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Funk","firstName":"William H.","lastName":"Funk","slug":"williamfunk","email":"williamfunk3@icloud.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"William H. “Bill” Funk.\r\nA native of Kentucky, Bill writes primarily long-form and narrative creative nonfiction stories about our evolving relationship with the natural world. As a freelance writer and documentary filmmaker, his work has appeared in Birdwatcher's Digest, The Southern Quarterly and The Utne Reader. Bill enjoys hiking, literature, canoeing, birding, cinema, and arguing about politics and religion. He fosters pit bulls for a local dog rescue group and recently wrapped production of a documentary that he wrote and directed about efforts to save abandoned and abused dogs in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Follow him @williamfunk3","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/02c77df41f73577c98c937d3db8acb36?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"William H. 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But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A tree, a bird, a military base and one of largest ecological restoration efforts in the United States.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442640679,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Guns and Roses | KQED","description":"A tree, a bird, a military base and one of largest ecological restoration efforts in the United States.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63705 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/21/guns-and-roses/","disqusTitle":"Guns and Roses","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63705/guns-and-roses","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63705/guns-and-roses","authors":["10531"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_210","quest_326","quest_1095","quest_12934","quest_12935","quest_12269","quest_1824","quest_12937","quest_2283","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_12933","quest_10303","quest_12936"],"featImg":"quest_71456","label":"source_quest_63705"},"quest_58807":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58807","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58807","score":null,"sort":[1387465206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","title":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges","publishDate":1387465206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387312378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1238},"headData":{"title":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges | KQED","description":"One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"58807 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58807","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/19/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges/","disqusTitle":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges","path":"/quest/58807/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58807/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_12519","quest_1009","quest_10395","quest_12269","quest_12198","quest_1824","quest_1936","quest_12521","quest_12520","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_12522","quest_12197"],"featImg":"quest_65030","label":"quest"},"quest_11859":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11859","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11859","score":null,"sort":[1296493206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-better-military-through-genetics","title":"A Better Military Through Genetics","publishDate":1296493206,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Soldiers1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Can genetics help them be all they can be?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/hundred.pdf\">report\u003c/a> commissioned by the Department of Defense recommends that everyone in the military eventually get their DNA sequenced. The idea is that scientists can use this treasure trove of information to quickly learn a lot about which bits of DNA lead to which traits or diseases. The military brass would then use this information to better care for soldiers and to make a more effective fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, maybe they will be able to find people who are more prone to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. These folks could then be kept away from the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe they can find soldiers who are more likely to be resistant to certain diseases. These folks would be the ones sent to regions where those diseases are common. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course they will also find out many other things that may be more useful to society (and the soldier’s personal lives) like which bits of DNA predispose someone to diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc. And which bits make someone more likely to be tall, strong, have dark hair or green eyes or anything else the scientists can measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This obviously has the potential for good but it still feels a bit creepy to me. Especially if the military misuses or abuses the information it gets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone (including the military) has to be careful not to over interpret the data. Just because a piece of DNA correlates with a lower risk of PTSD, that does not mean it is the only piece of DNA that does. It may just be one of many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can imagine people who are at a higher risk for PTSD being moved to the front lines because an incomplete understanding of their DNA made them look like they were at a lower risk. These kinds of mistakes would be bad for the soldier and may eventually cost us a war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There also needs to be some kind of oversight to prevent outright abuse by military officials who do not understand the limitations of our DNA knowledge. We need to make sure they don’t do what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/4-18-01.cfm\">railroad company did\u003c/a> a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001 railroad workers brought a suit against BNSF railroad. The suit alleges that the company secretly tested 125 workers for a DNA snippet that increases someone’s risk for developing carpal tunnel syndrome. The story was that BNSF wanted to be able to deny worker’s compensation for any of these workers that developed carpal tunnel syndrome because they had a pre-existing condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides being against the law, this was also just plain stupid on the part of the railroad. They did not understand that the DNA