Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound
Do Water Pollution Tests Lead to 'Dead Zones?'
Sea Otters v. Climate Change
The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat
Citizen Scientists Gather Data on Urban Bees
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Image: Google maps.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is the headwaters of Puget Sound,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/pmacc/\">Parker MacCready\u003c/a>, a professor of oceanography at the University of Washington . \"That's why it's so salty in Puget Sound, that's why the water is pretty clean and that's why there's high productivity in Puget Sound, because you're constantly pulling in this deep water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Washington is several times more productive – has more phytoplankton – than Oregon or California. That's been kind of a puzzle, for years,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.apl.washington.edu/people/profile.php?last=Alford&first=Matthew\">Matthew Alford\u003c/a>, an oceanographer with the university's Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wealth of phytoplankton supports the Puget Sound ecosystem, from shellfish to salmon runs and orca pods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 211px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70876 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/m7-211x169.jpg\" alt=\"m7\" width=\"211\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Parker MacCready, University of Washington School of Oceanography. Photo credit: Kevin Sullivan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, according to MacCready, the high level of nutrients also results in lower pH, better known as\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\"> ocean acidification\u003c/a>. He explains how that works: \"The water that upwells through Juan deFuca Canyon is rich in nutrients because over a long time there has been a steady stream of organic particles drifting down from the surface. The organic matter is food for bacteria, like in a compost pile. As the organic particles are eaten the by-products are nutrients (like the ammonia in our urine) and CO2 (like when we exhale).\" So, when deep-canyon water comes to the surface, it carries both the nutrients that feed some creatures and the\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\"> lower pH levels that threaten others.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alford and MacCready's research will help make better computer models of circulation through the region, and eventually could help forecast changes in ocean acidity and other ocean events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"font-style: italic;color: #353535\">Source: \u003ca style=\"color: #dba42e\" href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/04/14/puget-sounds-rich-waters-supplied-by-deep-turbulent-canyon/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists may have identified the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443828623,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":393},"headData":{"title":"Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound | KQED","description":"Scientists may have identified the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound","datePublished":"2014-06-24T14:00:56.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:30:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"70420 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70420","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/06/24/oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound/","disqusTitle":"Oceanographers Discover the Headwaters of Puget Sound","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/70420/oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists may have discovered the source of the Pacific Northwest’s legendary rich waters, in a submarine canyon in the deep ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Washington oceanographers \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013GL058967/abstract\">published their findings in March\u003c/a>: a surging flow of nutrient-rich warm water from the deep ocean canyon between the U.S. and Canada is swept into the Puget Sound at 20-30 times the rate at which river water comes into Puget Sound from the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70867\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70867 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/juandefucacanyon-450x246.jpg\" alt=\"juandefucacanyon\" width=\"450\" height=\"246\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The dynamics of the steep ocean canyon promote upwelling of nutrient-rich deep ocean waters into Puget Sound and the Salish Sea system. Image: Google maps.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is the headwaters of Puget Sound,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/pmacc/\">Parker MacCready\u003c/a>, a professor of oceanography at the University of Washington . \"That's why it's so salty in Puget Sound, that's why the water is pretty clean and that's why there's high productivity in Puget Sound, because you're constantly pulling in this deep water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Washington is several times more productive – has more phytoplankton – than Oregon or California. That's been kind of a puzzle, for years,\" said co-author \u003ca href=\"http://www.apl.washington.edu/people/profile.php?last=Alford&first=Matthew\">Matthew Alford\u003c/a>, an oceanographer with the university's Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wealth of phytoplankton supports the Puget Sound ecosystem, from shellfish to salmon runs and orca pods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70876\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 211px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70876 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/m7-211x169.jpg\" alt=\"m7\" width=\"211\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Parker MacCready, University of Washington School of Oceanography. Photo credit: Kevin Sullivan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, according to MacCready, the high level of nutrients also results in lower pH, better known as\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/ocean-acidification-2/\"> ocean acidification\u003c/a>. He explains how that works: \"The water that upwells through Juan deFuca Canyon is rich in nutrients because over a long time there has been a steady stream of organic particles drifting down from the surface. The organic matter is food for bacteria, like in a compost pile. As the organic particles are eaten the by-products are nutrients (like the ammonia in our urine) and CO2 (like when we exhale).