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She is co-author of \"Exploring the Geology of the Carolinas: A Field Guide to Favorite Places from Chimney Rock to Charleston.\" Although she thrives on variety, she does have some favorite topics: the earth sciences, the environment, natural history, epigenetics, medicine, and toxicology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee407fc02fa2da01ff95f689fa04d2f7?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Mary-Russell Roberson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee407fc02fa2da01ff95f689fa04d2f7?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee407fc02fa2da01ff95f689fa04d2f7?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/maryrussellroberson"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_67161":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_67161","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"67161","score":null,"sort":[1395928817000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cats-chemicals-and-consumer-power","title":"Cats, Chemicals, and Consumer Power","publishDate":1395928817,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>If you have an older cat, there’s a good chance it has high thyroid levels. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287394.2012.652054#.UydgD_SwLW5\" target=\"_blank\">10 percent of older cats have this condition\u003c/a>, called hyperthyroidism, which can cause weight loss, an unkempt appearance, and agitation. Unfortunately, it requires lifelong treatment, usually a daily medication\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, hyperthyroidism in cats was virtually unknown before 1979. Another curious fact is that homes where cats with hyperthyroidism live tend to contain dust with higher levels of a certain flame retardant than homes with healthy cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coincidence? Not likely. The flame retardant, called PBDE, is often found in polyurethane foam, which gives structure and softness to upholstered furniture. When people sit down, PBDE poofs out and accumulates in house dust. When cats groom themselves, they ingest the dust and the PBDE, which is structurally similar to thyroid molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/endocrinesystem_MossGreene.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68419 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/endocrinesystem_MossGreene-224x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"224\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The human endocrine system is a set of eight glands that produce and secrete hormones. Click to learn more about each function. Image courtesy Moss Greene & \u003ca href=\"http://commonsensehealth.com/endocrine-system-diagram-for-understanding-hormones/\">commonsensehealth.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thyroid disorders are also on the rise in people. According to the American Cancer Society, diagnoses of thyroid cancer have doubled since 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem is not just PBDE, and it’s not just thyroid disorders. We are exposed to hundreds of other synthetic chemicals every day that have the potential to interfere with the body’s endocrine system, which includes the thyroid. The endocrine system consists of glands and hormones that guide development, metabolism, puberty, and reproduction. The endocrine system is particularly crucial in utero and during infancy because it orchestrates the development of organs. A hormonal misfire during brain development can have lifelong effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are concerned about possible links between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the rapid increase in conditions as varied as autism, ADHD, asthma, childhood leukemia, early puberty, autoimmune disorders, obesity, type-2 diabetes, infertility, and cancers of the thyroid, testes, prostate, and breast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of diseases that have gone up in incidence with our increased use of [synthetic] chemicals since the 1950s,” said Heather Patisaul, an associate professor of biology at North Carolina State University. “That suggests there is an environmental component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program, said, “What we’re looking for is not missing arms and legs or someone keels over and dies, but much more subtle kinds of effects which you might see over the course of a lifetime.” She added, “If you don’t look, you don’t find. Now that we’re starting to look, we’re starting to see associations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIEHS is investing millions of dollars into research on the relationship between the endocrine system and chemicals such as flame retardants, pesticides, and BPA (often used in plastics, receipts, and can linings). We ingest these chemicals with our food and water or by putting our hands in our mouths; we also absorb them through our skin and lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68406\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Couch_Mary-Hockenbery.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Couch_Mary-Hockenbery-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"In children, two long-running studies link PBDE exposure in utero and childhood to decreased IQ, attention problems, and problems with fine-motor control. Photo courtesy Mary Hockenbery\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In children, two long-running studies link PBDE exposure in utero and childhood to decreased IQ, attention problems, and problems with fine-motor control. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/reddirtrose/\" target=\"_blank\">Mary Hockenbery\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of animal studies in recent years have provided experimental evidence linking endocrine disruptors and problems ranging from asthma to hyperactivity to cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbt.21439/abstract;jsessionid=087CBBFCC0127AC621C1AE3A90D7708B.f01t01\" target=\"_blank\">Patisaul’s studies\u003c/a> on rats show an increase in anxiety, early puberty, and premature infertility with exposure to BPA at doses comparable to BPA exposure in average Americans. She and her colleagues also showed that rats exposed to the flame retardant Firemaster 550 were more likely to be anxious and obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In children, two long-running studies link PBDE exposure in utero and childhood to decreased IQ, attention problems, and problems with fine-motor control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though PBDE was phased out between 2005 and 2013, its replacements may not be any safer. Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-toxic-substances-control-act\" target=\"_blank\">Toxic Substances Control Act,\u003c/a> manufacturers must notify the EPA when they bring a new chemical to market, but \u003ca href=\"http://saferchemicals.org/PDF/chemicals-and-our-health-july-2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">they are not required to provide safety data.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patisaul said, “I don’t think people realize the vast majority of chemicals in their world have never been tested for any type of toxicity at all, let alone endocrine disruption. That needs to change. If we can figure out which chemicals are the bad actors, pull them out, and redesign products that are less likely to cause problems, I think that’s a good goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patisaul is on the scientific advisory board of an initiative called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tipedinfo.com\" target=\"_blank\">Tiered Protocol for Endocrine Disruption\u003c/a> (TiPED), established by Advancing Green Chemistry in collaboration with Environmental Health News. TIPED connects chemical designers with organizations and scientists who can test the chemicals under development for endocrine disruption via computer modeling, cell studies, and animal studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I don’t think people realize the vast majority of chemicals in their world have never been tested for any type of toxicity,\" Heather Patisaul, an associate professor of biology at NCSU\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Other scientists are designing safer ways to use toxic chemicals. At North Carolina State University, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391000001750\" target=\"_blank\">researchers are designing “cages”\u003c/a> made of rings of sugar molecules to prevent flame retardant molecules from escaping into the environment except at high temperatures. In tests, fabrics treated with the caged flame retardant were less flammable and used less flame retardant than fabrics treated the traditional way (washed in a bath of flame retardants, then cured in an oven).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another force for change is the power of the consumer. Patisaul cites BPA-free plastic bottles as an example. “Regulatory agencies didn’t do it, the government didn’t do it. It was the consumer demand for BPA-free products,” she said. “It’s the consumer that’s changing the game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for cats, there’s not much we can do to stop them licking dust off their fur. But if we value our own health, we can learn from their experience. Birnbaum said, “Sometimes there’s strong evidence from wildlife or even domestic animals. . . . We should be listening to those signals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"font-size: 13px\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff9900\">Interested in testing your couch for flame retardants? Check out this easy and free test at: \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003ca style=\"font-size: 13px\" href=\"http://foam.pratt.duke.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px\">http://foam.pratt.duke.edu/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How daily exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals affects people and pets.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442698298,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1082},"headData":{"title":"Cats, Chemicals, and Consumer Power | KQED","description":"How daily exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals affects people and pets.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cats, Chemicals, and Consumer Power","datePublished":"2014-03-27T14:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T21:31:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"67161 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=67161","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/27/cats-chemicals-and-consumer-power/","disqusTitle":"Cats, Chemicals, and Consumer Power","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/67161/cats-chemicals-and-consumer-power","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you have an older cat, there’s a good chance it has high thyroid levels. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287394.2012.652054#.UydgD_SwLW5\" target=\"_blank\">10 percent of older cats have this condition\u003c/a>, called hyperthyroidism, which can cause weight loss, an unkempt appearance, and agitation. Unfortunately, it requires lifelong treatment, usually a daily medication\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiously, hyperthyroidism in cats was virtually unknown before 1979. Another curious fact is that homes where cats with hyperthyroidism live tend to contain dust with higher levels of a certain flame retardant than homes with healthy cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coincidence? Not likely. The flame retardant, called PBDE, is often found in polyurethane foam, which gives structure and softness to upholstered furniture. When people sit down, PBDE poofs out and accumulates in house dust. When cats groom themselves, they ingest the dust and the PBDE, which is structurally similar to thyroid molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68419\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/endocrinesystem_MossGreene.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68419 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/endocrinesystem_MossGreene-224x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"224\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The human endocrine system is a set of eight glands that produce and secrete hormones. Click to learn more about each function. Image courtesy Moss Greene & \u003ca href=\"http://commonsensehealth.com/endocrine-system-diagram-for-understanding-hormones/\">commonsensehealth.