Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise
Superconductivity: an Arsenic-Laced Future?
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resize","publishDate":1334675475,"status":"inherit","parent":35431,"modified":1334675475,"caption":"The Titanic, April 1912 Credit: Wikimedia Commons","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"christopher-smallwood":{"type":"authors","id":"10205","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10205","found":true},"name":"Christopher Smallwood","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Smallwood","slug":"christopher-smallwood","email":"csmallw@berkeley.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Christopher Smallwood is a Graduate Student in Physics at UC Berkeley. He is interested in the nexus between the basic research community and society at large. Originally from the Bavarian-themed tourist town of Leavenworth, WA (yes, real people actually do live there!), he graduated with an A.B. in Physics from Harvard College in 2005, taught fifth grade at Leo Elementary School in South Texas, and has been pursuing his Ph.D. in the Bay Area since the fall of 2007. Currently, he studies experimental condensed matter in the Lanzara Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His past research interests have included Bose-Einstein condensation, rubidium-based atomic clocks, hydrogen masers, lenses and mirrors, mayflies, mousetrap cars, toothpick bridges, fawn lilies, the slinky, Legos, vinegar and baking soda volcanoes, wolves, choo-choo trains, and the word \"moon.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christopher Smallwood | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/christopher-smallwood"},"melissaefellet":{"type":"authors","id":"10331","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10331","found":true},"name":"Melissae Fellet","firstName":"Melissae","lastName":"Fellet","slug":"melissaefellet","email":"melissae.fellet@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melissae Fellet is a freelance science writer obsessed with electrons, atoms and molecules. Writing about chemistry, physics and technology, she hopes to reveal how the invisible building blocks of matter influence things like plastics, perfumed shampoos and the speedy computer chips we use everyday. She holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from the University of Florida and a PhD in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis. She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_35431":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35431","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35431","score":null,"sort":[1334761207000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise","title":"Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise","publishDate":1334761207,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise/titanic-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35434\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg\" alt=\"Titanic\" title=\"titanic resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Sunday marked 100 years since the Titanic sank in the icy waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Yet after all this time, questions still remain about what really caused the ship to go down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often an \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/2012/04/14/the-science-behind-the-iceberg-that-sank-titanic/\">errant iceberg\u003c/a> gets all the blame. Others chalk up the disaster to human error. And a new book posits that odd weather conditions caused a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mirages-tides-may-have-triggered-titanic-hitting-iceberg-but-are-new-theories-just-excuses/2012/04/11/gIQAhhwpAT_story.html\"> hazy mirage that hid the iceberg from sight\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her most recent video, materials scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=91\">Ainissa Ramirez\u003c/a>, at Yale University, looks at two theories of how metals used to build the ship could have contributed to the damage. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One theory is that the frigid water cooled the ship’s hull enough to change its mechanical properties from flexible to brittle. If so, the metal sheets would crack easily upon impact, instead of denting like a car that’s been in an accident. If the boat was in warmer waters when it hit the iceberg, perhaps the gash in the hull would have been smaller, Ramirez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her video, Ramirez demonstrates how temperature can change flexible materials, like rubber, into brittle materials that shatter like glass. Rubber is a tangle of strands called polymers. Normally, individual polymer strings slide past each other like noodles in a bowl of spaghetti, she says. These strands stiffen as the rubber cools, making the material brittle and easily broken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmqKALQofNs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the video, Ramirez mentions another theory for how materials contributed to the Titanic’s demise: the rivets that held the metal sheets together were inherently weak. The manufacturing process for these rivets introduced clusters of impurities into the iron. These clusters disrupt and weaken the neat network of atoms in a strong metal. Clumps can lead to cracks. And cracked rivets cause open joints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metal workers used to identify strong rivets by listening for a ting as they pounded the rivets into a joint. But workers building the Titanic could not hear this sound because they pounded in the rivets using noisy hydraulic hammers, Ramirez says. Perhaps if they built the boat by hand, workers could have heard that these rivets were not ideal, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked on materials, learn about the tiles that keep the space shuttle cool as it enters our atmosphere, how materials can convert heat to electricity to power a cell phone and more from Dr. Ramirez’s videos at \u003ca href=\"http://www.materialmarvels.com/\">Material Marvels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One hundred years after the sinking of the Titanic, questions still abound about what really caused the ship to go down. Two theories say the physical properties of the ship’s metal hull or the composition of the iron rivets could have worsened the damage when the ship slammed into the iceberg.