A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future
Conquering Fungophobia
Rainy Hike at Redwood Regional Park
Fungi Underfoot
Exploring Muir Woods National Monument
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Liz is delighted to be joining KQED Science as a 2014 AAAS Mass Media Fellow.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liz Roth-Johnson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a05f38b66374c92661c37593c548376?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lrothjohnson"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71171":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71171","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71171","score":null,"sort":[1409061643000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-house-made-from-mushrooms-an-artist-dreams-of-a-fungal-future","title":"A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future","publishDate":1409061643,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Why build a home if you can grow one? San Francisco-based artist Phil Ross has spent the last 20 years developing sustainable materials from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Ross originally cultivated mushrooms as food, he quickly became fascinated by their \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/\" target=\"_blank\">potential as an artistic medium\u003c/a>. He started growing sculptures and other structural forms out of fungus. And through a process he calls “mycotecture,” Ross crafted furniture, interlocking blocks, and a small tea house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material,\" said Phil Ross, Chief Technology Officer of MycoWorks.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what started as an art project has now turned into a business venture. At the end of 2013 Ross co-founded the startup company \u003ca href=\"http://www.mycoworks.com/\" target=\"_blank\">MycoWorks\u003c/a> as the first step on his quest to “mycotecturize the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This stuff can be used to replace a lot of engineered woods, a lot of plastics, a lot of materials that we can't even think of,\" said Ross, who is now the company’s chief technology officer. \"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross’s creations start out as bits of reishi mushroom, an edible fungus commonly sold as a health supplement. But he’s not growing the familiar fruiting bodies you’ll find at the store. Instead, Ross relies on the mushroom’s root structure, known as mycelium, to form the substance of his materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeding on agricultural waste such as sawdust or corn husks, the mycelium forms an interwoven network that can be molded into practically any shape. Growing the fungus in rectangular boxes creates “mycobricks.” More elaborate molds can be used to produce chair seats or decorative panels. Depending on the final density of the material, this process can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is then dried out with fans and baked in an oven to kill the fungus. “It’s mainly so that when you have a brick, it’s not going to come alive again and infect your house and start to eat it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" ids=\"71715,71714,71717,71718,71720,71721,71722,71712\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is also self-binding and flame resistant, negating the need for toxic glues and flame-retardant chemicals. Unlike most synthetic products, mycelium materials can be created without petrochemicals and are completely compostable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">According to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While edible mushrooms can be polarizing, Ross said, “it doesn’t smell like your typical mushroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the first thing that people do. They grab [the material] and they smell it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MycoWorks isn’t the only company working to commercialize mushroom-based products. For the past few years \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecovativedesign.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ecovative Design\u003c/a> has been producing packaging materials made from mycelium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecovative’s grow-it-yourself kits have also allowed artists to get creative with the material. Recent projects include colossal, \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/nyc/worlds-first-tower-made-from-mushrooms-rises-at-ps1-in-queens-ny/mushroom-building-3-2/?extend=1\" target=\"_blank\">bio-inspired towers\u003c/a> installed in the heart of New York City and \u003ca href=\"http://danielletrofe.com/mush-lume/\" target=\"_blank\">mushroom-shaped table lamps\u003c/a> called “mush-lumes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And fungus isn’t just for building. Edible mushrooms are also being used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.civiltwilightcollective.com/mushrooms.htm\" target=\"_blank\">break down condemned wooden houses\u003c/a> into compost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both MycoWorks and Ecovative are pushing the limits of what the fungus can do. To this end, Ross has teamed up with Sonia Travaglini, a doctoral researcher in mechanical engineering at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" ids=\"71725,71726,71724,71723,71713,71716\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research so far has been some of the first characterization of these materials,” said Travaglini. Currently she is experimenting with composites that meld the mycelium with more conventional materials. One creation combines the lightweight durability of mycelium with the tensile strength of bamboo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by manipulating growing conditions, the same mushroom mycelium can form everything from lightweight foams to durable bricks as tough as concrete. “Because it’s a natural material, what we feed it and how we grow it chooses how the properties come about,” said Travaglini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eddie Pavlu, CEO of MycoWorks, plans to develop engineered wood alternatives, cork-like materials, and polystyrene-like foams from the mycelium material. As they scale up production, Pavlu says these substances will be cost competitive with conventional materials such as particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next year or two we could be replacing certain parts of buildings,” said Pavlu, though he points out that updating building codes to allow the new materials could take some time. For now the company is focusing less on heavy-duty construction materials in favor of products that won’t require lengthy approval processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking further out, 10 to 20 years from now, I see not just construction materials, but I see a replacement for plastics,” said Pavlu. Ross agrees, and believes that one day many things -- everything from computers and car parts to sports gear and spaceships -- could be grown from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the sky’s the limit,” said Travaglini. “Or rather, the mushroom’s the limit.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"San Francisco-based artist Phil Ross creates sustainable materials from mushrooms. What started as an art project has now turned into a budding startup.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640513,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":905},"headData":{"title":"A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future | KQED","description":"San Francisco-based artist Phil Ross creates sustainable materials from mushrooms. What started as an art project has now turned into a budding startup.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future","datePublished":"2014-08-26T14:00:43.