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thyroid disorders are also on the rise in people. According to the American Cancer Society, diagnoses of thyroid cancer have doubled since 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the problem is not just PBDE, and it’s not just thyroid disorders. We are exposed to hundreds of other synthetic chemicals every day that have the potential to interfere with the body’s endocrine system, which includes the thyroid. The endocrine system consists of glands and hormones that guide development, metabolism, puberty, and reproduction. The endocrine system is particularly crucial in utero and during infancy because it orchestrates the development of organs. A hormonal misfire during brain development can have lifelong effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are concerned about possible links between endocrine-disrupting chemicals and the rapid increase in conditions as varied as autism, ADHD, asthma, childhood leukemia, early puberty, autoimmune disorders, obesity, type-2 diabetes, infertility, and cancers of the thyroid, testes, prostate, and breast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of diseases that have gone up in incidence with our increased use of [synthetic] chemicals since the 1950s,” said Heather Patisaul, an associate professor of biology at North Carolina State University. “That suggests there is an environmental component.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linda Birnbaum, director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS) and the National Toxicology Program, said, “What we’re looking for is not missing arms and legs or someone keels over and dies, but much more subtle kinds of effects which you might see over the course of a lifetime.” She added, “If you don’t look, you don’t find. Now that we’re starting to look, we’re starting to see associations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIEHS is investing millions of dollars into research on the relationship between the endocrine system and chemicals such as flame retardants, pesticides, and BPA (often used in plastics, receipts, and can linings). We ingest these chemicals with our food and water or by putting our hands in our mouths; we also absorb them through our skin and lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68406\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Couch_Mary-Hockenbery.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Couch_Mary-Hockenbery-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"In children, two long-running studies link PBDE exposure in utero and childhood to decreased IQ, attention problems, and problems with fine-motor control. Photo courtesy Mary Hockenbery\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In children, two long-running studies link PBDE exposure in utero and childhood to decreased IQ, attention problems, and problems with fine-motor control. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/reddirtrose/\" target=\"_blank\">Mary Hockenbery\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of animal studies in recent years have provided experimental evidence linking endocrine disruptors and problems ranging from asthma to hyperactivity to cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbt.21439/abstract;jsessionid=087CBBFCC0127AC621C1AE3A90D7708B.f01t01\" target=\"_blank\">Patisaul’s studies\u003c/a> on rats show an increase in anxiety, early puberty, and premature infertility with exposure to BPA at doses comparable to BPA exposure in average Americans. She and her colleagues also showed that rats exposed to the flame retardant Firemaster 550 were more likely to be anxious and obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In children, two long-running studies link PBDE exposure in utero and childhood to decreased IQ, attention problems, and problems with fine-motor control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though PBDE was phased out between 2005 and 2013, its replacements may not be any safer. Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-toxic-substances-control-act\" target=\"_blank\">Toxic Substances Control Act,\u003c/a> manufacturers must notify the EPA when they bring a new chemical to market, but \u003ca href=\"http://saferchemicals.org/PDF/chemicals-and-our-health-july-2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">they are not required to provide safety data.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patisaul said, “I don’t think people realize the vast majority of chemicals in their world have never been tested for any type of toxicity at all, let alone endocrine disruption. That needs to change. If we can figure out which chemicals are the bad actors, pull them out, and redesign products that are less likely to cause problems, I think that’s a good goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patisaul is on the scientific advisory board of an initiative called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tipedinfo.com\" target=\"_blank\">Tiered Protocol for Endocrine Disruption\u003c/a> (TiPED), established by Advancing Green Chemistry in collaboration with Environmental Health News. TIPED connects chemical designers with organizations and scientists who can test the chemicals under development for endocrine disruption via computer modeling, cell studies, and animal studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“I don’t think people realize the vast majority of chemicals in their world have never been tested for any type of toxicity,\" Heather Patisaul, an associate professor of biology at NCSU\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Other scientists are designing safer ways to use toxic chemicals. At North Carolina State University, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391000001750\" target=\"_blank\">researchers are designing “cages”\u003c/a> made of rings of sugar molecules to prevent flame retardant molecules from escaping into the environment except at high temperatures. In tests, fabrics treated with the caged flame retardant were less flammable and used less flame retardant than fabrics treated the traditional way (washed in a bath of flame retardants, then cured in an oven).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another force for change is the power of the consumer. Patisaul cites BPA-free plastic bottles as an example. “Regulatory agencies didn’t do it, the government didn’t do it. It was the consumer demand for BPA-free products,” she said. “It’s the consumer that’s changing the game.