From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science
Is the Salton Sea really "15 Months Pregnant" with our next big quake?
The Importance of Studying the History of Sea-Level Change in San Francisco Bay
Producer's Notes - Profile: Sylvia Earle
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Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned submarines such as Alvin, to explore the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when humans no longer put themselves at risk in the ocean depths, do we lose the thrill of exploration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The thrill, and the danger, of ocean exploration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 1991, Bob Vrijenhoek and another ocean researcher, Richard Lutz, were leading an expedition off the coast of Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ocean technology has come a long ways since the submersible Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned subs like Alvin, to explore the earth's depths. But can remote-control exploration capture the thrill of science? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450492886,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":55,"wordCount":1545},"headData":{"title":"From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science | KQED","description":"Ocean technology has come a long ways since the submersible Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned subs like Alvin, to explore the earth's depths. But can remote-control exploration capture the thrill of science? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"39936 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=39936","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/22/from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science/","disqusTitle":"From Alvin to Robots: Deep Changes in Ocean Science","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/Engineering/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-25-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/39936/from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Later this year, an iconic instrument of science returns to the sea: Alvin, the submersible that captured the first images of the Titanic wreck and discovered countless new species in exotic places like hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean technology has come a long way since Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned submarines such as Alvin, to explore the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when humans no longer put themselves at risk in the ocean depths, do we lose the thrill of exploration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The thrill, and the danger, of ocean exploration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 1991, Bob Vrijenhoek and another ocean researcher, Richard Lutz, were leading an expedition off the coast of Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39936/from-alvin-to-robots-changes-in-ocean-science","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_11229","quest_11231","quest_252","quest_11233","quest_1773","quest_3316","quest_13203","quest_2045","quest_13","quest_2456","quest_11232","quest_11230"],"featImg":"quest_39941","label":"source_quest_39936"},"quest_15531":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15531","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15531","score":null,"sort":[1309469799000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"salton-sea-15-months-pregnant","title":"Is the Salton Sea really "15 Months Pregnant" with our next big quake?","publishDate":1309469799,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/saltontop1.jpg\" alt=\"lake cahuilla\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The carbonate crust called tufa coats a high boulder over the Salton Sea, testifying that the Colorado River fed mighty Lake Cahuilla there in the geologically recent past. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic research is a remote and dusty undertaking that can look tedious to most people. But if it bears on subjects we fear, like earthquakes, even painstaking background projects can be blown out of proportion. A recent example from Southern California went from an intriguing journal article to \"we're all gonna die\" TV stories in the space of a day. Maybe it will help you spot the next time this happens in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The article, published in the prestigious \u003ci>Nature Geoscience\u003c/i> on June 26, presented the fruits of years of heat and tedium on the foul waters of the Salton Sea, in southernmost California. The Salton Sea occupies a sinking basin, the Salton Trough, that would rather be part of the Sea of Cortez except that the Colorado River has built a delta that dams it dry. As the river wanders over its delta, draining sometimes south and sometimes north, it periodically creates a geologically temporary lake in the Salton basin that has filled and dried out many times in the last few million years. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RHu2h5CF9s\">A short video\u003c/a> by the University of Redlands illustrates the process.