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1335901298,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":416},"headData":{"title":"Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise | KQED","description":"One hundred years after the sinking of the Titanic, questions still abound about what really caused the ship to go down. Two theories say the physical properties of the ship’s metal hull or the composition of the iron rivets could have worsened the damage when the ship slammed into the iceberg.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise","datePublished":"2012-04-18T15:00:07.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-01T19:41:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"35431 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35431","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise/","disqusTitle":"Metal Materials, Cold Could Have Contributed to the Titanic’s Demise","path":"/quest/35431/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise/titanic-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35434\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg\" alt=\"Titanic\" title=\"titanic resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/titanic-resize-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Sunday marked 100 years since the Titanic sank in the icy waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Yet after all this time, questions still remain about what really caused the ship to go down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often an \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/history-of-geology/2012/04/14/the-science-behind-the-iceberg-that-sank-titanic/\">errant iceberg\u003c/a> gets all the blame. Others chalk up the disaster to human error. And a new book posits that odd weather conditions caused a \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mirages-tides-may-have-triggered-titanic-hitting-iceberg-but-are-new-theories-just-excuses/2012/04/11/gIQAhhwpAT_story.html\"> hazy mirage that hid the iceberg from sight\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her most recent video, materials scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.seas.yale.edu/faculty-detail.php?id=91\">Ainissa Ramirez\u003c/a>, at Yale University, looks at two theories of how metals used to build the ship could have contributed to the damage. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One theory is that the frigid water cooled the ship’s hull enough to change its mechanical properties from flexible to brittle. If so, the metal sheets would crack easily upon impact, instead of denting like a car that’s been in an accident. If the boat was in warmer waters when it hit the iceberg, perhaps the gash in the hull would have been smaller, Ramirez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her video, Ramirez demonstrates how temperature can change flexible materials, like rubber, into brittle materials that shatter like glass. Rubber is a tangle of strands called polymers. Normally, individual polymer strings slide past each other like noodles in a bowl of spaghetti, she says. These strands stiffen as the rubber cools, making the material brittle and easily broken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/pmqKALQofNs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/pmqKALQofNs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the video, Ramirez mentions another theory for how materials contributed to the Titanic’s demise: the rivets that held the metal sheets together were inherently weak. The manufacturing process for these rivets introduced clusters of impurities into the iron. These clusters disrupt and weaken the neat network of atoms in a strong metal. Clumps can lead to cracks. And cracked rivets cause open joints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metal workers used to identify strong rivets by listening for a ting as they pounded the rivets into a joint. But workers building the Titanic could not hear this sound because they pounded in the rivets using noisy hydraulic hammers, Ramirez says. Perhaps if they built the boat by hand, workers could have heard that these rivets were not ideal, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re hooked on materials, learn about the tiles that keep the space shuttle cool as it enters our atmosphere, how materials can convert heat to electricity to power a cell phone and more from Dr. Ramirez’s videos at \u003ca href=\"http://www.materialmarvels.com/\">Material Marvels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35431/metal-materials-cold-could-have-contributed-to-the-titanic%e2%80%99s-demise","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_10995","quest_3351","quest_1798","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10994"],"featImg":"quest_35434","label":"quest"},"quest_2207":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2207","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2207","score":null,"sort":[1240949202000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"superconductivity-an-arsenic-laced-future","title":"Superconductivity: an Arsenic-Laced Future?","publishDate":1240949202,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/superconducting.