\" So, when deep-canyon water comes to the surface, it carries both the nutrients that feed some creatures and the\u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.opb.org/water/article/acid-water-take-toll-on-puget-sound-shellfish/\"> lower pH levels that threaten others.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alford and MacCready's research will help make better computer models of circulation through the region, and eventually could help forecast changes in ocean acidity and other ocean events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem style=\"font-style: italic;color: #353535\">Source: \u003ca style=\"color: #dba42e\" href=\"http://www.washington.edu/news/2014/04/14/puget-sounds-rich-waters-supplied-by-deep-turbulent-canyon/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Washington\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70420/oceanographers-discover-the-headwaters-of-puget-sound","authors":["10425"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12269","quest_12239","quest_12815","quest_2035","quest_2046","quest_12856","quest_12146","quest_11834","quest_12678","quest_3040"],"featImg":"quest_70870","label":"source_quest_70420"},"quest_63095":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63095","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63095","score":null,"sort":[1397743225000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"do-water-pollution-tests-lead-to-dead-zones","title":"Do Water Pollution Tests Lead to 'Dead Zones?'","publishDate":1397743225,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003ch3>\u003cem>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Waterways across the country are beset by a disturbing pattern: Polluted water discharged from sewage treatment plants carries with it vast amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen, which are known as “nutrients.” The nutrients feed massive algae blooms. Those in turn spur the growth of microbes -- teeny-tiny bugs -- that suck out of the water the oxygen that’s needed by fish and other aquatic creatures. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69554 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA.jpg\" alt=\"DissolvedOxygenNOAA\" width=\"472\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA.jpg 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\">\u003c/a>The result is aquatic “dead zones” like the one off the coast of Louisiana, where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. At its peak last year, that lifeless oceanic zone reached the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/gulf-mexico-dead-zone-size-connecticut-f6C10798946\">size of Connecticut\u003c/a>. While scientists and engineers nationwide grapple with the problem, one persistent environmental engineer in Salt Lake City has been pointing out for three decades what appears to be a major failing of pollution tests performed at sewage-treatment plants across the country. If he is right, they are a major unrecognized contributor to the problem. To put it simply, Peter Maier maintains that current testing procedures account for the nutrients from humans’ solid waste, but not from nutrients in urine. The problem traces to the way waste is tested for “\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms52.cfm\">biochemical oxygen demand\u003c/a>,” or BOD. So how did this come to pass? After the federal Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, about two-thirds of sewage-treatment plants were continually failing the required tests. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) then changed the tests. It eliminated the need to measure the amount of “biochemical oxygen demand” from nitrogen-based wastes -- pee -- while retaining the need to measure the same from carbon-based wastes -- poop. The reason? It takes 30 days or so to measure the effects of the pee, but 10 days or less for the poop. Here’s how we explained it in an award-winning \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/projects/clean-water\">series\u003c/a>by InvestigateWest and EarthFix titled “Clean Water: The Next Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“The carbon-eating microbes are in full swing by the fifth day of the test. Their populations are thriving. But the nitrogen-eating bugs are just getting started, and may not get up to full speed until maybe the sixth to the eighth day, depending on conditions such as the temperature. (They do better in warmer weather.) It can take up to 30 days for those bugs to digest the urine-based waste.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">And this is where the science of sewage treatment parts ways with the actual methods used in the U.S., as Maier sees it… .\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The problem, Maier says, is that those nitrogen-eating bugs that die in the laboratory flask don’t get killed in the actual sewage-treatment plants. And those nitrogen-eating bugs keep on eating waste and requiring oxygen that comes out of the streams where the waste is dumped -- at the expense of the fish and other aquatic creatures that live there. Plus, all the nitrogen that the bacteria haven’t eaten acts as a fertilizer for algae downstream from the sewage plant.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>So right now Maier contends that there are numerous examples of water bodies where sewage-treatment plants are meeting their official pollution-control limits, but are in fact continuing to contribute to the downturn in water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69658 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Peter-Maier-450x250.