QUEST Season 2 Web Premiere: The Fierce Humboldt Squid
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In this video we journey to Washington State’s Cascade Mountains, where the return of wolves could have a profound impact on a vast wilderness area. We meet up with biologist Aaron Wirsing to explore why wolves and other top predators are needed for diverse ecosystems to flourish. Using a simple video camera (a “deer-cam”) Wirsing is gaining a unique perspective on predator/prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Wolves in the Crosshairs: Q&A with conservationist, Fred Koontz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 233px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Fred-Koontz-e1393522320642.jpg\" alt=\"Fred Koontz\" width=\"233\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Fred-Koontz-e1393522320642.jpg 432w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Fred-Koontz-e1393522320642-400x530.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 233px) 100vw, 233px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Fred Koontz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves are in the crosshairs of a heated conservation debate, with the federal government trying to strip all protections for them in the continental U.S. Dr. Fred Koontz, vice president of field conservation at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, has worked in conservation for three decades and has studied the wolf issue. We talked with Dr. Koontz about the future of wolves in the U.S. and the role they play in maintaining healthy ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wolves may be the most polarizing animal in North America, more so than other large carnivores like cougars or grizzly bears. Why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The gray wolf is one of the world's most adaptable and widely distributed mammals, ranging over much of Asia, Europe, and North America. Wolves, the size of a German shepherd, are pack-hunting predators that sometimes kill livestock. Combined with wolves’ nocturnal behavior and haunting howling, this has resulted in a long history of conflict with people, especially as human numbers have increased exponentially in recent centuries and agricultural lands expanded into wolf habitat. There are, however, very few documented cases of wolves attacking people, but the rare times it’s happened it’s been sensationalized and blown out of proportion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How have your perceptions or understanding of wolves changed over the years?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At an early age, my mother read with much theatrical expression “Little Red Riding Hood,” which, like many children, left me fearing the “big bad wolf.” This negative image was reinforced with similar wolf-themed horror movies that I ashamedly spent far too much time watching in my youth. Only when I studied ecology and animal behavior in college and as a wildlife professional did I see a different image of the wolf. Wolves are important regulators of prey numbers and behavior, and as such, influence a web of ecological interactions that enrich biological diversity. I learned also that among many adaptive traits enabling their evolutionary success, wolves have a rich social life and extraordinary set of communication behaviors. The more I learned, the more fascinated I became in understanding how wolves and people might live together for their mutual benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gray wolves have been taken off the federal endangered species list in some states, such as Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. And a \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/home/wolfrecovery/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>recent federal proposal \u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>would strip all gray wolves in the continental U.S. of their federal protection. How did this come to be? What kind of politics are at play?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67887\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67887 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow.jpg\" alt=\"2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow\" width=\"389\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow.jpg 1542w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 389px) 100vw, 389px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gray wolves can come in an assortment of colors, such as these all-white wolves. Photo courtesy of Ryan Hawk, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Under the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1974 first listed gray wolves as endangered in the lower 48 states. Now they propose to remove them from the ESA list. This idea follows from three decades of actions undertaken by federal, state, and local partners that resulted in population recovery and delisting in 2011 of wolves living in the western Great Lakes states and northern Rockies. With about 6,000 wolves residing in these two recovery areas, USFWS believes that the gray wolf population in general is well established and stable enough to warrant delisting. Many state wildlife officials welcome the move as they are eager to take back the management authority for animals within their political borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, many conservation scientists and wolf advocates believe that more time on the endangered species list -- and [under] federal protection -- would allow wolves a greater opportunity to reclaim more of their former territory and grow the number of their populations. This is important because, despite wolf recovery success in the Great Lakes states and Rocky Mountains, there is still a lot of their former range not yet occupied. Expanded range and more populations, in turn, will provide greater species resiliency to unexpected environmental disruptions like climate change and emerging diseases and also improve long-term wolf survival in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An independent review panel recently found that the federal government \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/panel-finds-feds-didnt-use-best-science-in-wolf-pl/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>used uncertain science\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> when it proposed removing the gray wolf from the endangered species list across the lower 48 states. What could that mean for the future of wolves?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>This is important because under Endangered Species Act law the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is obligated to use the best available science. The Service claimed that new genetic research indicated that wolves living in the eastern U.S. were actually a different species, and thus should not be considered as part of the original listing or part of the historic range. The expert panel said the genetic research was uncertain and based largely on one paper. The panel’s report has reopened the debate about delisting gray wolves, and I suspect it will extend the time wolves remain listed. The final decision on delisting is yet to be determined -- public comment is \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ID=0D493E53-AC54-99DD-52400A7BAA5A6085\" target=\"_blank\">encouraged\u003c/a>. [Note: deadline is March 27, 2014]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long run, the debate about delisting wolves invites larger questions like, what constitutes full recovery of any endangered species, and does the legal framework of the ESA reflect current conservation science and principles of sustainable living? Most importantly, there needs to be agreement at the onset about the ultimate purpose of recovery -- is it simply species survival or restoring ecological function? There are no easy answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67891\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67891 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak.jpg\" alt=\"Mule Deer Lauren Sobkoviak\" width=\"378\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mule Deer photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/ashrunner/8522517826/\" target=\"_blank\">Lauren Sobkoviak.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it possible for wolves and humans to coexist? What needs to change for that to happen?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I think that wolves and humans ultimately will coexist by sharing land in two key places -- protected areas and rural areas managed for the benefit of people and wildlife, for example, park buffer lands, multiple-use public lands, and designated wildlife corridors. For the reconciliation between wolves and humans to prove fully successful, we will first need a broader understanding of the role that apex predators play in creating healthy ecosystems and why healthy ecosystems are needed by people. In other words, there must be a broader understanding of \u003cstrong>why \u003c/strong>saving wolves is essential to sustainable living. Greater public will to save wolves will result in increased public spending needed to conduct science and carry out sound management actions. For example, we need more research on improving ranching practices to minimize wolf predation of livestock, and insurance programs that compensate ranchers for unavoidable losses. There is already good evidence from pilot efforts that such research and management programs are possible -- and that they work!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why should people care about the fate of wolves?