Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope
Career Spotlight: Biologist
Science Spotlight: Fish, Swim Bladders and Boyle's Law
Bringing Fish Up from the Deep
Science Spotlight: The Combustion of Wood
Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot
Darfur Stoves Project
Sponsored
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Josh studied science and natural history filmmaking at San Francisco State University and Montana State University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["author","edit_others_posts"]}],"headData":{"title":"Josh Cassidy | KQED","description":"Digital Video Producer","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f2582a0801a35af53b734d56bcac2bbe?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/joshua-cassidy"},"acurry":{"type":"authors","id":"6444","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6444","found":true},"name":"Arwen Curry","firstName":"Arwen","lastName":"Curry","slug":"acurry","email":"acurry@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Arwen Curry is Associate Producer of TV at KQED Science. She comes to KQED from documentary film, and is director of \u003cem>Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin\u003c/em>, a feature documentary about the influential science fiction writer. She was Associate Producer of the films \u003cem>Regarding Susan Sontag\u003c/em>, \u003cem>American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco\u003c/em>, \u003cem>EAMES: The Architect & The Painter\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Utopia in Four Movements\u003c/em>, and co-produced and directed \u003cem>Stuffed\u003c/em>, a short film about compulsive hoarding. Arwen was editor of the punk magazine \u003cem>Maximum Rock 'n' Roll\u003c/em>, and has been a contributor to Radio Lab and McSweeney’s. She is a Bay Area native and a graduate of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Arwen Curry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acurry"},"lfarrar":{"type":"authors","id":"6544","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6544","found":true},"name":"Lauren Farrar","firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Farrar","slug":"lfarrar","email":"lfarrar@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lauren has a background in biology, education, and filmmaking. She has had the privilege to work on a diverse array of educational endeavors and is currently a producer for KQED Learning's YouTube series \u003cem>Above the Noise\u003c/em>. Lauren's career has taken her to the deepest parts of the ocean to film deep sea hydrothermal vents for classroom webcasts, into the pool to film synchronized swimmers to teach about the pH scale, and on roller coasters to create a video about activation energy. And, she’s done it all for the sake of education. Lauren loves communicating science! Follow her on twitter @LFarrarAtWork","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lauren Farrar | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/580c4ece9fa0756ef42202cdcf4146d1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lfarrar"},"andysoth":{"type":"authors","id":"10275","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10275","found":true},"name":"Andy Soth","firstName":"Andy","lastName":"Soth","slug":"andysoth","email":"andy.soth@wpt.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andy Soth is a senior producer at Wisconsin Public Television based in Madison. His work has included environmental, technology and feature reporting for the magazine program, In Wisconsin, as well as numerous Web projects. He is content editor for WisconsinVote.org, which was recently named best election Web site by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association. The WBA, along with the Milwaukee Press Club and the Northwest Broadcast News Association have frequently honored Soth’s television stories. In 1999, Soth shared in a national Emmy as segment producer for The :30 Second Candidate.\r\n\r\nSoth has an MS in Life Sciences Communication from the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Art History. He has also attended the WETA Producers Academy and was recently selected a Fellow for the Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources Asian Carp Institute.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_pages","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andy Soth | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andysoth"},"acalo":{"type":"authors","id":"10423","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10423","found":true},"name":"Adrienne Calo","firstName":"Adrienne","lastName":"Calo","slug":"acalo","email":"acalo@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Adrienne Calo has been a producer of PBS films, specials, and series for the last 12 years. In 2006, she joined the KQED arts series, \"Spark\" as Coordinating Producer, and became Series Producer in its 6th season. Segments she produced for the series earned her four Northern California Emmy nominations. Adrienne then went on to work with social justice media company The Working Group, serving as a producer on their national PBS film “Not In Our Town; Light In the Darkness”, a portrait of a Long Island community in the aftermath of a hate crime. Most recently, Adrienne was the Coordinating Producer of the national PBS series \"Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders\", which uses music to tell stories about international culture and politics. In the course of her broadcasting career, Adrienne has also contributed to programming for ABC News/Nightline, This Week in Northern California, and Austin City Limits.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_users","promote_users","remove_users","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Adrienne Calo | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/150f7aae3580f59f325d849e4b9ca87e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acalo"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17535":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17535","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17535","score":null,"sort":[1447336800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"homegrown-particle-accelerators","title":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators","publishDate":1447336800,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With the Large Hadron Collider achieving higher energy levels, Bay Area scientists hope for dark matter.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475395,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":964},"headData":{"title":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators | KQED","description":"With the Large Hadron Collider achieving higher energy levels, Bay Area scientists hope for dark matter.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17535 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/12/homegrown-particle-accelerators/","disqusTitle":"Homegrown Particle Accelerators","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/OvxAG8e4RZA","source":"Physics","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/physics/","path":"/quest/17535/homegrown-particle-accelerators","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More is more – nowhere is that truer than at the world’s most powerful atom smasher, the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Switzerland, where scientists last week concluded a six-month series of experiments where they forced infinitesimally tiny particles to smash against each other at double the energy level ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher energy level – 13 trillion electronvolts – will increase physicists’ chances of answering some of the most daunting questions in science. Through their work, researchers hope to find out if there are extra dimensions in the universe other than the three we’re familiar with. They also hope to elucidate what dark matter might be – that’s the “stuff” that makes up about a quarter of the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there might even be surprises along the way, said physicist Michael Barnett, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what we don’t know,” said Barnett, who recently spent a week at the Large Hadron Collider, in Geneva. “All we do is collide protons.