NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars
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From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"acurry":{"type":"authors","id":"6444","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6444","found":true},"name":"Arwen Curry","firstName":"Arwen","lastName":"Curry","slug":"acurry","email":"acurry@KQED.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Arwen Curry is Associate Producer of TV at KQED Science. She comes to KQED from documentary film, and is director of \u003cem>Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin\u003c/em>, a feature documentary about the influential science fiction writer. She was Associate Producer of the films \u003cem>Regarding Susan Sontag\u003c/em>, \u003cem>American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco\u003c/em>, \u003cem>EAMES: The Architect & The Painter\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Utopia in Four Movements\u003c/em>, and co-produced and directed \u003cem>Stuffed\u003c/em>, a short film about compulsive hoarding. Arwen was editor of the punk magazine \u003cem>Maximum Rock 'n' Roll\u003c/em>, and has been a contributor to Radio Lab and McSweeney’s. She is a Bay Area native and a graduate of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Arwen Curry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acurry"},"melissaefellet":{"type":"authors","id":"10331","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10331","found":true},"name":"Melissae Fellet","firstName":"Melissae","lastName":"Fellet","slug":"melissaefellet","email":"melissae.fellet@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melissae Fellet is a freelance science writer obsessed with electrons, atoms and molecules. Writing about chemistry, physics and technology, she hopes to reveal how the invisible building blocks of matter influence things like plastics, perfumed shampoos and the speedy computer chips we use everyday. She holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from the University of Florida and a PhD in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis. She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72510":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72510","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72510","score":null,"sort":[1416409247000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-life-on-mars-2","title":"Searching for Life on Mars","publishDate":1416409247,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how the NASA Curiosity rover is the most sophisticated rover ever deployed on Mars. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632327,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":656},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Watch how the NASA Curiosity rover is the most sophisticated rover ever deployed on Mars. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72510 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=72510","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/19/searching-for-life-on-mars-2/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Life on Mars","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHMQyQ_YwL8?feature=player_embedded","source":"Astronomy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/astronomy/","path":"/quest/72510/searching-for-life-on-mars-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/72510/searching-for-life-on-mars-2","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_13023","quest_3537","quest_12269","quest_13022","quest_1751","quest_3647","quest_1920","quest_3677","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_72517","label":"source_quest_72510"},"quest_17484":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17484","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17484","score":null,"sort":[1415890846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","title":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","publishDate":1415890846,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everybody loves chocolate, but did you know that small daily doses of dark chocolate are good for your health? Read the story and watch the video to learn about the precision engineering and chemistry behind the beloved treat. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442634495,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":612},"headData":{"title":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17484 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/13/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate/","disqusTitle":"The Sweet Science of Chocolate","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUwaidNGXaM?feature=player_detailpage","path":"/quest/17484/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17484/the-sweet-science-of-chocolate","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_6","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_11124","quest_13081","quest_590","quest_641","quest_11122","quest_11123","quest_1122","quest_12269","quest_10557","quest_13201","quest_1436","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_13078","quest_2141","quest_13082","quest_3711","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_13079","quest_2893","quest_13080","quest_3025","quest_13083","quest_3046","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_72976","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_49829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49829","score":null,"sort":[1361548851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","title":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper","publishDate":1361548851,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On February 8th, the rover Curiosity used its drill to bore a hole into a slab of flat bedrock, marking the first time we have probed deeply into the interior of a Martian rock in search of the secrets of Mars' past it may hold. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998043,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":481},"headData":{"title":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper | KQED","description":"On February 8th, the rover Curiosity used its drill to bore a hole into a slab of flat bedrock, marking the first time we have probed deeply into the interior of a Martian rock in search of the secrets of Mars' past it may hold. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/","disqusTitle":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper","path":"/quest/49829/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49829/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_742","quest_11741","quest_13200","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2457"],"featImg":"quest_49841","label":"quest"},"quest_48937":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48937","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48937","score":null,"sort":[1359129640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","title":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!","publishDate":1359129640,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998111,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup! | KQED","description":"The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48937 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48937","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/","disqusTitle":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!","path":"/quest/48937/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48937/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_11689","quest_11691","quest_11690","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2457","quest_11688"],"featImg":"quest_48939","label":"quest"},"quest_48762":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48762","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48762","score":null,"sort":[1358454143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","title":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","publishDate":1358454143,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier toobig, quick on its feetand smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical actionrushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long timenot strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360963968,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":760},"headData":{"title":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars | KQED","description":"As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48762 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48762","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/","disqusTitle":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","path":"/quest/48762/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier toobig, quick on its feetand smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical actionrushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long timenot strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48762/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10617","quest_742","quest_10609","quest_11685","quest_1751","quest_9996","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_48768","label":"quest"},"quest_47542":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47542","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47542","score":null,"sort":[1354295952000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","title":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","publishDate":1354295952,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity, though has qualified the nature of the announcement to scientifically interesting, and not \"earth-shaking\" as the blogosphere has hyped it in speculation.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998212,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":702},"headData":{"title":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012 | KQED","description":"NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity, though has qualified the nature of the announcement to scientifically interesting, and not "earth-shaking" as the blogosphere has hyped it in speculation.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47542 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47542","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/","disqusTitle":"Still Curious About Mars in 2012","path":"/quest/47542/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/30/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012/pia14156/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47544\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" title=\"Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47544\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/PIA14156-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We've been thinking about life on Mars for a long, long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first it was easy. Before the telescope, Mars was a brilliant spark of orange light that moved about the sky with the other planets, seemingly with a life of its own. Its light grew and faded as its distance changed, and it would routinely reverse its course through the stars in retrograde ebbs. Long ago, many cultures saw Mars, and the other visible planets, as living beings themselves: deities that journeyed through the heavens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the invention of the telescope, and especially in the late 19th-century when they got powerful enough to see some details on Mars' face, it was still pretty easy to think about Mars and life, though life on Mars, and not Mars as a living being, was the main fare for the imagination. Polar ice caps reminiscent of Earth's and perceptible surface markings and color variations, both of which changed in extent and detail with Martian seasons, seemed to make Mars—or the human imagination—pulse with life. Fiction writers and scientists alike \u003ca href=\"http://cde.nwc.edu/SCI2108/course_documents/solar_system/innerplanets/mars/lowell/lowell_mars.htm\" title=\"Percival Lowell's Mars\" target=\"_blank\">speculated on the existence\u003c/a> of vegetation, animal life, liquid water, and even intelligent civilizations existent on the Red Planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as our telescopes grew even more powerful, and especially when we started sending cameras and telescopes to Mars on robotic spacecraft, imagining Martian life became more challenging. Even the first robots to land on Mars only added to the sterile picture of a lifeless Mars. It seemed that the possibilities of finding life there were drying up like the dusty, rusty, desert planet itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week I heard a rumor, which many of you heard as well, that NASA is preparing to make a big announcement concerning Mars and a recent discovery by the SAM instrument on board the rover Curiosity. People have been asking, \"What big announcement is NASA going to make? Will it really be earth-shaking, as some have suggested?