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The repeating lake is known as Lake Cahuilla, and the Salton Sea is today's version of it. The Salton Sea is actually a terrible blunder, formed in 1905 when an irrigation canal tapping the Colorado River burst its banks and flooded a huge area of farmland in the dry bed of Lake Cahuilla. The breach was eventually fixed before the reborn lake could drown everything from Mexicali to Indio, but floods continued to be a problem until Hoover Dam was built upstream 30 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea covers up the southern end of the San Andreas fault, and that's where our science story begins. A research team from Scripps Institution of Oceanography crisscrossed the drowned land in a small boat with a state-of-the-art CHIRP sonar system. They mapped a swarm of short faults running from the end of the San Andreas toward the end of the Imperial fault lying to the south—a tectonic configuration called a stepover. Here's the figure showing how it all fits together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/saltonmap1.gif\" alt=\"salton sea tectonics\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>Tectonic setting of the Salton Trough and Salton Sea. SJF is San Jacinto fault, SSAF is southern San Andreas fault and IF is Imperial fault. Green grid is ship tracks in the dashed box; awz (acoustic wipeout zone) marks disturbed sediments. (Scripps)\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From their sonar database the researchers extracted a decent record of recent ruptures on some of these stepover faults. My figure below shows, schematically, how the sediment record is built as downdrops on the fault combine with sediment being deposited on top. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/saltonprofiles1.gif\" alt=\"fault offset sediment record\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers ran this process backward to reconstruct the history of faulting for a few thousand years into the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What made things interesting was how this record of stepover quakes meshed with records of lake floods and San Andreas mega-quakes. The correlation is imperfect, but intriguing: every time the lake was reborn in a flood, the stepover faults gave way, and half of the recent mega-quakes coincided with stepover quakes. To connect the dots further, the researchers said that \"at least one of the last three dry-basin floods coincides with an earthquake on the SSAF (southern San Andreas fault).\" In their cautious words, \"We propose that loading by (Lake Cahuilla) may have induced failure on faults beneath the Salton Sea that, in turn, has the potential to trigger an earthquake rupture on the SSAF.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's all ingenious science (seismic oceanography, in the desert!), but not news. To get news takes a press officer with a nose for a hook, and the hook is that the SSAF hasn't broken in some 300 years when we might (given the recent record) expect it to happen more often. Has our failure to let Lake Cahuilla be reborn held off triggering the next Big One? Well, has it?? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question is something for geologists to wave their arms about at meetings and parties, not hold out to the world as a sure thing. But between the paper, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1184.html\">whose abstract is world-readable\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-06/uoc--foa062411.php\">press release from Scripps\u003c/a> we can see the story begin to morph. It's a scattershot press release, meant to serve any news angle, that immediately confuses today's managed Salton Sea with wild prehistoric Lake Cahuilla. It includes a great hook, a quote about the \"overdue\" SSAF likening it to \"a woman who is 15 months pregnant.\" The quote is only part of the background to the science, just a tangential part of the paper itself, but irresistible to the troutlike mind of the news reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First out the chute on June 26 was \u003ca href=\"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/jun/26/salton-sea-poses-big-earthquake-threat-southern-ca/\">the \u003cem>San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/em>'s website\u003c/a>, where Gary Robbins immediately removed all scientific uncertainty in his first sentence: \"The Salton Sea east of San Diego is a deceptively dangerous backwater, hiding faults that repeatedly produce powerful earthquakes that jolt all of Southern California, says a new study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that day a Los Angeles TV station rewrote Robbins's story under the headline \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/River-Diversions-could-lead-to-Megaquake-124595454.html\">Mega Quake Around the Corner?\u003c/a>\" with the lead sentence, \"Man's interference with Colorado River floods that used to regularly flow to the Salton Sea may have 'stopped the clock' on a regular series of big earthquakes, setting the stage for a mega quake that could wreck Southern California, scientists said Sunday.