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LHC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland celebrate in June after the powerful atom smasher started a series of experiments in which particles collided at double the energy level ever recorded. \u003ccite>(CERN)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The collider smashes tiny constituents of matter called protons against other protons inside a 17-mile ring so long that it straddles the border of Switzerland and France. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant accelerator’s first run started in 2010 and culminated two years later with the discovery of the Higgs boson, also known as the “God particle” because it has the god-like ability to confer mass to other particles. Scientists like Barnett hope that it will take two more years to find clues about extra dimensions and dark matter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process involves looking for phenomena that can only be created inside a particle accelerator, such as microscopic black holes that disappear in less than a millionth of a second, leaving only traces to be pored over by scientists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like fireworks,” said Barnett, “with tails that become more and more elaborate.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the technologies that made the Large Hadron Collider possible were pioneered in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicists on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/index.htm\">University of California, Berkeley, campus in the 1930s\u003c/a> and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center\u003c/a>, in Menlo Park, in the 1970s, created precursors to the Large Hadron Collider that led to key discoveries about the tiny constituents of the atom – from the nucleus all the way down to quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97325\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Cyclotron-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first cyclotron, a particle accelerator created in 1930 at the University of California, Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In its first iteration, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/epa.htm\">cyclotron\u003c/a> created by UC Berkeley physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1930 \u003ca href=\"http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience02.html\">fit in the palm of his hand\u003c/a>. It was a breakthrough because, without requiring much energy, it could produce very energetic particles in a small space. This allowed physicists to readily investigate the atom’s nucleus by creating elements with large nuclei. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting new field of nuclear science has a complicated legacy, said Lawrence Berkeley Lab nuclear physicist Larry Phair. Nuclear physics were used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/bomb.htm\">build the atomic bomb\u003c/a>, as well as to create the \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/med-accelerator-041807.html\">medical accelerators\u003c/a> that are now commonly used to fight cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subsequent versions of the cyclotron were so big that they were housed in their own buildings. The Lawrence Berkeley Lab started out as the facility that Ernest Lawrence built above the UC Berkeley campus to house his ever-bigger cyclotrons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_97326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-97326\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LINAC-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966 the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had the longest particle accelerator in the world. \u003ccite>(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Photo Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it opened in Menlo Park in 1966, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>, was the longest particle accelerator in the world. The linear accelerator sent electron beams traveling down a two-mile row of microwave-oven-like devices and smashed them against a stationary target. Physicists used these accelerated electrons to investigate what was inside the protons and neutrons, and in 1968 they found that they were made up of minuscule constituents they called quarks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years later, SLAC physicist Burton Richter built a collider – a type of particle accelerator in which particle beams are smashed against each other to reach high energy levels. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the energy of those two beams could get transformed into new kinds of particles,” said Richter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called SPEAR collider that Richter built led him and his team to discover a more massive quark called the charm quark, and won him the Nobel Prize in physics. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was a revolutionary idea, to collide two beams against each other,” said Barnett. The SPEAR collider became a precursor to the Large Hadron Collider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, dozens of physicists and graduate students at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab and SLAC are working at the Large Hadron Collider, making regular trips to Geneva and crunching data back home in their labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particle accelerators at both facilities have been given new uses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab is used to test computer chips that go into satellites, by exposing them to high-radiation conditions similar to those they’ll encounter in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the X-rays emitted by accelerated particles at SLAC are being used to study the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/07/what-happens-when-you-zap-coral-with-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/\">impact of climate change on coral reefs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Richter, the Large Hadron Collider offers the tantalizing possibility of answering fundamental questions about the universe, one by one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The blackboard is covered with Post-it notes now,” said Richter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He looks forward to “going down the line and removing them all.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17535/homegrown-particle-accelerators","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_247","quest_248","quest_3351","quest_1611","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81284","label":"source_quest_17535"},"quest_17560":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17560","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17560","score":null,"sort":[1447250400000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","title":"Life by the Tide (excerpt)","publishDate":1447250400,"format":"video","headTitle":"Your Videos on QUEST | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3300,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1447108765,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":40},"headData":{"title":"Life by the Tide (excerpt) | KQED","description":"In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17560 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/11/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/","disqusTitle":"Life by the Tide (excerpt)","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/YUT8XUjXtmY","path":"/quest/17560/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In his debut film, Life by the Tide, San Francisco filmmaker Joshua Cassidy takes an intimate look into the tide pools at the Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Moss Beach, CA. QUEST