\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/mars/msl/121128rumors/\" title=\"Curiosity discovery\" target=\"_blank\">NASA is qualifying the rumor\u003c/a>—which spread through the blogosphere and Twittersphere like cyberfire—with a sober and soundly scientific assessment that the announcement (expected on Monday) will be scientifically interesting, but not earth-shaking. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that the SAM instrument (a set of chemistry experiments including a mass spectrometer, a laser spectrograph, a gas chromatograph, and a pre-subinertial photomegatronic oscillator—okay, only kidding about the last one) is designed to find organic compounds required by life as we know it, I'd say that the announcement will have something to do with organic compounds. I'm not being flippant; my point is that SAM (and Curiosity for that matter) was not designed to find life, fossils, remains or excrements of life, or even megalithic pyramids created by intelligent civilizations. (Although, the latter would certainly show up on one of Curiosity's cameras if it were pointed in the right direction….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity was sent to Mars to assess the suitability for life in Mars' past. Other missions (Spirit and Opportunity, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18174-mars-water-streals-seasonal-flows.html\" title=\"Seasonal streaks on Mars captured by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u003c/a>) have revealed that liquid water, one basic requirement for life as we know it, very likely once flowed on Mars. But life (AWKI) also requires the right mix of organic compounds—compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon—to emerge, form, and thrive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is Curiosity's charge, a mission that will unfold over the next two years as the rover climbs the slopes of Mount Sharp, a huge pile of sedimentary layers formed over the last 2 billion years or so--the very pages of the book of Mars' geologic history. Read on, Curiosity, read on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the wildfire of speculation, the furor of questing curiosity that erupted and became amplified by cyberspace, is an indication that we, as a culture and a species, are still looking for life on our neighbor planet; still hunting for life there, still wanting, hoping, to find it. I'm optimistic that we may find it, eventually—and in the meantime, I only have to wait until Monday to hear the latest from NASA, whatever exactly that will be. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47542/still-curious-about-mars-in-2012","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_1656","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_2088","quest_13202","quest_11633"],"featImg":"quest_47544","label":"quest"},"quest_45570":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45570","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45570","score":null,"sort":[1349449226000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it","title":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It","publishDate":1349449226,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/marsgravel-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45577\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg\" alt=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" title=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The news from Mars just keeps getting better. NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" title=\"NASA MSL News Release\" target=\"_blank\">has struck pay dirt\u003c/a>: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing that bit of news was tantalizing, and seeing the photographic evidence a true thrill for someone who loves scratching around in the rocks and sand of the desert, looking for signs and clues of the geologic history of the place. Death Valley is my favorite hunting ground for signs of water--and why, you might ask, would I go looking for water in a desert? To that I would answer, looking for signs of water in a lake or river is just too darned easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pictorial evidence in question is a bed of gravel and rounded stones bound together by finer material that has solidified over time. The conglomerate rock is similar to examples of sediment found on Earth: solid layers a lot like very coarse concrete. The materials were washed down by river or stream action, transported from the locations where they originally eroded, and in the process of tumbling along with the flow the larger stones becoming rounded and smoothed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, at the site of Curiosity's find near the bottom of a large alluvial fan (the pile of material deposited by stream action at the bottom end of a downhill flow), the layer of conglomerate material has been broken and upturned for the rover to see and examine—possibly by a meteorite impact in the past. Were it not for whatever had broken and exposed the layer, Curiosity's wheels may have rolled right over it, inches from the great find but unaware of it laying there under topsoil. From the size and appearance of the rocks in the conglomerate—from sand grain to golf ball sized—scientists estimate that the water which deposited the material probably moved along at a speed of three feet per second, and was anywhere from a few inches to two or three feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall some interesting formations out in the deserts of Northern Arizona, where I lived for a few years, which the Curiosity report from NASA reminded me of. In one particular spot, somewhere east of Flagstaff and maybe west of Winslow, are what I call \"petrified rivers\". Snaking around the flat desert just off the north shoulder of Interstate 40 is a winding network of raised \"roadways\" of rock, rising a foot or two off the ground and meandering about in the pattern of flowing streams. I learned that these features are sedimentary conglomerate rock laid down by streams that flowed there in the past and solidified over time. Then, long after the water stopped flowing as the region dried out, erosion by wind and rainfall gradually wore away the softer surrounding soils, leaving the harder streambed conglomerates intact, exposed for anyone passing on the Interstate to see and wonder about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-laid conglomerate stone on Mars that Curiosity happened upon is a first. There has previously been plenty of evidence letting us speculate about past liquid water on Mars, from drainage channels viewed from orbit to various minerals found on the ground to ice buried under Mars' surface, but this new find is the first concrete evidence (so to speak) for actual water-transported material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, each new discovery like this makes me ask, \"what's next?