Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths
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Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. 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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"robin-marks":{"type":"authors","id":"10191","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10191","found":true},"name":"Robin Marks","firstName":"Robin","lastName":"Marks","slug":"robin-marks","email":"iggybird@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Robin Marks is the owner and operator of Discovery Street Tours, which offers science-themed walking tours in San Francisco. 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She loves to climb big hills, investigate tidbits of everyday life, and do chemistry experiments with her food.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_private_pages","edit_private_posts","edit_published_pages","edit_published_posts","publish_posts","read_private_pages","read_private_posts","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload","upload_files","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Robin Marks | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/robin-marks"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_51985":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51985","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51985","score":null,"sort":[1365103270000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core","title":"A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core","publishDate":1365103270,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The climate record from the Peruvian glacier Quelccaya is as near to perfect as we can get.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1381438196,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core | KQED","description":"The climate record from the Peruvian glacier Quelccaya is as near to perfect as we can get.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51985 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51985","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/","disqusTitle":"A New \"Rosetta Stone\" Tropical Ice Core","path":"/quest/51985/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to studying glacier ice for records of past climates, the poles are easy: Antarctica and Greenland have huge ice caps that we can drill cores in to our hearts' content. The real problem is in the rest of the world, where we all live. Scientists cannot model the global climate of the past with data from the poles alone. So a newly published ice-core record from the tropics is real news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical glaciers are few, scattered and endangered. South America and the Himalaya have most of them, and nearly all have been shrinking rapidly for several decades. Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/faculty_bios.php?id=52\">Lonnie Thompson\u003c/a> of Ohio State University has specialized in drilling ice cores from them for more than 30 years, and the very first one he cored, in 1983, is a remote ice cap south of the equator in Peru named Quelccaya whose top sits above 18,000 feet. There he pioneered the use of a lightweight, solar-powered drill rig and succeeded in collecting two complete cores through the ice, about 160 meters long. Unable to keep them frozen, he had to cut them into sections and let them melt, then brought the water home in bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51986\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayagoogle/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51986\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51986\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg\" alt=\"The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\" width=\"500\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayagoogle-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Quelccaya ice cap, 12 kilometers across, is the largest icefield in South America. Google Maps image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years later Thompson returned and brought two new cores, intact this time, to Ohio State's ice locker. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/04/03/science.1234210\">a paper published today in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Thompson's team shows that the 1983 and 2003 cores faithfully preserve a year-by-year record of tropical climate 18 centuries long, extending back to the year 683 with annual resolution and a little less perfectly back to almost 200. Thompson calls it \"the longest and highest-resolution tropical ice core record to date.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of retrieving such precise records was what excited Thompson from the beginning. The ice consists of spectacular annual layers that represent dry winters and wet summers. The winter layers collect the lion's share of the year's dust and dissolved chemicals while the summer layers represent rainwater from the Atlantic Ocean, filtered through the tropical Amazon basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccayalayers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51987\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51987\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg\" alt=\"Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccayalayers-400x280.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annual layers in the Quelccaya ice cap are about 75 centimeters thick. Lonnie Thompson photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The data from the Quelccaya cores shed light on many scientific problems related to climate. Most notably, the extent of summer snow from the east depends strongly on Pacific Ocean influences from the west, such as El Niño cycles—so strongly that the Atlantic snow record shows us the temperature of the Pacific as if in a mirror. And Pacific sea-surface temperature is one of the most important numbers in the planetary climate because it's the best gauge of how much water vapor enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51988\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/04/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core/quelccaya-sstcurve/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51988\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51988 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png\" alt=\"Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years\" width=\"640\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/quelccaya-sstcurve-400x170.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Central Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) during the last 1800 years reconstructed from the oxygen-isotope record of Quelccaya ice. Image from \"Science\".\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The climate record in the Quelccaya cores gives us the nearest thing to real truth in the centuries before modern science. It helps sharpen the picture provided by other ice cores, especially those in the tropics. And that in turn makes global climate records, and the models built upon them, more robust as we peer into the past and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have little time to waste. Thompson's latest expedition to Quelccaya documented hundreds of meters of shrinkage since his first visit. Newly exposed plant remains at the glacier's retreating edges were found to be 6000 years old. And the top layers of ice, deposited since Thompson's first visit, show signs of summer melting for the first time in the entire record.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51985/a-new-rosetta-stone-tropical-ice-core","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_944","quest_11875","quest_11877","quest_11518","quest_11876","quest_2164"],"featImg":"quest_51990","label":"quest"},"quest_424":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_424","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"424","score":null,"sort":[1203103326000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths","title":"Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths","publishDate":1203103326,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_isabel.jpg\">\u003c/span>I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory\u003c/a>. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary way: Ph. D. in Astronomy from UCLA, using mathematical models and computer simulations to give meaning to her observations. Along the way, she began to learn about how ancient people studied the sky. She's worked with us on our Ancient Observatories website, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/webcast.html)\">hosted an equinox webcast\u003c/a> from the top of the Mayan pyramid in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/index.html\">ancient astronomical site of Chichen Itza\u003c/a>. And she's devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to understanding and appreciating how the knowledge of ancient people complements what modern scientists study today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists today don't learn much about ancient knowledge. Observations such as measurements of the sun's movement across glyph-crusted temples don't usually meet the rigorous criteria of the scientific process: observe, create hypothesis, test, reproduce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, ancient people followed similar practices that were very similar to those used by modern scientists, observing things systematically and trying to devise explanations that will result in correct predictions. And sometimes the knowledge they gathered was, in fact, so \"scientific\" that modern researchers use it in their work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the knowledge of the Aymara Indians in Peru. The well-being of these adept weather-watchers was dependent on knowing how to time the planting of their vital potato crop with the arrival of the season's first rains sometime between October and December. They did this by making observations like meteorologists might today. They watched the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters constellation rise each night, and noted how fuzzy or clear it looked in the sky. Fuzziness caused by cirrus clouds high in the sky, meant rains were a ways off, and potato planting should be postponed. A clearly visible set of Sisters meant rains would come soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, Ben Orlove an environmental scientist at UC Davis, published a paper about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6765/full/403068a0.html\">accuracy of the Aymara's observations of the Pleiades\u003c/a>. It turned out that these ancient observations could be used by modern scientists to discern El Nino patterns in the past. Fascinating, since these measurements were taken long before there was a formal science of meteorology. Ancient knowledge becomes data points in modern research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins cited another example: Ruth Ludwin, a seismologist at the University of Washington, has \u003ca href=\"http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/thunder02.shtml\">used generations-old folk tales of the Coast Salish Indians\u003c/a> to help inform her computer modeling of earthquakes. The tales recount a serpent that knew where and when an earthquake would strike. By adapting location information from the stories into her computer models, Ludwin has found several small faults in the Seattle area that may have been active hundreds of years ago when the stories were created and may still pose a risk to local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that what we call evidence can come in many forms,\" Hawkins says. \"It might be part of a song, or a glyph writing or an artistic piece or a story.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes the records we keep and the stories we tell have more meaning than we can imagine when we create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1203103326,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":592},"headData":{"title":"Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths | KQED","description":"I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know. Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"424 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/02/15/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/15/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths/","disqusTitle":"Gleaning scientific observations from ancient myths","path":"/quest/424/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/02/blog_isabel.jpg\">\u003c/span>I had the privilege this week of interviewing Isabel Hawkins, an astronomer and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Science Education at Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory\u003c/a>. We talked about how people use evidence in science, how it is that we know what we know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins isn't your ordinary astronomer. She began her career in an ordinary way: Ph. D. in Astronomy from UCLA, using mathematical models and computer simulations to give meaning to her observations. Along the way, she began to learn about how ancient people studied the sky. She's worked with us on our Ancient Observatories website, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/HTML/webcast.html)\">hosted an equinox webcast\u003c/a> from the top of the Mayan pyramid in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/ancientobs/chichen/index.html\">ancient astronomical site of Chichen Itza\u003c/a>. And she's devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to understanding and appreciating how the knowledge of ancient people complements what modern scientists study today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists today don't learn much about ancient knowledge. Observations such as measurements of the sun's movement across glyph-crusted temples don't usually meet the rigorous criteria of the scientific process: observe, create hypothesis, test, reproduce results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some instances, ancient people followed similar practices that were very similar to those used by modern scientists, observing things systematically and trying to devise explanations that will result in correct predictions. And sometimes the knowledge they gathered was, in fact, so \"scientific\" that modern researchers use it in their work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the knowledge of the Aymara Indians in Peru. The well-being of these adept weather-watchers was dependent on knowing how to time the planting of their vital potato crop with the arrival of the season's first rains sometime between October and December. They did this by making observations like meteorologists might today. They watched the Pleiades, or Seven Sisters constellation rise each night, and noted how fuzzy or clear it looked in the sky. Fuzziness caused by cirrus clouds high in the sky, meant rains were a ways off, and potato planting should be postponed. A clearly visible set of Sisters meant rains would come soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, Ben Orlove an environmental scientist at UC Davis, published a paper about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6765/full/403068a0.html\">accuracy of the Aymara's observations of the Pleiades\u003c/a>. It turned out that these ancient observations could be used by modern scientists to discern El Nino patterns in the past. Fascinating, since these measurements were taken long before there was a formal science of meteorology. Ancient knowledge becomes data points in modern research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins cited another example: Ruth Ludwin, a seismologist at the University of Washington, has \u003ca href=\"http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/thunder02.shtml\">used generations-old folk tales of the Coast Salish Indians\u003c/a> to help inform her computer modeling of earthquakes. The tales recount a serpent that knew where and when an earthquake would strike. By adapting location information from the stories into her computer models, Ludwin has found several small faults in the Seattle area that may have been active hundreds of years ago when the stories were created and may still pose a risk to local communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's interesting that what we call evidence can come in many forms,\" Hawkins says. \"It might be part of a song, or a glyph writing or an artistic piece or a story.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes the records we keep and the stories we tell have more meaning than we can imagine when we create them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/424/gleaning-scientific-observations-from-ancient-myths","authors":["10191"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_265","quest_907","quest_1041","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2033","quest_2141","quest_2164","quest_2476","quest_2530","quest_2543","quest_3126"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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