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Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff, including all kinds of microbes. Learn what these microbes do and how they can spread disease.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444415984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":502},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop | KQED","description":"Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff, including all kinds of microbes. Learn what these microbes do and how they can spread disease.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop","datePublished":"2015-08-07T00:07:39.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-09T18:39:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"74286 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74286","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/08/06/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPDd1IXL0pg","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/74286/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Poops\">Taro Gomi\u003c/a>, we all know that everybody poops. Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74286/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13187","quest_267","quest_13184","quest_12946","quest_898","quest_13181","quest_13185","quest_13182","quest_3351","quest_1812","quest_2261","quest_13183","quest_2349","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13362"],"featImg":"quest_74296","label":"source_quest_74286"},"quest_67543":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67543","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67543","score":null,"sort":[1395324002000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dog-detectives-a-nose-for-conservation","title":"Dog Detectives: A Nose for Conservation","publishDate":1395324002,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you’ve spent any time in the company of canines, you’ve probably observed their uncanny ability to sniff out the teeniest morsel of food on the kitchen floor, or locate the lone crumb lurking in the sliver of space beneath a couch. In many homes, dogs render an indispensable service every evening by searching out and “vacuuming” the fallen bits of dinner. Of course, dogs’ noses are being put to use for much greater good, such as detecting bombs, finding missing persons, and sniffing out drugs or other illicit objects. And now biologists have found yet another use for those cold, wet, miraculous noses: preserving biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the world canines are being enlisted to track rare wildlife, sleuth out invasive species, and detect otherwise imperceptible changes that could harm wilderness areas and watersheds. But are these canines really providing significant support to conservation efforts, or is it just another excuse to bring your dog to work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68097\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Wicket, one of WDC’s most accomplished dogs, worked with local wildlife authorities in Zambia as part of the world's first wire snare detection and removal program. Photo by WDC\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wicket, a WDC dog trained to track more than 20 different scents, works with Zambian wildlife authorities to find wire snares set by poachers. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to biologist Pete Coppolillo, putting dogs to work for conservation is not only effective but also an increasingly established methodology used by scientists and wilderness management authorities. As the executive director of a Montana-based nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">Working Dogs for Conservation (WDC)\u003c/a>, Coppolillo and his colleagues have trained and dispatched dogs across 18 states and 11 countries. These wonder dogs have helped eradicate invasive weeds threatening to edge out native plants in Montana’s grasslands, identify beetle-infested trees in Minnesota forests, and detect and remove illegal wire snares set by poachers in Zambia. In the name of preserving biodiversity, these bold canines have sallied forth in ATVs, helicopters, and even on the backs of elephants to traverse the muddy roads of Myanmar during monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones...”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> But one of the most useful roles that dogs play in support of conservation is sniffing out scat (AKA animal poop). “Thanks to advances in technology and reduction of lab costs, analyses of scat can reveal not just what the animals are eating…but if they have elevated levels of hormones, and even genetic information,” said Coppolillo. Yielding important clues about life cycles, health, family groupings, and habitat range, these scatological portraits help us to better understand and protect wildlife. Scat analysis can also point to larger environmental problems, added Coppolillo, such as the presence of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other toxins that can pervade both land and \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/projects/monitoring-aquatic-contaminants/\">aquatic ecosystems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68099\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Seamus chews on his ball, a reward for finding an invasive plant called dyer's woad in Montana. For over a decade, humans were unable to reduce the plant's population, but in just four years dogs have helped reduce it by almost 60%.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seamus tracks an invasive plant called dyer's woad. After a decade of unsuccessful efforts to decrease the plant's population, dogs helped to reduce it by almost 60 per cent in just four years. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, the main methods for studying wildlife have required scientists to capture animals and outfit them with GPS collars for tracking or extract blood and tissue samples, invasive techniques that can pose threats to animals and researchers alike. Biologists and wildlife authorities have also gone to great expense to search for animals using small aircraft, with hope of determining things like population density and territorial range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the Bureau of Land Management successfully utilized WDC’s scat-tracking dogs to identify habitat for grizzly bears in Montana’s Centennial Mountains, enabling officials to act quickly to protect the area from development and save money that would have been spent on more expensive and less effective methods like captures, camera traps, and hair snares. “Without the dogs’ help the bears would have most likely gone undetected and development would have gone forward,” said Coppolillo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68113\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\" alt=\"Tucker heads out to sea in search of orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research \" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A black lab mix named Tucker heads into Pacific Northwest waters, guiding researchers to data-rich orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.uw.edu/conservation-canines/\">canine conservation group based at the University of Washington\u003c/a> even takes dogs out to sea. Perched on the boat’s bow, dogs have successfully led scientists to orca poop afloat in the salty waters in and around Puget Sound. Less dangerous and intrusive than having to sidle up to a killer whale (orca) to conduct a biopsy, the dogs enabled researchers to collect and analyze hundreds of fecal samples over a period of several years and determine that diminishing Chinook salmon populations -- the orcas’ favorite food -- presents the greatest threat to these much loved marine mammals. According to \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">Dr. Sam Wasser, who heads up the study\u003c/a> and pioneered the dog-scat detection method in 1997, the findings made it clear that “if we really want to buy time for these killer whales, we need to figure out how to keep fish numbers up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While finding a single turd in a vast ocean or acres of wilderness is no small feat, time and again these intensely focused dogs have proven their ability to efficiently lead scientists to these treasure troves of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68098\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1-e1394141686982-246x360.jpg\" alt=\"As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/WCS\" width=\"246\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/\u003ca href=\"http://wcs.org\">WCS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones,” Coppolillo said with a laugh. “The high-energy ones who will look at you with the Frisbee and say ‘come on, let’s go’ again and again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selected from shelters around the country, the dogs undergo a temperament screening process -- a series of tests that WDC is trying to put into app form so that shelter volunteers can watch tutorials about how to conduct screenings and then upload videos of the dogs’ tests for evaluation. Only about one dog out of 1,500 makes the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current pack, which includes a range of “working” breeds like labs, border collies, and German shepherds, have been trained using a distinct set of techniques that evolved from disciplines developed for dogs used in narcotic, forensic, and search-and-rescue operations. Most of the dogs under Coppolillo’s watch are currently based in Montana, with \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/san-joaquin-kit-fox-surveys/\">an outpost in California’s San Joaquin Valley\u003c/a>, but permanent dog teams will be established in Zambia later this year to help stop the trafficking of ivory and bushmeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while not every dog has the right stuff to become a conservation detective, most have \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201101/do-some-dog-breeds-have-better-noses-and-scent-discrimination-others\">the ability to track\u003c/a> something as seemingly odorless as metal wire. So instead of training our pups to sit or roll over, perhaps their skills could be put to better use by teaching them to find that perpetually lost set of keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/dogs-sense-of-smell.html\">Find out how those miraculous canine noses work (PBS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">More about Tucker, the extraordinary black lab who works as an orca scat detective (KCTS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- See WDC dogs in action in Montana (TERRA video)\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Not just sniffing around, wonder dogs guide scientists to treasure troves of information and play leading roles in efforts to protect wildlife and wilderness.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832181,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":1177},"headData":{"title":"Dog Detectives: A Nose for Conservation | KQED","description":"Not just sniffing around, wonder dogs guide scientists to treasure troves of information and play leading roles in efforts to protect wildlife and wilderness.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dog Detectives: A Nose for Conservation","datePublished":"2014-03-20T14:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:29:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67543 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67543","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/20/dog-detectives-a-nose-for-conservation/","disqusTitle":"Dog Detectives: A Nose for Conservation","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/67543/dog-detectives-a-nose-for-conservation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve spent any time in the company of canines, you’ve probably observed their uncanny ability to sniff out the teeniest morsel of food on the kitchen floor, or locate the lone crumb lurking in the sliver of space beneath a couch. In many homes, dogs render an indispensable service every evening by searching out and “vacuuming” the fallen bits of dinner. Of course, dogs’ noses are being put to use for much greater good, such as detecting bombs, finding missing persons, and sniffing out drugs or other illicit objects. And now biologists have found yet another use for those cold, wet, miraculous noses: preserving biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the world canines are being enlisted to track rare wildlife, sleuth out invasive species, and detect otherwise imperceptible changes that could harm wilderness areas and watersheds. But are these canines really providing significant support to conservation efforts, or is it just another excuse to bring your dog to work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68097\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Zambia1-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Wicket, one of WDC’s most accomplished dogs, worked with local wildlife authorities in Zambia as part of the world's first wire snare detection and removal program. Photo by WDC\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wicket, a WDC dog trained to track more than 20 different scents, works with Zambian wildlife authorities to find wire snares set by poachers. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to biologist Pete Coppolillo, putting dogs to work for conservation is not only effective but also an increasingly established methodology used by scientists and wilderness management authorities. As the executive director of a Montana-based nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">Working Dogs for Conservation (WDC)\u003c/a>, Coppolillo and his colleagues have trained and dispatched dogs across 18 states and 11 countries. These wonder dogs have helped eradicate invasive weeds threatening to edge out native plants in Montana’s grasslands, identify beetle-infested trees in Minnesota forests, and detect and remove illegal wire snares set by poachers in Zambia. In the name of preserving biodiversity, these bold canines have sallied forth in ATVs, helicopters, and even on the backs of elephants to traverse the muddy roads of Myanmar during monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones...”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> But one of the most useful roles that dogs play in support of conservation is sniffing out scat (AKA animal poop). “Thanks to advances in technology and reduction of lab costs, analyses of scat can reveal not just what the animals are eating…but if they have elevated levels of hormones, and even genetic information,” said Coppolillo. Yielding important clues about life cycles, health, family groupings, and habitat range, these scatological portraits help us to better understand and protect wildlife. Scat analysis can also point to larger environmental problems, added Coppolillo, such as the presence of heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other toxins that can pervade both land and \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/projects/monitoring-aquatic-contaminants/\">aquatic ecosystems\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68099\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Data1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Seamus chews on his ball, a reward for finding an invasive plant called dyer's woad in Montana. For over a decade, humans were unable to reduce the plant's population, but in just four years dogs have helped reduce it by almost 60%.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seamus tracks an invasive plant called dyer's woad. After a decade of unsuccessful efforts to decrease the plant's population, dogs helped to reduce it by almost 60 per cent in just four years. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/\">WDC\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Historically, the main methods for studying wildlife have required scientists to capture animals and outfit them with GPS collars for tracking or extract blood and tissue samples, invasive techniques that can pose threats to animals and researchers alike. Biologists and wildlife authorities have also gone to great expense to search for animals using small aircraft, with hope of determining things like population density and territorial range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the Bureau of Land Management successfully utilized WDC’s scat-tracking dogs to identify habitat for grizzly bears in Montana’s Centennial Mountains, enabling officials to act quickly to protect the area from development and save money that would have been spent on more expensive and less effective methods like captures, camera traps, and hair snares. “Without the dogs’ help the bears would have most likely gone undetected and development would have gone forward,” said Coppolillo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68113\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg\" alt=\"Tucker heads out to sea in search of orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research \" width=\"1000\" height=\"665\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2.jpg 1000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-400x266.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tucker2-960x638.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A black lab mix named Tucker heads into Pacific Northwest waters, guiding researchers to data-rich orca poop. Photo courtesy of Center for Whale Research\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.uw.edu/conservation-canines/\">canine conservation group based at the University of Washington\u003c/a> even takes dogs out to sea. Perched on the boat’s bow, dogs have successfully led scientists to orca poop afloat in the salty waters in and around Puget Sound. Less dangerous and intrusive than having to sidle up to a killer whale (orca) to conduct a biopsy, the dogs enabled researchers to collect and analyze hundreds of fecal samples over a period of several years and determine that diminishing Chinook salmon populations -- the orcas’ favorite food -- presents the greatest threat to these much loved marine mammals. According to \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">Dr. Sam Wasser, who heads up the study\u003c/a> and pioneered the dog-scat detection method in 1997, the findings made it clear that “if we really want to buy time for these killer whales, we need to figure out how to keep fish numbers up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While finding a single turd in a vast ocean or acres of wilderness is no small feat, time and again these intensely focused dogs have proven their ability to efficiently lead scientists to these treasure troves of information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68098\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 246px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68098\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Dog-Elephant1-e1394141686982-246x360.jpg\" alt=\"As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/WCS\" width=\"246\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As