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A magnet is suspended over a liquid nitrogen cooled\u003cbr>\nhigh-temperature superconductor (-200°C). Image source:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet_4.jpg\">Wikimedia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nTake a familiar metal, such as the aluminum foil from the bottom drawer of a kitchen, the mercury you might find in a household thermometer, or the titanium used to build an expensive road bike. Cool it enough, and you will find almost miraculously that electricity can be sent though the metal without losing any of its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This effect, known as superconductivity, has tantalized physicists with theoretical weirdness and seduced futurists with potential applications since its discovery in 1911. Some of the applications, particularly in magnetism, have already been realized. A typical MRI machine works because, hidden within its outer casing, electricity is pumped through a superconducting wire maintained 10 times colder than the average temperature of Pluto. The soon-to-be-running \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider at CERN\u003c/a> in Geneva would not have been possible without the aid of giant superconducting magnets. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hfml.ru.nl/\">High Field Magnet Laboratory\u003c/a> in the Netherlands have even used superconducting magnets to suspend a living frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more exotic and exciting ideas have been dreamed up, such as large-scale lossless power transmission networks or commercially-viable magnetically levitated trains. Many of these have remained elusively beyond the cusp of practicality. This is because most materials become superconductors only in the frigid neighborhood of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero\">absolute zero\u003c/a> (0-10 Kelvin). A few do have higher transition temperatures. For example, the cuprates, a class of material based on copper and oxygen, become superconductors as high as 133 Kelvin. Unfortunately, these are also brittle, difficult to work with, and bear limited current loads. However, times may be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February of last year scientists discovered a new candidate in their quest for a better superconductor, a material based on iron and arsenic. That's right-- it is possible that one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy technology is at least partly the same stuff Aunt Abby used to poison Mr. Witherspoon. The new class of material, collectively known as the iron pnictides (pronounced \"NICK-tides\"), has taken the physics community by storm, inspired more than a thousand research publications and stolen the show last month at the world's largest annual gathering of materials scientists, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aps.org/meetings/march/\">American Physical Society March Meeting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is all the hype really merited? Maybe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the excitement surrounding the iron pnictides is becuase they turn superconducting at anomalously high temperatures, to date at least as high as 56 Kelvin. To be fair, this is still not exactly a high temperature compared to normal everyday experience. Room temperature is about 300 Kelvin. At 273 Kelvin you can get frostbite. At 56 Kelvin the air you breathe liquefies and your lung cavities fill with dry ice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the world of superconductors, however, a material with a transition temperature of 56 Kelvin is a rock star. This is the second warmest class of superconductor we know about, overshadowed only by the cuprates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few scientists feel optimistic that the pnictide family's transition temperatures may yet surpass even those of the cuprates. This would be a tremendous scientific and technological discovery, not simply because it would set a new record, but because it would mean that we now have two families of materials that become superconducting above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 Kelvin). This would be fantastic because cooling materials with liquid nitrogen is both technically easier and less expensive than using the current standard of liquid helium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, there may be reason to believe that the new iron pnictides may not have some of the problems that plague other high temperature superconductors. The cuprates have an annoying habit of spawning tiny electrical whirlpools in the presence of a magnetic field. Unless these whirlpools, or vortices (as they are technically called), can be pinned in place, lossless power transmission is impossible. While vortices still occur in the pnictides, pinning may prove to be easier than it is in the cuprates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if we never are able to capitalize on the pnictides, they may have intrinsic scientific value. Scientists are baffled at the underlying mechanism that allows a material to be a superconductor above 40 Kelvin. Figuring this out may not ultimately satiate a desire for new technologies, but the simple desire to know is exactly the sort of thing that would make Darwin or Einstein proud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.874921 -122.252898\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In February of last year scientists discovered a new champion in their quest for a better superconductor, a material based on iron and, curiously enough, arsenic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1240949202,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":740},"headData":{"title":"Superconductivity: an Arsenic-Laced Future? | KQED","description":"In February of last year scientists discovered a new champion in their quest for a better superconductor, a material based on iron and, curiously enough, arsenic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Superconductivity: an Arsenic-Laced Future?","datePublished":"2009-04-28T20:06:42.000Z","dateModified":"2009-04-28T20:06:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2207 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2207","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/28/superconductivity-an-arsenic-laced-future/","disqusTitle":"Superconductivity: an Arsenic-Laced Future?","path":"/quest/2207/superconductivity-an-arsenic-laced-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/superconducting.