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(Credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth may not be as unique as we think it is. That’s according to findings announced today by UC Berkeley. Astronomers there believe that Earth-sized planets may be more abundant in the universe than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For five years, a team of scientists lead by UC Berkeley watched 166 stars, similar in size to our Sun and all within 80 light years of Earth. In all, they discovered extra-solar planets or “exoplanets” orbiting 22 of the stars. Some are as large as Jupiter while others are about three times the size of Earth, the smallest planet they can detect. Smaller planets were found more frequently than the larger planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found smaller planets in spades,” said astronomer Andrew Howard of UC Berkeley. Using the data, Howard and his team created a statistical model to predict what other planets might be present. “We extrapolated that trend down to Earth-sized planets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard says the data shows that nearly one in four stars like our Sun could have Earth-sized planets. “This is really the first quantitative estimate of the fraction of sun-like stars that have Earth-like planets. Before, the guesses were all over the map. Some people thought it was 100%. Some people thought it was one in a million.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 33 planets found in the study orbit very close to their stars, meaning temperatures there are most likely too high to support life. The discoveries were made with the Keck Observatory in Hawaii using 10-meter ground telescopes. The planets were found using the “wobble” of the stars – the subtle movement that occurs when a star is pulled by the gravity of its orbiting planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement joins a number of exoplanet discoveries in recent months, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/26/kepler-scientists-find-new-planetary-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s finding of two exoplanets in August\u003c/a>. Today’s findings were published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard says while the ultimate goal is to find Earth-like planets that could have liquid water, this finding is an important first step. “People have wondered for millennia: is the Earth common or is it rare? And we’re starting to learn that the Earth is not a one-off in the universe. It may have cousins out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8642 -122.286\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Earth may not be as unique as we think it is. That's according to findings announced today by UC Berkeley. Astronomers there believe that Earth-sized planets may be more abundant in the universe than previously thought.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974712,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":408},"headData":{"title":"Earth-Sized Planets Could Be Common | KQED","description":"The Earth may not be as unique as we think it is. That's according to findings announced today by UC Berkeley. 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(Credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth may not be as unique as we think it is. That’s according to findings announced today by UC Berkeley. Astronomers there believe that Earth-sized planets may be more abundant in the universe than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For five years, a team of scientists lead by UC Berkeley watched 166 stars, similar in size to our Sun and all within 80 light years of Earth. In all, they discovered extra-solar planets or “exoplanets” orbiting 22 of the stars. Some are as large as Jupiter while others are about three times the size of Earth, the smallest planet they can detect. Smaller planets were found more frequently than the larger planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found smaller planets in spades,” said astronomer Andrew Howard of UC Berkeley. Using the data, Howard and his team created a statistical model to predict what other planets might be present. “We extrapolated that trend down to Earth-sized planets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard says the data shows that nearly one in four stars like our Sun could have Earth-sized planets. “This is really the first quantitative estimate of the fraction of sun-like stars that have Earth-like planets. Before, the guesses were all over the map. Some people thought it was 100%. Some people thought it was one in a million.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 33 planets found in the study orbit very close to their stars, meaning temperatures there are most likely too high to support life. The discoveries were made with the Keck Observatory in Hawaii using 10-meter ground telescopes. The planets were found using the “wobble” of the stars – the subtle movement that occurs when a star is pulled by the gravity of its orbiting planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement joins a number of exoplanet discoveries in recent months, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/26/kepler-scientists-find-new-planetary-system/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s finding of two exoplanets in August\u003c/a>. Today’s findings were published in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard says while the ultimate goal is to find Earth-like planets that could have liquid water, this finding is an important first step. “People have wondered for millennia: is the Earth common or is it rare? And we’re starting to learn that the Earth is not a one-off in the universe. It may have cousins out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8642 -122.286\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/9910/earth-sized-planets-could-be-common","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_1038","quest_1586","quest_13203","quest_2780","quest_2891","quest_3021"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3603":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3603","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3603","score":null,"sort":[1252714884000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-personalized-medicine","title":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine","publishDate":1252714884,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/radio3-48_PersonalMed300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. That can be confusing information to have (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from Quest blogger Dr. Barry Starr for his take on it). But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine. That's where doctors can customize medical treatments to fit your genetic profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there are only a handful of drugs that are labeled with genetic information, so doctors can take it into consideration. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/30gene.html\">Here's an article\u003c/a> from the New York Times that gives an overview). But that doesn't mean existing medications are left out. I spent some time with Deanna Kroetz in this story, who studies pharmacogenomics at UC San Francisco. She explained that differences in our DNA can cause some of us to process drugs at different rates. We all metabolize drugs with enzymes in the liver, but based on expression of our DNA, we may have different levels of enzymes or our enzymes may not function as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of other things that affect how we process drugs, like our diet or other drugs we're taking. But these genetic differences mean some people metabolize drugs quickly and others metabolize them slowly. One example that many people are familiar with is codeine. Codeine is converted into morphine by our bodies and it's the morphine that actually has an effect -- but that conversion \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine#Pharmacokinetics\" target=\"_blank\">depends on a particular enzyme\u003c/a>. Some people have very low levels of the enzyme that's needed, so codeine doesn't do much for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also studying another drug response mechanism at UCSF and it has to do with our cells. Many drugs have to go inside our cells in order to have an effect, but if you think back to high school biology, you might remember that cells are protected by membranes. It takes \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter\" target=\"_blank\">transporters\u003c/a> - those special gatekeepers sitting on the cell membranes -- to allow things in. They also can spit things out of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent some time in the lab with Rachel LaFond, a graduate student at UCSF. She was running experiments on one particular transporter known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCG2\" target=\"_blank\">ABCG2\u003c/a>. This transporter is particularly good at spitting things out of cells. Normally its job is to kick toxins out, but some cancers have been able to hijack this machinery. Cancer cells with an over expression of this transporter can spit out chemotherapy drugs, which means they aren't helping the patient. LaFond is working to understand this variation better, so they could one day develop a genetic test for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">Listen to the Personalized Medicine\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769196 -122.39106\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine | KQED","description":"You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine","datePublished":"2009-09-12T00:21:24.