\" The accidental flood of 1905 has become \"interference\" with regular flows to the Salton Sea, and the reasoning has turned upside-down: If we had let the Imperial Valley drown, Southern California's \"Big One\" might already have happened and been a few tenths of a magnitude unit smaller. How anyone wins under that scenario is not explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few days, more and better journalists weighed in. Some of them had actually studied the \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> paper (as I have). Many, including \u003cem>Discovery News\u003c/em>'s Tim Wall, \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/earth/smaller-salton-sea-silences-seismic-shocks-110629.html\">apparently did not\u003c/a>. \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em>'s Dan Vergano \u003ca href=\"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2011/06/salton-sea-floods-flipped-earthquake-trigger/1\">did well\u003c/a>. So did Chris Clarke \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/commentary/shaking-the-salton-sea-34796.html\">on KCET's website\u003c/a>. Charles Q. Choi \u003ca href=\"http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/san-andreas-earthquake-lull-flood-control-salton-sea-1679/\">did fresh reporting\u003c/a>, as usual, for OurAmazingPlanet.com. \u003cem>Science News\u003c/em>'s Devin Powell wins my prize for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/331864/title/Floodwaters_may_trigger_fault_motion\">succinct, factual and well-written account\u003c/a>. As you peruse the items collected by Google News \u003ca href=\"http://news.google.com/news/more?pz=1&cf=all&cf=all&ncl=d9Q1NWmuuBinVUMeuRGTi_qRYFWQM\">under a search on \"salton earthquake,\"\u003c/a> look for those items that get the details right—specifically the fact that the Salton Sea arose by mismanagement, not on purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has excellent media when it comes to our own earthquakes, with seasoned staff and good support from academic and government experts. But still—if scary news comes up, look around the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/news/Geology_News_Sources.htm\">science mediasphere\u003c/a> and wait a few days before deciding what you think. Even better, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/news/a/DIY_news.htm\">track down the news at its source\u003c/a> whenever you can. Learn who to trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 33.3 -115.8\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Southern California an intriguing journal article turned into \"we're all gonna die\" TV stories in the space of a day. Be ready for the next time this happens in the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311135127,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1183},"headData":{"title":"Is the Salton Sea really "15 Months Pregnant" with our next big quake? | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15531 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15531","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant/","disqusTitle":"Is the Salton Sea really "15 Months Pregnant" with our next big quake?","path":"/quest/15531/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/saltontop1.jpg\" alt=\"lake cahuilla\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>The carbonate crust called tufa coats a high boulder over the Salton Sea, testifying that the Colorado River fed mighty Lake Cahuilla there in the geologically recent past. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologic research is a remote and dusty undertaking that can look tedious to most people. But if it bears on subjects we fear, like earthquakes, even painstaking background projects can be blown out of proportion. A recent example from Southern California went from an intriguing journal article to \"we're all gonna die\" TV stories in the space of a day. Maybe it will help you spot the next time this happens in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The article, published in the prestigious \u003ci>Nature Geoscience\u003c/i> on June 26, presented the fruits of years of heat and tedium on the foul waters of the Salton Sea, in southernmost California. The Salton Sea occupies a sinking basin, the Salton Trough, that would rather be part of the Sea of Cortez except that the Colorado River has built a delta that dams it dry. As the river wanders over its delta, draining sometimes south and sometimes north, it periodically creates a geologically temporary lake in the Salton basin that has filled and dried out many times in the last few million years. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RHu2h5CF9s\">A short video\u003c/a> by the University of Redlands illustrates the process.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The repeating lake is known as Lake Cahuilla, and the Salton Sea is today's version of it. The Salton Sea is actually a terrible blunder, formed in 1905 when an irrigation canal tapping the Colorado River burst its banks and flooded a huge area of farmland in the dry bed of Lake Cahuilla. The breach was eventually fixed before the reborn lake could drown everything from Mexicali to Indio, but floods continued to be a problem until Hoover Dam was built upstream 30 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea covers up the southern end of the San Andreas fault, and that's where our science story begins. A research team from Scripps Institution of Oceanography crisscrossed the drowned land in a small boat with a state-of-the-art CHIRP sonar system. They mapped a swarm of short faults running from the end of the San Andreas toward the end of the Imperial fault lying to the south—a tectonic configuration called a stepover. Here's the figure showing how it all fits together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/saltonmap1.gif\" alt=\"salton sea tectonics\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>Tectonic setting of the Salton Trough and Salton Sea. SJF is San Jacinto fault, SSAF is southern San Andreas fault and IF is Imperial fault. Green grid is ship tracks in the dashed box; awz (acoustic wipeout zone) marks disturbed sediments. (Scripps)\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From their sonar database the researchers extracted a decent record of recent ruptures on some of these stepover faults. My figure below shows, schematically, how the sediment record is built as downdrops on the fault combine with sediment being deposited on top. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/saltonprofiles1.gif\" alt=\"fault offset sediment record\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers ran this process backward to reconstruct the history of faulting for a few thousand years into the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What made things interesting was how this record of stepover quakes meshed with records of lake floods and San Andreas mega-quakes. The correlation is imperfect, but intriguing: every time the lake was reborn in a flood, the stepover faults gave way, and half of the recent mega-quakes coincided with stepover quakes. To connect the dots further, the researchers said that \"at least one of the last three dry-basin floods coincides with an earthquake on the SSAF (southern San Andreas fault).\" In their cautious words, \"We propose that loading by (Lake Cahuilla) may have induced failure on faults beneath the Salton Sea that, in turn, has the potential to trigger an earthquake rupture on the SSAF.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's all ingenious science (seismic oceanography, in the desert!), but not news. To get news takes a press officer with a nose for a hook, and the hook is that the SSAF hasn't broken in some 300 years when we might (given the recent record) expect it to happen more often. Has our failure to let Lake Cahuilla be reborn held off triggering the next Big One? Well, has it?? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That question is something for geologists to wave their arms about at meetings and parties, not hold out to the world as a sure thing. But between the paper, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1184.html\">whose abstract is world-readable\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-06/uoc--foa062411.php\">press release from Scripps\u003c/a> we can see the story begin to morph. It's a scattershot press release, meant to serve any news angle, that immediately confuses today's managed Salton Sea with wild prehistoric Lake Cahuilla. It includes a great hook, a quote about the \"overdue\" SSAF likening it to \"a woman who is 15 months pregnant.\" The quote is only part of the background to the science, just a tangential part of the paper itself, but irresistible to the troutlike mind of the news reporter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First out the chute on June 26 was \u003ca href=\"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/jun/26/salton-sea-poses-big-earthquake-threat-southern-ca/\">the \u003cem>San Diego Union-Tribune\u003c/em>'s website\u003c/a>, where Gary Robbins immediately removed all scientific uncertainty in his first sentence: \"The Salton Sea east of San Diego is a deceptively dangerous backwater, hiding faults that repeatedly produce powerful earthquakes that jolt all of Southern California, says a new study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that day a Los Angeles TV station rewrote Robbins's story under the headline \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/River-Diversions-could-lead-to-Megaquake-124595454.html\">Mega Quake Around the Corner?\u003c/a>\" with the lead sentence, \"Man's interference with Colorado River floods that used to regularly flow to the Salton Sea may have 'stopped the clock' on a regular series of big earthquakes, setting the stage for a mega quake that could wreck Southern California, scientists said Sunday.\" The accidental flood of 1905 has become \"interference\" with regular flows to the Salton Sea, and the reasoning has turned upside-down: If we had let the Imperial Valley drown, Southern California's \"Big One\" might already have happened and been a few tenths of a magnitude unit smaller. How anyone wins under that scenario is not explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few days, more and better journalists weighed in. Some of them had actually studied the \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> paper (as I have). Many, including \u003cem>Discovery News\u003c/em>'s Tim Wall, \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/earth/smaller-salton-sea-silences-seismic-shocks-110629.html\">apparently did not\u003c/a>. \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em>'s Dan Vergano \u003ca href=\"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2011/06/salton-sea-floods-flipped-earthquake-trigger/1\">did well\u003c/a>. So did Chris Clarke \u003ca href=\"http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/commentary/shaking-the-salton-sea-34796.html\">on KCET's website\u003c/a>. Charles Q. Choi \u003ca href=\"http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/san-andreas-earthquake-lull-flood-control-salton-sea-1679/\">did fresh reporting\u003c/a>, as usual, for OurAmazingPlanet.com. \u003cem>Science News\u003c/em>'s Devin Powell wins my prize for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/331864/title/Floodwaters_may_trigger_fault_motion\">succinct, factual and well-written account\u003c/a>. As you peruse the items collected by Google News \u003ca href=\"http://news.google.com/news/more?pz=1&cf=all&cf=all&ncl=d9Q1NWmuuBinVUMeuRGTi_qRYFWQM\">under a search on \"salton earthquake,\"\u003c/a> look for those items that get the details right—specifically the fact that the Salton Sea arose by mismanagement, not on purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has excellent media when it comes to our own earthquakes, with seasoned staff and good support from academic and government experts. But still—if scary news comes up, look around the \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/news/Geology_News_Sources.htm\">science mediasphere\u003c/a> and wait a few days before deciding what you think. Even better, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/news/a/DIY_news.htm\">track down the news at its source\u003c/a> whenever you can. Learn who to trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 33.3 -115.8\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15531/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_13200","quest_1781","quest_2045","quest_3979","quest_2484","quest_2885"],"featImg":"quest_15532","label":"quest"},"quest_7788":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_7788","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"7788","score":null,"sort":[1283446236000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay","title":"The Importance of Studying the History of Sea-Level Change in San Francisco Bay","publishDate":1283446236,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sea-level rise is happening and more than 100 million people could be affected globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311703220,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":935},"headData":{"title":"The Importance of Studying the History of Sea-Level Change in San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"7788 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=7788","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/02/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"The Importance of Studying the History of Sea-Level Change in San Francisco Bay","path":"/quest/7788/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/7788/the-importance-of-studying-the-history-of-sea-level-change-in-san-francisco-bay","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_621","quest_13200","quest_2045","quest_2559","quest_2603","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"label":"quest_3359"},"quest_2909":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2909","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2909","score":null,"sort":[1246989632000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-profile-sylvia-earle","title":"Producer's Notes - Profile: Sylvia Earle","publishDate":1246989632,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/profile-sylvia-earle\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/blog_silviaearle.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>From left to right: Associate Producer Joan Johnson, Sylvia Earle, and Producer Amy Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows who \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/explorers/sylvia-earle.html\">Sylvia Earle\u003c/a> is, right? Not so. Despite the fact that she's been at the forefront of marine science and ocean exploration for more than 40 years, she is not a household name. But she REALLY should be. She began diving with early SCUBA gear when she was in college and since then, has accumulated more than 7000 diving hours studying marine plants and animal life all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A turning point in her career came in 1970 when she led a team of woman Aquanauts in a two week research expedition in an underwater lab called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektite_habitat\">Tektite\u003c/a>. When the women emerged from their decompression chamber after living underwater for two weeks, the world embraced them as heroes. She was thrust into a spotlight as an ocean expert and pioneer of saturation diving and underwater research. Since then, she has continued to travel the globe and speak passionately and persuasively on ocean conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were thrilled to have a chance to meet Dr. Sylvia Earle and profile her on QUEST. Joan Johnson, the Associate Producer of the segment, was especially excited: Dr. Earle has been one of her idols since her former life as a marine biologist. Although I was also a burgeoning biologist at one point in my life, I had not heard of Dr. Earle until a couple of years ago when we featured her former husband and design partner, Graham Hawkes, in a earlier \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/281\">QUEST episode\u003c/a>. We've wanted to feature her since then but she’s incredibly busy, traveling and speaking about ocean issues most of the year. In the two month window in which we wanted to film her, she was going to be on the road (in the air, under the water) no less than 50 days, with trips to Monaco, Rome, Mexico and the South Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I had envisioned a story where we actually get to know her, meet her family, spend time with her at her home in Oakland, cooking, playing with her dog on the beach; you know, find out what makes her \"tick,\" I had to make due with three hours total in our KQED studio. So, Joan and I had to be VERY creative when figuring out the content of our story. Put another way, the only material that we shot of Sylvia Earle ourselves was a 2 hours interview. All the other footage in the story had to be researched, located, acquired and paid for. Thankfully, Sylvia Earle's life has been pretty well-documented in film and photography. But I know that if not for Joan's incredible resourcefulness and passion for the subject, this story would not have been possible. I had the easy part of the job: having a long conversation with an INCREDIBLE woman then writing about it. And I now have a new hero as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/profile-sylvia-earle\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/07/profile-sylvia-earle/\">Profile: Sylvia Earle\u003c/a> television story online.