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:28:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"71171 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71171","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/26/a-house-made-from-mushrooms-an-artist-dreams-of-a-fungal-future/","disqusTitle":"A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/71171/a-house-made-from-mushrooms-an-artist-dreams-of-a-fungal-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Why build a home if you can grow one? San Francisco-based artist Phil Ross has spent the last 20 years developing sustainable materials from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Ross originally cultivated mushrooms as food, he quickly became fascinated by their \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/\" target=\"_blank\">potential as an artistic medium\u003c/a>. He started growing sculptures and other structural forms out of fungus. And through a process he calls “mycotecture,” Ross crafted furniture, interlocking blocks, and a small tea house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material,\" said Phil Ross, Chief Technology Officer of MycoWorks.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what started as an art project has now turned into a business venture. At the end of 2013 Ross co-founded the startup company \u003ca href=\"http://www.mycoworks.com/\" target=\"_blank\">MycoWorks\u003c/a> as the first step on his quest to “mycotecturize the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This stuff can be used to replace a lot of engineered woods, a lot of plastics, a lot of materials that we can't even think of,\" said Ross, who is now the company’s chief technology officer. \"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross’s creations start out as bits of reishi mushroom, an edible fungus commonly sold as a health supplement. But he’s not growing the familiar fruiting bodies you’ll find at the store. Instead, Ross relies on the mushroom’s root structure, known as mycelium, to form the substance of his materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeding on agricultural waste such as sawdust or corn husks, the mycelium forms an interwoven network that can be molded into practically any shape. Growing the fungus in rectangular boxes creates “mycobricks.” More elaborate molds can be used to produce chair seats or decorative panels. Depending on the final density of the material, this process can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is then dried out with fans and baked in an oven to kill the fungus. “It’s mainly so that when you have a brick, it’s not going to come alive again and infect your house and start to eat it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","ids":"71715,71714,71717,71718,71720,71721,71722,71712","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is also self-binding and flame resistant, negating the need for toxic glues and flame-retardant chemicals. Unlike most synthetic products, mycelium materials can be created without petrochemicals and are completely compostable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">According to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While edible mushrooms can be polarizing, Ross said, “it doesn’t smell like your typical mushroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the first thing that people do. They grab [the material] and they smell it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MycoWorks isn’t the only company working to commercialize mushroom-based products. For the past few years \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecovativedesign.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ecovative Design\u003c/a> has been producing packaging materials made from mycelium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecovative’s grow-it-yourself kits have also allowed artists to get creative with the material. Recent projects include colossal, \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/nyc/worlds-first-tower-made-from-mushrooms-rises-at-ps1-in-queens-ny/mushroom-building-3-2/?extend=1\" target=\"_blank\">bio-inspired towers\u003c/a> installed in the heart of New York City and \u003ca href=\"http://danielletrofe.com/mush-lume/\" target=\"_blank\">mushroom-shaped table lamps\u003c/a> called “mush-lumes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And fungus isn’t just for building. Edible mushrooms are also being used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.civiltwilightcollective.com/mushrooms.htm\" target=\"_blank\">break down condemned wooden houses\u003c/a> into compost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both MycoWorks and Ecovative are pushing the limits of what the fungus can do. To this end, Ross has teamed up with Sonia Travaglini, a doctoral researcher in mechanical engineering at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"type":"slideshow","ids":"71725,71726,71724,71723,71713,71716","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research so far has been some of the first characterization of these materials,” said Travaglini. Currently she is experimenting with composites that meld the mycelium with more conventional materials. One creation combines the lightweight durability of mycelium with the tensile strength of bamboo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by manipulating growing conditions, the same mushroom mycelium can form everything from lightweight foams to durable bricks as tough as concrete. “Because it’s a natural material, what we feed it and how we grow it chooses how the properties come about,” said Travaglini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eddie Pavlu, CEO of MycoWorks, plans to develop engineered wood alternatives, cork-like materials, and polystyrene-like foams from the mycelium material. As they scale up production, Pavlu says these substances will be cost competitive with conventional materials such as particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next year or two we could be replacing certain parts of buildings,” said Pavlu, though he points out that updating building codes to allow the new materials could take some time. For now the company is focusing less on heavy-duty construction materials in favor of products that won’t require lengthy approval processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking further out, 10 to 20 years from now, I see not just construction materials, but I see a replacement for plastics,” said Pavlu. Ross agrees, and believes that one day many things -- everything from computers and car parts to sports gear and spaceships -- could be grown from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the sky’s the limit,” said Travaglini. “Or rather, the mushroom’s the limit.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71171/a-house-made-from-mushrooms-an-artist-dreams-of-a-fungal-future","authors":["6569"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_202","quest_216","quest_12950","quest_12949","quest_3392","quest_13","quest_10423","quest_2845","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_71709","label":"source_quest_71171"},"quest_48228":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48228","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48228","score":null,"sort":[1356540996000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"conquering-fungophobia","title":"Conquering Fungophobia","publishDate":1356540996,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48231\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/russula/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/russula-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"Russula sanguinea \" title=\"Russula sanguinea\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russula sanguinea, found in Tilden Park, late November. Edibility, not recommended.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, after the first major storm of the season, I decided to risk the mud and go for a run on one of my favorite trails in Tilden Park. The trails, soft and spongy a week before, had turned into a gloppy, goopy mess, more suited to glissades than sprints. As I struggled to maintain momentum without falling, I couldn’t help but notice that the rains had brought more than mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the trail, mushrooms peeked out through the carpet of pine needles and sodden leaves. Before I knew it, Eric Burdon was singing in my head, “There was long ones, tall ones, short ones, brown ones, black ones, round ones, big ones….” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stood alone, as big as portabellas, others barely the size of a dime, huddled together in little bunches, still more clung to tree trunks and rotting logs. Mushroom season had sprung. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I was singing along with Eric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares my fascination with mushrooms, as famed fungi fanatic David Arora makes clear in his classic field guide, \u003cem>Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/em>. Arora does his best to dispel what he sees as widespread “fungophobia” among Americans, a fear he calls irrational, given that only five or six of several thousand different wild North American mushroom species are deadly. Of course, the trick is knowing which ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/destroying-angel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/destroying-angel-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita ocreata \" title=\"destroying angel\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I found this specimen on a trail in Tilden Park and identified it, with the help of David Arora's Mushrooms Demystified, as Amanita ocreata, also known as destroying angel. If I'm right, I found one of the most poisonous mushrooms known.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of people get seriously ill from eating foraged wild mushrooms, prompting state Public Health Director Ron Chapman to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR12-063.aspx\">issue an annual warning \u003c/a>after winter’s first heavy rains to resist the urge to do so. Just last month, four people died at a home for the elderly in Placer County after their caregiver inadvertently served them what authorities believe were death caps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not surprisingly, most reports to the California Poison Control System involve children who sampled mushrooms that popped up in their lawn or neighborhood park. Since last January, 903 kids under six have required treatment for ingesting mushrooms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even experienced mushroom hunters can mistake poisonous and edible varieties, especially if they learned to forage in another country. Kent Olson, medical director of the CPCS, warns on the agency’s web site that many poisonous mushrooms in Northern California bear a striking similarity to edibles that grow in Europe and Asia, confusing even the most experienced mushroom foragers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get the urge to test your mushroom hunting skills, do yourself a favor. Get a field guide like Arora’s and study it carefully to learn distinguishing characteristics of some of our resident species, both deadly and safe. And then sign up for a day hike or camping foray with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a> so you can forage with the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s far more to appreciate about mushrooms than their culinary appeal. Scientists are just beginning to get a handle on just how diverse the fungal kingdom really is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of modern scientific history, fungi were misclassified as plants, based on their soil-bound, stationary existence. Had we just the naked eye to rely on, we might still restrict the world of fungi to the transient spore-filled fruiting bodies that burst through the soil long enough to reproduce. That would be like thinking the New York City subway system begins and ends with the above-ground stations scattered around the city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to advances in microscopy and biochemical analysis techniques, scientists discovered that these “macrofungi” account for just a fraction of the diversity of species found in the fungal kingdom, which includes molds, yeast, lichens (a composite of fungi and algae) and parasitic rusts and smuts. (Corn smut, despite its unappetizing name, is in fact a tasty delicacy, better known by its Mexican name, huitlacoche.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the reproductive structures we call mushrooms represent just the tip of the fungal iceberg, which consists of an intricate network of filaments (called mycelium) and lives as part of a thriving community of microbial and fungal species at different depths in the soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 479px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/fly-agaric/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48253\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fly-agaric-479x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita muscaria\" title=\"fly agaric\" width=\"479\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric. I found this specimen under a fir in my front yard two years ago. Fly agaric has psychoactive properties and is considered poisonous. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fungi play critical ecological roles as the primary decomposers in woodland and forest ecosystems and degrade everything from leaf litter to the notoriously indestructible lignin, which gives woody plants and trees strength and durability. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2012-02-amazon-fungi-polyurethane-oxygen.html\">researchers discovered fungal species\u003c/a> that can even break down polyurethane plastic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of fungus lives among the roots of plants and trees in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. California’s iconic oaks depend on these mycorrhizal fungi to extend the reach of their roots to scavenge water and nutrients and to recycle nutrients from their own shed leaves. In exchange, fungi get carbohydrates from the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2001 paper describing the diverse functions of these symbiotic “ectomycorrhizal” partnerships, mycologist \u003ca href=\"http://data.iucn.org/Themes/ssc/sgs/chairprofiles/fungi.htm\">Anders Dalhberg\u003c/a> ventured that perhaps 6,000 fungal species form these alliances with plants, allowing that the estimate must be conservative since some known species don’t produce fruiting bodies and it’s not clear how many remain unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there is no such thing as a definitive field guide to mushrooms—there are simply too many mushroom species and too few mycologists to classify and identify them—Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified comes darn close. I’ve used it time and again to identify specimens throughout California, including a beautiful fly agaric in my own front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my run, I found what I thought was a \u003cem>Russula sanguinea\u003c/em>, easy to recognize for its bright red cap and stem separated by white gills. I also saw what looked like a destroying angel, \u003cem>Amanita ocreata,\u003c/em> on the trail. I brought them home, pulled out Arora’s guide and confirmed the Russula without a doubt. And I’m pretty sure I was right about the destroying angel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love exploring the woods to test my mushroom knowledge and look for new species I’ve yet to identify. But I’m still a dilettante. For now, I’m content to celebrate the ecological wonders and diversity of fungi with a long-haired leaping gnome in my head. And buy my wild mushrooms at the store. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Late fall rains signal the start of mushroom season, which can last until spring in the Bay Area. Though only experts should forage and eat wild mushrooms (following park rules about harvesting), anyone can appreciate the rich diversity of these ephemeral fruits of the forest.\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360964738,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1116},"headData":{"title":"Conquering Fungophobia | KQED","description":"Late fall rains signal the start of mushroom season, which can last until spring in the Bay Area. Though only experts should forage and eat wild mushrooms (following park rules about harvesting), anyone can appreciate the rich diversity of these ephemeral fruits of the forest.