From Trash to Cash: Old Landfills Yield New Opportunities
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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_56992":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_56992","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"56992","score":null,"sort":[1373378412000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-trash-to-cash-old-landfills-yield-new-opportunities","title":"From Trash to Cash: Old Landfills Yield New Opportunities","publishDate":1373378412,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World War II salvage site in Butte, Montana. Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As resources become more expensive, America may start mining its landfills for raw materials. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1373378420,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":729},"headData":{"title":"From Trash to Cash: Old Landfills Yield New Opportunities | KQED","description":"As resources become more expensive, America may start mining its landfills for raw materials. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"From Trash to Cash: Old Landfills Yield New Opportunities","datePublished":"2013-07-09T14:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2013-07-09T14:00:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"56992 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=56992","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/07/09/from-trash-to-cash-old-landfills-yield-new-opportunities/","disqusTitle":"From Trash to Cash: Old Landfills Yield New Opportunities","path":"/quest/56992/from-trash-to-cash-old-landfills-yield-new-opportunities","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57421\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57421\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Salvage-Yard-Montana-1942-16-9-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lee, Russell, 1903-1986, photographer.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">World War II salvage site in Butte, Montana. Photo by Russell Lee, 1942.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 164px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57422\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/SaveYourCans-164x253.jpg\" alt=\"By McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942\" width=\"164\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WWII poster by McClelland Barclay for War Production Board, Salvage Division, 1941–1942. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Matt Shipman - Raleigh, NC\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States was very good at recycling during World War II. It was our patriotic duty. Families brought everything from scrap metal to old tires in to collection centers where they were used to make supplies for the war effort. But when the war ended, so did recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the late 1940s to the early 1970s, Americans were making (and buying) things but not recycling them. We made refrigerators the size of cars and cars the size of boats. And when a product was broken, or even if it wasn’t, it was thrown away. Used cars, refrigerators, mountains of cans, and countless other household products found their way into junkyards and landfills. Now, we may want them back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: resources, such as metals, are becoming more and more expensive. A pound of copper set you back less than a dollar in 2000. Since then, copper prices have more than tripled, reaching a high of $3.92 per pound in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is likely that, in the distant future, landfills will become very valuable sources of many raw materials,” says Jamie Caswell, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association. “We are not there yet, though -- at least not in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other countries \u003cstrong>are \u003c/strong>there. The Belgian waste management company Group Machiels has \u003ca href=\"http://www.machiels.com/company-detail.aspx?ID=885c55e0-f3b6-4fe6-aa25-1fa7bfc312dd\">announced plans\u003c/a> to mine a landfill east of Brussels. Group Machiels estimates that 45 percent of the material in the landfill can be recycled, with the remainder to be converted into gas that can be used as a fuel source -- calling to mind images of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HYoq6vIVXc\">Doc Brown fueling his time machine\u003c/a> in the film \u003cstrong>Back to the Future\u003c/strong>\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The process, called \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/plasma-converter.htm\">plasmification\u003c/a>, uses extremely high temperatures to break organic material down into a sort of synthetic version of natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57448\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Mt_Trashmore_kingkog911-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mt. Trashmore encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: King Kong 911 (link to flickr page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Trashmore Park encompasses 165 acres in Virginia Beach, VA. Photo courtesy: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonypic/\">King Kong 911\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What obstacles exist to landfill mining in the United States? For one thing, many older landfill sites have been developed, making them essentially inaccessible for mining operations. For example, in the 1970s, a landfill in Virginia Beach, Virginia was turned into a popular 165-acre recreation area called \u003ca href=\"http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks-trails/city-parks/Pages/mount-trashmore-park.aspx\">Mount Trashmore Park. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge is the lack of precedent: with no federal landfill-mining laws on the books, there is uncertainty about how the process might be regulated. And companies hate uncertainty -- it’s hard to plan for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, as any fan of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_Wars\">\u003cstrong>Storage Wars\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>will tell you, there is always a risk when bidding on something sight unseen. Companies want assurance that they will turn a profit, and that depends on what exactly is buried in a landfill. If it contains a lot of metal, it might be a good investment. If it’s full of old sofas and polystyrene fast-food containers, it is more likely to lose money. And if the mining uncovers asbestos or other hazardous materials, a company could find itself saddled with the costly task of disposing of hazardous waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that we don’t have a lot of information about what exactly is in our landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is only in recent years that accurate knowledge, and then only in broad terms, is available to assess what wastes a landfill site may contain,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iswa.