part of a pilot program for locating wild Asian elephant dung in Myanmar, Wicket traversed otherwise impassable roads on elephant back — a first for her and the elephants. Photo by S.Hedges/\u003ca href=\"http://wcs.org\">WCS\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what makes a good conservation dog? “Frankly, it’s the crazy ones,” Coppolillo said with a laugh. “The high-energy ones who will look at you with the Frisbee and say ‘come on, let’s go’ again and again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Selected from shelters around the country, the dogs undergo a temperament screening process -- a series of tests that WDC is trying to put into app form so that shelter volunteers can watch tutorials about how to conduct screenings and then upload videos of the dogs’ tests for evaluation. Only about one dog out of 1,500 makes the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current pack, which includes a range of “working” breeds like labs, border collies, and German shepherds, have been trained using a distinct set of techniques that evolved from disciplines developed for dogs used in narcotic, forensic, and search-and-rescue operations. Most of the dogs under Coppolillo’s watch are currently based in Montana, with \u003ca href=\"http://workingdogsforconservation.org/san-joaquin-kit-fox-surveys/\">an outpost in California’s San Joaquin Valley\u003c/a>, but permanent dog teams will be established in Zambia later this year to help stop the trafficking of ivory and bushmeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while not every dog has the right stuff to become a conservation detective, most have \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/canine-corner/201101/do-some-dog-breeds-have-better-noses-and-scent-discrimination-others\">the ability to track\u003c/a> something as seemingly odorless as metal wire. So instead of training our pups to sit or roll over, perhaps their skills could be put to better use by teaching them to find that perpetually lost set of keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003cstrong>:\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/dogs-sense-of-smell.html\">Find out how those miraculous canine noses work (PBS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/flora-and-fauna/article/the-proof-is-in-the-poop-scientists-use-whale-poop/\">More about Tucker, the extraordinary black lab who works as an orca scat detective (KCTS)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>- See WDC dogs in action in Montana (TERRA video)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67543/dog-detectives-a-nose-for-conservation","authors":["5412"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12691","quest_857","quest_12269","quest_10015","quest_2141","quest_2240","quest_2261","quest_2349","quest_12690"],"featImg":"quest_67769","label":"source_quest_67543"},"quest_20814":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20814","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20814","score":null,"sort":[1311111069000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"puget-sound-orca-poop-is-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers","title":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers","publishDate":1311111069,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a ‘Treasure Trove’ for Researchers | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20835\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orcas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pod of transient orcas swim past North Pender Island in Puget Sound. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SAN JUAN ISLANDS, Wash. — Puzzled by orcas’ failure to thrive in Puget Sound, researchers have turned to a secret weapon with a killer nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have several hypotheses for why Puget Sound killer whales are not recovering after being added in 2005 to the federal list of endangered species. They suspect lack of food, vessel traffic and pollution are to blame, but no one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Sam Wasser and his team are finding answers in the whales’ wake. Or, more specifically, in the fecal matter they leave behind as they swim through the waters of Puget Sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a combination of algae and snot, if you want to know the truth,” explains Wasser, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.net/research-programs/killer-whales-2/\">Center for Conservation Biology\u003c/a> at the University of Washington. “It varies in color but it’s very mucusy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wasser says poop’s not gross. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3\">scientific gold\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can measure the diet of the animal, we can get toxins from the feces, DNA so we can tell the individual’s identity, it’s species, sex and all of this is in feces. So it’s literally a treasure trove of information,” says Wasser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20836\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20836\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tucker\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and trainer, Liz Sealy take to the bow on the hunt for whale poop. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His team has developed techniques to analyze animal poop from all over the world. His center has helped prosecute ivory poachers in Africa, track wolverines in the Rockies and better understand predator-prey interactions between wolves and caribou in the tundra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But finding wild animal poop, especially whale poop, isn’t easy, so Wasser has taken a creative approach to staffing his organization. Wasser looks down lovingly at his furry black sidekick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is Tucker our scat detection dog. Say hi Tucker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker is an 8-year-old black Lab mix. He’s what those in the dog world call “ball obsessed.” Tucker will do anything for a game of fetch – even if that means sniffing out floating whale poop from a mile away – because he knows that when he finds the poop he gets to play with his ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[youtube=http://player.vimeo.com/video/26171791?