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The fate of wolves is tied directly to the greatest challenge facing humankind this century -- sustainable living! With more than seven billion people consuming resources at an accelerating pace, this generation of world citizens must transform our societies to sustainable ones. We must, among other things, protect a wide variety of animal and plant species -- scientists call this “biodiversity.” Many conservation scientists believe that apex predators (animals at the top of the food chain), like wolves, are necessary to maintain habitats rich in life. In turn, high levels of biodiversity bring many direct benefits to people -- everything from providing food and fiber to protecting water supplies and enriching recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67904 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist 1\" width=\"367\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499.jpg 1133w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499-400x330.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499-800x661.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499-960x793.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Aaron Wirsing for the University of Washington (right) and graduate student Justin Dellinger (left) radio collar deer with video cameras in order to better understand predator-prey dynamics. Photo courtesy of Greg Davis.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Understanding the links between apex predators and biodiversity is a growing area of research for scientists like Aaron Wirsing of the University of Washington. Since 2008, wolves have been returning to Washington and have reestablished populations in the U.S. northern Rockies. This has provided a unique research opportunity for Wirsing and other scientists. For example, deer populations in Washington have likely over-browsed plants for decades in the absence of gray wolves. One consequence of deer eating trees along streambeds is less habitat for birds, and streams that are more likely to harbor fewer cold-water fish like trout because they are filled with sediments from soil erosion and overheated because of lack of shade. With wolves back in the state, Wirsing is leading a study to document how wolves are changing mule and white-tail deer populations, which in turn affects forest landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why do you care about wolves?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I care about wolves because as apex predators they contribute significantly to enriching biodiversity needed by people for sustainable living. I also care about wolves because I admire them! Wolves are amazing for many reasons, but I am especially fascinated by their complex social behavior and adaptable lifestyles, two traits that they share with humans. Also, one of the most important reasons I care is that wild wolves in the U.S. are a symbolic way of keeping our American heritage of wilderness alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources/Links:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/\" target=\"_blank\">Wolf information from US Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/gray_wolf/\" target=\"_blank\">Wolves in Washington State\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Living with Wolves\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://westernwildlife.org/gray-wolf-outreach-project/\" target=\"_blank\">Gray Wolf Outreach Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/coexisting-with-carnivores#.Uyh3a_ldV8E\" target=\"_blank\">Seattle Woodland Park Zoo's \"Coexisting With Carnivores\" School Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Washington state, wolves and deer are playing out a high-stakes game of cat-and-mouse that could have profound impacts on the ecosystem. Watch the video and find out what conservationist, Fred Koontz has to say about the need to protect \"the big bad wolf.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457555585,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1614},"headData":{"title":"QUEST TV: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear | KQED","description":"In Washington state, wolves and deer are playing out a high-stakes game of cat-and-mouse that could have profound impacts on the ecosystem. Watch the video and find out what conservationist, Fred Koontz has to say about the need to protect "the big bad wolf."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST TV: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear","datePublished":"2014-03-06T15:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T20:33:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"66669 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=66669","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/06/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear/","disqusTitle":"QUEST TV: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sM3L41-xulU","path":"/quest/66669/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Does “the big bad wolf” play an important role in the modern-day food web? In this video we journey to Washington State’s Cascade Mountains, where the return of wolves could have a profound impact on a vast wilderness area. We meet up with biologist Aaron Wirsing to explore why wolves and other top predators are needed for diverse ecosystems to flourish. Using a simple video camera (a “deer-cam”) Wirsing is gaining a unique perspective on predator/prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Wolves in the Crosshairs: Q&A with conservationist, Fred Koontz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67879\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 233px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67879 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Fred-Koontz-e1393522320642.jpg\" alt=\"Fred Koontz\" width=\"233\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Fred-Koontz-e1393522320642.jpg 432w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Fred-Koontz-e1393522320642-400x530.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 233px) 100vw, 233px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Fred Koontz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves are in the crosshairs of a heated conservation debate, with the federal government trying to strip all protections for them in the continental U.S. Dr. Fred Koontz, vice president of field conservation at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, has worked in conservation for three decades and has studied the wolf issue. We talked with Dr. Koontz about the future of wolves in the U.S. and the role they play in maintaining healthy ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wolves may be the most polarizing animal in North America, more so than other large carnivores like cougars or grizzly bears. Why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The gray wolf is one of the world's most adaptable and widely distributed mammals, ranging over much of Asia, Europe, and North America. Wolves, the size of a German shepherd, are pack-hunting predators that sometimes kill livestock. Combined with wolves’ nocturnal behavior and haunting howling, this has resulted in a long history of conflict with people, especially as human numbers have increased exponentially in recent centuries and agricultural lands expanded into wolf habitat. There are, however, very few documented cases of wolves attacking people, but the rare times it’s happened it’s been sensationalized and blown out of proportion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How have your perceptions or understanding of wolves changed over the years?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>At an early age, my mother read with much theatrical expression “Little Red Riding Hood,” which, like many children, left me fearing the “big bad wolf.” This negative image was reinforced with similar wolf-themed horror movies that I ashamedly spent far too much time watching in my youth. Only when I studied ecology and animal behavior in college and as a wildlife professional did I see a different image of the wolf. Wolves are important regulators of prey numbers and behavior, and as such, influence a web of ecological interactions that enrich biological diversity. I learned also that among many adaptive traits enabling their evolutionary success, wolves have a rich social life and extraordinary set of communication behaviors. The more I learned, the more fascinated I became in understanding how wolves and people might live together for their mutual benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gray wolves have been taken off the federal endangered species list in some states, such as Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. And a \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/home/wolfrecovery/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>recent federal proposal \u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>would strip all gray wolves in the continental U.S. of their federal protection. How did this come to be? What kind of politics are at play?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67887\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67887 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow.jpg\" alt=\"2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow\" width=\"389\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow.jpg 1542w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/2012-01-18RyanHawk254Snow-960x636.