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One of the most studied and iconic of these species is the sandhill crane, which has been making this annual migration for centuries. Roughly 500,000 cranes travel through Nebraska in the spring, where they descend upon the shallow Platte River, its sandbars, and nearby wetlands to rest and feed before continuing north to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68966 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0226-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe, and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the ground was still frozen on a March afternoon on Mormon Island in central Nebraska. This “island” runs for several miles between two channels of the Platte River. Mary Harner, director of science at the \u003ca href=\"http://cranetrust.org/\">Crane Trust\u003c/a>, led the way to a wet meadow: low-lying, undulating grasslands near the Platte, carved by older flows of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on an ice-covered portion of the slough roughly 20 feet across, Harner explained that once the ice melts, this area will have flowing water. These aptly named wet meadows are closely connected to the groundwater just below the surface, and they're usually marsh-like in spring and summer. Their moist soil makes it easier for birds to find bugs and plants to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied crane migration for decades, but they're now using cameras to get an up-close view of how the birds use this critical habitat. Last spring, Harner and other researchers set up 10 game cameras over multiple sites in the meadow. The small, camouflaged cameras were programmed to take pictures every half hour or when they detected motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0221-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had cameras paired between the low wet areas and the nearby drier areas going from south to north across this island,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though this habitat is critical for cranes and other migratory birds, during the last century much of it disappeared as the land was developed for agriculture or towns and cities. The Crane Trust is one of several organizations working on conserving what remains along the central Platte, using methods that mimic historic forces on this river habitat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/\">like prescribed fire and grazing with cattle and bison\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These wet meadow habitats are very rare. They’re one of the first habitats to be lost when river flows are diminished and floodplains are converted from their natural state. So we’re here to first and foremost protect the remaining grasslands and meadows like this,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0239-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"228\" height=\"152\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner and her colleagues think these cameras might help them learn more about how and why the birds use these areas, which will help their conservation work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Johnsgard, a renowned ornithologist and retired biology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has spent his career studying cranes and other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring biology of cranes is really important because these six weeks or so that the birds spend in the Platte Valley are critically important for them to acquire the amount of fat -- energy -- that they need for the rest of their spring and summer activities. So it really is important to get this kind of data,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane video cameras have been around for a while, but most of the data on cranes has come from aerial surveys, thermal imaging, and people watching from wildlife blinds. Using the cameras to get thousands of up-close images offers a different way to study sandhill crane biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69099 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/CraneTrust2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You get an enormous sample of thousands of data points and from that you can look at them statistically and figure out exactly what percentage of time birds are doing different things. It gives a set of real data instead of general perceptions,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data would be almost impossible to get without human presence affecting crane behavior, according to Greg Wright, wildlife biologist at the Crane Trust. He noted that part of the initial study involved figuring out where to put the cameras. “We didn’t know exactly how they would respond to these cameras being out there. The camera is small and fairly discreet, and it’s camouflaged, but still, in a grassland anything sticks out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright said their time-lapse photography approach builds on previous wildlife studies, and cranes make ideal subjects for this kind of technology because of their “fidelity” to the Platte River, where they’ve returned year after year for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nature of cameras, when you can’t move them, you need a bird that has some sort of fidelity to a site. Other than nests, there’s not too many places that birds return to again and again in a way that you’d have enough images to be able to discover a pattern. Cranes fit that bill,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for the study came from existing collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"http://p-b-t.net/\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a> project, a public/private partnership of the University of Nebraska, NET Television, and Michael Forsberg Photography, which has been collecting time-lapse images across the river system for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0219-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner said changing technology has recently made these kinds of studies much cheaper and easier for researchers. Photos and videos are also more accessible for the general public than papers or graphs, Harner said, “being able show how the groundwater is pulsing and how these grasslands are essentially breathing … it just brings it to life in ways that are nearly impossible to visualize otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student interns helped classify more than 67,000 unique behaviors from tens of thousands of images collected last March and April. Wright said their initial findings show cranes tend to congregate in the wetter parts of the meadows, where they did more bathing and resting, compared to drier upland areas, where they mostly ate and moved around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69022 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0284-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think we were surprised that there were these strong differences between the uplands and the sloughs -- the water areas,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camera data also offered rare glimpses of birds spending the night in the meadows rather than returning to the river as they normally do. Wright said that this spring the Crane Trust will use the cameras to study nighttime behavior of cranes on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the birds are necessarily doing. We know they stay on the river. But to be able to have a camera right there on the roost and see those birds throughout the night… We’ll be able to see their activity pattern through the night,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project should help researchers and the public alike learn more about Nebraska’s annual winged travelers and their spring visits along the central Platte.