snippet was not really predictive and that it was one of many genetic factors that can lead to an increased risk. They basically tried to figure out what the elephant looked like from just its tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The military may also use genetics to exclude some people from jobs they’d like to do or from the military entirely. I am not sure we will ever know DNA well enough to justify this sort of thing but at the very least we need to be sure that the generals understand what we can and can’t learn from our DNA. And that we update the military head honchos constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the cost of reading our DNA drops to $1000 or less, we’ll all eventually be getting our DNA sequenced. And if the military follows the report’s recommendations, then the military will be testing the waters of our genetic pool. We can all learn from the mistakes they make along the way. I just hope the learning process doesn’t endanger any of our soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/history/090429-military-experiment-1.html\">The 10 Most Outrageous Military Experiments\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new report recommends that all military people have their DNA sequenced to advance science and to create a better military. Can we trust the military to get this right - or anyone?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309991844,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":660},"headData":{"title":"A Better Military Through Genetics | KQED","description":"A new report recommends that all military people have their DNA sequenced to advance science and to create a better military. Can we trust the military to get this right - or anyone?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11859 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/01/31/a-better-military-through-genetics/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/31/a-better-military-through-genetics/","disqusTitle":"A Better Military Through Genetics","path":"/quest/11859/a-better-military-through-genetics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Soldiers1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Can genetics help them be all they can be?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/hundred.pdf\">report\u003c/a> commissioned by the Department of Defense recommends that everyone in the military eventually get their DNA sequenced. The idea is that scientists can use this treasure trove of information to quickly learn a lot about which bits of DNA lead to which traits or diseases. The military brass would then use this information to better care for soldiers and to make a more effective fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, maybe they will be able to find people who are more prone to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. These folks could then be kept away from the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe they can find soldiers who are more likely to be resistant to certain diseases. These folks would be the ones sent to regions where those diseases are common. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course they will also find out many other things that may be more useful to society (and the soldier’s personal lives) like which bits of DNA predispose someone to diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc. And which bits make someone more likely to be tall, strong, have dark hair or green eyes or anything else the scientists can measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This obviously has the potential for good but it still feels a bit creepy to me. Especially if the military misuses or abuses the information it gets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone (including the military) has to be careful not to over interpret the data. Just because a piece of DNA correlates with a lower risk of PTSD, that does not mean it is the only piece of DNA that does. It may just be one of many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can imagine people who are at a higher risk for PTSD being moved to the front lines because an incomplete understanding of their DNA made them look like they were at a lower risk. These kinds of mistakes would be bad for the soldier and may eventually cost us a war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There also needs to be some kind of oversight to prevent outright abuse by military officials who do not understand the limitations of our DNA knowledge. We need to make sure they don’t do what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/4-18-01.cfm\">railroad company did\u003c/a> a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001 railroad workers brought a suit against BNSF railroad. The suit alleges that the company secretly tested 125 workers for a DNA snippet that increases someone’s risk for developing carpal tunnel syndrome. The story was that BNSF wanted to be able to deny worker’s compensation for any of these workers that developed carpal tunnel syndrome because they had a pre-existing condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides being against the law, this was also just plain stupid on the part of the railroad. They did not understand that the DNA snippet was not really predictive and that it was one of many genetic factors that can lead to an increased risk. They basically tried to figure out what the elephant looked like from just its tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The military may also use genetics to exclude some people from jobs they’d like to do or from the military entirely. I am not sure we will ever know DNA well enough to justify this sort of thing but at the very least we need to be sure that the generals understand what we can and can’t learn from our DNA. And that we update the military head honchos constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the cost of reading our DNA drops to $1000 or less, we’ll all eventually be getting our DNA sequenced. And if the military follows the report’s recommendations, then the military will be testing the waters of our genetic pool. We can all learn from the mistakes they make along the way. I just hope the learning process doesn’t endanger any of our soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/history/090429-military-experiment-1.html\">The 10 Most Outrageous Military Experiments\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11859/a-better-military-through-genetics","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_210","quest_227","quest_1192","quest_1194","quest_1200","quest_1213","quest_1824","quest_2162","quest_2266","quest_2328","quest_2724"],"featImg":"quest_19252","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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