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 389px) 100vw, 389px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gray wolves can come in an assortment of colors, such as these all-white wolves. Photo courtesy of Ryan Hawk, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Under the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1974 first listed gray wolves as endangered in the lower 48 states. Now they propose to remove them from the ESA list. This idea follows from three decades of actions undertaken by federal, state, and local partners that resulted in population recovery and delisting in 2011 of wolves living in the western Great Lakes states and northern Rockies. With about 6,000 wolves residing in these two recovery areas, USFWS believes that the gray wolf population in general is well established and stable enough to warrant delisting. Many state wildlife officials welcome the move as they are eager to take back the management authority for animals within their political borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, many conservation scientists and wolf advocates believe that more time on the endangered species list -- and [under] federal protection -- would allow wolves a greater opportunity to reclaim more of their former territory and grow the number of their populations. This is important because, despite wolf recovery success in the Great Lakes states and Rocky Mountains, there is still a lot of their former range not yet occupied. Expanded range and more populations, in turn, will provide greater species resiliency to unexpected environmental disruptions like climate change and emerging diseases and also improve long-term wolf survival in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An independent review panel recently found that the federal government \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/panel-finds-feds-didnt-use-best-science-in-wolf-pl/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>used uncertain science\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> when it proposed removing the gray wolf from the endangered species list across the lower 48 states. What could that mean for the future of wolves?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>This is important because under Endangered Species Act law the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is obligated to use the best available science. The Service claimed that new genetic research indicated that wolves living in the eastern U.S. were actually a different species, and thus should not be considered as part of the original listing or part of the historic range. The expert panel said the genetic research was uncertain and based largely on one paper. The panel’s report has reopened the debate about delisting gray wolves, and I suspect it will extend the time wolves remain listed. The final decision on delisting is yet to be determined -- public comment is \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ID=0D493E53-AC54-99DD-52400A7BAA5A6085\" target=\"_blank\">encouraged\u003c/a>. [Note: deadline is March 27, 2014]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the long run, the debate about delisting wolves invites larger questions like, what constitutes full recovery of any endangered species, and does the legal framework of the ESA reflect current conservation science and principles of sustainable living? Most importantly, there needs to be agreement at the onset about the ultimate purpose of recovery -- is it simply species survival or restoring ecological function? There are no easy answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67891\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67891 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak.jpg\" alt=\"Mule Deer Lauren Sobkoviak\" width=\"378\" height=\"284\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Mule-Deer-Lauren-Sobkoviak-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mule Deer photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/ashrunner/8522517826/\" target=\"_blank\">Lauren Sobkoviak.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it possible for wolves and humans to coexist? What needs to change for that to happen?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I think that wolves and humans ultimately will coexist by sharing land in two key places -- protected areas and rural areas managed for the benefit of people and wildlife, for example, park buffer lands, multiple-use public lands, and designated wildlife corridors. For the reconciliation between wolves and humans to prove fully successful, we will first need a broader understanding of the role that apex predators play in creating healthy ecosystems and why healthy ecosystems are needed by people. In other words, there must be a broader understanding of \u003cstrong>why \u003c/strong>saving wolves is essential to sustainable living. Greater public will to save wolves will result in increased public spending needed to conduct science and carry out sound management actions. For example, we need more research on improving ranching practices to minimize wolf predation of livestock, and insurance programs that compensate ranchers for unavoidable losses. There is already good evidence from pilot efforts that such research and management programs are possible -- and that they work!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why should people care about the fate of wolves?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>The fate of wolves is tied directly to the greatest challenge facing humankind this century -- sustainable living! With more than seven billion people consuming resources at an accelerating pace, this generation of world citizens must transform our societies to sustainable ones. We must, among other things, protect a wide variety of animal and plant species -- scientists call this “biodiversity.” Many conservation scientists believe that apex predators (animals at the top of the food chain), like wolves, are necessary to maintain habitats rich in life. In turn, high levels of biodiversity bring many direct benefits to people -- everything from providing food and fiber to protecting water supplies and enriching recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67904 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist 1\" width=\"367\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499.jpg 1133w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499-400x330.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499-800x661.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Scientist-1-e1393525853499-960x793.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Aaron Wirsing for the University of Washington (right) and graduate student Justin Dellinger (left) radio collar deer with video cameras in order to better understand predator-prey dynamics. Photo courtesy of Greg Davis.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Understanding the links between apex predators and biodiversity is a growing area of research for scientists like Aaron Wirsing of the University of Washington. Since 2008, wolves have been returning to Washington and have reestablished populations in the U.S. northern Rockies. This has provided a unique research opportunity for Wirsing and other scientists. For example, deer populations in Washington have likely over-browsed plants for decades in the absence of gray wolves. One consequence of deer eating trees along streambeds is less habitat for birds, and streams that are more likely to harbor fewer cold-water fish like trout because they are filled with sediments from soil erosion and overheated because of lack of shade. With wolves back in the state, Wirsing is leading a study to document how wolves are changing mule and white-tail deer populations, which in turn affects forest landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why do you care about wolves?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I care about wolves because as apex predators they contribute significantly to enriching biodiversity needed by people for sustainable living. I also care about wolves because I admire them! Wolves are amazing for many reasons, but I am especially fascinated by their complex social behavior and adaptable lifestyles, two traits that they share with humans. Also, one of the most important reasons I care is that wild wolves in the U.S. are a symbolic way of keeping our American heritage of wilderness alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Resources/Links:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/wolf/\" target=\"_blank\">Wolf information from US Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/gray_wolf/\" target=\"_blank\">Wolves in Washington State\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Living with Wolves\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://westernwildlife.org/gray-wolf-outreach-project/\" target=\"_blank\">Gray Wolf Outreach Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.zoo.org/coexisting-with-carnivores#.Uyh3a_ldV8E\" target=\"_blank\">Seattle Woodland Park Zoo's \"Coexisting With Carnivores\" School Program\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/66669/wolves-and-the-ecology-of-fear","authors":["10446","10425"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_12556","quest_326","quest_12553","quest_12685","quest_12665","quest_12666","quest_10120","quest_12608","quest_12269","quest_12664","quest_2275","quest_2291","quest_12146","quest_2893","quest_12678","quest_3071","quest_3821","quest_3178","quest_12161"],"featImg":"quest_67886","label":"quest"},"quest_67124":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67124","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67124","score":null,"sort":[1393338654000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"69132","displayName":"Jennifer Morton","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Morton","userLogin":"jennifer-morton","userEmail":"JMorton@kcts9.org","linkedAccount":"jennifermorton","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Jennifer Morton is a science education specialist at KCTS 9 Television in Seattle, WA. She started at KCTS 9 as Outreach Coordinator for the PBS series Bill Nye the Science Guy and has continued to be involved in outreach and education with KCTS over the past 10 years. She has a degree in Geology from the University of Vermont and a keen interest in science education. She also has a wasps’ nest hanging in her living room.","userNicename":"jennifer-morton","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"balancing-act-otters-urchins-and-kelp","title":"Balancing Act: Otters, Urchins and Kelp","publishDate":1393338654,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Learn about the connections among sea otters, sea urchins, kelp forests, and climate change. This video shows how conservation of wildlife can have an impact on global climate change. It provides examples of how healthy, balanced ecosystems will be the best offense in a rapidly changing ocean environment. This video is part of our \u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests are extremely productive ecosystems that support a huge amount of marine life, and they are also efficient absorbers of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester (take out) CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure. Kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins, small spiky marine animals that love to eat kelp. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp and leaving “urchin barrens” in their place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for sea urchins and they help to keep sea urchins in check, allowing the kelp to flourish and capture CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. When otters are present, urchins hide in crevices and snack on kelp scraps. The kelp can flourish, providing habitat for many ocean organisms. Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is an ecosystem?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a kelp forest?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What types of organisms live in a kelp forest?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do kelp forests need otters?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What happens if there are no predators around to eat sea urchins?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was the result when otters discovered sea urchins in the Strait of Juan de Fuca?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is it important to conserve kelp forests?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do sea otters help to combat climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Draw or construct a healthy kelp forest ecosystem containing appropriate populations of kelp, sea urchins, and sea otters. Make a small-scale model or turn your whole classroom into a kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/09/sea-otters-kelp.html\">UCSC Study Shows… Global Warming\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of California\u003c/strong>, Santa Cruz. This article outlines a study that suggests that thriving sea otter populations keep sea urchins in check, which in turn allow kelp forests to prosper.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/URCHIN/urchPopu.php\">A Snail’s Odyssey\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Tom Carefoot\u003c/strong>. A summary of research studies about urchin populations and their relationship to kelp and otters\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceantoday.noaa.gov/seaotters101/\">Sea Otter 101\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Ocean Today\u003c/strong>, NOAA. A three-minute animated cartoon about sea otters\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/ecosystems/kelpdesc.html\">Ecosystems: Kelp Forests\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/strong>, NOAA. An explanation of kelp forests on the Pacific Coast, from Alaska and Canada to the waters of Baja California\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>:\u003cbr>\nDevelop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment. \u003cstrong>5LS2-1\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nConstruct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems. \u003cstrong>MS-LS2-2\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDevelop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. \u003cstrong>MS-LS2-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA healthy ecosystem is one in which multiple species of different types are each able to meet their needs in a relatively stable web of life. \u003cstrong>LS2A Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mutually beneficial interactions may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. \u003cstrong>LS2A Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy are transferred among producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. \u003cstrong>LS2B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Systems and system models, patterns, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and using models, constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"By balancing their ecosystem, otters are playing a role in the fight against climate change. Watch this video and learn about the important connections among sea otters, sea urchins, kelp forests, and climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450484258,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":625},"headData":{"title":"Balancing Act: Otters, Urchins and Kelp | KQED","description":"By balancing their ecosystem, otters are playing a role in the fight against climate change. Watch this video and learn about the important connections among sea otters, sea urchins, kelp forests, and climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Balancing Act: Otters, Urchins and Kelp","datePublished":"2014-02-25T14:30:54.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T00:17:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67124 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67124","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/balancing-act-otters-urchins-and-kelp/","disqusTitle":"Balancing Act: Otters, Urchins and Kelp","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHOmbAMkCJs","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/67124/balancing-act-otters-urchins-and-kelp","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Learn about the connections among sea otters, sea urchins, kelp forests, and climate change. This video shows how conservation of wildlife can have an impact on global climate change. It provides examples of how healthy, balanced ecosystems will be the best offense in a rapidly changing ocean environment. This video is part of our \u003cstrong>Ocean Acidification Education\u003c/strong> series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests are extremely productive ecosystems that support a huge amount of marine life, and they are also efficient absorbers of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester (take out) CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure. Kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins, small spiky marine animals that love to eat kelp. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp and leaving “urchin barrens” in their place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for sea urchins and they help to keep sea urchins in check, allowing the kelp to flourish and capture CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>. When otters are present, urchins hide in crevices and snack on kelp scraps. The kelp can flourish, providing habitat for many ocean organisms. Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is an ecosystem?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a kelp forest?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What types of organisms live in a kelp forest?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why do kelp forests need otters?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What happens if there are no predators around to eat sea urchins?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was the result when otters discovered sea urchins in the Strait of Juan de Fuca?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why is it important to conserve kelp forests?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do sea otters help to combat climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Draw or construct a healthy kelp forest ecosystem containing appropriate populations of kelp, sea urchins, and sea otters. Make a small-scale model or turn your whole classroom into a kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/09/sea-otters-kelp.html\">UCSC Study Shows… Global Warming\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>University of California\u003c/strong>, Santa Cruz. This article outlines a study that suggests that thriving sea otter populations keep sea urchins in check, which in turn allow kelp forests to prosper.