenium, but in 2008 researchers detected slightly more prostate cancer in men who were taking the vitamin E supplement alone. Though at that time the increase was not significant, the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee terminated the trial since it was obvious that the 25% reduction would not be met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest analysis included 18 months of follow-up on those who had participated in the trial. The new data showed that men who were taking the vitamin E supplement had a 17% increase in prostate cancer risk compared to those taking placebo, and the increase has reached statistical significance. Men taking selenium alone or vitamin E and selenium together also had higher incidence of prostate cancer, though the results did not achieve statistical significance and could be due to chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the vitamin E dosage of the SELECT trial was particularly high at 400 IU. The current US \u003ca href=\"http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine\">Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for vitamin E\u003c/a> is only 22.4 IU, and the previous trial that showed a benefit of vitamin E for prostate cancer risk used only 50 IU. A typical multivitamin has closer to 30 IU of vitamin E, though vitamin E only supplements can often contain more than 100 IU. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the current findings, vitamin E only supplements would not be recommended, particularly for men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click here for more info on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/qa/2008/selectqa\">SELECT trial\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25915/vitamin-e-supplements-increase-prostate-cancer-risk","authors":["10218"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10273","quest_13202","quest_10274","quest_2839","quest_10272"],"featImg":"quest_25917","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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