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:02:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3603 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3603","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/11/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Personalized Medicine","path":"/quest/3603/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/radio3-48_PersonalMed300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard about some of the breakthroughs in personal genome sequencing, where companies take a look at your DNA and send back your risk profile. That can be confusing information to have (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/20/taking-the-plunge-diving-into-my-dna/\" target=\"_blank\">check out this post\u003c/a> from Quest blogger Dr. Barry Starr for his take on it). But there's a flip side to all this genetic research that doesn't have to do with risk: personalized medicine. That's where doctors can customize medical treatments to fit your genetic profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, there are only a handful of drugs that are labeled with genetic information, so doctors can take it into consideration. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/30gene.html\">Here's an article\u003c/a> from the New York Times that gives an overview). But that doesn't mean existing medications are left out. I spent some time with Deanna Kroetz in this story, who studies pharmacogenomics at UC San Francisco. She explained that differences in our DNA can cause some of us to process drugs at different rates. We all metabolize drugs with enzymes in the liver, but based on expression of our DNA, we may have different levels of enzymes or our enzymes may not function as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are plenty of other things that affect how we process drugs, like our diet or other drugs we're taking. But these genetic differences mean some people metabolize drugs quickly and others metabolize them slowly. One example that many people are familiar with is codeine. Codeine is converted into morphine by our bodies and it's the morphine that actually has an effect -- but that conversion \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine#Pharmacokinetics\" target=\"_blank\">depends on a particular enzyme\u003c/a>. Some people have very low levels of the enzyme that's needed, so codeine doesn't do much for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also studying another drug response mechanism at UCSF and it has to do with our cells. Many drugs have to go inside our cells in order to have an effect, but if you think back to high school biology, you might remember that cells are protected by membranes. It takes \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter\" target=\"_blank\">transporters\u003c/a> - those special gatekeepers sitting on the cell membranes -- to allow things in. They also can spit things out of cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spent some time in the lab with Rachel LaFond, a graduate student at UCSF. She was running experiments on one particular transporter known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCG2\" target=\"_blank\">ABCG2\u003c/a>. This transporter is particularly good at spitting things out of cells. Normally its job is to kick toxins out, but some cancers have been able to hijack this machinery. Cancer cells with an over expression of this transporter can spit out chemotherapy drugs, which means they aren't helping the patient. LaFond is working to understand this variation better, so they could one day develop a genetic test for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/personalized-medicine\">Listen to the Personalized Medicine\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.769196 -122.39106\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3603/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_475","quest_848","quest_888","quest_1195","quest_1197","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_1783","quest_13206","quest_3025"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3545":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3545","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3545","score":null,"sort":[1252106461000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-the-politics-of-green-wine","title":"Reporter's Notes: The Politics of Green Wine","publishDate":1252106461,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Reporter’s Notes: The Politics of Green Wine | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-politics-of-green-wine\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/radio3-47_ecowine300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I often look at the chemical ingredients in what I buy. I shop at farmers markets for organic produce and use green cleaning supplies. So, it caught me off guard when a friend remarked, “you are so aware of what you eat, why aren’t you just as curious about what you drink?” Well, we drink organic coffee but not organic wine. I was worried about sacrificing taste and I just didn’t think most vineyards were heavily sprayed with pesticides. Then I learned that wine grapes are the second most sprayed crop in the state. This didn’t seem like it could be that good for the farm workers, the Earth, or the consumer. Several studies have found trace amounts of pesticides in wine. They may be at extremely low amounts, but what kind of impact could pesticide residues have overtime?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with a new green cause, I set out to find more information about eco-wines. I learned that organic wine is just one type of green wine — there is also wine made with organic grapes. It turns out I had been drinking some of these wines and enjoying them. The thing is, you can’t call it “organic wine” if the wine has added sulfites, a naturally occurring compound. Most winemakers add sulfites to help preserve the wine and make it more stable. If a wine is made from organic grapes but contains sulfites, the world “organic” can only be mentioned as part of the ingredient claim on the back of the bottle. No wonder I didn’t know I was drinking wine farmed organically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out northern Sonoma County and Mendocino county are hotbeds for green wine. In the course of reporting this story, I visited several of these wine makers. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bonterra.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bonterra Vineyards\u003c/a>, below Ukiah, has been farming organically since 1987 and now farms one of their ranches, McNab, biodynamically. Their red blend is nicely balanced and tastes very good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodynamic is a novel form of organic farming practice with its roots in France. A biodynamic vineyard is a self-sustaining ecosystem — making organic compost, removing chemicals from the soil and farming with the cycles of the Earth. Biodynamic has its own \u003ca href=\"http://www.demeter-usa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">international certification\u003c/a>. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/QUEST_Winery_Vineyard%20List.pdf\">Here is a list\u003c/a> of their certified wines). Just up the 101 from Bonterra is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mendocinowinecompany.com/Parducci.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parducci Wine Cellars\u003c/a>. This family run company is farming organic grapes and in some cases, biodynamically. Parducci also claims to be one of the most sustainable wineries in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sustainable is a squishy term. Sustainable wineries may be running off solar power or doing creek restoration to save spawning salmon but they are not necessarily organic and they are not certified. However, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustainablewinegrowing.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Sustainable Winegrowing Program\u003c/a> is working toward an industry certification. The idea is to raise the entire industry’s practices and help vintners make more eco-friendly choices that often include using less chemicals in the vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to sulfites. This ended up being the main reason for the stigma still associated with green wine. Twenty years ago, green wines were uneven and there were not that many choices. Now, several of these eco-wines are winning high points from the industry. Organic wine can only contain naturally occurring sulfites, under 10ppm. Wines farmed organically must keep the added sulfites below 100ppm. Conventional wine can contain sulfites as high as 300ppm. When I was reporting this story, several folks asked me if I was going to explain why they get headaches from red wine. Isn’t it the sulfites? Actually, it is not known why some people get headaches from drinking red wine. It could be the histamines. It doesn’t look like it’s the sulfites. Less than 1% of the population, according to the FDA, is sensitive to sulfites. The reaction is a respiratory one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, if you enjoy wine, I encourage you to think beyond red and white but to consider green, too. To find out more, listen to our radio story and check out our links. Also, green wine pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pauldolanwine.com/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Dolan\u003c/a> together with Parducci has\u003ca href=\"http://www.pauldolanwine.com/index.php/read-the-handbook-online\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> created a green wine handbook\u003c/a> which is very helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-politics-of-green-wine\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-politics-of-green-wine\">Listen to the The Politics of Green Wine\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>39.197962 -123.207764\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"I often look at the chemical ingredients in what I buy. I shop at farmers markets for organic produce and use green cleaning supplies. So, it caught me off guard when a friend remarked, \"you are so aware of what you eat, why aren't you just as curious about what you drink?