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A magnet is suspended over a liquid nitrogen cooled\u003cbr>\nhigh-temperature superconductor (-200°C). Image source:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet_4.jpg\">Wikimedia\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nTake a familiar metal, such as the aluminum foil from the bottom drawer of a kitchen, the mercury you might find in a household thermometer, or the titanium used to build an expensive road bike. Cool it enough, and you will find almost miraculously that electricity can be sent though the metal without losing any of its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This effect, known as superconductivity, has tantalized physicists with theoretical weirdness and seduced futurists with potential applications since its discovery in 1911. Some of the applications, particularly in magnetism, have already been realized. A typical MRI machine works because, hidden within its outer casing, electricity is pumped through a superconducting wire maintained 10 times colder than the average temperature of Pluto. The soon-to-be-running \u003ca href=\"http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/\">Large Hadron Collider at CERN\u003c/a> in Geneva would not have been possible without the aid of giant superconducting magnets. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hfml.ru.nl/\">High Field Magnet Laboratory\u003c/a> in the Netherlands have even used superconducting magnets to suspend a living frog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more exotic and exciting ideas have been dreamed up, such as large-scale lossless power transmission networks or commercially-viable magnetically levitated trains. Many of these have remained elusively beyond the cusp of practicality. This is because most materials become superconductors only in the frigid neighborhood of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero\">absolute zero\u003c/a> (0-10 Kelvin). A few do have higher transition temperatures. For example, the cuprates, a class of material based on copper and oxygen, become superconductors as high as 133 Kelvin. Unfortunately, these are also brittle, difficult to work with, and bear limited current loads. However, times may be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February of last year scientists discovered a new candidate in their quest for a better superconductor, a material based on iron and arsenic. That's right-- it is possible that one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy technology is at least partly the same stuff Aunt Abby used to poison Mr. Witherspoon. The new class of material, collectively known as the iron pnictides (pronounced \"NICK-tides\"), has taken the physics community by storm, inspired more than a thousand research publications and stolen the show last month at the world's largest annual gathering of materials scientists, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aps.org/meetings/march/\">American Physical Society March Meeting\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is all the hype really merited? Maybe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the excitement surrounding the iron pnictides is becuase they turn superconducting at anomalously high temperatures, to date at least as high as 56 Kelvin. To be fair, this is still not exactly a high temperature compared to normal everyday experience. Room temperature is about 300 Kelvin. At 273 Kelvin you can get frostbite. At 56 Kelvin the air you breathe liquefies and your lung cavities fill with dry ice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the world of superconductors, however, a material with a transition temperature of 56 Kelvin is a rock star. This is the second warmest class of superconductor we know about, overshadowed only by the cuprates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few scientists feel optimistic that the pnictide family's transition temperatures may yet surpass even those of the cuprates. This would be a tremendous scientific and technological discovery, not simply because it would set a new record, but because it would mean that we now have two families of materials that become superconducting above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 Kelvin). This would be fantastic because cooling materials with liquid nitrogen is both technically easier and less expensive than using the current standard of liquid helium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, there may be reason to believe that the new iron pnictides may not have some of the problems that plague other high temperature superconductors. The cuprates have an annoying habit of spawning tiny electrical whirlpools in the presence of a magnetic field. Unless these whirlpools, or vortices (as they are technically called), can be pinned in place, lossless power transmission is impossible. While vortices still occur in the pnictides, pinning may prove to be easier than it is in the cuprates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if we never are able to capitalize on the pnictides, they may have intrinsic scientific value. Scientists are baffled at the underlying mechanism that allows a material to be a superconductor above 40 Kelvin. Figuring this out may not ultimately satiate a desire for new technologies, but the simple desire to know is exactly the sort of thing that would make Darwin or Einstein proud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.874921 -122.252898\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2207/superconductivity-an-arsenic-laced-future","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_649","quest_740","quest_1798","quest_13205","quest_2239","quest_2834","quest_2835"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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