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for cats, there’s not much we can do to stop them licking dust off their fur. But if we value our own health, we can learn from their experience. Birnbaum said, “Sometimes there’s strong evidence from wildlife or even domestic animals. . . . We should be listening to those signals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"font-size: 13px\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff9900\">Interested in testing your couch for flame retardants? Check out this easy and free test at: \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003ca style=\"font-size: 13px\" href=\"http://foam.pratt.duke.edu/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px\">http://foam.pratt.duke.edu/\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/67161/cats-chemicals-and-consumer-power","authors":["10549"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_12705","quest_13217","quest_510","quest_12703","quest_12702","quest_11139","quest_1009","quest_12269","quest_13201","quest_12704","quest_10964","quest_10427","quest_13365","quest_2964"],"featImg":"quest_68326","label":"source_quest_67161"},"quest_34736":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34736","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34736","score":null,"sort":[1333742409000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa","title":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa ","publishDate":1333742409,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-09-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to environmental policy, no state has paved the way more often than California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians didn't just invent iPads and commercial microprocessors; they brought to life laws promoting clean water, clean air, laws that eventually went on to become national policy, credited with cleaning up vast swaths of the country. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sofa\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34942\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An average-sized sofa can contain two pounds of flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, the picture is less clear. That’s the case with TB 117, a pioneering California law that many scientists now say was a big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those scientists is chemist Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley and founder of the Green Science Policy Institute, a non-profit group in Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Blum at a furniture store in Berkeley. Standing in front of a three-seated sofa, she lifted a cushion and read aloud from the small white tag sewn into the fabric. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This article meets the flammability requirements of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/bulletin.shtml\">Technical Bulletin 117\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A California law's mixed legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB 117, as it’s called, is a state law passed in 1975. It says that the foam inside upholstered furniture must be able to resist a flame, for example, from a cigarette lighter, for 12 seconds without catching fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers meet this law by treating the foam with several different kinds of chemicals, up to two pounds of flame retardant chemicals in an average-size sofa, according to Don Lucas, a flammability expert at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the law is specific to California, it affects furniture sold across the country. Major furniture dealers sell California-compliant products in all 50 states, and Canada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, say Blum and others, is that the chemicals don’t just stay inside the sofas. They turn up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\">household dust\u003c/a> and can be detected in human blood and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\">breast milk\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/reports/pbdesintoddlers\">Toddlers\u003c/a> often have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035146\">higher levels\u003c/a> of the chemicals in their bodies than adults do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One study found that the levels of PBDEs found in bodies of toddlers are similar to what you'd find in people who work in a recycling foam factory. That's two to ten times what you'd find in adults,\" says Ami Zota, a researcher with UCSF's Program on reproductive Health and the Environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a growing body of evidence demonstrating effects in animals, and not just lab animals, but birds and marine mammals,\" says Linda Birnbaum, who directs the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum says while effects in humans are less certain, there is good evidence to suggest that some flame retardants, particularly a class called PBDEs, which have been largely phased out sine 2004, can affect the reproductive system, nervous system, as well as learning, memory, and behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some flame retardant chemicals cause cancer in lab animals. Observational studies of humans suggest connections between the chemicals and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103495\">infertility\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878423\">low-birth weight\u003c/a> and abnormal brain development in kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One chemical, known as tris, was used widely in children's pajamas until the 1970s, when scientists, including Arlene Blum, campaigned successfully for a phase out. Tris is considered carcinogenic under California's Proposition 65 but is still used widely in furniture and also \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all\">turns up\u003c/a> in baby products, such as nursing pillows and changing pads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Industry fights change\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers have tried -- and failed -- five times to change California's law in ways that would reduce or eliminate the use of flame retardant chemicals in furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of those attempts came from one lawmaker, State Senator Mark Leno, who represents Marin and San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno’s last bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0101-0150/sb_147_cfa_20110428_150643_sen_comm.html\">SB 147\u003c/a> had the support of furniture makers, firefighter groups, and doctors. All of them wanted the chemicals out of furniture. But