\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Conquering Fungophobia","datePublished":"2012-12-26T16:56:36.000Z","dateModified":"2013-02-15T21:45:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48228 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48228","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/","disqusTitle":"Conquering Fungophobia","path":"/quest/48228/conquering-fungophobia","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48231\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/russula/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/russula-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"Russula sanguinea \" title=\"Russula sanguinea\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russula sanguinea, found in Tilden Park, late November. Edibility, not recommended.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, after the first major storm of the season, I decided to risk the mud and go for a run on one of my favorite trails in Tilden Park. The trails, soft and spongy a week before, had turned into a gloppy, goopy mess, more suited to glissades than sprints. As I struggled to maintain momentum without falling, I couldn’t help but notice that the rains had brought more than mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the trail, mushrooms peeked out through the carpet of pine needles and sodden leaves. Before I knew it, Eric Burdon was singing in my head, “There was long ones, tall ones, short ones, brown ones, black ones, round ones, big ones….” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stood alone, as big as portabellas, others barely the size of a dime, huddled together in little bunches, still more clung to tree trunks and rotting logs. Mushroom season had sprung. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I was singing along with Eric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares my fascination with mushrooms, as famed fungi fanatic David Arora makes clear in his classic field guide, \u003cem>Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/em>. Arora does his best to dispel what he sees as widespread “fungophobia” among Americans, a fear he calls irrational, given that only five or six of several thousand different wild North American mushroom species are deadly. Of course, the trick is knowing which ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/destroying-angel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/destroying-angel-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita ocreata \" title=\"destroying angel\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I found this specimen on a trail in Tilden Park and identified it, with the help of David Arora's Mushrooms Demystified, as Amanita ocreata, also known as destroying angel. If I'm right, I found one of the most poisonous mushrooms known.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of people get seriously ill from eating foraged wild mushrooms, prompting state Public Health Director Ron Chapman to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR12-063.aspx\">issue an annual warning \u003c/a>after winter’s first heavy rains to resist the urge to do so. Just last month, four people died at a home for the elderly in Placer County after their caregiver inadvertently served them what authorities believe were death caps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not surprisingly, most reports to the California Poison Control System involve children who sampled mushrooms that popped up in their lawn or neighborhood park. Since last January, 903 kids under six have required treatment for ingesting mushrooms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even experienced mushroom hunters can mistake poisonous and edible varieties, especially if they learned to forage in another country. Kent Olson, medical director of the CPCS, warns on the agency’s web site that many poisonous mushrooms in Northern California bear a striking similarity to edibles that grow in Europe and Asia, confusing even the most experienced mushroom foragers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get the urge to test your mushroom hunting skills, do yourself a favor. Get a field guide like Arora’s and study it carefully to learn distinguishing characteristics of some of our resident species, both deadly and safe. And then sign up for a day hike or camping foray with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a> so you can forage with the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s far more to appreciate about mushrooms than their culinary appeal. Scientists are just beginning to get a handle on just how diverse the fungal kingdom really is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of modern scientific history, fungi were misclassified as plants, based on their soil-bound, stationary existence. Had we just the naked eye to rely on, we might still restrict the world of fungi to the transient spore-filled fruiting bodies that burst through the soil long enough to reproduce. That would be like thinking the New York City subway system begins and ends with the above-ground stations scattered around the city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to advances in microscopy and biochemical analysis techniques, scientists discovered that these “macrofungi” account for just a fraction of the diversity of species found in the fungal kingdom, which includes molds, yeast, lichens (a composite of fungi and algae) and parasitic rusts and smuts. (Corn smut, despite its unappetizing name, is in fact a tasty delicacy, better known by its Mexican name, huitlacoche.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the reproductive structures we call mushrooms represent just the tip of the fungal iceberg, which consists of an intricate network of filaments (called mycelium) and lives as part of a thriving community of microbial and fungal species at different depths in the soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 479px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/fly-agaric/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48253\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fly-agaric-479x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita muscaria\" title=\"fly agaric\" width=\"479\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric. I found this specimen under a fir in my front yard two years ago. Fly agaric has psychoactive properties and is considered poisonous. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fungi play critical ecological roles as the primary decomposers in woodland and forest ecosystems and degrade everything from leaf litter to the notoriously indestructible lignin, which gives woody plants and trees strength and durability. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2012-02-amazon-fungi-polyurethane-oxygen.html\">researchers discovered fungal species\u003c/a> that can even break down polyurethane plastic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of fungus lives among the roots of plants and trees in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. California’s iconic oaks depend on these mycorrhizal fungi to extend the reach of their roots to scavenge water and nutrients and to recycle nutrients from their own shed leaves. In exchange, fungi get carbohydrates from the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2001 paper describing the diverse functions of these symbiotic “ectomycorrhizal” partnerships, mycologist \u003ca href=\"http://data.iucn.org/Themes/ssc/sgs/chairprofiles/fungi.htm\">Anders Dalhberg\u003c/a> ventured that perhaps 6,000 fungal species form these alliances with plants, allowing that the estimate must be conservative since some known species don’t produce fruiting bodies and it’s not clear how many remain unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there is no such thing as a definitive field guide to mushrooms—there are simply too many mushroom species and too few mycologists to classify and identify them—Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified comes darn close. I’ve used it time and again to identify specimens throughout California, including a beautiful fly agaric in my own front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my run, I found what I thought was a \u003cem>Russula sanguinea\u003c/em>, easy to recognize for its bright red cap and stem separated by white gills. I also saw what looked like a destroying angel, \u003cem>Amanita ocreata,\u003c/em> on the trail. I brought them home, pulled out Arora’s guide and confirmed the Russula without a doubt. And I’m pretty sure I was right about the destroying angel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love exploring the woods to test my mushroom knowledge and look for new species I’ve yet to identify. But I’m still a dilettante. For now, I’m content to celebrate the ecological wonders and diversity of fungi with a long-haired leaping gnome in my head. And buy my wild mushrooms at the store. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48228/conquering-fungophobia","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_910","quest_1155","quest_3392","quest_1944","quest_13202","quest_2943"],"featImg":"quest_48231","label":"quest"},"quest_30853":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30853","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30853","score":null,"sort":[1329525569000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park","title":"Rainy Hike at Redwood Regional Park","publishDate":1329525569,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-hiking-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30865\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-30865\" title=\"Redwood Hiking Group\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Hiking-Group-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little rain we've had this year, thanks to \u003ca title=\"La Nina\" href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cnap/lanina_cnap.html\" target=\"_blank\">La Nina\u003c/a>, has still managed to trigger some important winter activities in nature. One of the joys of being a naturalist is venturing out with intrepid hikers -- rain or shine -- to catch the action. On a recent rainy day at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, our three-mile hike followed the eastern side of the park, from Canyon Trail to East Ridge, then dropped down Prince Trail to the Stream Trail for the return trip. Some of the things I love about this hike is touring three different habitats as you follow the route. It's a physically demanding hike with a steep ascent at the start of the trail, so you get a little workout while you're out there. I also appreciate the quiet seasonal beauty of the park with highlights that change throughout the year. Some of the seasonal wonders you'll find in the park this time of year include fungus, migrating rainbow trout, and overwintering ladybugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the East Bay Regional Park District doesn't allow collecting of any natural resources, a fun alternative for fungi fans is \"mushroom watching.\" Most of us enjoy wildflowers without picking them, likewise there is an amazing diversity of fungus to learn about and appreciate. The shapes range from round balls to your standard mushroom on a stem with every shape in-between, along with multiple colors and patterns. For a sampling of different types to look for, check out this website from further north at \u003ca title=\"Redwood National Park fungi gallery\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/redw/photosmultimedia/fungi-gallery.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood National Park\u003c/a>. It showcases the many types of fungi found in their park. One of the amazing things about fungi is the extensive, web-like underground system, called mycelium, that gives rise to the fruiting body, or mushroom. The mushroom's main job is to elevate the spores above ground level to allow them to be distributed so new organisms can start. Scientific American reported that honey mushrooms, a species of fungus in Oregon, qualifies as both the largest and possibly oldest living thing. See more about the honey mushrooms of Eastern Oregon in this \u003ca title=\"article from Scientific American\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus\" target=\"_blank\">article from Scientific American\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another treat as you descend Prince Trail at the intersection with the Stream Trail is a large group of overwintering ladybugs. We discovered hundreds clustering on fence posts, tree trunks, and on sunny days, you may find them flying about the clearings. You can see them in action in this QUEST video, \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">Ladybug Pajama Party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-creek-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30873\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30873\" title=\"Redwood Creek\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Creek1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the Stream Trail back along the canyon bottom, we kept a lookout for migrating rainbow trout. When the creek rises it signals the adult rainbow trout to make the journey from San Leandro Reservoir to their natal creeks. Redwood Creek is a tributary of San Leandro Creek, the place the first rainbow trout was collected and named by Dr. Gibbons from the California Academy of Natural Sciences in 1855. Shortly after that, Lake Chabot dam was built effectively landlocking the anadramous fish but also preserving the genetic integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So go out and try a rainy hike. You might discover some of the wonders that abound on a wet winter day!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about mushrooms check the \u003ca title=\"Mycological Society of San Francisco\" href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Mycological Society of San Francisco's website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the joys of being a naturalist is venturing out with intrepid hikers -- rain or shine -- to catch the action in nature. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329841331,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":556},"headData":{"title":"Rainy Hike at Redwood Regional Park | KQED","description":"One of the joys of being a naturalist is venturing out with intrepid hikers -- rain or shine -- to catch the action in nature. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Rainy Hike at Redwood Regional Park","datePublished":"2012-02-18T00:39:29.000Z","dateModified":"2012-02-21T16:22:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"30853 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30853","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/","disqusTitle":"Rainy Hike at Redwood Regional Park","path":"/quest/30853/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-hiking-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30865\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-30865\" title=\"Redwood Hiking Group\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Hiking-Group-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little rain we've had this year, thanks to \u003ca title=\"La Nina\" href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cnap/lanina_cnap.html\" target=\"_blank\">La Nina\u003c/a>, has still managed to trigger some important winter activities in nature. One of the joys of being a naturalist is venturing out with intrepid hikers -- rain or shine -- to catch the action. On a recent rainy day at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, our three-mile hike followed the eastern side of the park, from Canyon Trail to East Ridge, then dropped down Prince Trail to the Stream Trail for the return trip. Some of the things I love about this hike is touring three different habitats as you follow the route. It's a physically demanding hike with a steep ascent at the start of the trail, so you get a little workout while you're out there. I also appreciate the quiet seasonal beauty of the park with highlights that change throughout the year. Some of the seasonal wonders you'll find in the park this time of year include fungus, migrating rainbow trout, and overwintering ladybugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the East Bay Regional Park District doesn't allow collecting of any natural resources, a fun alternative for fungi fans is \"mushroom watching.