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Maier\" width=\"450\" height=\"250\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Maier photo courtesy of InvestigateWest\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Maier has sued the EPA and testified before Congress to get the word out -- to little avail. Now his contentions are getting new currency as environmentalists push several suits against the EPA, including one that blames the agency for not controlling the nutrients in the Mississippi River basin that killed off part of the Gulf of Mexico. One reason Maier hasn’t gotten farther may be his cantankerous nature, friends say, and it also doesn’t help that he still has a thick accent from his upbringing in the Netherlands. Said ally Lowell Palm, a mechanical engineer, “Some of it’s Peter’s ‘foreign-ness’ and rather abrasive approach to those who might hold opinions different from his. And I think that caused a lot of tension.” Fortunately for Maier’s cause, the issue of nutrients is front and center in a case brought by environmentalists in federal court in New Orleans. The suit accuses the EPA of dereliction of duty for failing to control nutrient pollution that causes the Gulf of Mexico dead zone. A judge ordered the agency to respond by March 19 as to why, but the EPA \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/aalexander/another_round_of_epa_delay_in.html\">won a last-minute stay\u003c/a>from an appeals court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The problem with pee: a scientist blows the whistle on sewage-treatment plants, claiming they harm water quality even when meeting official pollution-control limits.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442693765,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":769},"headData":{"title":"Do Water Pollution Tests Lead to 'Dead Zones?' | KQED","description":"The problem with pee: a scientist blows the whistle on sewage-treatment plants, claiming they harm water quality even when meeting official pollution-control limits.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Do Water Pollution Tests Lead to 'Dead Zones?'","datePublished":"2014-04-17T14:00:25.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T20:16:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"63095 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63095","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/17/do-water-pollution-tests-lead-to-dead-zones/","disqusTitle":"Do Water Pollution Tests Lead to 'Dead Zones?'","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/63095/do-water-pollution-tests-lead-to-dead-zones","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cem>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Waterways across the country are beset by a disturbing pattern: Polluted water discharged from sewage treatment plants carries with it vast amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen, which are known as “nutrients.” The nutrients feed massive algae blooms. Those in turn spur the growth of microbes -- teeny-tiny bugs -- that suck out of the water the oxygen that’s needed by fish and other aquatic creatures. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69554 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA.jpg\" alt=\"DissolvedOxygenNOAA\" width=\"472\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA.jpg 590w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/DissolvedOxygenNOAA-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\">\u003c/a>The result is aquatic “dead zones” like the one off the coast of Louisiana, where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. At its peak last year, that lifeless oceanic zone reached the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/gulf-mexico-dead-zone-size-connecticut-f6C10798946\">size of Connecticut\u003c/a>. While scientists and engineers nationwide grapple with the problem, one persistent environmental engineer in Salt Lake City has been pointing out for three decades what appears to be a major failing of pollution tests performed at sewage-treatment plants across the country. If he is right, they are a major unrecognized contributor to the problem. To put it simply, Peter Maier maintains that current testing procedures account for the nutrients from humans’ solid waste, but not from nutrients in urine. The problem traces to the way waste is tested for “\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms52.cfm\">biochemical oxygen demand\u003c/a>,” or BOD. So how did this come to pass? After the federal Clean Water Act was passed in 1972, about two-thirds of sewage-treatment plants were continually failing the required tests. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) then changed the tests. It eliminated the need to measure the amount of “biochemical oxygen demand” from nitrogen-based wastes -- pee -- while retaining the need to measure the same from carbon-based wastes -- poop. The reason? It takes 30 days or so to measure the effects of the pee, but 10 days or less for the poop. Here’s how we explained it in an award-winning \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/projects/clean-water\">series\u003c/a>by InvestigateWest and EarthFix titled “Clean Water: The Next Act.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“The carbon-eating microbes are in full swing by the fifth day of the test. Their populations are thriving. But the nitrogen-eating bugs are just getting started, and may not get up to full speed until maybe the sixth to the eighth day, depending on conditions such as the temperature. (They do better in warmer weather.) It can take up to 30 days for those bugs to digest the urine-based waste.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">And this is where the science of sewage treatment parts ways with the actual methods used in the U.S., as Maier sees it… .\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The problem, Maier says, is that those nitrogen-eating bugs that die in the laboratory flask don’t get killed in the actual sewage-treatment plants. And those nitrogen-eating bugs keep on eating waste and requiring oxygen that comes out of the streams where the waste is dumped -- at the expense of the fish and other aquatic creatures that live there. Plus, all the nitrogen that the bacteria haven’t eaten acts as a fertilizer for algae downstream from the sewage plant.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>So right now Maier contends that there are numerous examples of water bodies where sewage-treatment plants are meeting their official pollution-control limits, but are in fact continuing to contribute to the downturn in water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69658 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Peter-Maier-450x250.