the bill was killed in committee by a vote of seven to one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the lawmakers who voted on the bill had received campaign contributions from the chemical industry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno says it's not hard to see those lobbying dollars in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever one of his flame retardants bills would come up for a vote, he says, he’d pay a visit to each of the committee members, just before the vote, to make his case. But the lobbyists outnumbered him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Repeatedly, as I would leave a colleague’s office, an hour or two before the committee hearing racing to get to another office, in the waiting room of the office I’m leaving is a lobbyist for the chemical industry. So they’d have the last word,” says Leno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(Update: Read about how a Seattle burn doctor misled California lawmakers with the fictional story of an infant burn victim in the Chicago Tribune's four-part series, \"\u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">Playing with Fire\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, a state lawmaker, Assemblywoman Holly Mitchell, from Los Angeles, introduced -- and then quickly withdrew -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_2151-2200/ab_2197_bill_20120223_introduced.html\">her own bill\u003c/a> on the topic. A spokesperson said Mitchell decided she was too busy, but would pick it up next year. Since 2011, Mitchell has taken $3,500 from the chemical industry.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(For more on how campaign dollars from the chemical industry have helped keep flame retardants in furniture, see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">Liza Gross\u003c/a>' 2011 special report in Environmental Health News, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">Money to Burn\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find supporters of TB 117 who aren’t in some way connected to the same companies that produce flame retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Lang is a former tobacco lobbyist with the firm Lang, Hansen, O'Malley & Miller, in Sacramento, whose clients include the American Chemistry Council, a chemical industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a hearing last April, Lang argued that changes to the California law are unnecessary because many of the most harmful flame retardants, a group called PBDEs, have already been banned. Newer alternatives, he said, are safer than the old ones. He said that over-regulating this industry would squelch innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to ban chemicals that are developed before they're used, we won't have any chemicals to be used. We won't be able to create the jobs we want to create in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nDo flame retardants in furniture prevent fires?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lang and others in the industry say that flame retardant chemicals, and the law that requires them, TB 117, serve a critical purpose: They prevent fires. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donald Lucas, the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab scientist, and his colleague Vyto Babrauskas researched exactly \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/243nm/program/view.php\">this question\u003c/a>: Do flame retardant chemicals prevent fires? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our conclusions were that we really don’t need the flame retardants in the foam in home furnishing,\" said Lucas. We don’t think the TB 117 standard is very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals don’t work, he says, because fires don’t start inside sofas. They start on the surface of the sofa, on the fabric. California's flammability law, TB 117 law says nothing about the fabric, just the foam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the fabric catches on fire, the flame that the foam is exposed to is much larger than the flame in the test,” says Lucas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, there’s nothing chemicals can do. It’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The foam is going to burn anyway.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are far fewer fires today than there were in the 1970s, when TB 117 was written. Fewer smokers, as well as laws requiring smoke detectors and sprinklers have made homes safer. These days, most fires start in the kitchen, not on a sofa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason even fire fighters have had a change of heart on the subject of flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom O’Connor, a fire fighter in San Francisco, says fires these days are a toxic soup of chemicals, thanks, in part, to chemically-treated furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor, and others, believe they're seeing an epidemic of cancers among firefighters. San Francisco's Fire Department is one of several around the country participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fireservice/research/safety/niosh_cancer_study.shtm\">study\u003c/a> of firefighters and cancer run by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If flame-retardant chemicals in furniture are part of the problem, says O'Connor, \"then obviously we want them out of the products of combustion, once we go into a burning building.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given recent events in Sacramento, that change is unlikely to start happening, at least this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One California official could sidestep the legislature and change the law: Tonya Blood. She was appointed just last week as the new chief of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings. It’s the same agency that established TB 117 back in 1975. Blood’s office didn’t answer requests for an interview. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"To comply with California law, furniture makers treat the foam in cushions with flame-retardant chemicals, up to two pounds of chemicals in an average-sized sofa. Those chemicals can turn up in household dust, blood, and breast milk. But efforts to remove them have been blocked by the chemical industry.