\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975620,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":722},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: The Politics of Green Wine | KQED","description":"I often look at the chemical ingredients in what I buy. I shop at farmers markets for organic produce and use green cleaning supplies. So, it caught me off guard when a friend remarked, "you are so aware of what you eat, why aren't you just as curious about what you drink?"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: The Politics of Green Wine","datePublished":"2009-09-04T23:21:01.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:47:00.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Food","sourceUrl":"/food/","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3545/reporters-notes-the-politics-of-green-wine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-politics-of-green-wine\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/radio3-47_ecowine300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I often look at the chemical ingredients in what I buy. I shop at farmers markets for organic produce and use green cleaning supplies. So, it caught me off guard when a friend remarked, “you are so aware of what you eat, why aren’t you just as curious about what you drink?” Well, we drink organic coffee but not organic wine. I was worried about sacrificing taste and I just didn’t think most vineyards were heavily sprayed with pesticides. Then I learned that wine grapes are the second most sprayed crop in the state. This didn’t seem like it could be that good for the farm workers, the Earth, or the consumer. Several studies have found trace amounts of pesticides in wine. They may be at extremely low amounts, but what kind of impact could pesticide residues have overtime?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armed with a new green cause, I set out to find more information about eco-wines. I learned that organic wine is just one type of green wine — there is also wine made with organic grapes. It turns out I had been drinking some of these wines and enjoying them. The thing is, you can’t call it “organic wine” if the wine has added sulfites, a naturally occurring compound. Most winemakers add sulfites to help preserve the wine and make it more stable. If a wine is made from organic grapes but contains sulfites, the world “organic” can only be mentioned as part of the ingredient claim on the back of the bottle. No wonder I didn’t know I was drinking wine farmed organically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out northern Sonoma County and Mendocino county are hotbeds for green wine. In the course of reporting this story, I visited several of these wine makers. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bonterra.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bonterra Vineyards\u003c/a>, below Ukiah, has been farming organically since 1987 and now farms one of their ranches, McNab, biodynamically. Their red blend is nicely balanced and tastes very good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biodynamic is a novel form of organic farming practice with its roots in France. A biodynamic vineyard is a self-sustaining ecosystem — making organic compost, removing chemicals from the soil and farming with the cycles of the Earth. Biodynamic has its own \u003ca href=\"http://www.demeter-usa.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">international certification\u003c/a>. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/QUEST_Winery_Vineyard%20List.pdf\">Here is a list\u003c/a> of their certified wines). Just up the 101 from Bonterra is \u003ca href=\"http://www.mendocinowinecompany.com/Parducci.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parducci Wine Cellars\u003c/a>. This family run company is farming organic grapes and in some cases, biodynamically. Parducci also claims to be one of the most sustainable wineries in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sustainable is a squishy term. Sustainable wineries may be running off solar power or doing creek restoration to save spawning salmon but they are not necessarily organic and they are not certified. However, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustainablewinegrowing.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Sustainable Winegrowing Program\u003c/a> is working toward an industry certification. The idea is to raise the entire industry’s practices and help vintners make more eco-friendly choices that often include using less chemicals in the vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to sulfites. This ended up being the main reason for the stigma still associated with green wine. Twenty years ago, green wines were uneven and there were not that many choices. Now, several of these eco-wines are winning high points from the industry. Organic wine can only contain naturally occurring sulfites, under 10ppm. Wines farmed organically must keep the added sulfites below 100ppm. Conventional wine can contain sulfites as high as 300ppm. When I was reporting this story, several folks asked me if I was going to explain why they get headaches from red wine. Isn’t it the sulfites? Actually, it is not known why some people get headaches from drinking red wine. It could be the histamines. It doesn’t look like it’s the sulfites. Less than 1% of the population, according to the FDA, is sensitive to sulfites. The reaction is a respiratory one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, if you enjoy wine, I encourage you to think beyond red and white but to consider green, too. To find out more, listen to our radio story and check out our links. Also, green wine pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pauldolanwine.com/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paul Dolan\u003c/a> together with Parducci has\u003ca href=\"http://www.pauldolanwine.com/index.php/read-the-handbook-online\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> created a green wine handbook\u003c/a> which is very helpful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-politics-of-green-wine\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-politics-of-green-wine\">Listen to the The Politics of Green Wine\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>39.197962 -123.207764\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3545/reporters-notes-the-politics-of-green-wine","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13198","quest_1586","quest_1914","quest_2088","quest_2167","quest_13206","quest_2844","quest_13364","quest_3075","quest_3171"],"label":"source_quest_3545"},"quest_3417":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3417","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3417","score":null,"sort":[1250896922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-do-we-need-nuclear","title":"Reporter's Notes: Do We Need Nuclear?","publishDate":1250896922,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Reporter’s Notes: Do We Need Nuclear? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-nuclear\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/radio3-44_nuclear300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nMore people appear to be saying “yes” these days, even if grudgingly. The question is: Is it too late?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Policy Institute of California \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=906\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been tracking public support\u003c/a> for expanded nuclear power over the past several years. Survey participants are offered a menu of four potential energy options, one at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question posed is: “Thinking about the country as a whole, to address the country’s energy needs and reduce dependence on foreign oil sources, do you favor or oppose the following proposals?” Then the four options are offered, including: “How about building more nuclear power plants at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as 2002, adults surveyed in California opposed the idea by a margin of 59% to 33%. But that gap has been closing steadily in the years since and by this July, Californians were split just about down the middle on the question, with 46% in favor and 48% opposed. The poll has a margin of error of about 2%, making it a virtual tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you dig into the numbers a little deeper, some demographic preferences emerge: support increases with both age and education. Californians 55 and older support more nuclear by a wide margin (58% to 36%) as do college graduates (50%-43%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people use cost as an argument against nuclear but just as the PPIC was phoning around for opinions on the matter, the Palo Alto-based \u003ca href=\"http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electric Power Research Institute \u003c/a>was finishing up its own report , concluding that trying to reach greenhouse gas