\" Really, I may be leaping too far ahead of conservative speculation here, but personally I'm hoping to see fossils….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, has struck pay dirt: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998350,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":621},"headData":{"title":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It | KQED","description":"NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, has struck pay dirt: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"45570 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=45570","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/","disqusTitle":"News From Mars: A River Ran Through It","path":"/quest/45570/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/marsgravel-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45577\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg\" alt=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" title=\"Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45577\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/marsgravel2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars streambed conglomerate compared to example on Earth. Credit: NASA/Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The news from Mars just keeps getting better. NASA's Curiosity rover, now exploring the alluvium at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater for over two months, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1360\" title=\"NASA MSL News Release\" target=\"_blank\">has struck pay dirt\u003c/a>: the gravel and river stone conglomerate laid down by an ancient Martian stream!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing that bit of news was tantalizing, and seeing the photographic evidence a true thrill for someone who loves scratching around in the rocks and sand of the desert, looking for signs and clues of the geologic history of the place. Death Valley is my favorite hunting ground for signs of water--and why, you might ask, would I go looking for water in a desert? To that I would answer, looking for signs of water in a lake or river is just too darned easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pictorial evidence in question is a bed of gravel and rounded stones bound together by finer material that has solidified over time. The conglomerate rock is similar to examples of sediment found on Earth: solid layers a lot like very coarse concrete. The materials were washed down by river or stream action, transported from the locations where they originally eroded, and in the process of tumbling along with the flow the larger stones becoming rounded and smoothed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, at the site of Curiosity's find near the bottom of a large alluvial fan (the pile of material deposited by stream action at the bottom end of a downhill flow), the layer of conglomerate material has been broken and upturned for the rover to see and examine—possibly by a meteorite impact in the past. Were it not for whatever had broken and exposed the layer, Curiosity's wheels may have rolled right over it, inches from the great find but unaware of it laying there under topsoil. From the size and appearance of the rocks in the conglomerate—from sand grain to golf ball sized—scientists estimate that the water which deposited the material probably moved along at a speed of three feet per second, and was anywhere from a few inches to two or three feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall some interesting formations out in the deserts of Northern Arizona, where I lived for a few years, which the Curiosity report from NASA reminded me of. In one particular spot, somewhere east of Flagstaff and maybe west of Winslow, are what I call \"petrified rivers\". Snaking around the flat desert just off the north shoulder of Interstate 40 is a winding network of raised \"roadways\" of rock, rising a foot or two off the ground and meandering about in the pattern of flowing streams. I learned that these features are sedimentary conglomerate rock laid down by streams that flowed there in the past and solidified over time. Then, long after the water stopped flowing as the region dried out, erosion by wind and rainfall gradually wore away the softer surrounding soils, leaving the harder streambed conglomerates intact, exposed for anyone passing on the Interstate to see and wonder about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water-laid conglomerate stone on Mars that Curiosity happened upon is a first. There has previously been plenty of evidence letting us speculate about past liquid water on Mars, from drainage channels viewed from orbit to various minerals found on the ground to ice buried under Mars' surface, but this new find is the first concrete evidence (so to speak) for actual water-transported material. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As always, each new discovery like this makes me ask, \"what's next?\" Really, I may be leaping too far ahead of conservative speculation here, but personally I'm hoping to see fossils….