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/URCHIN/urchPopu.php\">A Snail’s Odyssey\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Tom Carefoot\u003c/strong>. A summary of research studies about urchin populations and their relationship to kelp and otters\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceantoday.noaa.gov/seaotters101/\">Sea Otter 101\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Ocean Today\u003c/strong>, NOAA. A three-minute animated cartoon about sea otters\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/ecosystems/kelpdesc.html\">Ecosystems: Kelp Forests\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/strong>, NOAA. An explanation of kelp forests on the Pacific Coast, from Alaska and Canada to the waters of Baja California\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>:\u003cbr>\nDevelop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment. \u003cstrong>5LS2-1\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nConstruct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems. \u003cstrong>MS-LS2-2\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDevelop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. \u003cstrong>MS-LS2-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA healthy ecosystem is one in which multiple species of different types are each able to meet their needs in a relatively stable web of life. \u003cstrong>LS2A Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mutually beneficial interactions may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. \u003cstrong>LS2A Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy are transferred among producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. \u003cstrong>LS2B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Systems and system models, patterns, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Developing and using models, constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67124/balancing-act-otters-urchins-and-kelp","authors":["69132"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_3399","quest_12611","quest_12613","quest_2275","quest_12146","quest_12550","quest_3396","quest_12603","quest_2844","quest_12612"],"collections":["quest_12656"],"featImg":"quest_67125","label":"source_quest_67124"},"quest_65409":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65409","score":null,"sort":[1389711622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","title":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","publishDate":1389711622,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sfgreenfilmfest.org/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69837 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120.png\" alt=\"SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people talk about sea otters, the words “cute,” “cuddly,” and “curious” often come to mind. But now you can add another descriptor to that list -- climate change fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the West Coast these aquatic acrobats have become a surprising vanguard in the fight to strike at the root cause of climate change trends. And their heartwarming tale illustrates a much larger story about the ways wildlife conservation can also combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65867 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kelp\" width=\"251\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg 1023w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-960x1444.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelp is an efficient absorber of CO2. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usoceangov/4115872878/\">NOAA's National Ocean Service.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how otters do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is the result of a buildup of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to this phenomenon is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas emitted by coal-burning power plants and automobiles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, where otters hang out, are some of the most efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide known. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins: small, spiky marine animals that \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/videos/Video.aspx?enc=0ZZ+8rD1Fka3lFIWLOyL9w\">love munching on kelp\u003c/a>. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for urchins. The otters help keep urchin populations in check, allowing kelp to flourish and capture more CO2. \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176\">According to a recent study\u003c/a>, otter-supported kelp forests can absorb up to 12 times more CO2 from the atmosphere than if they were just left to the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-65868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg\" alt=\"Urchins\" width=\"422\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urchins along the seafloor. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cowhntrx/3658691693/in/photostream/\">tinatinatinatinatina.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a time, otters were not around to eat urchins. Sea otters were nearly hunted to extinction during the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. But through conservation efforts, sea otters have been restored to much of their historic range in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO2. Whether it is pumas, jaguars, and eagles in the forests of Venezuela that keep understory browsers in check, grey wolves keeping willow-munching elk on their toes in Yellowstone National Park, or otters guarding kelp along the coast, these non-human neighbors can foster plant growth that leads to more carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with sea otters, the effort to mitigate climate change through top predators has never been so adorable.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Discover the surprising connection between sea otters, kelp forests, and our quest to slow the progress of climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1455129918,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":433},"headData":{"title":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change | KQED","description":"Discover the surprising connection between sea otters, kelp forests, and our quest to slow the progress of climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","datePublished":"2014-01-14T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-10T18:45:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65409 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65409","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/14/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHOmbAMkCJs","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65409/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sfgreenfilmfest.org/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69837 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120.png\" alt=\"SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people talk about sea otters, the words “cute,” “cuddly,” and “curious” often come to mind. But now you can add another descriptor to that list -- climate change fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the West Coast these aquatic acrobats have become a surprising vanguard in the fight to strike at the root cause of climate change trends. And their heartwarming tale illustrates a much larger story about the ways wildlife conservation can also combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65867 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kelp\" width=\"251\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg 1023w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-960x1444.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelp is an efficient absorber of CO2. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usoceangov/4115872878/\">NOAA's National Ocean Service.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how otters do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is the result of a buildup of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to this phenomenon is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas emitted by coal-burning power plants and automobiles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, where otters hang out, are some of the most efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide known. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins: small, spiky marine animals that \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/videos/Video.aspx?enc=0ZZ+8rD1Fka3lFIWLOyL9w\">love munching on kelp\u003c/a>. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for urchins. The otters help keep urchin populations in check, allowing kelp to flourish and capture more CO2. \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176\">According to a recent study\u003c/a>, otter-supported kelp forests can absorb up to 12 times more CO2 from the atmosphere than if they were just left to the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-65868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg\" alt=\"Urchins\" width=\"422\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urchins along the seafloor. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cowhntrx/3658691693/in/photostream/\">tinatinatinatinatina.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a time, otters were not around to eat urchins. Sea otters were nearly hunted to extinction during the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. But through conservation efforts, sea otters have been restored to much of their historic range in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO2. Whether it is pumas, jaguars, and eagles in the forests of Venezuela that keep understory browsers in check, grey wolves keeping willow-munching elk on their toes in Yellowstone National Park, or otters guarding kelp along the coast, these non-human neighbors can foster plant growth that leads to more carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with sea otters, the effort to mitigate climate change through top predators has never been so adorable.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65409/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_485","quest_10037","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_11940","quest_12608","quest_12269","quest_12554","quest_12239","quest_12687","quest_12551","quest_2275","quest_2291","quest_12146","quest_12686","quest_12552","quest_12550","quest_9872","quest_3813","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_65799","label":"source_quest_65409"},"quest_39647":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_39647","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"39647","score":null,"sort":[1339794001000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bio-robotics-biology-goes-high-tech","title":"Bio-Robotics: Biology Goes High-Tech","publishDate":1339794001,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39648\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robo-squirrel, the robotic squirrel in the hills of San Jose. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area may be the high-tech capital of the nation, but increasingly, biologists working at some of the area’s universities are turning to technology, too. The game-changing field of “bio-robotics” is opening a new window onto animal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be seen in the hills high above San Jose, where there’s a timeless battle going on between predator and prey - California ground squirrels and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.o.oreganus.html\">Northern Pacific rattlesnakes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rulon Clark, a biologist at San Diego State University, is studying this unique interaction at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve. As he shows me the field site, he warns me that the grassy hills are chock full of rattlesnakes. “Just try to watch where you’re stepping,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark and his team monitor these snakes with web cameras set up outside their underground burrows – sort of like rattlesnake reality TV. They also capture snakes and give them radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the signal, Clark tracks a male snake named Vader (one of several Star Wars-named snakes) to a small patch of grass that looks rattlesnake-free -- until Clark points out a colored marker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “See that little splash of pink? That’s his rattle segment,” he says. “He’s really hard to make out. This is a stereotypical ambush posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coiled rattlesnake is waiting for ground squirrels, which run all over these hills eating seeds and grass. “They’re like a loaded gun. They’re just ready to launch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Squirrels and Snakes Nose to Nose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have a powerful sense of smell and heat-sensitive vision. They strike and inject deadly venom in half a second flat. Against a predator like that, most animals would run away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our tendency for snakes is to get out of there, right? But the squirrels, they’ll cautiously approach,” says Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels stand their ground, inching closer to a coiled snake. They do a strange dance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NQWDv3XSWE\">waving their tails\u003c/a> back and forth rapidly. “They’ll tail flag – that’s this anti-snake display that they give,” Clark says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels also pump blood to their tails, increasing the temperature a few degrees. Amazingly, they only do this with rattlesnakes, which can detect the heat. Clark says these squirrel tricks seem to work – the snakes tend to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0hyursVxG0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tail-flagging has co-evolved with the snakes into a signal of sorts,” Clark says. But exactly what the signals are in this complex predator-prey dialogue is hard to study. So, Clark is enlisting a special agent, named “robo-squirrel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robo-squirrel is an actual ground squirrel that’s taxidermied so it’s hollow inside,” says Clark. Built by engineers at UC Davis, the robot has a mechanical tail that moves back and forth and heats up, just like a live squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robo-squirrel moves towards a snake on a track and Clark cues different versions of the squirrel dance so he can study the snake’s response. Does it bite or back off? Clark says this kind of technology has changed the way biologists study animal communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But squirrels aren’t the only animals going high-tech...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Six-Legged Disappearing Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think cockroaches are also disgusting, like most people do, but they have a lot of secrets,” says \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/WebHome\">Robert Full\u003c/a>, a biology professor at UC Berkeley. He studies how cockroaches get around so well and lately, he’s been trying to understand how these crafty critters seem to vanish as soon as you get close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full shows me a high-speed video of a cockroach running off a platform. “So they run really fast to the end of the ledge and hook their hind legs on like grappling hooks,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"310\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39655\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DASH, the robotic cockroach at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cockroach grabs the edge, flips over, and holds on to the bottom of ledge upside-down. This happens faster than humans can react, so it looks like the cockroach disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says this isn’t just a good escape trick. “We use a lot of the principles we discover to inspire the design of the next generation of robots.“ He called up his engineering colleague Ron Fearing and asked, “can we demonstrate the agility of small robots by trying to do a behavior like this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enlisted DASH, a robotic cockroach. It’s about four inches long and is made of a paper exoskeleton. It runs about the same speed as a cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another high-speed video, the robotic cockroach does the same trick, flipping around a ledge with the help of a Velcro pad. Full says this kind of agility could help them build robots for real world situations, like helping emergency responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP-v1z2prg8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you really want to make search and rescue robots that can go into rubble. Imagine something from an explosion or a tornado or an earthquake, then you’re going to need something far more maneuverable than we have now,” Full says. The robotic cockroaches also serve as physical models, teaching them about the mechanics of real roaches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says technology and robotics are reshaping the field of biology. “Now you have the capability easily of high speed cameras, of remote monitoring, of just seeing thing at the organism level in the lab and in the field. Now, you have new hypotheses that you couldn’t possibly have before.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Meet \"robo-squirrel.\" New technology in the emerging field of bio-robotics is helping biologists learn more about animal behavior.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1341603612,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":985},"headData":{"title":"Bio-Robotics: Biology Goes High-Tech | KQED","description":"Meet "robo-squirrel." New technology in the emerging field of bio-robotics is helping biologists learn more about animal behavior.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bio-Robotics: Biology Goes High-Tech","datePublished":"2012-06-15T21:00:01.000Z","dateModified":"2012-07-06T19:40:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"39647 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=39647","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/15/bio-robotics-biology-goes-high-tech/","disqusTitle":"Bio-Robotics: Biology Goes High-Tech","path":"/quest/39647/bio-robotics-biology-goes-high-tech","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-18-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39648\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robo-squirrel, the robotic squirrel in the hills of San Jose. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area may be the high-tech capital of the nation, but increasingly, biologists working at some of the area’s universities are turning to technology, too. The game-changing field of “bio-robotics” is opening a new window onto animal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be seen in the hills high above San Jose, where there’s a timeless battle going on between predator and prey - California ground squirrels and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.o.oreganus.html\">Northern Pacific rattlesnakes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rulon Clark, a biologist at San Diego State University, is studying this unique interaction at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve. As he shows me the field site, he warns me that the grassy hills are chock full of rattlesnakes. “Just try to watch where you’re stepping,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark and his team monitor these snakes with web cameras set up outside their underground burrows – sort of like rattlesnake reality TV. They also capture snakes and give them radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the signal, Clark tracks a male snake named Vader (one of several Star Wars-named snakes) to a small patch of grass that looks rattlesnake-free -- until Clark points out a colored marker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “See that little splash of pink? That’s his rattle segment,” he says. “He’s really hard to make out. This is a stereotypical ambush posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coiled rattlesnake is waiting for ground squirrels, which run all over these hills eating seeds and grass. “They’re like a loaded gun. They’re just ready to launch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Squirrels and Snakes Nose to Nose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have a powerful sense of smell and heat-sensitive vision. They strike and inject deadly venom in half a second