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/26171791\">Tucker the scat-sniffing Lab\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/earthfix\">EarthFix\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales have been found to have the highest concentrations of toxic substances like DDT, flame-retardants and PCBs of any creature on the planet. Jessica Lundin, a graduate student at the Center for Conservation biology, says that if scientists can understand more about the contamination in these animals, they may be able to explain why they’re not recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These toxicants have been shown in the lab to have reproductive impairment, thyroid disruption and to be immunotoxic. Those are very concerning attributes, especially when we know this endangered population has incredibly high levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I join Wasser and his team as they head out of their base, San Juan Island’s Snug Harbor, in search of poop samples. As we’re rounding a rocky outcropping another research pipes in over the radio with the identification numbers of a pod of killer whales spotted passing nearby North Pender Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deborah Giles, a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis and an expert on killer whale behavior, notes down the location and steers the boat. White caps slap at the bow as we pick up speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re rewarded when black dorsal fins emerge several hundred yards ahead of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There they are!” Giles exclaims. “They’re at 11.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Sealy, Tucker’s trainer, is in the bow of the boat with the dog trying to pick up a scent as we criss-cross the waters where the whales last surfaced – on the lookout for poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he gets excited he’ll start standing up on the bow, wagging his tail, getting really animated. So for now he’s just checking the scene,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker wanders back and forth across the bow but doesn’t seem too excited. The researchers spend about 20 minutes bobbing along after the whales, but alas, Tucker comes up empty-snouted. The winds are too strong and the water’s too rough for him to lock onto a strong scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this unlucky mission, the team will continue to collect samples from killer whales in these waters throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With samples collected in the past, Wasser’s team has been able to show that during periods of high vessel traffic – say Fourth of July weekend for example – the whales have higher levels of stress hormones in their poop. Combine that with smaller runs of Chinook salmon, which the whales prefer, and you’ve got problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20838\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Killer Whale food. Toxic chemicals accumulate in the blubber of marine mammals – the primary food source of transient orcas. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data suggests that at times of low prey abundance there’s a cumulative impact of boat traffic. The whales are more stressed,” says Katherine Ayres, a graduate student with the Center for Conservation Biology. The researchers can also tell when the whales are undernourished and correlate that with lower fertility rates and higher mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 86 resident killer whales in the region and that number hasn’t increased since 2000 when the population crashed. Wasser suspects that the toxic chemicals in these whales may be playing a role here because they disrupt major hormonal pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They disrupt major hormonal pathways so that your body’s ability to regulate reproduction, metabolism all those things can be negatively impacted,” he says. “It’s accumulating effects that are occurring and we’re just trying to show the mechanisms that lead to that outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Deborah Giles, that outcome is pretty clear. “There are females that haven’t had calves yet and really they should have been having calves by now. Also we’re losing males that are just coming into reproductive age. That’s a huge hit to this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tricky to pick apart the various factors that make life tough for orca whales. Lack of food, vessel traffic and toxic pollution all pose a threat to these animals but by studying poop, scientists can look at all these things collectively — providing some direction for policymakers who are trying to solve human global health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasser says a sample of whale poop is kind of like a snapshot of pollution levels in our coastal waters and that’s a photograph we might all want to have a look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/\">EarthFix\u003c/a> is a public media project of Oregon Public Broadcasting and Boise State Public Radio, Idaho Public Television, KCTS 9 Seattle, KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio, Northwest Public Radio and Television, Southern Oregon Public Television and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are looking for clues in killer whales' aquatic droppings as they try to determine why their numbers remain so low in Puget Sound. To sniff out these floating data dumps, researchers have turned to a furry colleague named Tucker.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974006,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1208},"headData":{"title":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers | KQED","description":"Scientists are looking for clues in killer whales' aquatic droppings as they try to determine why their numbers remain so low in Puget Sound. To sniff out these floating data dumps, researchers have turned to a furry colleague named Tucker.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Puget Sound Orca Poop is a 'Treasure Trove' for Researchers","datePublished":"2011-07-19T21:31:09.