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_iswaknowledgebase_download%26documentUid%3D3154&ei=RFK7UbmTOY3w8ATiiYCIAQ&usg=AFQjCNERHnQyaTPdML4wUfOagculUy4swg&sig2=y_S9E-f\">an issue paper\u003c/a> on landfill mining released by the International Solid Waste Association. And since those evaluation techniques are essential to estimate both profit and risk, they may need to improve before companies opt to pursue landfill mining in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if the cost of metals continues to rise, some companies may decide the risk is worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We made use of old materials in the 1940s because it was the patriotic thing to do. We may do the same in the 21st century because it is the practical thing to do. It might even be profitable, and there’s nothing more American than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57451\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 535px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57451 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/UN-Landfill-image-535x360.jpg\" alt=\"UN Photo/Evan Schneider\" width=\"535\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Americans generate 250 million tons of trash each year, according to the EPA. United Nations photo by Evan Schneider\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/56992/from-trash-to-cash-old-landfills-yield-new-opportunities","authors":["10464"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_984","quest_1607","quest_1797","quest_10298","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3290","quest_12137","quest_2986","quest_10363","quest_10303"],"featImg":"quest_57421","label":"quest"},"quest_33527":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33527","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33527","score":null,"sort":[1332279309000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-calligraphers-golden-touch","title":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch","publishDate":1332279309,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the gold leaf has to be smoothed by rubbing it with something hard, traditionally bone. You may already be familiar with this technique, called \u003cem>burnishing\u003c/em>, if you were unlucky enough to have a boring history teacher and spent the class period smoothing gum wrappers with your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was not a gum-chewing child--but I \u003cem>was\u003c/em> an amateur calligrapher, in addition to being infatuated with illuminated manuscripts. After looking at Ingmire's series at the Getty, I thought, \"Maybe I'll try this when I get home!\" Then I read up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.illuminatedpage.com/gilding.html\" title=\"The Illuminated Page - Gilding\">working\u003c/a> with \u003ca href=\"http://baronmorgan.gallowglass.org/articles/cna04_basicgilding.html\" title=\"Basic Gilding for Illumination\">gold leaf\u003c/a>--and decided to write about it instead.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new illuminated manuscript exhibit, I had to check it out. The only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher Thomas Ingmire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332966089,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":429},"headData":{"title":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch | KQED","description":"When I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new illuminated manuscript exhibit, I had to check it out. The only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher Thomas Ingmire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch","datePublished":"2012-03-20T21:35:09.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-28T20:21:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33527 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33527","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/","disqusTitle":"The Calligrapher's Golden Touch","path":"/quest/33527/the-calligraphers-golden-touch","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the gold leaf has to be smoothed by rubbing it with something hard, traditionally bone. You may already be familiar with this technique, called \u003cem>burnishing\u003c/em>, if you were unlucky enough to have a boring history teacher and spent the class period smoothing gum wrappers with your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was not a gum-chewing child--but I \u003cem>was\u003c/em> an amateur calligrapher, in addition to being infatuated with illuminated manuscripts. After looking at Ingmire's series at the Getty, I thought, \"Maybe I'll try this when I get home!\" Then I read up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.illuminatedpage.com/gilding.html\" title=\"The Illuminated Page - Gilding\">working\u003c/a> with \u003ca href=\"http://baronmorgan.gallowglass.org/articles/cna04_basicgilding.html\" title=\"Basic Gilding for Illumination\">gold leaf\u003c/a>--and decided to write about it instead.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33527/the-calligraphers-golden-touch","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_16"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_3309","quest_10857","quest_10856","quest_3351","quest_1657","quest_1797","quest_3307","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10858"],"featImg":"quest_33529","label":"quest"},"quest_11487":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11487","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11487","score":null,"sort":[1295488851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-it-works-at-the-crucible","title":"How it Works at the Crucible","publishDate":1295488851,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Kristina-Nekyia-Thumb41.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo taken by Edgar Lee\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been times I’ve seen the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\">Crucible\u003c/a> from the road, as I made my way to visit my dad. Last year, Creative Director, Michael Sturtz gave me and a few colleagues a tour through the space. Walking through in awe, I kept thinking about my dad and how he would be a kid in a candy store at the Crucible. My dad got his degree in mechanical engineering and I grew up with the mantra, \"If something works, take it apart and find out why”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community components. The Crucible is a non-profit arts education center that fosters a collaboration of arts, industry and community by teaching and showcasing fire, metal, glass and light art. Founded in 1999, The Crucible offers more than 500 classes to nearly 5,000 students annually in disciplines such as bronze casting, neon art, welding, glass working, blacksmithing, fire dancing, textiles and woodworking. One of my favorite parts of the Crucible is the converted fire truck coined the Educational Response Vehicle that acts as a mobile