reduction goals without baseload technologies like nuclear power, could end up costing much more. \u003ca href=\"http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/faculty/kammen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Kammen\u003c/a>, who runs an energy lab at U.C. Berkeley, would appear to agree. He said in a recent interview for Climate Watch that “Without knowing exactly where things will come down on nuclear, I think that it absolutely has to be part of the equation in a way that it has not been in the past. Energy costs from fossil fuels are rising at almost 5% a year now, and the damage we are doing and are going to do more of, if we don’t stop our fossil fuel expansion, in terms of greenhouse warming, is so large an issue that these technologies have to be back on the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a serious question of whether the nation– let alone the state– is in a position to embrace nuclear as it did in the 1960s. Kammen is also a professor of nuclear engineering, and noted with some alarm the rate at which the industry is “graying.” Now in his mid-forties, he told me that when he attends technical meetings for nuclear engineers, he’s often “the youngest guy in the room–by 20 years.” Since the U.S. more or less abandoned its nuclear hopes following the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Three Mile Island debacle\u003c/a>, the nation has ceded most of its nuclear industrial capacity to other nations, and few young people have chosen to enter the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effective ban on new nuclear plants that California has had in place since 1976 could be reconsidered. But ultimately electric utilities will have to want it and I sense a certain “nuclear fatigue” in that arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) shut down its only reactor in 1989, after a thumbs-down referendum. When I called to ask for an interview on the prospects for a nuclear revival, they declined. They didn’t even want to talk about it. Managers at PG&E, whose twin reactors at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/diablo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> produce nearly a quarter of the utility’s output, still claim an interest in nuclear. But when I asked CEO Peter Darbee about it recently, he said he had the sense that most people in California would prefer to look elsewhere for energy solutions. Of course, that was before the latest PPIC poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-nuclear\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-nuclear\">Listen to the New Nuclear\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 35.211713 -120.855018\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More people appear to be saying \"yes\" these days, even if grudgingly. The question is: Is it too late?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975665,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":678},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Do We Need Nuclear? | KQED","description":"More people appear to be saying "yes" these days, even if grudgingly. The question is: Is it too late?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Do We Need Nuclear?","datePublished":"2009-08-21T23:22:02.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:47:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3417/reporters-notes-do-we-need-nuclear","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-nuclear\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/radio3-44_nuclear300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nMore people appear to be saying “yes” these days, even if grudgingly. The question is: Is it too late?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Public Policy Institute of California \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=906\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been tracking public support\u003c/a> for expanded nuclear power over the past several years. Survey participants are offered a menu of four potential energy options, one at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question posed is: “Thinking about the country as a whole, to address the country’s energy needs and reduce dependence on foreign oil sources, do you favor or oppose the following proposals?” Then the four options are offered, including: “How about building more nuclear power plants at this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as 2002, adults surveyed in California opposed the idea by a margin of 59% to 33%. But that gap has been closing steadily in the years since and by this July, Californians were split just about down the middle on the question, with 46% in favor and 48% opposed. The poll has a margin of error of about 2%, making it a virtual tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you dig into the numbers a little deeper, some demographic preferences emerge: support increases with both age and education. Californians 55 and older support more nuclear by a wide margin (58% to 36%) as do college graduates (50%-43%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people use cost as an argument against nuclear but just as the PPIC was phoning around for opinions on the matter, the Palo Alto-based \u003ca href=\"http://my.epri.com/portal/server.pt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electric Power Research Institute \u003c/a>was finishing up its own report , concluding that trying to reach greenhouse gas reduction goals without baseload technologies like nuclear power, could end up costing much more. \u003ca href=\"http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/faculty/kammen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dan Kammen\u003c/a>, who runs an energy lab at U.C. Berkeley, would appear to agree. He said in a recent interview for Climate Watch that “Without knowing exactly where things will come down on nuclear, I think that it absolutely has to be part of the equation in a way that it has not been in the past. Energy costs from fossil fuels are rising at almost 5% a year now, and the damage we are doing and are going to do more of, if we don’t stop our fossil fuel expansion, in terms of greenhouse warming, is so large an issue that these technologies have to be back on the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a serious question of whether the nation– let alone the state– is in a position to embrace nuclear as it did in the 1960s. Kammen is also a professor of nuclear engineering, and noted with some alarm the rate at which the industry is “graying.” Now in his mid-forties, he told me that when he attends technical meetings for nuclear engineers, he’s often “the youngest guy in the room–by 20 years.” Since the U.S. more or less abandoned its nuclear hopes following the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Three Mile Island debacle\u003c/a>, the nation has ceded most of its nuclear industrial capacity to other nations, and few young people have chosen to enter the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effective ban on new nuclear plants that California has had in place since 1976 could be reconsidered. But ultimately electric utilities will have to want it and I sense a certain “nuclear fatigue” in that arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) shut down its only reactor in 1989, after a thumbs-down referendum. When I called to ask for an interview on the prospects for a nuclear revival, they declined. They didn’t even want to talk about it. Managers at PG&E, whose twin reactors at \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/diablo.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> produce nearly a quarter of the utility’s output, still claim an interest in nuclear. But when I asked CEO Peter Darbee about it recently, he said he had the sense that most people in California would prefer to look elsewhere for energy solutions. Of course, that was before the latest PPIC poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-nuclear\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/new-nuclear\">Listen to the New Nuclear\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 35.211713 -120.855018\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3417/reporters-notes-do-we-need-nuclear","authors":["221"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_621","quest_623","quest_954","quest_984","quest_1586","quest_2017","quest_2172","quest_2270","quest_13206"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3160":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3160","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3160","score":null,"sort":[1248485781000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-journey-to-the-farallones","title":"Reporter's Notes: Journey to the Farallones","publishDate":1248485781,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Reporter’s Notes: Journey to the Farallones | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-40_farallonexplor300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Our trip to the Farallon Islands was certainly eventful: seasickness (me), bug bites (me) and immersion in one of the most unique wildlife habitats in the world (which made it all worth it). This chain of windblown rocks, about 27 miles from San Francisco, is teeming with 300,000 seabirds in the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The noise of all these nesting and breeding birds is almost overwhelming (\u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> for a firsthand look), but these birds speak for a lot more than themselves. Our guides, \u003ca href=\"http://www.prbo.org/cms/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PRBO Conservation Science\u003c/a>, have been studying these birds for 40 years. As Biologist Russell Bradley explained, these seabirds are environmental samplers. In order to raise their chicks, they depend on the food web that blooms in the spring when coastal upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. If that is disrupted or delayed, the first place scientists will see it is in these bird populations, who will either have poor or non-existent breeding seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in the upwelling patterns can be due to natural variability in the system. But increasing, scientists are asking whether the changes are due to climate change. That’s not an easy question to answer. There are a lot of different factors in the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Zack Powell, a professor at UC Berkeley who studies climate and upwelling, and he said it all comes down to the timing of natural cycles. First, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">El Nino\u003c/a> – where warm water spreads across the equator and heads up the California coast. That can happen every two to seven years and when it does, it acts a barrier to upwelling, interfering with the marine food web. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2009/07/09/noaa-confirms-el-nino/\">Scientists recently confirmed\u003c/a> that El Nino will return this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at changes on a longer time frame, there’s the \u003ca href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>. It’s a pattern of ocean warming and cooling that can last 30 years. Powell says it can also have an effect on marine life and fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, there’s climate change, which comparably may cause changes on the longest time frame. Powell says there’s about 100 years of historical data about the ocean conditions off the California coast and it’s not much when looking at such long-lived patterns. Powell and others work on climate modeling to help answer these questions. Some of the models show that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.insidebayarea.com/green/ci_12554815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seasonal winds may become stronger\u003c/a>, meaning upwelling patterns could be altered. And ocean temperatures could rise significantly, changing the way warmer surface water and nutrient-rich deep water mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell says right now his focus is the granularity of the climate models. They simply can’t predict changes on a small geographic scale. “For most models, the smallest footprint is about 100km and all the upwelling takes place closer to shore than that.” But he’s hoping there will be drastic improvements over the next few years. And if extreme changes do take place, for whatever reason, the birds will certainly tell us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/24/reporters-notes-journey-to-the-farallones/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">Listen to the Journey to the Farallones\u003c/a> radio report online, and check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">Farallon Islands Interactive Map\u003c/a> for the sights and sounds of the island.\u003cbr>\n 37.699110 -123.001763\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Our trip to the Farallon Islands was certainly eventful: seasickness (me), bug bites (me) and immersion in one of the most unique wildlife habitats in the world (luckily). This chain of windblown rocks, about 27 miles from San Francisco, is teeming with 300,000 seabirds in the spring and summer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":543},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Journey to the Farallones | KQED","description":"Our trip to the Farallon Islands was certainly eventful: seasickness (me), bug bites (me) and immersion in one of the most unique wildlife habitats in the world (luckily). This chain of windblown rocks, about 27 miles from San Francisco, is teeming with 300,000 seabirds in the spring and summer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Journey to the Farallones","datePublished":"2009-07-25T01:36:21.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:48:49.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3160/reporters-notes-journey-to-the-farallones","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-40_farallonexplor300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Our trip to the Farallon Islands was certainly eventful: seasickness (me), bug bites (me) and immersion in one of the most unique wildlife habitats in the world (which made it all worth it). This chain of windblown rocks, about 27 miles from San Francisco, is teeming with 300,000 seabirds in the spring and summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The noise of all these nesting and breeding birds is almost overwhelming (\u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> for a firsthand look), but these birds speak for a lot more than themselves. Our guides, \u003ca href=\"http://www.prbo.org/cms/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PRBO Conservation Science\u003c/a>, have been studying these birds for 40 years. As Biologist Russell Bradley explained, these seabirds are environmental samplers. In order to raise their chicks, they depend on the food web that blooms in the spring when coastal upwelling brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. If that is disrupted or delayed, the first place scientists will see it is in these bird populations, who will either have poor or non-existent breeding seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes in the upwelling patterns can be due to natural variability in the system. But increasing, scientists are asking whether the changes are due to climate change. That’s not an easy question to answer. There are a lot of different factors in the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Zack Powell, a professor at UC Berkeley who studies climate and upwelling, and he said it all comes down to the timing of natural cycles. First, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">El Nino\u003c/a> – where warm water spreads across the equator and heads up the California coast. That can happen every two to seven years and when it does, it acts a barrier to upwelling, interfering with the marine food web. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2009/07/09/noaa-confirms-el-nino/\">Scientists recently confirmed\u003c/a> that El Nino will return this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at changes on a longer time frame, there’s the \u003ca href=\"http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Decadal Oscillation\u003c/a>. It’s a pattern of ocean warming and cooling that can last 30 years. Powell says it can also have an effect on marine life and fisheries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And finally, there’s climate change, which comparably may cause changes on the longest time frame. Powell says there’s about 100 years of historical data about the ocean conditions off the California coast and it’s not much when looking at such long-lived patterns. Powell and others work on climate modeling to help answer these questions. Some of the models show that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.insidebayarea.com/green/ci_12554815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seasonal winds may become stronger\u003c/a>, meaning upwelling patterns could be altered. And ocean temperatures could rise significantly, changing the way warmer surface water and nutrient-rich deep water mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell says right now his focus is the granularity of the climate models. They simply can’t predict changes on a small geographic scale. “For most models, the smallest footprint is about 100km and all the upwelling takes place closer to shore than that.” But he’s hoping there will be drastic improvements over the next few years. And if extreme changes do take place, for whatever reason, the birds will certainly tell us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/24/reporters-notes-journey-to-the-farallones/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">Listen to the Journey to the Farallones\u003c/a> radio report online, and check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">Farallon Islands Interactive Map\u003c/a> for the sights and sounds of the island.\u003cbr>\n 37.699110 -123.001763\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3160/reporters-notes-journey-to-the-farallones","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_340","quest_621","quest_1070","quest_1586","quest_1740","quest_2034","quest_13206","quest_3040","quest_3155","quest_3160"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3090":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3090","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3090","score":null,"sort":[1247874029000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-depression-advancements","title":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements","publishDate":1247874029,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-39_depression300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a> interested me, in part, because of how non-invasive it is. Dr. Bret Schneider, who offers TMS from his private practice in Portola Valley, was one of several experts to suggest that TMS machines might one day be available for home use. Of course, that's a long way off. TMS is expensive: about $5,000 for an initial round of treatment. It's still much easier and cheaper to simply pop a pill each morning. And researchers are still working out how effective it can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that TMS brings a remission in depression to about a third of patients to try it. Another third experience some improvement, and a final third are unaffected. Dr. Schneider says he sees much better success rates on patients who combine TMS with antidepressant drugs (TMS without drugs, he says, is like \"trying to drive a car with no gas.