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45570/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_3528","quest_742","quest_10259","quest_1751","quest_11516","quest_13202","quest_10016","quest_2457","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_45572","label":"quest"},"quest_42977":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42977","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42977","score":null,"sort":[1345829620000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious","title":"NASA's New Mars Rover: Armed and Curious","publishDate":1345829620,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/armedandcurious/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42985\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42985\" title=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Space exploration has caught up with science fiction (again): we have deployed laser-armed nuclear-powered robot on Mars, and nearly two weeks after landing, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, the rover Curiosity, has fired that weapon on a Martian...rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain images from sci-fi classics come to mind. Remember, \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" when \u003ca title=\"Gort\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Gort_Firing.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Gort\u003c/a>, the golem-like space-cop-bot, went about melting soldiers' rifles with an incinerating ray? Recall how the Robinsons became \"lost in space\" when their reprogrammed automaton when berserk with its electric bolts? And who can forget when dear old R2D2 finally let slip that he/she/it is armed and dangerous when he/she/it zapped the little gremlin from the planet FrankOz? This \u003cem>is\u003c/em> the droid you want...Ah, good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity is equipped with ten different scientific experiments, perhaps the flashiest one being a spectrometer. A spectrometer sorts and analyzes the wavelengths (colors) of light emitted by an object: the light's spectrum. Every chemical element and compound shines a unique spectrum, so sorting out the different wavelengths present reveals the source's composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spectrometers are a powerful tool for astronomers and geologists alike. We first learned that stars are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium through spectroscopic measurements, and in the same way we also detected the presence of dozens of other chemicals on the sun. (As an aside, helium was named for the sun—Helios, in Greek—because it was detected there by spectrometers before it was discovered on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an environment like Mars, where the visible light shining from the rocks and soil of the landscape is merely reflected sunlight, using a spectrometer doesn't tell you much about the composition of the rocks and soil! That's where the dangerous, high-powered laser comes in. By firing the laser on a rock or a spot of soil, a small bit of it is vaporized and glows with its own light. Then, Curiosity's spectrometer can do its work and analyze the emitted light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's just what it did, for the first time, on August 19, firing its laser multiple times on a spot on \u003ca title=\"ChemCam target practice\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/20/laserspot_strip2.jpg/image_full\" target=\"_blank\">a nearby rock\u003c/a> and sending the \u003ca title=\"ChemCam spectral analysis\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16089.html\" target=\"_blank\">resulting spectrum\u003c/a> back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This first shot fired on Mars made for a nice harvest of chemistry: titanium, manganese, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, carbon and hydrogen—no big surprises; we already knew that Mars isn't composed of unobtanium, but the same chemicals and minerals that make up the Earth. The sample fired upon turns out to be a form of basalt, a volcanic rock common on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity makes its way up the slopes of sediments that make up Mt. Sharp, the tall mountain in the center of Gale Crater, the rover's landing site, it will use the laser and spectrometer, along with its array of other chemistry experiments, to build up a picture of Mars' geologic history, sorting out what minerals were most abundant at what times in the past. The aim is to build a clear timeline of Mars' transformation from its once warmer, wetter stages to its present state as a cold, dry desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's exciting to think that, as Curiosity rolls up the mountain, moving from the most ancient layers of sediment upward through the eons toward today's Mars, its wheels will be treading the materials left behind by Mars' past environments and climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life ever arose on the Red Planet and left behind telltale chemicals, those wheels will make contact with Martians! (Sort of.) Imagine the light that laser will shed on our perception of Mars once and if Curiosity delivers the news that, yes, there is (or was) life out there. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Space exploration has caught up with science fiction (again): we have deployed laser-armed nuclear-powered robot on Mars, and nearly two weeks after landing, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, the rover Curiosity, has fired that weapon on a Martian rock.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998464,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":639},"headData":{"title":"NASA's New Mars Rover: Armed and Curious | KQED","description":"Space exploration has caught up with science fiction (again): we have deployed laser-armed nuclear-powered robot on Mars, and nearly two weeks after landing, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, the rover Curiosity, has fired that weapon on a Martian rock.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42977 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42977","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/","disqusTitle":"NASA's New Mars Rover: Armed and Curious","path":"/quest/42977/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/24/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious/armedandcurious/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42985\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-42985\" title=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/armedandcurious-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and ChemCam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Space exploration has caught up with science fiction (again): we have deployed laser-armed nuclear-powered robot on Mars, and nearly two weeks after landing, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, the rover Curiosity, has fired that weapon on a Martian...rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain images from sci-fi classics come to mind. Remember, \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" when \u003ca title=\"Gort\" href=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Gort_Firing.