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everyone knows who Sylvia Earle is, right? Not so. Despite the fact that she’s been at the forefront of marine science and ocean exploration for more than 40 years, she is not a household name.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457399511,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":503},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes - Profile: Sylvia Earle | KQED","description":"Everyone knows who Sylvia Earle is, right? Not so. Despite the fact that she’s been at the forefront of marine science and ocean exploration for more than 40 years, she is not a household name.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2909 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2909","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/07/producers-notes-profile-sylvia-earle/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes - Profile: Sylvia Earle","path":"/quest/2909/producers-notes-profile-sylvia-earle","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/profile-sylvia-earle\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/blog_silviaearle.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>From left to right: Associate Producer Joan Johnson, Sylvia Earle, and Producer Amy Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows who \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/explorers/sylvia-earle.html\">Sylvia Earle\u003c/a> is, right? Not so. Despite the fact that she's been at the forefront of marine science and ocean exploration for more than 40 years, she is not a household name. But she REALLY should be. She began diving with early SCUBA gear when she was in college and since then, has accumulated more than 7000 diving hours studying marine plants and animal life all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A turning point in her career came in 1970 when she led a team of woman Aquanauts in a two week research expedition in an underwater lab called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektite_habitat\">Tektite\u003c/a>. When the women emerged from their decompression chamber after living underwater for two weeks, the world embraced them as heroes. She was thrust into a spotlight as an ocean expert and pioneer of saturation diving and underwater research. Since then, she has continued to travel the globe and speak passionately and persuasively on ocean conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were thrilled to have a chance to meet Dr. Sylvia Earle and profile her on QUEST. Joan Johnson, the Associate Producer of the segment, was especially excited: Dr. Earle has been one of her idols since her former life as a marine biologist. Although I was also a burgeoning biologist at one point in my life, I had not heard of Dr. Earle until a couple of years ago when we featured her former husband and design partner, Graham Hawkes, in a earlier \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/281\">QUEST episode\u003c/a>. We've wanted to feature her since then but she’s incredibly busy, traveling and speaking about ocean issues most of the year. In the two month window in which we wanted to film her, she was going to be on the road (in the air, under the water) no less than 50 days, with trips to Monaco, Rome, Mexico and the South Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although I had envisioned a story where we actually get to know her, meet her family, spend time with her at her home in Oakland, cooking, playing with her dog on the beach; you know, find out what makes her \"tick,\" I had to make due with three hours total in our KQED studio. So, Joan and I had to be VERY creative when figuring out the content of our story. Put another way, the only material that we shot of Sylvia Earle ourselves was a 2 hours interview. All the other footage in the story had to be researched, located, acquired and paid for. Thankfully, Sylvia Earle's life has been pretty well-documented in film and photography. But I know that if not for Joan's incredible resourcefulness and passion for the subject, this story would not have been possible. I had the easy part of the job: having a long conversation with an INCREDIBLE woman then writing about it. And I now have a new hero as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/profile-sylvia-earle\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Watch the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/07/profile-sylvia-earle/\">Profile: Sylvia Earle\u003c/a> television story online.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2909/producers-notes-profile-sylvia-earle","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_196","quest_792","quest_845","quest_1244","quest_1744","quest_2039","quest_2044","quest_2045","quest_2094","quest_2552","quest_2819","quest_2848","quest_2849","quest_2858","quest_2886","quest_2890"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. 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Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/OOW_Tile_Final.png","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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