flat. Against a predator like that, most animals would run away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our tendency for snakes is to get out of there, right? But the squirrels, they’ll cautiously approach,” says Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels stand their ground, inching closer to a coiled snake. They do a strange dance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NQWDv3XSWE\">waving their tails\u003c/a> back and forth rapidly. “They’ll tail flag – that’s this anti-snake display that they give,” Clark says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels also pump blood to their tails, increasing the temperature a few degrees. Amazingly, they only do this with rattlesnakes, which can detect the heat. Clark says these squirrel tricks seem to work – the snakes tend to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/H0hyursVxG0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/H0hyursVxG0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tail-flagging has co-evolved with the snakes into a signal of sorts,” Clark says. But exactly what the signals are in this complex predator-prey dialogue is hard to study. So, Clark is enlisting a special agent, named “robo-squirrel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robo-squirrel is an actual ground squirrel that’s taxidermied so it’s hollow inside,” says Clark. Built by engineers at UC Davis, the robot has a mechanical tail that moves back and forth and heats up, just like a live squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robo-squirrel moves towards a snake on a track and Clark cues different versions of the squirrel dance so he can study the snake’s response. Does it bite or back off? Clark says this kind of technology has changed the way biologists study animal communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But squirrels aren’t the only animals going high-tech...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Six-Legged Disappearing Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think cockroaches are also disgusting, like most people do, but they have a lot of secrets,” says \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/WebHome\">Robert Full\u003c/a>, a biology professor at UC Berkeley. He studies how cockroaches get around so well and lately, he’s been trying to understand how these crafty critters seem to vanish as soon as you get close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full shows me a high-speed video of a cockroach running off a platform. “So they run really fast to the end of the ledge and hook their hind legs on like grappling hooks,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"310\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39655\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DASH, the robotic cockroach at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cockroach grabs the edge, flips over, and holds on to the bottom of ledge upside-down. This happens faster than humans can react, so it looks like the cockroach disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says this isn’t just a good escape trick. “We use a lot of the principles we discover to inspire the design of the next generation of robots.“ He called up his engineering colleague Ron Fearing and asked, “can we demonstrate the agility of small robots by trying to do a behavior like this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enlisted DASH, a robotic cockroach. It’s about four inches long and is made of a paper exoskeleton. It runs about the same speed as a cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another high-speed video, the robotic cockroach does the same trick, flipping around a ledge with the help of a Velcro pad. Full says this kind of agility could help them build robots for real world situations, like helping emergency responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EP-v1z2prg8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EP-v1z2prg8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you really want to make search and rescue robots that can go into rubble. Imagine something from an explosion or a tornado or an earthquake, then you’re going to need something far more maneuverable than we have now,” Full says. The robotic cockroaches also serve as physical models, teaching them about the mechanics of real roaches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says technology and robotics are reshaping the field of biology. “Now you have the capability easily of high speed cameras, of remote monitoring, of just seeing thing at the organism level in the lab and in the field. Now, you have new hypotheses that you couldn’t possibly have before.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39647/bio-robotics-biology-goes-high-tech","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_11211","quest_252","quest_332","quest_11210","quest_13197","quest_13203","quest_2275","quest_2291","quest_2443","quest_3739","quest_2676","quest_11209","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_39648","label":"quest"},"quest_6801":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6801","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6801","score":null,"sort":[1281373226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2","title":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?","publishDate":1281373226,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-fierce-humboldt-squid\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Humboldt_squid_NOAA_CBNMS_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Humboldt Squid. Photo: NOAA/CBNMS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large numbers of \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/humboldt.html\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay mid-summer since 2002. They spend the fall and early winter here, probably to feed, and then spend spring further south. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive. No one knows if the squid are behind schedule or if they’re not going to show up at all. Humboldt squid isn’t the most popular item on the menu in North America, but it is very big in Japan, making it the world’s 14\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest fishery by weight. And, their absence leaves a hole in Monterey Bay’s food chain. The Humboldt squid are voracious predators, feeding on anchovies, sardines, rockfish, market squid, and crustaceans. The delayed arrival of the Humboldt squid is a mystery, and it could have consequences for the underwater ecosystem—in Monterey Bay and all along the coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt squid haven’t been in our waters forever. Check out QUEST’s TV story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/774\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid\u003c/a> for the full story. Historically, the Humboldt Squid have lived in equatorial waters of the Pacific, from Chile to Mexico. In the 1930s, their range extended further north, and they were caught by fishermen in Monterey. Then they disappeared, only to return briefly in 1997. But they returned again in 2002, and have every year since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the squid come and go. Maybe they are responding to changes in their food supply. Or, their populations may grow when there are fewer predators—Humboldt squid are eaten by tunas, sharks, and sperm whales, some of which are in decline. Another possibility is the warming of northern waters, caused by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html\">El Niño\u003c/a>. Trade winds usually blow from east to west across the Pacific, piling up warm water near Indonesia. During an El Niño, the trade winds die down, and warm water moves eastward, towards North and South America. The typically cold waters of Monterey Bay become unusually warm—warm enough, scientists think, for the Humboldt Squid to move in. The squids returned in 1997 and again in 2002—both were El Niño years. After 2002, the warm El Niño waters didn’t stick around, but the Humboldt squid kept coming back. This year, the squid are absent, and this is surprising because it seems to be an El Niño year (remember all that rain we got this past winter?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Stewart, a grad student at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station, is \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/jstewart.html\">researching\u003c/a> the migration and movement of Humboldt squid for her dissertation. (Her advisor, Professor William Gilly, is featured in the QUEST video.) Julie has data from thousands of hours of underwater video, filmed on \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>’s submersibles, which she’s using to estimate squid populations over the past decade. She’s put satellite tags on squid, to see where they go and how deep they dive. She wants to find out whether the squids' movement is in response to food supply, predators, ocean conditions, or other variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie wondered if the squid were here, but in small numbers, making them harder to find. Or, if the squid were just very far offshore. So last week, she spent five days aboard a \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> research cruise, looking for squid. The primary purpose of the trip was to do marine mammal and seabird surveys, which happen during the daytime—the captain let her \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/blog/2010/08/04/surveying-davidson-seamount-where-are-humbolt-squid\">search for squid\u003c/a> at night. Julie and other crew on the boat used jigs—glow-in-the dark lures with spikes—on fishing lines. They jigged at 10 stations near the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/dsmz/welcome.html\">Davidson Seamount\u003c/a>, about 80 miles southwest of Monterey Bay. And they found exactly zero squid. Even far offshore, the squid were nowhere to be seen. Julie and her colleagues have been talking to fishermen up and down the west coast, from southern California to Washington, and no one has seen squid this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.796846 -122.025000\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Large numbers of Humboldt squid, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay each June since 2002. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1281373226,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":698},"headData":{"title":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid? | KQED","description":"Large numbers of Humboldt squid, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay each June since 2002. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?","datePublished":"2010-08-09T17:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2010-08-09T17:00:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6801 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6801","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/","disqusTitle":"What Happened to the Humboldt Squid?","path":"/quest/6801/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/the-fierce-humboldt-squid\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/Humboldt_squid_NOAA_CBNMS_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Humboldt Squid. Photo: NOAA/CBNMS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large numbers of \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/humboldt.html\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, deep purple-red and up to six feet long, have propelled themselves into Monterey Bay mid-summer since 2002. They spend the fall and early winter here, probably to feed, and then spend spring further south. But this year, the squid have yet to arrive. No one knows if the squid are behind schedule or if they’re not going to show up at all. Humboldt squid isn’t the most popular item on the menu in North America, but it is very big in Japan, making it the world’s 14\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> largest fishery by weight. And, their absence leaves a hole in Monterey Bay’s food chain. The Humboldt squid are voracious predators, feeding on anchovies, sardines, rockfish, market squid, and crustaceans. The delayed arrival of the Humboldt squid is a mystery, and it could have consequences for the underwater ecosystem—in Monterey Bay and all along the coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humboldt squid haven’t been in our waters forever. Check out QUEST’s TV story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/774\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid\u003c/a> for the full story. Historically, the Humboldt Squid have lived in equatorial waters of the Pacific, from Chile to Mexico. In the 1930s, their range extended further north, and they were caught by fishermen in Monterey. Then they disappeared, only to return briefly in 1997. But they returned again in 2002, and have every year since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a few hypotheses about why the squid come and go. Maybe they are responding to changes in their food supply. Or, their populations may grow when there are fewer predators—Humboldt squid are eaten by tunas, sharks, and sperm whales, some of which are in decline. Another possibility is the warming of northern waters, caused by \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html\">El Niño\u003c/a>. Trade winds usually blow from east to west across the Pacific, piling up warm water near Indonesia. During an El Niño, the trade winds die down, and warm water moves eastward, towards North and South America. The typically cold waters of Monterey Bay become unusually warm—warm enough, scientists think, for the Humboldt Squid to move in. The squids returned in 1997 and again in 2002—both were El Niño years. After 2002, the warm El Niño waters didn’t stick around, but the Humboldt squid kept coming back. This year, the squid are absent, and this is surprising because it seems to be an El Niño year (remember all that rain we got this past winter?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Stewart, a grad student at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station, is \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/jstewart.html\">researching\u003c/a> the migration and movement of Humboldt squid for her dissertation. (Her advisor, Professor William Gilly, is featured in the QUEST video.) Julie has data from thousands of hours of underwater video, filmed on \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>’s submersibles, which she’s using to estimate squid populations over the past decade. She’s put satellite tags on squid, to see where they go and how deep they dive. She wants to find out whether the squids' movement is in response to food supply, predators, ocean conditions, or other variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie wondered if the squid were here, but in small numbers, making them harder to find. Or, if the squid were just very far offshore. So last week, she spent five days aboard a \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/\">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> research cruise, looking for squid. The primary purpose of the trip was to do marine mammal and seabird surveys, which happen during the daytime—the captain let her \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/blog/2010/08/04/surveying-davidson-seamount-where-are-humbolt-squid\">search for squid\u003c/a> at night. Julie and other crew on the boat used jigs—glow-in-the dark lures with spikes—on fishing lines. They jigged at 10 stations near the \u003ca href=\"http://montereybay.noaa.gov/research/dsmz/welcome.html\">Davidson Seamount\u003c/a>, about 80 miles southwest of Monterey Bay. And they found exactly zero squid. Even far offshore, the squid were nowhere to be seen. Julie and her colleagues have been talking to fishermen up and down the west coast, from southern California to Washington, and no one has seen squid this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.796846 -122.025000\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6801/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_944","quest_1099","quest_1102","quest_1416","quest_1490","quest_2034","quest_2038","quest_2274","quest_2275","quest_2291"],"label":"quest"},"quest_489":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_489","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"489","score":null,"sort":[1206581730000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-season-2-web-premiere-the-fierce-humboldt-squid","title":"QUEST Season 2 Web Premiere: The Fierce Humboldt Squid","publishDate":1206581730,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>A mysterious sea creature up to 7 feet long, with 10 arms, a sharp beak and a ravenous appetite, has invaded ocean waters off Northern California. Packs of fierce Humboldt Squid attack nearly everything they see, from fish to scuba divers. Marine biologists are working to discover why they’ve headed north from their traditional homes off South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't read it already, see my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/18/sneak-peek-of-quests-new-season-%e2%80%93-fierce-humboldt-squid/\">Producer's Notes\u003c/a> blog post for this story for the real scoop on squid.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457973645,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":85},"headData":{"title":"QUEST Season 2 Web Premiere: The Fierce Humboldt Squid | KQED","description":"A mysterious sea creature up to 7 feet long, with 10 arms, a sharp beak and a ravenous appetite, has invaded ocean waters off Northern California. Packs of fierce Humboldt Squid attack nearly everything they see, from fish to scuba divers. Marine biologists are working to discover why they’ve headed north from their traditional homes","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST Season 2 Web Premiere: The Fierce Humboldt Squid","datePublished":"2008-03-27T01:35:30.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-14T16:40:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"489 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/26/quest-season-2-web-premiere-the-fierce-humboldt-squid/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/26/quest-season-2-web-premiere-the-fierce-humboldt-squid/","disqusTitle":"QUEST Season 2 Web Premiere: The Fierce Humboldt Squid","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU","path":"/quest/489/quest-season-2-web-premiere-the-fierce-humboldt-squid","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A mysterious sea creature up to 7 feet long, with 10 arms, a sharp beak and a ravenous appetite, has invaded ocean waters off Northern California. Packs of fierce Humboldt Squid attack nearly everything they see, from fish to scuba divers. Marine biologists are working to discover why they’ve headed north from their traditional homes off South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you haven't read it already, see my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/18/sneak-peek-of-quests-new-season-%e2%80%93-fierce-humboldt-squid/\">Producer's Notes\u003c/a> blog post for this story for the real scoop on squid.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/489/quest-season-2-web-premiere-the-fierce-humboldt-squid","authors":["10169"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_535","quest_1103","quest_1416","quest_1489","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1793","quest_1864","quest_2141","quest_2275","quest_2349","quest_2530","quest_2768","quest_2893","quest_2903"],"featImg":"quest_490","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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