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996599,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":1476},"headData":{"title":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa | KQED","description":"To comply with California law, furniture makers treat the foam in cushions with flame-retardant chemicals, up to two pounds of chemicals in an average-sized sofa. Those chemicals can turn up in household dust, blood, and breast milk. But efforts to remove them have been blocked by the chemical industry.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa ","datePublished":"2012-04-06T20:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:23:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34736 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=34736","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/06/the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa/","disqusTitle":"The Political Firestorm Inside Your Sofa ","path":"/quest/34736/the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-09-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/04/2012-04-09-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to environmental policy, no state has paved the way more often than California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians didn't just invent iPads and commercial microprocessors; they brought to life laws promoting clean water, clean air, laws that eventually went on to become national policy, credited with cleaning up vast swaths of the country. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34942\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/sofa_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sofa\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34942\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An average-sized sofa can contain two pounds of flame-retardant chemicals. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, the picture is less clear. That’s the case with TB 117, a pioneering California law that many scientists now say was a big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those scientists is chemist Arlene Blum, a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley and founder of the Green Science Policy Institute, a non-profit group in Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Blum at a furniture store in Berkeley. Standing in front of a three-seated sofa, she lifted a cushion and read aloud from the small white tag sewn into the fabric. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This article meets the flammability requirements of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings \u003ca href=\"http://www.bhfti.ca.gov/industry/bulletin.shtml\">Technical Bulletin 117\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A California law's mixed legacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB 117, as it’s called, is a state law passed in 1975. It says that the foam inside upholstered furniture must be able to resist a flame, for example, from a cigarette lighter, for 12 seconds without catching fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers meet this law by treating the foam with several different kinds of chemicals, up to two pounds of flame retardant chemicals in an average-size sofa, according to Don Lucas, a flammability expert at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the law is specific to California, it affects furniture sold across the country. Major furniture dealers sell California-compliant products in all 50 states, and Canada. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, say Blum and others, is that the chemicals don’t just stay inside the sofas. They turn up in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239062\">household dust\u003c/a> and can be detected in human blood and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079522\">breast milk\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/reports/pbdesintoddlers\">Toddlers\u003c/a> often have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035146\">higher levels\u003c/a> of the chemicals in their bodies than adults do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One study found that the levels of PBDEs found in bodies of toddlers are similar to what you'd find in people who work in a recycling foam factory. That's two to ten times what you'd find in adults,\" says Ami Zota, a researcher with UCSF's Program on reproductive Health and the Environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a growing body of evidence demonstrating effects in animals, and not just lab animals, but birds and marine mammals,\" says Linda Birnbaum, who directs the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birnbaum says while effects in humans are less certain, there is good evidence to suggest that some flame retardants, particularly a class called PBDEs, which have been largely phased out sine 2004, can affect the reproductive system, nervous system, as well as learning, memory, and behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some flame retardant chemicals cause cancer in lab animals. Observational studies of humans suggest connections between the chemicals and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103495\">infertility\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878423\">low-birth weight\u003c/a> and abnormal brain development in kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One chemical, known as tris, was used widely in children's pajamas until the 1970s, when scientists, including Arlene Blum, campaigned successfully for a phase out. Tris is considered carcinogenic under California's Proposition 65 but is still used widely in furniture and also \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all\">turns up\u003c/a> in baby products, such as nursing pillows and changing pads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Industry fights change\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State lawmakers have tried -- and failed -- five times to change California's law in ways that would reduce or eliminate the use of flame retardant chemicals in furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of those attempts came from one lawmaker, State Senator Mark Leno, who represents Marin and San Francisco. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno’s last bill, \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/sen/sb_0101-0150/sb_147_cfa_20110428_150643_sen_comm.html\">SB 147\u003c/a> had the support of furniture makers, firefighter groups, and doctors. All of them wanted the chemicals out of furniture. But the bill was killed in committee by a vote of seven to one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the lawmakers who voted on the bill had received campaign contributions from the chemical industry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leno says it's not hard to see those lobbying dollars in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever one of his flame retardants bills would come up for a vote, he says, he’d pay a visit to each of the committee members, just before the vote, to make his case. But the lobbyists outnumbered him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Repeatedly, as I would leave a colleague’s office, an hour or two before the committee hearing racing to get to another office, in the waiting room of the office I’m leaving is a lobbyist for the chemical industry. So they’d have the last word,” says Leno.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(Update: Read about how a Seattle burn doctor misled California lawmakers with the fictional story of an infant burn victim in the Chicago Tribune's four-part series, \"\u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">Playing with Fire\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, a state lawmaker, Assemblywoman Holly Mitchell, from Los Angeles, introduced -- and then quickly withdrew -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/11-12/bill/asm/ab_2151-2200/ab_2197_bill_20120223_introduced.html\">her own bill\u003c/a> on the topic. A spokesperson said Mitchell decided she was too busy, but would pick it up next year. Since 2011, Mitchell has taken $3,500 from the chemical industry.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n(For more on how campaign dollars from the chemical industry have helped keep flame retardants in furniture, see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">Liza Gross\u003c/a>' 2011 special report in Environmental Health News, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">Money to Burn\u003c/a>.\")\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find supporters of TB 117 who aren’t in some way connected to the same companies that produce flame retardant chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Lang is a former tobacco lobbyist with the firm Lang, Hansen, O'Malley & Miller, in Sacramento, whose clients include the American Chemistry Council, a chemical industry group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a hearing last April, Lang argued that changes to the California law are unnecessary because many of the most harmful flame retardants, a group called PBDEs, have already been banned. Newer alternatives, he said, are safer than the old ones. He said that over-regulating this industry would squelch innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we continue to ban chemicals that are developed before they're used, we won't have any chemicals to be used. We won't be able to create the jobs we want to create in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nDo flame retardants in furniture prevent fires?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lang and others in the industry say that flame retardant chemicals, and the law that requires them, TB 117, serve a critical purpose: They prevent fires. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donald Lucas, the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab scientist, and his colleague Vyto Babrauskas researched exactly \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/243nm/program/view.php\">this question\u003c/a>: Do flame retardant chemicals prevent fires? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our conclusions were that we really don’t need the flame retardants in the foam in home furnishing,\" said Lucas. We don’t think the TB 117 standard is very good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemicals don’t work, he says, because fires don’t start inside sofas. They start on the surface of the sofa, on the fabric. California's flammability law, TB 117 law says nothing about the fabric, just the foam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once the fabric catches on fire, the flame that the foam is exposed to is much larger than the flame in the test,” says Lucas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, there’s nothing chemicals can do. It’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The foam is going to burn anyway.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are far fewer fires today than there were in the 1970s, when TB 117 was written. Fewer smokers, as well as laws requiring smoke detectors and sprinklers have made homes safer. These days, most fires start in the kitchen, not on a sofa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason even fire fighters have had a change of heart on the subject of flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom O’Connor, a fire fighter in San Francisco, says fires these days are a toxic soup of chemicals, thanks, in part, to chemically-treated furniture. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Connor, and others, believe they're seeing an epidemic of cancers among firefighters. San Francisco's Fire Department is one of several around the country participating in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fireservice/research/safety/niosh_cancer_study.shtm\">study\u003c/a> of firefighters and cancer run by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If flame-retardant chemicals in furniture are part of the problem, says O'Connor, \"then obviously we want them out of the products of combustion, once we go into a burning building.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given recent events in Sacramento, that change is unlikely to start happening, at least this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One California official could sidestep the legislature and change the law: Tonya Blood. She was appointed just last week as the new chief of the California Bureau of Home Furnishings. It’s the same agency that established TB 117 back in 1975. Blood’s office didn’t answer requests for an interview. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34736/the-political-firestorm-inside-your-sofa","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10955","quest_252","quest_10957","quest_10954","quest_10956","quest_10959","quest_13203","quest_10964","quest_13202","quest_10953","quest_10958","quest_10960"],"featImg":"quest_34942","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. 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