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:20:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/20814/puget-sound-orca-poop-is-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers","audioUrl":"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20835\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20835\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"orcas\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pod of transient orcas swim past North Pender Island in Puget Sound. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SAN JUAN ISLANDS, Wash. — Puzzled by orcas’ failure to thrive in Puget Sound, researchers have turned to a secret weapon with a killer nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have several hypotheses for why Puget Sound killer whales are not recovering after being added in 2005 to the federal list of endangered species. They suspect lack of food, vessel traffic and pollution are to blame, but no one knows for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Sam Wasser and his team are finding answers in the whales’ wake. Or, more specifically, in the fecal matter they leave behind as they swim through the waters of Puget Sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a combination of algae and snot, if you want to know the truth,” explains Wasser, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://conservationbiology.net/research-programs/killer-whales-2/\">Center for Conservation Biology\u003c/a> at the University of Washington. “It varies in color but it’s very mucusy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wasser says poop’s not gross. It’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/repo/media/audio/2011/07/08/071111AA_whalepoop_web.mp3\">scientific gold\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can measure the diet of the animal, we can get toxins from the feces, DNA so we can tell the individual’s identity, it’s species, sex and all of this is in feces. So it’s literally a treasure trove of information,” says Wasser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20836\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20836\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tucker\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and trainer, Liz Sealy take to the bow on the hunt for whale poop. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His team has developed techniques to analyze animal poop from all over the world. His center has helped prosecute ivory poachers in Africa, track wolverines in the Rockies and better understand predator-prey interactions between wolves and caribou in the tundra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But finding wild animal poop, especially whale poop, isn’t easy, so Wasser has taken a creative approach to staffing his organization. Wasser looks down lovingly at his furry black sidekick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is Tucker our scat detection dog. Say hi Tucker.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker is an 8-year-old black Lab mix. He’s what those in the dog world call “ball obsessed.” Tucker will do anything for a game of fetch – even if that means sniffing out floating whale poop from a mile away – because he knows that when he finds the poop he gets to play with his ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/26171791\">Tucker the scat-sniffing Lab\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/earthfix\">EarthFix\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer whales have been found to have the highest concentrations of toxic substances like DDT, flame-retardants and PCBs of any creature on the planet. Jessica Lundin, a graduate student at the Center for Conservation biology, says that if scientists can understand more about the contamination in these animals, they may be able to explain why they’re not recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These toxicants have been shown in the lab to have reproductive impairment, thyroid disruption and to be immunotoxic. Those are very concerning attributes, especially when we know this endangered population has incredibly high levels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I join Wasser and his team as they head out of their base, San Juan Island’s Snug Harbor, in search of poop samples. As we’re rounding a rocky outcropping another research pipes in over the radio with the identification numbers of a pod of killer whales spotted passing nearby North Pender Island.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deborah Giles, a PhD candidate at the University of California Davis and an expert on killer whale behavior, notes down the location and steers the boat. White caps slap at the bow as we pick up speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re rewarded when black dorsal fins emerge several hundred yards ahead of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There they are!” Giles exclaims. “They’re at 11.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Sealy, Tucker’s trainer, is in the bow of the boat with the dog trying to pick up a scent as we criss-cross the waters where the whales last surfaced – on the lookout for poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he gets excited he’ll start standing up on the bow, wagging his tail, getting really animated. So for now he’s just checking the scene,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucker wanders back and forth across the bow but doesn’t seem too excited. The researchers spend about 20 minutes bobbing along after the whales, but alas, Tucker comes up empty-snouted. The winds are too strong and the water’s too rough for him to lock onto a strong scent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this unlucky mission, the team will continue to collect samples from killer whales in these waters throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With samples collected in the past, Wasser’s team has been able to show that during periods of high vessel traffic – say Fourth of July weekend for example – the whales have higher levels of stress hormones in their poop. Combine that with smaller runs of Chinook salmon, which the whales prefer, and you’ve got problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20838\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20838\" title=\"AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/AhearnAshley-KCTS-Puget_Sound_Orca_Poop_Image_2_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Killer Whale food. Toxic chemicals accumulate in the blubber