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For decades, scientists have studied the annual migration of sandhill cranes through central Nebraska. A new project is using time-lapse cameras to capture and study crane behavior.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442694770,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1325},"headData":{"title":"Getting Up Close with Cranes | KQED","description":"For decades, scientists have studied the annual migration of sandhill cranes through central Nebraska. A new project is using time-lapse cameras to capture and study crane behavior.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Getting Up Close with Cranes","datePublished":"2014-04-10T14:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T20:32:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"68169 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68169","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/10/getting-up-close-with-cranes/","disqusTitle":"Getting Up Close with Cranes","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68169/getting-up-close-with-cranes","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/gettingupclosewithcranes3_20_14web01.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Nebraska may look like nothing but flat cornfields from a car speeding down Interstate 80, but it’s an incredibly important stopover point for millions of migrating birds, whose wings and cries fill the skies each spring. One of the most studied and iconic of these species is the sandhill crane, which has been making this annual migration for centuries. Roughly 500,000 cranes travel through Nebraska in the spring, where they descend upon the shallow Platte River, its sandbars, and nearby wetlands to rest and feed before continuing north to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68966\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68966 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0226-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranes use these wet meadows to feed, bathe, and rest during their spring migration. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Much of the ground was still frozen on a March afternoon on Mormon Island in central Nebraska. This “island” runs for several miles between two channels of the Platte River. Mary Harner, director of science at the \u003ca href=\"http://cranetrust.org/\">Crane Trust\u003c/a>, led the way to a wet meadow: low-lying, undulating grasslands near the Platte, carved by older flows of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on an ice-covered portion of the slough roughly 20 feet across, Harner explained that once the ice melts, this area will have flowing water. These aptly named wet meadows are closely connected to the groundwater just below the surface, and they're usually marsh-like in spring and summer. Their moist soil makes it easier for birds to find bugs and plants to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have studied crane migration for decades, but they're now using cameras to get an up-close view of how the birds use this critical habitat. Last spring, Harner and other researchers set up 10 game cameras over multiple sites in the meadow. The small, camouflaged cameras were programmed to take pictures every half hour or when they detected motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 304px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68967 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0221-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"304\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These small, remote, camouflaged cameras are placed two to three feet off the ground to capture crane behavior. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had cameras paired between the low wet areas and the nearby drier areas going from south to north across this island,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though this habitat is critical for cranes and other migratory birds, during the last century much of it disappeared as the land was developed for agriculture or towns and cities. The Crane Trust is one of several organizations working on conserving what remains along the central Platte, using methods that mimic historic forces on this river habitat, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/25/bison-and-cranes-reunited-to-support-habitat-restoration/\">like prescribed fire and grazing with cattle and bison\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These wet meadow habitats are very rare. They’re one of the first habitats to be lost when river flows are diminished and floodplains are converted from their natural state. So we’re here to first and foremost protect the remaining grasslands and meadows like this,” Harner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0239-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"228\" height=\"152\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Harner is director of science at the Crane Trust. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner and her colleagues think these cameras might help them learn more about how and why the birds use these areas, which will help their conservation work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Johnsgard, a renowned ornithologist and retired biology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, has spent his career studying cranes and other birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring biology of cranes is really important because these six weeks or so that the birds spend in the Platte Valley are critically important for them to acquire the amount of fat -- energy -- that they need for the rest of their spring and summer activities. So it really is important to get this kind of data,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crane video cameras have been around for a while, but most of the data on cranes has come from aerial surveys, thermal imaging, and people watching from wildlife blinds. Using the cameras to get thousands of up-close images offers a different way to study sandhill crane biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69099 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/CraneTrust2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wet meadow habitat is critical for cranes during their annual spring migration. Photo courtesy of the Crane Trust\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You get an enormous sample of thousands of data points and from that you can look at them statistically and figure out exactly what percentage of time birds are doing different things. It gives a set of real data instead of general perceptions,” Johnsgard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data would be almost impossible to get without human presence affecting crane behavior, according to Greg Wright, wildlife biologist at the Crane Trust. He noted that part of the initial study involved figuring out where to put the cameras. “We didn’t know exactly how they would respond to these cameras being out there. The camera is small and fairly discreet, and it’s camouflaged, but still, in a grassland anything sticks out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wright said their time-lapse photography approach builds on previous wildlife studies, and cranes make ideal subjects for this kind of technology because of their “fidelity” to the Platte River, where