\") Finally, the FDA approval covers only one TMS machine on the market, \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurostartms.com/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neurostar\u003c/a>, although some physicians use other techniques, off-label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find links to the abstracts of clinical studies performed on TMS and depression through a search at pubmed.com. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This meta-analysis\u003c/a> compares 30 double-blind studies, covering a total of 1164 patients (606 received TMS, 558 received sham treatments).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But TMS is just one in a class of \"brain stimulation\" depression treatments -- an important fact that didn't make it into the story. Others include \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vagus-nerve-stimulation/MY00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vagus nerve stimulation\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/deep-brain-stimulation/my00184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep brain stimulation\u003c/a> and, of course, electroshock convulsive therapy -- which is offered here in the Bay Area at the \u003ca href=\"http://psych.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute\u003c/a> to severely depressed patients (as well as, less commonly, people suffering from manic depression and schizophrenia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quest TV will cover TMS and other depression treatments in greater depth later this season, so stay tuned. For a sneak peak at some of what you'll find on the show, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8bPbHuOZXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth's groundbreaking work\u003c/a> using light-sensitive proteins to stimulate neural circuits -- work that could someday help treat not just depression, but other brain diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">Listen to the Depression Advancements\u003c/a> radio report online or \u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> of Dr. Bret Schneider, a consulting assistant professor at Stanford University and a practicing psychiatrist in Portola Valley, discussing depression and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1680588429,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":428},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements | KQED","description":"This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Depression Advancements","datePublished":"2009-07-17T23:40:29.000Z","dateModified":"2023-04-04T06:07:09.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3090/reporters-notes-depression-advancements","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-39_depression300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This radio story tries to cram a lot into five minutes, so if you don't find what you need here, put a comment on the blog, below and I'll see if I can't provide a lead to more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/transcranial-magnetic-stimulation/MY00185\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transcranial magnetic stimulation\u003c/a> interested me, in part, because of how non-invasive it is. Dr. Bret Schneider, who offers TMS from his private practice in Portola Valley, was one of several experts to suggest that TMS machines might one day be available for home use. Of course, that's a long way off. TMS is expensive: about $5,000 for an initial round of treatment. It's still much easier and cheaper to simply pop a pill each morning. And researchers are still working out how effective it can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that TMS brings a remission in depression to about a third of patients to try it. Another third experience some improvement, and a final third are unaffected. Dr. Schneider says he sees much better success rates on patients who combine TMS with antidepressant drugs (TMS without drugs, he says, is like \"trying to drive a car with no gas.\") Finally, the FDA approval covers only one TMS machine on the market, \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurostartms.com/Home.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neurostar\u003c/a>, although some physicians use other techniques, off-label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find links to the abstracts of clinical studies performed on TMS and depression through a search at pubmed.com. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18447962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This meta-analysis\u003c/a> compares 30 double-blind studies, covering a total of 1164 patients (606 received TMS, 558 received sham treatments).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But TMS is just one in a class of \"brain stimulation\" depression treatments -- an important fact that didn't make it into the story. Others include \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vagus-nerve-stimulation/MY00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vagus nerve stimulation\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/deep-brain-stimulation/my00184\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deep brain stimulation\u003c/a> and, of course, electroshock convulsive therapy -- which is offered here in the Bay Area at the \u003ca href=\"http://psych.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute\u003c/a> to severely depressed patients (as well as, less commonly, people suffering from manic depression and schizophrenia).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quest TV will cover TMS and other depression treatments in greater depth later this season, so stay tuned. For a sneak peak at some of what you'll find on the show, check out \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8bPbHuOZXg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford scientist Karl Deisseroth's groundbreaking work\u003c/a> using light-sensitive proteins to stimulate neural circuits -- work that could someday help treat not just depression, but other brain diseases as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/depression-advancements\">Listen to the Depression Advancements\u003c/a> radio report online or \u003cstrong>check out the slideshow below\u003c/strong> of Dr. Bret Schneider, a consulting assistant professor at Stanford University and a practicing psychiatrist in Portola Valley, discussing depression and the brain.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3090/reporters-notes-depression-advancements","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_182","quest_252","quest_377","quest_809","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_1886","quest_1978","quest_13206"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2964":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2964","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2964","score":null,"sort":[1247251554000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-museum-20","title":"Reporter's Notes: Museum 2.0","publishDate":1247251554,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-37museum20_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard economic times and changing social trends have some museums undergoing a 21st century re-design. The focus is on creating more visitor-centered exhibits using new media tools and more input from the public. Some technology and history museums in the Bay Area are helping to lead the way, as you will \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\" target=\"_blank\">hear in our radio piece\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the public is invited in to help design exhibits, it can create faster turnover and more affordable exhibits. The Tech Museum in San Jose, for example, held a competition in Second Life. The public was asked to design exhibits on the theme of art, music and film. Entries came from as far away as England and China. Winners were awarded five thousand dollars each and asked to translate their designs into a real life gallery space. That exhibit is now on display at the Tech. According to the Tech's Director, Peter Friess, the exhibit could have taken three years to design. Instead, it took six months. Museum directors are hoping that asking the public to help generate, share and update content will also create more loyalty and drive up ticket sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people cringe at the idea of asking the public to design museum exhibits. They point to the unlimited number of cat videos on You Tube and ask, \"is this really what we want to do to museums?\" The museum directors I spoke with say that there is still a role for the curator in this new model, but as more of an educated facilitator than an autocratic, removed taste-setter. Nina Simon, a participatory exhibit designer who writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.museumtwo.