features an excerpt of Cassidy's film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17560/your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy","authors":["6219"],"series":["quest_3300"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_1104","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2893","quest_10720","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_29755","label":"quest_3300"},"quest_74061":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74061","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74061","score":null,"sort":[1431043217000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope","title":"Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope","publishDate":1431043217,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/31a22583-dcee-420a-9f8f-8966c86dbf8e/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University, has created a fully functional microscope out of waterproof paper that uses teeny-tiny lenses to magnify objects. He calls it a Foldscope. The different parts of the microscope are printed on paper, which the user punches out and folds together. The Foldscope requires no power outlets and works with standard microscope slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74155\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"the Foldscope\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-74155\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close up of the Foldscope.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microscopes are important tools that allow people to view objects that are so small that you wouldn’t ordinarily be able to see them, like bacteria or blood cells. From healthcare workers using microscopes to look at blood samples to diagnose diseases, to forensic scientists using them to study evidence from crime scenes, many different kinds of microscopes have been developed for a variety of purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Foldscope operates a lot like a traditional microscope in that it uses lenses to bend light in order to make tiny images appear larger. Light travels in waves and when it passes through media with a different density than air, such as water, the light changes direction, or bends. This is why a pencil looks bent when it is halfway submerged in a glass of water. This bending of light is known as refraction. Curved objects, such as lenses also bend light. How the light bends depends on how curved the lens is and the material it's made out of. Convex lenses, which are thicker in the middle and curve outward, can be used to magnify objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74063\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"schematic of a convex lens\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A convex lens can bend light and make an object appear larger by creating a larger virtual image that your eye can see.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A magnifying glass is the simplest kind of microscope -- a convex lens with a handle attached. How much an object is magnified depends on several factors, including how curved the lens is, the distance between the lens and the object, and the distance between the lens and the user’s eye. The more curved the lens is, the higher the magnification it offers. Magnifying glasses are limited in how much they can magnify an object; usually, they can make objects look around 2-10 times larger than they actually are. More advanced microscopes combine multiple lenses to bend light in different ways in order to magnify objects even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldscopes use salt-grain sized lenses that are highly curved. The extreme curvature of these lenses allow for high magnification. For this reason, Foldscopes don’t require long tubes of stacked lenses to magnify objects, like other microscopes do. This is why the Foldscope looks flat compared to larger, more traditional microscopes. Even though they are made out of waterproof paper and tiny lenses, Foldscopes can make objects appear 2,000 times larger than they actually are. This makes it possible to see really small things, like cells and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\"> Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes e-book\u003c/a>. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind Manu Prakash’s Foldscopes project, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about microscopes and lenses check out these resources from \u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Explain that Stuff\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microscopes.html\">How Microscopes Work\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/lenses.html\">Lenses\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn how microscopes work by using lenses to bend light to magnify objects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442618052,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":562},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope | KQED","description":"Learn how microscopes work by using lenses to bend light to magnify objects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74061 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74061","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/05/07/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: Bending Light with a New Kind of Microscope","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwLBw13NKNU","source":"Physics","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/physics/","path":"/quest/74061/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/31a22583-dcee-420a-9f8f-8966c86dbf8e/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manu Prakash, a bioengineer at Stanford University, has created a fully functional microscope out of waterproof paper that uses teeny-tiny lenses to magnify objects. He calls it a Foldscope. The different parts of the microscope are printed on paper, which the user punches out and folds together. The Foldscope requires no power outlets and works with standard microscope slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74155\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/04/Foldscope_CU_small_white-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"the Foldscope\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-74155\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close up of the Foldscope.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Microscopes are important tools that allow people to view objects that are so small that you wouldn’t ordinarily be able to see them, like bacteria or blood cells. From healthcare workers using microscopes to look at blood samples to diagnose diseases, to forensic scientists using them to study evidence from crime scenes, many different kinds of microscopes have been developed for a variety of purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Foldscope operates a lot like a traditional microscope in that it uses lenses to bend light in order to make tiny images appear larger. Light travels in waves and when it passes through media with a different density than air, such as water, the light changes direction, or bends. This is why a pencil looks bent when it is halfway submerged in a glass of water. This bending of light is known as refraction. Curved objects, such as lenses also bend light. How the light bends depends on how curved the lens is and the material it's made out of. Convex lenses, which are thicker in the middle and curve outward, can be used to magnify objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74063\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-74063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/05/Lense_schematic_small-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"schematic of a convex lens\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A convex lens can bend light and make an object appear larger by creating a larger virtual image that your eye can see.