\" Most of us enjoy wildflowers without picking them, likewise there is an amazing diversity of fungus to learn about and appreciate. The shapes range from round balls to your standard mushroom on a stem with every shape in-between, along with multiple colors and patterns. For a sampling of different types to look for, check out this website from further north at \u003ca title=\"Redwood National Park fungi gallery\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/redw/photosmultimedia/fungi-gallery.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood National Park\u003c/a>. It showcases the many types of fungi found in their park. One of the amazing things about fungi is the extensive, web-like underground system, called mycelium, that gives rise to the fruiting body, or mushroom. The mushroom's main job is to elevate the spores above ground level to allow them to be distributed so new organisms can start. Scientific American reported that honey mushrooms, a species of fungus in Oregon, qualifies as both the largest and possibly oldest living thing. See more about the honey mushrooms of Eastern Oregon in this \u003ca title=\"article from Scientific American\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus\" target=\"_blank\">article from Scientific American\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another treat as you descend Prince Trail at the intersection with the Stream Trail is a large group of overwintering ladybugs. We discovered hundreds clustering on fence posts, tree trunks, and on sunny days, you may find them flying about the clearings. You can see them in action in this QUEST video, \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">Ladybug Pajama Party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-creek-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30873\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30873\" title=\"Redwood Creek\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Creek1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the Stream Trail back along the canyon bottom, we kept a lookout for migrating rainbow trout. When the creek rises it signals the adult rainbow trout to make the journey from San Leandro Reservoir to their natal creeks. Redwood Creek is a tributary of San Leandro Creek, the place the first rainbow trout was collected and named by Dr. Gibbons from the California Academy of Natural Sciences in 1855. Shortly after that, Lake Chabot dam was built effectively landlocking the anadramous fish but also preserving the genetic integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So go out and try a rainy hike. You might discover some of the wonders that abound on a wet winter day!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about mushrooms check the \u003ca title=\"Mycological Society of San Francisco\" href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Mycological Society of San Francisco's website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30853/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park","authors":["6328"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_1155","quest_1370","quest_3392","quest_13202","quest_10717"],"featImg":"quest_30873","label":"quest"},"quest_12724":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12724","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12724","score":null,"sort":[1299715182000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fungi-underfoot","title":"Fungi Underfoot","publishDate":1299715182,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/mushroom-larryflo2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>The fruiting body of a fungus—a.k.a. a mushroom. The gills are clearly visible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/grassvalleylarry/302840789/\">larry&flo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this blog post is not about \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/athletes-foot/DS00317\">athlete’s foot\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nail-fungus/DS00084\">toenail fungus\u003c/a> or any other infection you might inadvertently catch from the floor of a locker room or \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201103080931\">the seat of a BART train\u003c/a>. It’s about giant underground \u003ca href=\"http://tolweb.org/fungi\">fungi\u003c/a> and their reproductive parts—a.k.a. mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/mushroommonth/index.html\">mushroom\u003c/a> is not a stand-alone thing, growing on a hillside. It is attached to an underground network of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus\">hyphae\u003c/a>—the branching, threadlike filaments that make up the body of the fungus. The mushroom’s primary role in life is to make and spread the tiny spores of the fungus. Take your typical mushroom, a round disk (the cap) perched on a stem (the stipe). The underside of the cap has gills radiating from the center. The gills produce the spores. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/puffball_treeswing2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Spores stream out from a puffball mushroom. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sequoia/5361633567/\">treeswing\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spores can be dispersed as they fall from the gills or, in some species, when the mushroom actively ejects them into the air. Spores that are ejected are called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZLM1ouhW1Y\">ballistospores\u003c/a>. In the case of the puffball mushroom, the spores are released when there is pressure on the outside of the puffball. This can happen as the puffball rolls across the landscape, or when raindrops fall onto the surface of the puffball. Spores can be spread by wind or small animals. If spores fall on suitable substrate, they grow into hyphae, which brings us back to the fungus’s underground life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threadlike hyphae of a fungus, together, are called the mycelium. This is the organism’s non-reproductive part. Fungi can grow to be gigantic—although we’d never know it, because they’re mostly underground. The largest known fungus is in eastern Oregon, and it underlies 2,200 acres of forest—an area equal to 1,665 football fields. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of the underground fungus explains why if you find some tasty porcinis in a particular spot, you’re likely to find more if you revisit the same spot on your next hike. It also explains the existence of fairy rings—mushrooms growing along the circumference of a circle. Hyphae grow from the tips outward, and mushrooms grow from the tips of the hyphae. All of those mushrooms in the ring are probably growing from the same fungi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, fungi reproduce asexually. However, sexual reproduction does happen. The hyphae of two different individuals can fuse, grow a stalk, and produce spores. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi are not plants. They do not get their energy from photosynthesis. Instead, they get their food from decaying organic matter (leaves, wood, the fruit you forgot in the bottom of your bag). They are ecologically important decomposers. Fungi can also get their food via parasitic or symbiotic relationships with other organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing about fungi, however, is that their fruiting bodies sure can be delicious. Check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">Science on the SPOT: Fungus Fair\u003c/a>, filmed at the Fungus Fair, held at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> in December 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"No, this blog post is not about athlete’s foot or toenail fungus or any other infection you might inadvertently catch from the floor of a locker room or the seat of a BART train. It’s about giant underground fungi and their reproductive parts-- a.k.a. mushrooms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1299715182,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":543},"headData":{"title":"Fungi Underfoot | KQED","description":"No, this blog post is not about athlete’s foot or toenail fungus or any other infection you might inadvertently catch from the floor of a locker room or the seat of a BART train. It’s about giant underground fungi and their reproductive parts-- a.k.a. mushrooms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fungi Underfoot","datePublished":"2011-03-09T23:59:42.000Z","dateModified":"2011-03-09T23:59:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12724 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12724","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/09/fungi-underfoot/","disqusTitle":"Fungi Underfoot","path":"/quest/12724/fungi-underfoot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/mushroom-larryflo2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>The fruiting body of a fungus—a.k.a. a mushroom. The gills are clearly visible. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/grassvalleylarry/302840789/\">larry&flo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this blog post is not about \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/athletes-foot/DS00317\">athlete’s foot\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/nail-fungus/DS00084\">toenail fungus\u003c/a> or any other infection you might inadvertently catch from the floor of a locker room or \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201103080931\">the seat of a BART train\u003c/a>. It’s about giant underground \u003ca href=\"http://tolweb.org/fungi\">fungi\u003c/a> and their reproductive parts—a.k.a. mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareamushrooms.org/mushroommonth/index.html\">mushroom\u003c/a> is not a stand-alone thing, growing on a hillside. It is attached to an underground network of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus\">hyphae\u003c/a>—the branching, threadlike filaments that make up the body of the fungus. The mushroom’s primary role in life is to make and spread the tiny spores of the fungus. Take your typical mushroom, a round disk (the cap) perched on a stem (the stipe). The underside of the cap has gills radiating from the center. The gills produce the spores. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/puffball_treeswing2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Spores stream out from a puffball mushroom. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sequoia/5361633567/\">treeswing\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spores can be dispersed as they fall from the gills or, in some species, when the mushroom actively ejects them into the air. Spores that are ejected are called \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZLM1ouhW1Y\">ballistospores\u003c/a>. In the case of the puffball mushroom, the spores are released when there is pressure on the outside of the puffball. This can happen as the puffball rolls across the landscape, or when raindrops fall onto the surface of the puffball. Spores can be spread by wind or small animals. If spores fall on suitable substrate, they grow into hyphae, which brings us back to the fungus’s underground life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threadlike hyphae of a fungus, together, are called the mycelium. This is the organism’s non-reproductive part. Fungi can grow to be gigantic—although we’d never know it, because they’re mostly underground. The largest known fungus is in eastern Oregon, and it underlies 2,200 acres of forest—an area equal to 1,665 football fields. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The presence of the underground fungus explains why if you find some tasty porcinis in a particular spot, you’re likely to find more if you revisit the same spot on your next hike. It also explains the existence of fairy rings—mushrooms growing along the circumference of a circle. Hyphae grow from the tips outward, and mushrooms grow from the tips of the hyphae. All of those mushrooms in the ring are probably growing from the same fungi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, fungi reproduce asexually. However, sexual reproduction does happen. The hyphae of two different individuals can fuse, grow a stalk, and produce spores. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi are not plants. They do not get their energy from photosynthesis. Instead, they get their food from decaying organic matter (leaves, wood, the fruit you forgot in the bottom of your bag). They are ecologically important decomposers. Fungi can also get their food via parasitic or symbiotic relationships with other organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best thing about fungi, however, is that their fruiting bodies sure can be delicious. Check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-fungus-fair\">Science on the SPOT: Fungus Fair\u003c/a>, filmed at the Fungus Fair, held at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a> in December 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12724/fungi-underfoot","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_1154","quest_1155","quest_3349","quest_3613","quest_3614","quest_3671","quest_3392"],"featImg":"quest_12726","label":"quest"},"quest_15058":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15058","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15058","score":null,"sort":[1241771862000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"muir-woods-national-monument-exploration","title":"Exploring Muir Woods National Monument","publishDate":1241771862,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Plan Your Visit\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You may not think of salmon when visiting the redwoods in Muir Woods, but it’s home to a population of Coho Salmon. Redwood forests provide ideal salmon habitat, providing woody debris to protect young salmon in the creeks and keeping them shaded and cool. But the Coho in Muir Wood’s Redwood Creek are endangered, and local biologists and volunteers are working to protect the salmon and restore their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a map, driving directions and satellite views of this park from \u003cstrong>Google™ Maps\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=muir+woods+national+monument&sll=37.906283,-122.474213&sspn=0.321271,0.506058&ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=37.896395,-122.584848&spn=0.039216,0.054331&t=h&z=14\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Address: Muir Woods Road, Building MW-020\u003cbr>\nMill Valley, CA 94941\u003cbr>\nPhone:(415) 388-2595\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California's Coho\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/307a_salmon300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nSalmon are one of the iconic species of the West, but today it's a species in trouble. Coho Salmon, also known as silver salmon, are listed as an endangered species. In the 1940s, California's population was estimated at 200,000 to 500,000. In just 50 years, that population has declined about 90 per cent. California's Chinook Salmon are also in trouble. The commercial fishery has been closed for the past two seasons, due to record low numbers of salmon returning to spawn in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho range from California all the way to Alaska. As Muir Woods Biologist Michael Reichmuth explained, the Coho Salmon in Redwood Creek have been known as the southernmost stable population – but now that stability is questionable. Fish surveys have shown lower numbers of returning salmon every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>If you see someone snorkeling in Redwood Creek as you walk through Muir Woods, don’t be alarmed. Reichmuth conducts fish surveys throughout the year, and sometimes searching for juvenile salmon requires a mask and snorkel. These surveys are critical for assessing the health of the Coho population. The Park Service relies on volunteers to help with this effort, who walk the length of the creek looking for spawning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Life Cycle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salmon are built to spend their lives in two different worlds – in streams and rivers and the open ocean – and they can face pressures in both places. Coho return to reproduce the streams and creeks they were born in, so many of the populations are genetically distinct from each other. After reproducing, female Coho lay their eggs in redds – nests they dig out of gravel in river beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hatching, juvenile salmon stay in the creeks and streams for about 16 months, eating insect larvae and growing to five to six inches. They then migrate to the open ocean, where they live until they’re three years old. This is the end of their life cycle, when they swim back to into the creeks in December and January after winter rains to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Habitat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/creek.