classroom. It was brought out to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> for our NightLife World Ocean day celebration last June. Off the truck came blacksmithing, glass blowing and torch welding units. The fire cannon also welcomed guests at it belched out billows of fire into the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was also very impressed with the strong community tie of the Crucible. They have a few tiers of a bike program for local west Oakland youth. Workshops are set up for kids to bring in their bikes to be fixed. Technicians explain what they are doing so the kids can get a better understanding of “how it works”. For those interested, there is a six-week Earn-A-Bike program where youth can learn more. They fix two bikes, one to keep and one to sell to raise funds for the program. Youth who want more after the six-week course can also enroll to create their own custom bike in by bringing in their own bike to re-create using more intermediate skills. The bike program has been the most popular community outreach program and continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, January 14 and Saturday, January 15, 2011 from 7PM-11PM, the Crucible had their 12th Anniversary Benefit show entitled, \"The Crucible Revival; Keep the Fire Burning.\" Proceeds went to support educational programs at the Crucible and the line up included a fabulous mix of performances, dance, fire and art. Performances focused on reviving beloved and specataular moments of Crucible history in tribute to Michael Strutz’s contributions in his tenure as founder and both Executive and Creative Director. More information on the line up and tickets can be found here. This Thursday, the Crucible comes out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/events/nightlife\">NightLife\u003c/a> to add the heat to the theme Fire and Ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in the Crucible space reminds me of sitting in the garage when I was young watching my dad work on something. The space is set up so people can take “how it works” and transforms it into knowledge, community, art and performance. It’s an inspiring place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I grew up wih the mantra, \"If something works, take it apart and find out why”. The Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community-oriented components.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309995473,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":548},"headData":{"title":"How it Works at the Crucible | KQED","description":"I grew up wih the mantra, "If something works, take it apart and find out why”. The Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community-oriented components.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How it Works at the Crucible","datePublished":"2011-01-20T02:00:51.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-06T23:37:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11487 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/01/19/how-it-works-at-the-crucible/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/how-it-works-at-the-crucible/","disqusTitle":"How it Works at the Crucible","path":"/quest/11487/how-it-works-at-the-crucible","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Kristina-Nekyia-Thumb41.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo taken by Edgar Lee\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been times I’ve seen the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\">Crucible\u003c/a> from the road, as I made my way to visit my dad. Last year, Creative Director, Michael Sturtz gave me and a few colleagues a tour through the space. Walking through in awe, I kept thinking about my dad and how he would be a kid in a candy store at the Crucible. My dad got his degree in mechanical engineering and I grew up with the mantra, \"If something works, take it apart and find out why”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crucible takes that one step further in adding artistic and community components. The Crucible is a non-profit arts education center that fosters a collaboration of arts, industry and community by teaching and showcasing fire, metal, glass and light art. Founded in 1999, The Crucible offers more than 500 classes to nearly 5,000 students annually in disciplines such as bronze casting, neon art, welding, glass working, blacksmithing, fire dancing, textiles and woodworking. One of my favorite parts of the Crucible is the converted fire truck coined the Educational Response Vehicle that acts as a mobile classroom. It was brought out to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> for our NightLife World Ocean day celebration last June. Off the truck came blacksmithing, glass blowing and torch welding units. The fire cannon also welcomed guests at it belched out billows of fire into the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was also very impressed with the strong community tie of the Crucible. They have a few tiers of a bike program for local west Oakland youth. Workshops are set up for kids to bring in their bikes to be fixed. Technicians explain what they are doing so the kids can get a better understanding of “how it works”. For those interested, there is a six-week Earn-A-Bike program where youth can learn more. They fix two bikes, one to keep and one to sell to raise funds for the program. Youth who want more after the six-week course can also enroll to create their own custom bike in by bringing in their own bike to re-create using more intermediate skills. The bike program has been the most popular community outreach program and continues to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last Friday, January 14 and Saturday, January 15, 2011 from 7PM-11PM, the Crucible had their 12th Anniversary Benefit show entitled, \"The Crucible Revival; Keep the Fire Burning.\" Proceeds went to support educational programs at the Crucible and the line up included a fabulous mix of performances, dance, fire and art. Performances focused on reviving beloved and specataular moments of Crucible history in tribute to Michael Strutz’s contributions in his tenure as founder and both Executive and Creative Director. More information on the line up and tickets can be found here. This Thursday, the Crucible comes out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/events/nightlife\">NightLife\u003c/a> to add the heat to the theme Fire and Ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in the Crucible space reminds me of sitting in the garage when I was young watching my dad work on something. The space is set up so people can take “how it works” and transforms it into knowledge, community, art and performance. It’s an inspiring place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11487/how-it-works-at-the-crucible","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_216","quest_734","quest_13197","quest_13199","quest_1095","quest_1780","quest_1797"],"featImg":"quest_11502","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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