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A magnifying glass is the simplest kind of microscope -- a convex lens with a handle attached. How much an object is magnified depends on several factors, including how curved the lens is, the distance between the lens and the object, and the distance between the lens and the user’s eye. The more curved the lens is, the higher the magnification it offers. Magnifying glasses are limited in how much they can magnify an object; usually, they can make objects look around 2-10 times larger than they actually are. More advanced microscopes combine multiple lenses to bend light in different ways in order to magnify objects even more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldscopes use salt-grain sized lenses that are highly curved. The extreme curvature of these lenses allow for high magnification. For this reason, Foldscopes don’t require long tubes of stacked lenses to magnify objects, like other microscopes do. This is why the Foldscope looks flat compared to larger, more traditional microscopes. Even though they are made out of waterproof paper and tiny lenses, Foldscopes can make objects appear 2,000 times larger than they actually are. This makes it possible to see really small things, like cells and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://foldscope.woop.ie/\"> Engineering Is Diagnosing Diseases with Origami Microscopes e-book\u003c/a>. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind Manu Prakash’s Foldscopes project, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about microscopes and lenses check out these resources from \u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Explain that Stuff\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microscopes.html\">How Microscopes Work\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.explainthatstuff.com/lenses.html\">Lenses\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74061/science-spotlight-bending-light-with-a-new-kind-of-microscope","authors":["10423"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_12946","quest_13162","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_1646","quest_13167","quest_13161","quest_13169","quest_1815","quest_13166","quest_1816","quest_2083","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13168","quest_13142"],"collections":["quest_13175"],"featImg":"quest_74077","label":"source_quest_74061"},"quest_73946":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73946","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73946","score":null,"sort":[1426791143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"career-spotlight-biologist","title":"Career Spotlight: Biologist","publishDate":1426791143,"format":"video","headTitle":"Career Spotlight | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Matt Wandell is a biologist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>. His work involves feeding the animals, cleaning the tanks and making sure everything in the aquarium stays healthy. Wandell also participates in research expeditions to survey coral reefs and collect organisms. He was a key scientist in developing a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\">portable decompression chamber\u003c/a> for fish that allows divers to safely transport fish from deep in the ocean’s twilight zone up to the surface. Getting paid for what he loves to do makes this his dream job, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Matt Wandell is a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium at California Academy of Sciences. Watch how cool his job is.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":150},"headData":{"title":"Career Spotlight: Biologist | KQED","description":"Matt Wandell is a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium at California Academy of Sciences. Watch how cool his job is.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73946 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73946","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/19/career-spotlight-biologist/","disqusTitle":"Career Spotlight: Biologist","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtOxq6mpPRA","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/73946/career-spotlight-biologist","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Matt Wandell is a biologist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>. His work involves feeding the animals, cleaning the tanks and making sure everything in the aquarium stays healthy. Wandell also participates in research expeditions to survey coral reefs and collect organisms. He was a key scientist in developing a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\">portable decompression chamber\u003c/a> for fish that allows divers to safely transport fish from deep in the ocean’s twilight zone up to the surface. Getting paid for what he loves to do makes this his dream job, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://decompression.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73946/career-spotlight-biologist","authors":["6544"],"series":["quest_13374"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13147","quest_439","quest_13130","quest_13128","quest_13149","quest_12946","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10662","quest_13148","quest_2787","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13156"],"featImg":"quest_73949","label":"source_quest_73946"},"quest_73927":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73927","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73927","score":null,"sort":[1426202638000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law","title":"Science Spotlight: Fish, Swim Bladders and Boyle's Law","publishDate":1426202638,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13156,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/b6da2a56-eab8-4829-bdb1-956cf48be126/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> have recently \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> engineered a device \u003c/a> that allows them to collect newly-discovered fish species from the ocean’s “twilight zone” and safely bring them up to the surface to study. Prior to this invention, it was difficult for scientists to study fish in this region because many fish can’t handle the rapid change in pressure they experience when being transported to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In water, pressure increases with depth. When you are submerged in a body of water, like the ocean, you experience pressure from the force of the water surrounding you. At the surface, the pressure from the water is the same as the pressure from the air. However, as you descend, pressure increases because there is more water above you. The weight from all that water creates a greater force pushing against you, therefore you experience greater pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does this pressure matter for fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many fish have a gas-filled organ, called a “swim bladder,” that helps them maintain their buoyancy. Because the swim bladder is filled with gas, it’s hard for fish to handle quick changes in pressure. Boyle’s Law explains the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. As pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases; and, as pressure decreases, the volume of a gas increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if scientists bring fish from the twilight zone—where the pressure is high—to the surface, where the pressure is lower, the volume of the gases in the swim bladder increases causing the swim bladder to expand. The swim bladder can expand so much that it can crush other vital organs inside the fish and cause the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the above video, Matt Wandell, a biologist at the California Academy of Sciences, demonstrates how pressure affects a fish’s swim bladder. Wandell was among one of the scientists that helped engineer a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\">portable fish decompression chamber \u003c/a> to safely bring fish up from the twilight zone. This device maintains high pressures while fish ascend to the surface. Once at the surface, the chamber is hooked up to a pump that slowly decreases the pressure in the chamber. This allows enough time for the fish to regulate the gas in their swim bladders and adjust to life at a lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight is a companion video to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> Bringing Fish Up from the Deep \u003c/a> and is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch this demonstration of Boyle's Law that shows how changes in pressure affect a fish's swim bladder.