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\">a blog called Museum 2.0\u003c/a> thinks about this question a lot and has some interesting ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the participatory, hands-on movement has been around for awhile, these museums are picking up on a cultural shift - and it's not just Bay Area history and technology museums. \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/americanart\" target=\"_blank\">The Smithsonian American Art Museum\u003c/a> was the first to offer an alternate-reality game. The director of the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore thinks the mission of museums may be expanding to include social services. The Brooklyn Museum created a temporary exhibit, \"Click,\" using crowd sourcing and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Museum of Minnesota\u003c/a> created a permanent exhibition based on nominations from the public. I wonder what Web 3.0 will bring?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\">Listen to the Museum 2.0\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hard economic times and changing social trends have some museums undergoing a 21st century re-design. The focus is on creating more visitor-centered exhibits using new media tools and more input from the public.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443833568,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":400},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Museum 2.0 | KQED","description":"Hard economic times and changing social trends have some museums undergoing a 21st century re-design. The focus is on creating more visitor-centered exhibits using new media tools and more input from the public.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Museum 2.0","datePublished":"2009-07-10T18:45:54.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:52:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2964 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2964","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/10/reporters-notes-museum-20/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Museum 2.0","path":"/quest/2964/reporters-notes-museum-20","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/radio3-37museum20_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hard economic times and changing social trends have some museums undergoing a 21st century re-design. The focus is on creating more visitor-centered exhibits using new media tools and more input from the public. Some technology and history museums in the Bay Area are helping to lead the way, as you will \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\" target=\"_blank\">hear in our radio piece\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the public is invited in to help design exhibits, it can create faster turnover and more affordable exhibits. The Tech Museum in San Jose, for example, held a competition in Second Life. The public was asked to design exhibits on the theme of art, music and film. Entries came from as far away as England and China. Winners were awarded five thousand dollars each and asked to translate their designs into a real life gallery space. That exhibit is now on display at the Tech. According to the Tech's Director, Peter Friess, the exhibit could have taken three years to design. Instead, it took six months. Museum directors are hoping that asking the public to help generate, share and update content will also create more loyalty and drive up ticket sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people cringe at the idea of asking the public to design museum exhibits. They point to the unlimited number of cat videos on You Tube and ask, \"is this really what we want to do to museums?\" The museum directors I spoke with say that there is still a role for the curator in this new model, but as more of an educated facilitator than an autocratic, removed taste-setter. Nina Simon, a participatory exhibit designer who writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.museumtwo.blogspot.com/\" target=\"_blank\">a blog called Museum 2.0\u003c/a> thinks about this question a lot and has some interesting ideas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the participatory, hands-on movement has been around for awhile, these museums are picking up on a cultural shift - and it's not just Bay Area history and technology museums. \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/americanart\" target=\"_blank\">The Smithsonian American Art Museum\u003c/a> was the first to offer an alternate-reality game. The director of the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore thinks the mission of museums may be expanding to include social services. The Brooklyn Museum created a temporary exhibit, \"Click,\" using crowd sourcing and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.smm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Museum of Minnesota\u003c/a> created a permanent exhibition based on nominations from the public. I wonder what Web 3.0 will bring?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/museum-20\">Listen to the Museum 2.0\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2964/reporters-notes-museum-20","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_8"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_814","quest_1586","quest_1896","quest_13206","quest_2530","quest_2880"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2780":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2780","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2780","score":null,"sort":[1244850551000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-wheres-my-hydrogen-highway","title":"Reporter's Notes: Where's my Hydrogen Highway","publishDate":1244850551,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wheres-my-hydrogen-highway\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/radio3-35_hydrogen300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrogen is not exactly a fuel. That is, we don't burn it to make energy. It's used more as a medium for \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html\" target=\"_blank\">storing and transporting energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of hydrogen fuel cell systems is based on a simple concept. When you combine hydrogen with oxygen, energy is released. You get electricity. What makes it such a clean technology is that the byproducts of that chemical reaction are just heat and water. So when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencar.com/articles/hydrogen-fuel-cells-work.php\" target=\"_blank\">fuel cell\u003c/a> takes hydrogen from a fuel tank and combines it with oxygen in the air, it produces electricity and emits only a wisp of heated water vapor from the tailpipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrogen is combustible (remember the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10033397\" target=\"_blank\">Hindenburg\u003c/a>?), and needs to be handled carefully. However, there are easy ways to demonstrate electrolysis, which breaks water apart into oxygen and hydrogen, and the opposite process of joining those chemicals. In fact, you could \u003ca href=\"http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/echem/fuel_cell/fuel_cell.html\" target=\"_blank\">make a type of fuel cell in your kitchen\u003c/a>, with a popsicle stick, battery clips, Scotch tape and a few other household products. You do need one item that can't be found in your kitchen: platinum wire or platinum-coated nickel wire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. And hydrogen fuel cell conversion is a squeaky clean technology. But the production of hydrogen for use in fuel cells -- that can produce a lot of carbon dioxide. In fact, most hydrogen is currently made by stripping, or re-forming, natural gas. That's one of the ongoing criticisms of fuel-cell technology, that it generates greenhouse gas emissions just to get the hydrogen in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel cells also can store energy generated by solar-powered electrolysis, as well as similar energy generated by wind and hydropower. That's the kind of hydrogen generation that advocates hope to eventually use in fuel cells. But being able to store energy also makes it extremely attractive to harnessing wind, solar and hydropower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, California could generate a lot of wind energy at night, but since electricity has to be used right away, that nighttime, offpeak energy is less valuable. But if it could be stored in a fuel cell through the electrolysis process, that would make it much more lucrative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wheres-my-hydrogen-highway\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wheres-my-hydrogen-highway\">Listen to the Where's my Hydrogen Highway?\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-hydrogen-highway-slideshow\">Web Extra Slideshow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.68203 -121.7683\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hydrogen is not exactly a fuel. That is, we don't burn it to make energy. It's used more as a medium for storing and transporting energy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367353327,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":395},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Where's my Hydrogen Highway | KQED","description":"Hydrogen is not exactly a fuel. That is, we don't burn it to make energy. It's used more as a medium for storing and transporting energy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Where's my Hydrogen Highway","datePublished":"2009-06-12T23:49:11.