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Gort\u003c/a>, the golem-like space-cop-bot, went about melting soldiers' rifles with an incinerating ray? Recall how the Robinsons became \"lost in space\" when their reprogrammed automaton when berserk with its electric bolts? And who can forget when dear old R2D2 finally let slip that he/she/it is armed and dangerous when he/she/it zapped the little gremlin from the planet FrankOz? This \u003cem>is\u003c/em> the droid you want...Ah, good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity is equipped with ten different scientific experiments, perhaps the flashiest one being a spectrometer. A spectrometer sorts and analyzes the wavelengths (colors) of light emitted by an object: the light's spectrum. Every chemical element and compound shines a unique spectrum, so sorting out the different wavelengths present reveals the source's composition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spectrometers are a powerful tool for astronomers and geologists alike. We first learned that stars are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium through spectroscopic measurements, and in the same way we also detected the presence of dozens of other chemicals on the sun. (As an aside, helium was named for the sun—Helios, in Greek—because it was detected there by spectrometers before it was discovered on Earth.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in an environment like Mars, where the visible light shining from the rocks and soil of the landscape is merely reflected sunlight, using a spectrometer doesn't tell you much about the composition of the rocks and soil! That's where the dangerous, high-powered laser comes in. By firing the laser on a rock or a spot of soil, a small bit of it is vaporized and glows with its own light. Then, Curiosity's spectrometer can do its work and analyze the emitted light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's just what it did, for the first time, on August 19, firing its laser multiple times on a spot on \u003ca title=\"ChemCam target practice\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/20/laserspot_strip2.jpg/image_full\" target=\"_blank\">a nearby rock\u003c/a> and sending the \u003ca title=\"ChemCam spectral analysis\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16089.html\" target=\"_blank\">resulting spectrum\u003c/a> back to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This first shot fired on Mars made for a nice harvest of chemistry: titanium, manganese, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, carbon and hydrogen—no big surprises; we already knew that Mars isn't composed of unobtanium, but the same chemicals and minerals that make up the Earth. The sample fired upon turns out to be a form of basalt, a volcanic rock common on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity makes its way up the slopes of sediments that make up Mt. Sharp, the tall mountain in the center of Gale Crater, the rover's landing site, it will use the laser and spectrometer, along with its array of other chemistry experiments, to build up a picture of Mars' geologic history, sorting out what minerals were most abundant at what times in the past. The aim is to build a clear timeline of Mars' transformation from its once warmer, wetter stages to its present state as a cold, dry desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's exciting to think that, as Curiosity rolls up the mountain, moving from the most ancient layers of sediment upward through the eons toward today's Mars, its wheels will be treading the materials left behind by Mars' past environments and climates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if life ever arose on the Red Planet and left behind telltale chemicals, those wheels will make contact with Martians! (Sort of.) Imagine the light that laser will shed on our perception of Mars once and if Curiosity delivers the news that, yes, there is (or was) life out there. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42977/nasas-new-mars-rover-armed-and-curious","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_1615","quest_1751","quest_3647","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2441"],"featImg":"quest_42985","label":"quest"},"quest_42610":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42610","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42610","score":null,"sort":[1345042849000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","title":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","publishDate":1345042849,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are looking for elements and molecules that signify life as we know it. But even if they don’t find those molecules, minerals contain important information about the Martian environment. That could help scientists determine if life could have survived on the planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782090,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":620},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Scientists are looking for elements and molecules that signify life as we know it. But even if they don’t find those molecules, minerals contain important information about the Martian environment. That could help scientists determine if life could have survived on the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42610 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42610","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/","disqusTitle":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","path":"/quest/42610/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42610/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_742","quest_13200","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2457"],"featImg":"quest_42612","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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