of marine mammals – the primary food source of transient orcas. Credit: Ashley Ahearn\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The data suggests that at times of low prey abundance there’s a cumulative impact of boat traffic. The whales are more stressed,” says Katherine Ayres, a graduate student with the Center for Conservation Biology. The researchers can also tell when the whales are undernourished and correlate that with lower fertility rates and higher mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 86 resident killer whales in the region and that number hasn’t increased since 2000 when the population crashed. Wasser suspects that the toxic chemicals in these whales may be playing a role here because they disrupt major hormonal pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They disrupt major hormonal pathways so that your body’s ability to regulate reproduction, metabolism all those things can be negatively impacted,” he says. “It’s accumulating effects that are occurring and we’re just trying to show the mechanisms that lead to that outcome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Deborah Giles, that outcome is pretty clear. “There are females that haven’t had calves yet and really they should have been having calves by now. Also we’re losing males that are just coming into reproductive age. That’s a huge hit to this population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tricky to pick apart the various factors that make life tough for orca whales. Lack of food, vessel traffic and toxic pollution all pose a threat to these animals but by studying poop, scientists can look at all these things collectively — providing some direction for policymakers who are trying to solve human global health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wasser says a sample of whale poop is kind of like a snapshot of pollution levels in our coastal waters and that’s a photograph we might all want to have a look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/\">EarthFix\u003c/a> is a public media project of Oregon Public Broadcasting and Boise State Public Radio, Idaho Public Television, KCTS 9 Seattle, KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio, Northwest Public Radio and Television, Southern Oregon Public Television and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20814/puget-sound-orca-poop-is-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers","authors":["10242"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_3547","quest_1569","quest_9856","quest_2086","quest_2261","quest_12146","quest_2477","quest_3785","quest_9869"],"featImg":"quest_20835","label":"quest"},"quest_2597":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2597","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2597","score":null,"sort":[1243366156000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo","title":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!","publishDate":1243366156,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Right about the time I started researching the story about sewage spills in the Bay Area, I also started the preliminary stages of potty training my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/born-too-soon-preterm-births-on-the-rise\">nearly-two-year-old twin boys\u003c/a>. This involves first getting them familiar and comfortable with the whole process of using the toilet. So for the last couple of months, I’ve been dutifully inviting them into the bathroom with me when I go “potty”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They LOVE announcing like, squawking little birds, exactly what it is I'm doing in there. They knock each other over for the chance to flush the toilet. But it seems the best part of all is giving it a hero’s send-off: \"Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!\" Apart from it just being sort of fun to say, I don’t think that I’m imagining that they are experiencing a kind of satisfaction in making it go away. Call me jaded but I think my own enthusiasm for the process has faded somewhat since I was their age. But after producing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wastewater-woes\">Wastewater Woes: Sewage Spills in SF Bay\u003c/a>, I've learned some things about sewage collection and wastewater treatment systems that are good to be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2605\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/blog_byebye_poopoo1.jpg\" alt=\"The guts of the system are hidden underground.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2605\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guts of the system are hidden underground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When one of the 47 wastewater treatment plants around the bay has a spill or an overflow during wet weather, it's unlikely that Bay Area residents consider that it was caused by anything that we've done or neglected to do. But I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay- both from the treatment plants and the collection systems underground- is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system don't really understand it. Water and sewage customers need to be conscious of a few key facts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>The water that's flushed down the toilet, used to wash clothes or dishes, or runs while we brush our teeth ultimately ends up getting treated then is discharged into the bay or the ocean.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Putting grease down the drain, flushing rags, feminine hygiene products or anything but toilet paper down the toilet can lead to blocked sewage pipes and dangerous spills in the collection systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Years of neglecting our cracked and crumbling sewage collection systems, including privately-owned sewage lateral pipes that connect every single home and business to the city-owned sewage mains, has resulted in the inflow of great volumes of rainwater to the collection system as well as spills and overflows downstream at treatment plants.