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-30T20:22:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2780 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2780","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/12/reporters-notes-wheres-my-hydrogen-highway/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Where's my Hydrogen Highway","path":"/quest/2780/reporters-notes-wheres-my-hydrogen-highway","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wheres-my-hydrogen-highway\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/radio3-35_hydrogen300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrogen is not exactly a fuel. That is, we don't burn it to make energy. It's used more as a medium for \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html\" target=\"_blank\">storing and transporting energy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of hydrogen fuel cell systems is based on a simple concept. When you combine hydrogen with oxygen, energy is released. You get electricity. What makes it such a clean technology is that the byproducts of that chemical reaction are just heat and water. So when a \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencar.com/articles/hydrogen-fuel-cells-work.php\" target=\"_blank\">fuel cell\u003c/a> takes hydrogen from a fuel tank and combines it with oxygen in the air, it produces electricity and emits only a wisp of heated water vapor from the tailpipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrogen is combustible (remember the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10033397\" target=\"_blank\">Hindenburg\u003c/a>?), and needs to be handled carefully. However, there are easy ways to demonstrate electrolysis, which breaks water apart into oxygen and hydrogen, and the opposite process of joining those chemicals. In fact, you could \u003ca href=\"http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/echem/fuel_cell/fuel_cell.html\" target=\"_blank\">make a type of fuel cell in your kitchen\u003c/a>, with a popsicle stick, battery clips, Scotch tape and a few other household products. You do need one item that can't be found in your kitchen: platinum wire or platinum-coated nickel wire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. And hydrogen fuel cell conversion is a squeaky clean technology. But the production of hydrogen for use in fuel cells -- that can produce a lot of carbon dioxide. In fact, most hydrogen is currently made by stripping, or re-forming, natural gas. That's one of the ongoing criticisms of fuel-cell technology, that it generates greenhouse gas emissions just to get the hydrogen in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel cells also can store energy generated by solar-powered electrolysis, as well as similar energy generated by wind and hydropower. That's the kind of hydrogen generation that advocates hope to eventually use in fuel cells. But being able to store energy also makes it extremely attractive to harnessing wind, solar and hydropower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, California could generate a lot of wind energy at night, but since electricity has to be used right away, that nighttime, offpeak energy is less valuable. But if it could be stored in a fuel cell through the electrolysis process, that would make it much more lucrative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wheres-my-hydrogen-highway\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/wheres-my-hydrogen-highway\">Listen to the Where's my Hydrogen Highway?\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-hydrogen-highway-slideshow\">Web Extra Slideshow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.68203 -121.7683\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2780/reporters-notes-wheres-my-hydrogen-highway","authors":["8656"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_499","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_1151","quest_1367","quest_1425","quest_1427","quest_1586","quest_13206","quest_2983"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2705","score":null,"sort":[1244835905000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"playing-the-oldest-recordings","title":"Playing the Oldest Recordings","publishDate":1244835905,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Last summer, QUEST told you about how scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://irene.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab \u003c/a>have developed a technology to playback old audio recordings using visual scans. Along with bringing to life the wax cylinders we featured in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/how-edison-got-his-groove-back\">our TV story\u003c/a>, the Berkeley technology helped the world hear, for the first time ever, the oldest known sound recordings ever made. Now the historians who unearthed those recordings have discovered that they've been playing them all wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/scott_phonautograph1.jpg\" alt=\"A phonautograph, which made the first sound recordings (playback made possible thanks to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2706\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A phonautograph, which made the first sound recordings (playback made possible thanks to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recordings were made by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonautograph\" target=\"_blank\">phonautograph\u003c/a>, invented by a Frenchman named Léon Scott more than 20 years before Edison came up with the phonograph. The technology worked by scratching sound waves onto sheets of paper covered with lampblack. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html?_r=1&hp\">Last year\u003c/a>, historians used the Berkeley Lab's \"visual stylus\" to replay an 1860 recording of what they thought was a young girl singing the French song \"Au Claire De La Lune\". Since then, they've realized that they were actually playing the recording at double speed. Instead, it's likely the inventor himself doing the singing. You can hear both version at \u003ca href=\"http://www.firstsounds.org/sounds/scott.php\">FirstSounds.org\u003c/a>, or listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104797243\">interview with the historians\u003c/a> from NPR. It turns out learning to play old sounds isn't the only challenge -- we have to know how to play them right!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last summer, QUEST told you about how scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab have developed a technology to playback old audio recordings using visual scans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457747025,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":232},"headData":{"title":"Playing the Oldest Recordings | KQED","description":"Last summer, QUEST told you about how scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab have developed a technology to playback old audio recordings using visual scans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Playing the Oldest Recordings","datePublished":"2009-06-12T19:45:05.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T01:43:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2705 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/12/playing-the-oldest-recordings/","disqusTitle":"Playing the Oldest Recordings","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw9jfX4Ykxw","path":"/quest/2705/playing-the-oldest-recordings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last summer, QUEST told you about how scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://irene.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab \u003c/a>have developed a technology to playback old audio recordings using visual scans. Along with bringing to life the wax cylinders we featured in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/how-edison-got-his-groove-back\">our TV story\u003c/a>, the Berkeley technology helped the world hear, for the first time ever, the oldest known sound recordings ever made. Now the historians who unearthed those recordings have discovered that they've been playing them all wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/scott_phonautograph1.jpg\" alt=\"A phonautograph, which made the first sound recordings (playback made possible thanks to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2706\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A phonautograph, which made the first sound recordings (playback made possible thanks to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recordings were made by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonautograph\" target=\"_blank\">phonautograph\u003c/a>, invented by a Frenchman named Léon Scott more than 20 years before Edison came up with the phonograph. The technology worked by scratching sound waves onto sheets of paper covered with lampblack. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html?_r=1&hp\">Last year\u003c/a>, historians used the Berkeley Lab's \"visual stylus\" to replay an 1860 recording of what they thought was a young girl singing the French song \"Au Claire De La Lune\". Since then, they've realized that they were actually playing the recording at double speed. Instead, it's likely the inventor himself doing the singing. You can hear both version at \u003ca href=\"http://www.firstsounds.org/sounds/scott.php\">FirstSounds.org\u003c/a>, or listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104797243\">interview with the historians\u003c/a> from NPR. It turns out learning to play old sounds isn't the only challenge -- we have to know how to play them right!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2705/playing-the-oldest-recordings","authors":["10203"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_16","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_1586","quest_1630","quest_2386","quest_2731","quest_2893","quest_3038"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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