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1433544462,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":480},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: Fish, Swim Bladders and Boyle's Law | KQED","description":"Watch this demonstration of Boyle's Law that shows how changes in pressure affect a fish's swim bladder.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73927 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73927","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/12/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: Fish, Swim Bladders and Boyle's Law","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbVk0tQBMz0","path":"/quest/73927/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/b6da2a56-eab8-4829-bdb1-956cf48be126/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> have recently \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> engineered a device \u003c/a> that allows them to collect newly-discovered fish species from the ocean’s “twilight zone” and safely bring them up to the surface to study. Prior to this invention, it was difficult for scientists to study fish in this region because many fish can’t handle the rapid change in pressure they experience when being transported to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In water, pressure increases with depth. When you are submerged in a body of water, like the ocean, you experience pressure from the force of the water surrounding you. At the surface, the pressure from the water is the same as the pressure from the air. However, as you descend, pressure increases because there is more water above you. The weight from all that water creates a greater force pushing against you, therefore you experience greater pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does this pressure matter for fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many fish have a gas-filled organ, called a “swim bladder,” that helps them maintain their buoyancy. Because the swim bladder is filled with gas, it’s hard for fish to handle quick changes in pressure. Boyle’s Law explains the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. As pressure increases, the volume of a gas decreases; and, as pressure decreases, the volume of a gas increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if scientists bring fish from the twilight zone—where the pressure is high—to the surface, where the pressure is lower, the volume of the gases in the swim bladder increases causing the swim bladder to expand. The swim bladder can expand so much that it can crush other vital organs inside the fish and cause the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the above video, Matt Wandell, a biologist at the California Academy of Sciences, demonstrates how pressure affects a fish’s swim bladder. Wandell was among one of the scientists that helped engineer a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\">portable fish decompression chamber \u003c/a> to safely bring fish up from the twilight zone. This device maintains high pressures while fish ascend to the surface. Once at the surface, the chamber is hooked up to a pump that slowly decreases the pressure in the chamber. This allows enough time for the fish to regulate the gas in their swim bladders and adjust to life at a lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight is a companion video to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> Bringing Fish Up from the Deep \u003c/a> and is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\"> kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73927/science-spotlight-fish-swim-bladders-and-boyles-law","authors":["10423"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13146","quest_13138","quest_13143","quest_12946","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2288","quest_13144","quest_2349","quest_12289","quest_13142","quest_13139","quest_13145","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13156"],"featImg":"quest_73929","label":"quest_13156"},"quest_73891":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73891","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73891","score":null,"sort":[1425590007000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","title":"Bringing Fish Up from the Deep","publishDate":1425590007,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/17f87952-7500-421d-9aa3-483b81de5abe/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep below the ocean’s surface lies a mysterious region known as the “twilight zone.” Located 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface, this region receives scarce amounts of light, mimicking twilight—the time of day just after sunset. Some areas of the twilight zone are vast ocean space, but some are home to incredible coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have many unanswered questions about this region, in part because it is so hard to reach. Diving to these depths requires specialized training and gear, and takes hours to safely ascend. Bart Shepherd and Luiz Rocha at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> are among a group of scientists that get to explore these depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have been to the surface of the moon than have been to these reefs,” says Bart Shepherd, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\"> Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everywhere we go, about half of the fish are not known. They don’t have a scientific name. The other half, we didn’t know that they went that deep. So, these are all new records, either new records of depth extensions or range extensions, or new species,” says Luiz Rocha, curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are studying the twilight zone to learn about the biodiversity of this region and the greater role it plays in the health of the ocean. “You know, one of the great questions that we still have is ‘What are the connections between the shallow reefs and these twilight zone reefs?’ And, that’s really why we are studying it. That’s really why we continue to go and look there,” explains Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of their research, Shepherd and Rocha wanted to collect live fish of newly discovered species in order to study their behavior and to display in the Academy’s aquarium for the public to see. “I think in order for people to really understand and want to conserve and protect life in these depths, they really have to have a direct connection with it, and they need to be able to see things that came from there,” adds Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers ran into a problem. They knew if they tried to bring fish up from that depth, the swim bladder -- an organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy -- would expand, crushing other vital organs inside the fish, often causing the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out a solution to this problem was a team effort. Matt Wandell, a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium, was a key player in designing the device that would allow fish to be brought up safely. “I had started to hear about the idea of the California Academy of Sciences going down and exploring deep under the ocean with divers, and possibly collecting fish down there. And since my job is to make sure that those fish come back healthy, I thought about different ways that we could make sure that they could handle that pressure change,” explains Wandell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team engineered a portable device in which they could collect fish during their dives. The device, known as a portable decompression chamber, was designed to maintain the pressure of the twilight zone while the fish are transported to the surface. Once at sea level, the pressure inside the chamber is slowly reduced, often over two to three days. This gives the fish enough time to safely adjust to living at lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this portable decompression chamber, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences have been successful in collecting fish from the twilight zone. Species from their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/\">recent expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/7/27/exotic-new-aquatic-species-on-display-at-cal-academy/\">now on display\u003c/a> at the Steinhart Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists at the California Academy of Sciences have designed a portable decompression chamber to safely bring new fish species up from the twilight zone.