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Sure, sewage is not the most pleasant thing to contemplate and it's understandable that most people don’t give it a second thought because the guts of the system are hidden underground. But it is precisely this \"out of sight, out of mind\" mentality that has led to untreated sewage spills in San Francisco Bay becoming a significant source of pollution that can have harmful impacts on people, animals and habitat. The cost of fixing the Bay Area's systems is estimated at several billion dollars. Obviously, that won't happen overnight. So in the meantime, have your own lateral inspected and repaired and don’t be surprised if your sewage rates continue to creep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For my own part, I will strive to teach my boys responsible flushing and instill in them a little bit of curiosity about what exactly happens AFTER we flush the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: Also see our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/26/where-the-waste-water-goes/\">\u003cstrong>Interactive Map of Bay Area publicly-owned sewage treatment plants and spills\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system, don’t really understand it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457748593,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":608},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! | KQED","description":"I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system, don’t really understand it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!","datePublished":"2009-05-26T19:29:16.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T02:09:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2597 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2597","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/26/producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Wastewater Woes - Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3KeKhddeDA","path":"/quest/2597/producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right about the time I started researching the story about sewage spills in the Bay Area, I also started the preliminary stages of potty training my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/born-too-soon-preterm-births-on-the-rise\">nearly-two-year-old twin boys\u003c/a>. This involves first getting them familiar and comfortable with the whole process of using the toilet. So for the last couple of months, I’ve been dutifully inviting them into the bathroom with me when I go “potty”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They LOVE announcing like, squawking little birds, exactly what it is I'm doing in there. They knock each other over for the chance to flush the toilet. But it seems the best part of all is giving it a hero’s send-off: \"Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo! Bye-Bye, Poo-Poo!\" Apart from it just being sort of fun to say, I don’t think that I’m imagining that they are experiencing a kind of satisfaction in making it go away. Call me jaded but I think my own enthusiasm for the process has faded somewhat since I was their age. But after producing \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/wastewater-woes\">Wastewater Woes: Sewage Spills in SF Bay\u003c/a>, I've learned some things about sewage collection and wastewater treatment systems that are good to be aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2605\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/blog_byebye_poopoo1.jpg\" alt=\"The guts of the system are hidden underground.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2605\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guts of the system are hidden underground.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When one of the 47 wastewater treatment plants around the bay has a spill or an overflow during wet weather, it's unlikely that Bay Area residents consider that it was caused by anything that we've done or neglected to do. But I learned that one of the main reasons for so many sewage spills in San Francisco Bay- both from the treatment plants and the collection systems underground- is that those of us who use and depend on the sewage system don't really understand it. Water and sewage customers need to be conscious of a few key facts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>The water that's flushed down the toilet, used to wash clothes or dishes, or runs while we brush our teeth ultimately ends up getting treated then is discharged into the bay or the ocean.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Putting grease down the drain, flushing rags, feminine hygiene products or anything but toilet paper down the toilet can lead to blocked sewage pipes and dangerous spills in the collection systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Years of neglecting our cracked and crumbling sewage collection systems, including privately-owned sewage lateral pipes that connect every single home and business to the city-owned sewage mains, has resulted in the inflow of great volumes of rainwater to the collection system as well as spills and overflows downstream at treatment plants.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Sure, sewage is not the most pleasant thing to contemplate and it's understandable that most people don’t give it a second thought because the guts of the system are hidden underground. But it is precisely this \"out of sight, out of mind\" mentality that has led to untreated sewage spills in San Francisco Bay becoming a significant source of pollution that can have harmful impacts on people, animals and habitat. The cost of fixing the Bay Area's systems is estimated at several billion dollars. Obviously, that won't happen overnight. So in the meantime, have your own lateral inspected and repaired and don’t be surprised if your sewage rates continue to creep up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For my own part, I will strive to teach my boys responsible flushing and instill in them a little bit of curiosity about what exactly happens AFTER we flush the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: Also see our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/26/where-the-waste-water-goes/\">\u003cstrong>Interactive Map of Bay Area publicly-owned sewage treatment plants and spills\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2597/producers-notes-wastewater-woes-bye-bye-poo-poo","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_1082","quest_1092","quest_1278","quest_1617","quest_2261","quest_2292","quest_2501","quest_2574","quest_2599","quest_3106"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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