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nAs Muir Woods Nursery Manager Chris Friedel says, if you see a perfectly straight creek, then it’s not natural. Redwood Creek has been molded by human forces for the past century. Local farmers straightened the creek to help with flood control and in the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps undertook several projects remaking Muir Woods, including restructuring Redwood Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists are learning, that flooding is key for the survival of salmon. When creek level rises, young salmon are able to reach a new food supply. They need woody debris like fallen redwoods for shelter, especially during the rainy season when water flow speeds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replacing the fallen trees and restoring the meandering course of the creek has been a major focus of the restoration. Today, there’s a volunteer effort lead by the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy and the National Park Service to restore Redwood Creek both in and outside Muir Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1059386@N25\">Muir Woods National Monument photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/learning-center/explore/\">Save the Redwoods Education Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You may not think of salmon when visiting the redwoods in Muir Woods, but it's home to a population of Coho Salmon. Redwood forests provide ideal salmon habitat, providing woody debris to protect young salmon in the creeks and keeping them shaded and cool. But the Coho in Muir Woods' Redwood Creek are endangered, and local biologists and volunteers are working to protect the salmon and restore their habitat.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450469447,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":650},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Muir Woods National Monument | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Muir Woods National Monument","datePublished":"2009-05-08T08:37:42.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-18T20:10:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15058 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/duplicate-of-exploring-pescadero-state-beach/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/08/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Muir Woods National Monument","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","WpOldSlug":"duplicate-of-exploring-pescadero-state-beach","path":"/quest/15058/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Plan Your Visit\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You may not think of salmon when visiting the redwoods in Muir Woods, but it’s home to a population of Coho Salmon. Redwood forests provide ideal salmon habitat, providing woody debris to protect young salmon in the creeks and keeping them shaded and cool. But the Coho in Muir Wood’s Redwood Creek are endangered, and local biologists and volunteers are working to protect the salmon and restore their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a map, driving directions and satellite views of this park from \u003cstrong>Google™ Maps\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=muir+woods+national+monument&sll=37.906283,-122.474213&sspn=0.321271,0.506058&ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=37.896395,-122.584848&spn=0.039216,0.054331&t=h&z=14\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Address: Muir Woods Road, Building MW-020\u003cbr>\nMill Valley, CA 94941\u003cbr>\nPhone:(415) 388-2595\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California's Coho\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/307a_salmon300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nSalmon are one of the iconic species of the West, but today it's a species in trouble. Coho Salmon, also known as silver salmon, are listed as an endangered species. In the 1940s, California's population was estimated at 200,000 to 500,000. In just 50 years, that population has declined about 90 per cent. California's Chinook Salmon are also in trouble. The commercial fishery has been closed for the past two seasons, due to record low numbers of salmon returning to spawn in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho range from California all the way to Alaska. As Muir Woods Biologist Michael Reichmuth explained, the Coho Salmon in Redwood Creek have been known as the southernmost stable population – but now that stability is questionable. Fish surveys have shown lower numbers of returning salmon every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>If you see someone snorkeling in Redwood Creek as you walk through Muir Woods, don’t be alarmed. Reichmuth conducts fish surveys throughout the year, and sometimes searching for juvenile salmon requires a mask and snorkel. These surveys are critical for assessing the health of the Coho population. The Park Service relies on volunteers to help with this effort, who walk the length of the creek looking for spawning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Life Cycle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salmon are built to spend their lives in two different worlds – in streams and rivers and the open ocean – and they can face pressures in both places. Coho return to reproduce the streams and creeks they were born in, so many of the populations are genetically distinct from each other. After reproducing, female Coho lay their eggs in redds – nests they dig out of gravel in river beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hatching, juvenile salmon stay in the creeks and streams for about 16 months, eating insect larvae and growing to five to six inches. They then migrate to the open ocean, where they live until they’re three years old. This is the end of their life cycle, when they swim back to into the creeks in December and January after winter rains to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Habitat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/creek.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nAs Muir Woods Nursery Manager Chris Friedel says, if you see a perfectly straight creek, then it’s not natural. Redwood Creek has been molded by human forces for the past century. Local farmers straightened the creek to help with flood control and in the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps undertook several projects remaking Muir Woods, including restructuring Redwood Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists are learning, that flooding is key for the survival of salmon. When creek level rises, young salmon are able to reach a new food supply. They need woody debris like fallen redwoods for shelter, especially during the rainy season when water flow speeds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replacing the fallen trees and restoring the meandering course of the creek has been a major focus of the restoration. Today, there’s a volunteer effort lead by the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy and the National Park Service to restore Redwood Creek both in and outside Muir Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1059386@N25\">Muir Woods National Monument photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/learning-center/explore/\">Save the Redwoods Education Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15058/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration","authors":["6166"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_106","quest_646","quest_1102","quest_1155","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_3392","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2423","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_13434"],"collections":["quest_3353","quest_3358"],"featImg":"quest_15066","label":"source_quest_15058"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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