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1445907034,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":704},"headData":{"title":"Bringing Fish Up from the Deep | KQED","description":"Scientists at the California Academy of Sciences have designed a portable decompression chamber to safely bring new fish species up from the twilight zone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73891 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73891","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/03/05/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/","disqusTitle":"Bringing Fish Up from the Deep","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=5&v=c-QRgVgCpCg","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/73891/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/17f87952-7500-421d-9aa3-483b81de5abe/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep below the ocean’s surface lies a mysterious region known as the “twilight zone.” Located 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface, this region receives scarce amounts of light, mimicking twilight—the time of day just after sunset. Some areas of the twilight zone are vast ocean space, but some are home to incredible coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have many unanswered questions about this region, in part because it is so hard to reach. Diving to these depths requires specialized training and gear, and takes hours to safely ascend. Bart Shepherd and Luiz Rocha at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> are among a group of scientists that get to explore these depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have been to the surface of the moon than have been to these reefs,” says Bart Shepherd, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\"> Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everywhere we go, about half of the fish are not known. They don’t have a scientific name. The other half, we didn’t know that they went that deep. So, these are all new records, either new records of depth extensions or range extensions, or new species,” says Luiz Rocha, curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are studying the twilight zone to learn about the biodiversity of this region and the greater role it plays in the health of the ocean. “You know, one of the great questions that we still have is ‘What are the connections between the shallow reefs and these twilight zone reefs?’ And, that’s really why we are studying it. That’s really why we continue to go and look there,” explains Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of their research, Shepherd and Rocha wanted to collect live fish of newly discovered species in order to study their behavior and to display in the Academy’s aquarium for the public to see. “I think in order for people to really understand and want to conserve and protect life in these depths, they really have to have a direct connection with it, and they need to be able to see things that came from there,” adds Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers ran into a problem. They knew if they tried to bring fish up from that depth, the swim bladder -- an organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy -- would expand, crushing other vital organs inside the fish, often causing the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out a solution to this problem was a team effort. Matt Wandell, a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium, was a key player in designing the device that would allow fish to be brought up safely. “I had started to hear about the idea of the California Academy of Sciences going down and exploring deep under the ocean with divers, and possibly collecting fish down there. And since my job is to make sure that those fish come back healthy, I thought about different ways that we could make sure that they could handle that pressure change,” explains Wandell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team engineered a portable device in which they could collect fish during their dives. The device, known as a portable decompression chamber, was designed to maintain the pressure of the twilight zone while the fish are transported to the surface. Once at sea level, the pressure inside the chamber is slowly reduced, often over two to three days. This gives the fish enough time to safely adjust to living at lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this portable decompression chamber, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences have been successful in collecting fish from the twilight zone. Species from their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/\">recent expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/7/27/exotic-new-aquatic-species-on-display-at-cal-academy/\">now on display\u003c/a> at the Steinhart Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73891/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep","authors":["10423"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_13140","quest_13138","quest_12946","quest_1099","quest_12269","quest_3351","quest_2034","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_2787","quest_13139","quest_13068","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13156"],"featImg":"quest_73901","label":"source_quest_73891"},"quest_73824":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73824","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73824","score":null,"sort":[1424376011000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-happens-when-wood-burns","title":"Science Spotlight: The Combustion of Wood","publishDate":1424376011,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/610dd6de-ac50-4be7-9af4-65aac2270180/the-combustion-of-wood/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combustion, which is simply the burning of something, is a rather complex chemical process. We rely quite heavily on combustion technologies for energy. For example, we burn gasoline to power our cars; we often burn oil or gas in home heating systems; and power plants usually burn coal, oil or natural gas to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many families, particularly in the developing world, burn wood and other biomass to cook food and heat their homes. However, burning wood and other solid fuels produces a lot of smoke, which is harmful to health and the environment. In fact, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/indoorair/en/\">World Health Organization\u003c/a> reports that approximately 4 million people die every year from diseases related to smoke inhalation from burning wood and other solid fuels in their homes for cooking and heating. Many of these deaths are young children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does burning wood create so much pollution? The short answer is incomplete combustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to get something to burn you need three things, all in the proper combination: fuel (such as wood, oil or gas), oxygen and heat. These requirements are referred to as the “combustion triangle.” With solid fuels, like wood and other biomass, it’s really difficult to get good mixing of the fuel, oxygen and heat in the proper ratio. For example, wood fires, especially those on the ground, don’t receive enough oxygen for the wood to burn completely. Similarly cool breezes can reduce the heat needed to sustain a flame. As a result, you are often left with unburned fuel, particulates, ash, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. These types of compounds are what make up smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the animation above to learn more about the chemistry of combustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Saving the World with Cookstoves\u003c/a> e-book, and is a companion to our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/darfur-stoves-project/\">Darfur Stoves Project\u003c/a> video. The e-book tells the story of how Professor Ashok Gadgil and his team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory designed a cookstove to help internally displaced persons in Darfur. They are now working on designing a new wood-burning stove to reduce indoor air pollution. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities that explore the science and engineering principles behind this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What happens when wood burns? In this animated explainer, learn about the chemistry of combustion.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442619897,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":397},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: The Combustion of Wood | KQED","description":"What happens when wood burns? In this animated explainer, learn about the chemistry of combustion.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73824 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=73824","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/02/19/what-happens-when-wood-burns/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: The Combustion of Wood","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0E4PX3e3RE","source":"Chemistry","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/chemistry/","path":"/quest/73824/what-happens-when-wood-burns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Stream or download it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/610dd6de-ac50-4be7-9af4-65aac2270180/the-combustion-of-wood/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combustion, which is simply the burning of something, is a rather complex chemical process. We rely quite heavily on combustion technologies for energy. For example, we burn gasoline to power our cars; we often burn oil or gas in home heating systems; and power plants usually burn coal, oil or natural gas to generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many families, particularly in the developing world, burn wood and other biomass to cook food and heat their homes. However, burning wood and other solid fuels produces a lot of smoke, which is harmful to health and the environment. In fact, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/indoorair/en/\">World Health Organization\u003c/a> reports that approximately 4 million people die every year from diseases related to smoke inhalation from burning wood and other solid fuels in their homes for cooking and heating. Many of these deaths are young children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does burning wood create so much pollution? The short answer is incomplete combustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to get something to burn you need three things, all in the proper combination: fuel (such as wood, oil or gas), oxygen and heat. These requirements are referred to as the “combustion triangle.” With solid fuels, like wood and other biomass, it’s really difficult to get good mixing of the fuel, oxygen and heat in the proper ratio. For example, wood fires, especially those on the ground, don’t receive enough oxygen for the wood to burn completely. Similarly cool breezes can reduce the heat needed to sustain a flame. As a result, you are often left with unburned fuel, particulates, ash, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. These types of compounds are what make up smoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the animation above to learn more about the chemistry of combustion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/cookstoves/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Saving the World with Cookstoves\u003c/a> e-book, and is a companion to our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/darfur-stoves-project/\">Darfur Stoves Project\u003c/a> video. The e-book tells the story of how Professor Ashok Gadgil and his team at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory designed a cookstove to help internally displaced persons in Darfur. They are now working on designing a new wood-burning stove to reduce indoor air pollution. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities that explore the science and engineering principles behind this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/73824/what-happens-when-wood-burns","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_413","quest_13133","quest_10220","quest_12946","quest_12269","quest_13131","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13132","quest_3071","quest_12046"],"collections":["quest_13134"],"featImg":"quest_73828","label":"source_quest_73824"},"quest_26897":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26897","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26897","score":null,"sort":[1419951657000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot","title":"Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot","publishDate":1419951657,"format":"video","headTitle":"Why I do Science | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27612\" title=\"Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Modifications poster by Kandis Elliot. Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kandis Elliot didn’t think she’d make art her profession. “When I was in high school and thinking of a career, we were told back then that you can't make a living as an artist and if you're smart enough you go into the sciences,” said Elliot. She was smart enough- and interested enough- in the sciences to graduate from the University of Wisconsin with a BA in biology and Masters in zoology. “In all these courses I drew like crazy without letting too many people see these drawings,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But art drew her back and after her advanced degree Elliot returned to school, this time in a technical college program in commercial art. Shortly after that, the perfect opportunity came knocking. “I was out about a month when four people, four or five people called me up the same day and said, ‘The botany artist is leaving, go apply for a position,’\" Elliot says. The position was as staff artist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.botany.wisc.edu/\">University of Wisconsin’s Botany department\u003c/a>, one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliot was strong on science and gifted in art, but she also had another card up her sleeve, “I knew back in 1988 there was this new thing called Apple Computer where you could draw a perfect square. You didn't need a right angle. You could draw a perfect circle, you didn't need a compass. And I said, ‘Surely you want to do this kind of work on a computer.’ And they said, ‘Alright, let's try it.’\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27621\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27621\" title=\"Elliot_fungi_poster10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101-238x360.jpg\" alt=\"fungi poster\" width=\"238\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kandis Elliot's poster \"Introduction to Fungi\". Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of using computers appealed to the scientists, but Elliot had never actually used one. So she went to the campus computer center, held up a hundred dollar bill, offering it to anyone who could teach her how to use an Apple. That investment paid off in a position she held for over two decades. As the botany artist, she created charts and graphs for countless scientific publications and perfected the art of digital painting. Starting with less-than-perfect images taken by scientists in the field, or dried, pressed plant samples, Elliot’s job was to transform them into striking, painterly objects that could hold a student’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes your eye dwell on the picture a little bit longer,” says Elliot, “I guess the only way I can describe it is that the paintings say, ‘Look at me.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years spent shining the spotlight on nature’s botanical beauty, Kandis Elliot retired from the University of Wisconsin in 2011. But not before receiving one of the highest honors in her profession. A poster titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/news/images/Elliot_fungi_poster10.jpg\">“Introduction to Fungi”\u003c/a> won the 2010 prize for information graphics in the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/scivis/winners_2010.jsp\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. Mushrooms capped a brilliant career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was updated from the original by producer Eleanor Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Kandis Elliot is on the Botany Department staff at the University of Wisconsin, but she's not a scientist or professor. Elliot is an artist and transforms mere photographs of plants into lush, painterly artworks that educate as well as captivate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442622600,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":534},"headData":{"title":"Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot | KQED","description":"Kandis Elliot is on the Botany Department staff at the University of Wisconsin, but she's not a scientist or professor. Elliot is an artist and transforms mere photographs of plants into lush, painterly artworks that educate as well as captivate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26897 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=26897","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/12/30/why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot/","disqusTitle":"Why I Do Science: Kandis Elliot","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEb0GuEXsPo?feature=player_profilepage","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/26897/why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27612\" title=\"Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Modifications poster by Kandis Elliot. Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kandis Elliot didn’t think she’d make art her profession. “When I was in high school and thinking of a career, we were told back then that you can't make a living as an artist and if you're smart enough you go into the sciences,” said Elliot. She was smart enough- and interested enough- in the sciences to graduate from the University of Wisconsin with a BA in biology and Masters in zoology. “In all these courses I drew like crazy without letting too many people see these drawings,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But art drew her back and after her advanced degree Elliot returned to school, this time in a technical college program in commercial art. Shortly after that, the perfect opportunity came knocking. “I was out about a month when four people, four or five people called me up the same day and said, ‘The botany artist is leaving, go apply for a position,’\" Elliot says. The position was as staff artist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.botany.wisc.edu/\">University of Wisconsin’s Botany department\u003c/a>, one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliot was strong on science and gifted in art, but she also had another card up her sleeve, “I knew back in 1988 there was this new thing called Apple Computer where you could draw a perfect square. You didn't need a right angle. You could draw a perfect circle, you didn't need a compass. And I said, ‘Surely you want to do this kind of work on a computer.’ And they said, ‘Alright, let's try it.’\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27621\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27621\" title=\"Elliot_fungi_poster10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101-238x360.jpg\" alt=\"fungi poster\" width=\"238\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kandis Elliot's poster \"Introduction to Fungi\". Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of using computers appealed to the scientists, but Elliot had never actually used one. So she went to the campus computer center, held up a hundred dollar bill, offering it to anyone who could teach her how to use an Apple. That investment paid off in a position she held for over two decades. As the botany artist, she created charts and graphs for countless scientific publications and perfected the art of digital painting. Starting with less-than-perfect images taken by scientists in the field, or dried, pressed plant samples, Elliot’s job was to transform them into striking, painterly objects that could hold a student’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes your eye dwell on the picture a little bit longer,” says Elliot, “I guess the only way I can describe it is that the paintings say, ‘Look at me.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years spent shining the spotlight on nature’s botanical beauty, Kandis Elliot retired from the University of Wisconsin in 2011. But not before receiving one of the highest honors in her profession. A poster titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/news/images/Elliot_fungi_poster10.jpg\">“Introduction to Fungi”\u003c/a> won the 2010 prize for information graphics in the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/scivis/winners_2010.jsp\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. Mushrooms capped a brilliant career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was updated from the original by producer Eleanor Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26897/why-i-do-science-kandis-elliot","authors":["10275"],"series":["quest_3298"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_369","quest_1116","quest_12269","quest_10412","quest_10413","quest_3351","quest_10415","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3292","quest_12355","quest_2893","quest_10414","quest_3071","quest_10339"],"featImg":"quest_27627","label":"source_quest_26897"},"quest_17422":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17422","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17422","score":null,"sort":[1416495643000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"darfur-stoves-project","title":"Darfur Stoves Project","publishDate":1416495643,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632197,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1239},"headData":{"title":"Darfur Stoves Project | KQED","description":"Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17422 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/darfur-stoves-project/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/20/darfur-stoves-project/","disqusTitle":"Darfur Stoves Project","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwV832ofVlI?feature=player_embedded","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/17422/darfur-stoves-project","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17422/darfur-stoves-project","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_12","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_13084","quest_13086","quest_621","quest_13085","quest_766","quest_12946","quest_12269","quest_1224","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_1623","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10810","quest_2820","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_10809"],"collections":["quest_13134"],"featImg":"quest_73043","label":"source_quest_17422"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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