they’ve returned year after year for centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The nature of cameras, when you can’t move them, you need a bird that has some sort of fidelity to a site. Other than nests, there’s not too many places that birds return to again and again in a way that you’d have enough images to be able to discover a pattern. Cranes fit that bill,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for the study came from existing collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"http://p-b-t.net/\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a> project, a public/private partnership of the University of Nebraska, NET Television, and Michael Forsberg Photography, which has been collecting time-lapse images across the river system for the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69021\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0219-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crane Trust Wildlife Biologist Greg Wright checks a camera that was left in place year-round, eleveated and fenced to protect it from cattle. Now that it's spring, he'll remove the fence and drop the camera height so that it can once again capture images of cranes. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Harner said changing technology has recently made these kinds of studies much cheaper and easier for researchers. Photos and videos are also more accessible for the general public than papers or graphs, Harner said, “being able show how the groundwater is pulsing and how these grasslands are essentially breathing … it just brings it to life in ways that are nearly impossible to visualize otherwise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Student interns helped classify more than 67,000 unique behaviors from tens of thousands of images collected last March and April. Wright said their initial findings show cranes tend to congregate in the wetter parts of the meadows, where they did more bathing and resting, compared to drier upland areas, where they mostly ate and moved around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69022 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/DSC_0284-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News. \" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spending the day eating and socializing in nearby fields and wetlands, cranes typically return to the Platte River at night to protect themselves from predators. Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think we were surprised that there were these strong differences between the uplands and the sloughs -- the water areas,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Camera data also offered rare glimpses of birds spending the night in the meadows rather than returning to the river as they normally do. Wright said that this spring the Crane Trust will use the cameras to study nighttime behavior of cranes on the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know what the birds are necessarily doing. We know they stay on the river. But to be able to have a camera right there on the roost and see those birds throughout the night… We’ll be able to see their activity pattern through the night,” Wright said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project should help researchers and the public alike learn more about Nebraska’s annual winged travelers and their spring visits along the central Platte.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68169/getting-up-close-with-cranes","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_304","quest_326","quest_13193","quest_340","quest_12775","quest_12646","quest_12269","quest_12774","quest_12773","quest_1819","quest_12520","quest_12777","quest_12782","quest_12491","quest_12354","quest_12645","quest_12348"],"featImg":"quest_69098","label":"source_quest_68169"},"quest_65956":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65956","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65956","score":null,"sort":[1394719211000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-measuring-snow","title":"The Science of Measuring Snow","publishDate":1394719211,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the water that flows through the West originates high up in the mountains. Each winter, as snow accumulates there, hydrologists calculate how much of the water that melts from it will end up downstream. That information is critical to towns, power plants, and irrigators who depend on the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the summit of Interstate 80 in southeastern Wyoming, Matt Hoobler trudges through a scrubby open field on snowshoes, carrying a long hollow metal pipe. Reaching a marked spot near the trees, he carefully holds the metal tube perpendicular to the ground, then lets it drop through the snow, twists it, and pulls it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68013 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/mattwalk-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hoobler, a snow surveyor with the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, is taking a core sample of the snowpack. The specially calibrated cylinder measures snow depth, weight, and density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water content at this site is 5.5 inches. That means if this snow was to melt instantaneously, there’d be 5.5 inches of water sitting in this meadow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoobler collects snowpack information at sites throughout Wyoming, like his colleagues in 12 other Western states, including California, Washington and Alaska. Because these sites are often remote, they can travel up to 70 miles a day by snowshoe, skis, and snowmobiles on surveys, carrying survival equipment to protect them in the event of severe weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason we’re up here for snow survey is for river forecasting. In other words, once it all turns to water, how much water is going to exist in our rivers and our reservoirs,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/pole-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snow survey program started in the 1930s. Each year surveyors add new data to the collection, validating the record and improving accuracy. Hoobler said understanding the relationship between snowpack and water supply is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society depends on water -- whether it’s growing the crops we’re going to eat or producing hydroelectric power. Fifty to eighty percent of flows of North Platte River depend on this white stuff -- snow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred miles southwest, in the South Platte River basin, Mage Hultstrand skis through deep snow just off the highway to get to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site on the top of Cameron Pass in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68015 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/agnes-bit_10_11-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. These sites collect and transmit snowpack and climate data from all over the western U.S. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SNOTEL stands for “snowpack telemetry,” or remote data transmission. Hultstrand is a hydrologist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s snow survey program in Denver. Every year more than 700 remote stations like this one track snowpack and climate data, including snow depth and temperature, across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure the water content of the snow here,” Hultstrand said, pointing out markers that border the snow pillow, an envelope filled with antifreeze that acts like a scale, weighing the snow and converting it to a measurement of total water content. SNOTEL data are combined with manual snow survey data, collected by people like Hoobler, and compiled into water supply forecasts. Hultstrand said those projections help water providers prepare for the season ahead, determining if they’ll have to apply restrictions in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water providers and agricultural users start paying attention early in the season to what’s going on. This is the headwater state, so this is where all of your water is coming from, with the exception of whatever precipitation is received in spring and summer,” Hultstrand said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68016 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/maggie-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. \" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downstream, Nebraska irrigators also rely on groundwater, which is affected by snowfall. But it takes time for that melted snow to travel through the underground aquifer and back to streams and reservoirs, which impacts central Nebraska irrigators. Tom Schwarz farms about 750 certified organic acres near Bertrand, Nebraska. In addition to row crops, he grows vegetables to supply supermarkets in Lincoln and Omaha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarz uses groundwater on most of his fields, but also depends on Platte River water stored in Lake McConaughy. Schwarz said he keeps an eye on snowpack but knows there’s a delay in what he and other central Nebraska irrigators will actually receive from the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the snow falls this year, it fills up the reservoirs in the mountains. Irrigators in the Panhandle use that water and, in turn, that water goes down into the aquifer and, hopefully, into the river and down to Lake McConaughy for use the following year,” Schwarz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is controlled by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Spokesman Jeff Buettner said they take that delay into account and watch snowpack and river forecasts and levels at Wyoming reservoirs when planning their water supply. But inflows to Lake McConaughy have been declining for the last decade, partly due to groundwater development and conservation measures upstream. Buettner said 2014 will be the seventh time in the last 10 years that Central Irrigation’s customers will receive less than a full supply of water. This year’s allocation will only be half of what they could expect historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Buettner said water conservation and efficiency is key. Some big snowpack years would help, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Wyoming, Matt Hoobler reads the results of his snow survey report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/data/water/wcs/earth/snotelwithlabels.kmz&sll=45.467836,-108.446045&sspn=5.369953,8.712158&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=4\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68017 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SnotelMAP-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. The full interactive map is produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. Click on the image to see the full interactive map produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Last year at this time, we had 17 inches of snow; we have 31 this year. Last year we had 2.7 water content inches; we have 5.5 this year. And our 30-year average is 5.4, so we’re just a hair above average. Any time you can have average, that’s a great day,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, most of the Platte River Basin snowpack reports are above average. But since it’s still midwinter, most water providers will wait to see what the April report brings before getting too excited.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Much of the water flowing through the West starts as snowpack high up in the mountains. A complex system of remote and manual data collection helps water managers calculate how much water they'll have for the season ahead. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823017,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1082},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Measuring Snow | KQED","description":"Much of the water flowing through the West starts as snowpack high up in the mountains. A complex system of remote and manual data collection helps water managers calculate how much water they'll have for the season ahead. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Science of Measuring Snow","datePublished":"2014-03-13T14:00:11.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T21:56:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65956 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65956","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/13/the-science-of-measuring-snow/","disqusTitle":"The Science of Measuring Snow","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65956/the-science-of-measuring-snow","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ScienceofSnowpack_031314.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the water that flows through the West originates high up in the mountains. Each winter, as snow accumulates there, hydrologists calculate how much of the water that melts from it will end up downstream. That information is critical to towns, power plants, and irrigators who depend on the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the summit of Interstate 80 in southeastern Wyoming, Matt Hoobler trudges through a scrubby open field on snowshoes, carrying a long hollow metal pipe. Reaching a marked spot near the trees, he carefully holds the metal tube perpendicular to the ground, then lets it drop through the snow, twists it, and pulls it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68013 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/mattwalk-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Hoobler snowshoes to the manual snow survey course in Wyoming. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hoobler, a snow surveyor with the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, is taking a core sample of the snowpack. The specially calibrated cylinder measures snow depth, weight, and density.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water content at this site is 5.5 inches. That means if this snow was to melt instantaneously, there’d be 5.5 inches of water sitting in this meadow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoobler collects snowpack information at sites throughout Wyoming, like his colleagues in 12 other Western states, including California, Washington and Alaska. Because these sites are often remote, they can travel up to 70 miles a day by snowshoe, skis, and snowmobiles on surveys, carrying survival equipment to protect them in the event of severe weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main reason we’re up here for snow survey is for river forecasting. In other words, once it all turns to water, how much water is going to exist in our rivers and our reservoirs,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68014 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/pole-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This specially-calibrated tube measures snow depth, weight and density. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The snow survey program started in the 1930s. Each year surveyors add new data to the collection, validating the record and improving accuracy. Hoobler said understanding the relationship between snowpack and water supply is critical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Society depends on water -- whether it’s growing the crops we’re going to eat or producing hydroelectric power. Fifty to eighty percent of flows of North Platte River depend on this white stuff -- snow,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One hundred miles southwest, in the South Platte River basin, Mage Hultstrand skis through deep snow just off the highway to get to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site on the top of Cameron Pass in Colorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68015 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/agnes-bit_10_11-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. These sites collect and transmit snowpack and climate data from all over the western U.S. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joe Wright SNOTEL site on Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SNOTEL stands for “snowpack telemetry,” or remote data transmission. Hultstrand is a hydrologist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service’s snow survey program in Denver. Every year more than 700 remote stations like this one track snowpack and climate data, including snow depth and temperature, across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We measure the water content of the snow here,” Hultstrand said, pointing out markers that border the snow pillow, an envelope filled with antifreeze that acts like a scale, weighing the snow and converting it to a measurement of total water content. SNOTEL data are combined with manual snow survey data, collected by people like Hoobler, and compiled into water supply forecasts. Hultstrand said those projections help water providers prepare for the season ahead, determining if they’ll have to apply restrictions in dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water providers and agricultural users start paying attention early in the season to what’s going on. This is the headwater state, so this is where all of your water is coming from, with the exception of whatever precipitation is received in spring and summer,” Hultstrand said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68016\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68016 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/maggie-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. \" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mage Hultstrand skis to the Joe Wright SNOTEL site near Cameron Pass, in Colorado. (Photo by Peter Stegen, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Downstream, Nebraska irrigators also rely on groundwater, which is affected by snowfall. But it takes time for that melted snow to travel through the underground aquifer and back to streams and reservoirs, which impacts central Nebraska irrigators. Tom Schwarz farms about 750 certified organic acres near Bertrand, Nebraska. In addition to row crops, he grows vegetables to supply supermarkets in Lincoln and Omaha.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarz uses groundwater on most of his fields, but also depends on Platte River water stored in Lake McConaughy. Schwarz said he keeps an eye on snowpack but knows there’s a delay in what he and other central Nebraska irrigators will actually receive from the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the snow falls this year, it fills up the reservoirs in the mountains. Irrigators in the Panhandle use that water and, in turn, that water goes down into the aquifer and, hopefully, into the river and down to Lake McConaughy for use the following year,” Schwarz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is controlled by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. Spokesman Jeff Buettner said they take that delay into account and watch snowpack and river forecasts and levels at Wyoming reservoirs when planning their water supply. But inflows to Lake McConaughy have been declining for the last decade, partly due to groundwater development and conservation measures upstream. Buettner said 2014 will be the seventh time in the last 10 years that Central Irrigation’s customers will receive less than a full supply of water. This year’s allocation will only be half of what they could expect historically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Buettner said water conservation and efficiency is key. Some big snowpack years would help, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Wyoming, Matt Hoobler reads the results of his snow survey report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68017\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/data/water/wcs/earth/snotelwithlabels.kmz&sll=45.467836,-108.446045&sspn=5.369953,8.712158&ie=UTF8&t=h&z=4\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68017 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SnotelMAP-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. The full interactive map is produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowpack in the Platte Basin is above average in several locations. Click on the image to see the full interactive map produced by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Last year at this time, we had 17 inches of snow; we have 31 this year. Last year we had 2.7 water content inches; we have 5.5 this year. And our 30-year average is 5.4, so we’re just a hair above average. Any time you can have average, that’s a great day,” Hoobler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, most of the Platte River Basin snowpack reports are above average. But since it’s still midwinter, most water providers will wait to see what the April report brings before getting too excited.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65956/the-science-of-measuring-snow","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12669","quest_12269","quest_1503","quest_12520","quest_12673","quest_12671","quest_12354","quest_11128","quest_12668","quest_12672","quest_2682","quest_12674","quest_12667","quest_3108","quest_12670"],"featImg":"quest_68020","label":"source_quest_65956"},"quest_58807":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58807","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58807","score":null,"sort":[1387465206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","title":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges","publishDate":1387465206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387312378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1238},"headData":{"title":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges | KQED","description":"One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges","datePublished":"2013-12-19T15:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2013-12-17T20:32:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"58807 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58807","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/19/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges/","disqusTitle":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges","path":"/quest/58807/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58807/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_12519","quest_1009","quest_10395","quest_12269","quest_12198","quest_1824","quest_1936","quest_12521","quest_12520","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_12522","quest_12197"],"featImg":"quest_65030","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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