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Maier\" width=\"450\" height=\"250\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Maier photo courtesy of InvestigateWest\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Maier has sued the EPA and testified before Congress to get the word out -- to little avail. Now his contentions are getting new currency as environmentalists push several suits against the EPA, including one that blames the agency for not controlling the nutrients in the Mississippi River basin that killed off part of the Gulf of Mexico. One reason Maier hasn’t gotten farther may be his cantankerous nature, friends say, and it also doesn’t help that he still has a thick accent from his upbringing in the Netherlands. Said ally Lowell Palm, a mechanical engineer, “Some of it’s Peter’s ‘foreign-ness’ and rather abrasive approach to those who might hold opinions different from his. And I think that caused a lot of tension.” Fortunately for Maier’s cause, the issue of nutrients is front and center in a case brought by environmentalists in federal court in New Orleans. The suit accuses the EPA of dereliction of duty for failing to control nutrient pollution that causes the Gulf of Mexico dead zone. A judge ordered the agency to respond by March 19 as to why, but the EPA \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/aalexander/another_round_of_epa_delay_in.html\">won a last-minute stay\u003c/a>from an appeals court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63095/do-water-pollution-tests-lead-to-dead-zones","authors":["10505"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_9","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_3449","quest_12827","quest_1009","quest_12269","quest_12239","quest_12825","quest_12146","quest_12826","quest_13365"],"featImg":"quest_69737","label":"source_quest_63095"},"quest_65409":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65409","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65409","score":null,"sort":[1389711622000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","title":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","publishDate":1389711622,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sfgreenfilmfest.org/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69837 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120.png\" alt=\"SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people talk about sea otters, the words “cute,” “cuddly,” and “curious” often come to mind. But now you can add another descriptor to that list -- climate change fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the West Coast these aquatic acrobats have become a surprising vanguard in the fight to strike at the root cause of climate change trends. And their heartwarming tale illustrates a much larger story about the ways wildlife conservation can also combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65867 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kelp\" width=\"251\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg 1023w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-960x1444.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelp is an efficient absorber of CO2. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usoceangov/4115872878/\">NOAA's National Ocean Service.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how otters do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is the result of a buildup of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to this phenomenon is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas emitted by coal-burning power plants and automobiles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, where otters hang out, are some of the most efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide known. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins: small, spiky marine animals that \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/videos/Video.aspx?enc=0ZZ+8rD1Fka3lFIWLOyL9w\">love munching on kelp\u003c/a>. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for urchins. The otters help keep urchin populations in check, allowing kelp to flourish and capture more CO2. \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176\">According to a recent study\u003c/a>, otter-supported kelp forests can absorb up to 12 times more CO2 from the atmosphere than if they were just left to the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-65868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg\" alt=\"Urchins\" width=\"422\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urchins along the seafloor. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cowhntrx/3658691693/in/photostream/\">tinatinatinatinatina.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a time, otters were not around to eat urchins. Sea otters were nearly hunted to extinction during the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. But through conservation efforts, sea otters have been restored to much of their historic range in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO2. Whether it is pumas, jaguars, and eagles in the forests of Venezuela that keep understory browsers in check, grey wolves keeping willow-munching elk on their toes in Yellowstone National Park, or otters guarding kelp along the coast, these non-human neighbors can foster plant growth that leads to more carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with sea otters, the effort to mitigate climate change through top predators has never been so adorable.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Discover the surprising connection between sea otters, kelp forests, and our quest to slow the progress of climate change.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1455129918,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":433},"headData":{"title":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change | KQED","description":"Discover the surprising connection between sea otters, kelp forests, and our quest to slow the progress of climate change.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","datePublished":"2014-01-14T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2016-02-10T18:45:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"65409 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65409","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/14/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Sea Otters v. Climate Change","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHOmbAMkCJs","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65409/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sfgreenfilmfest.org/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69837 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120.png\" alt=\"SFGFF2014-Laurels-G-WEBx120\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people talk about sea otters, the words “cute,” “cuddly,” and “curious” often come to mind. But now you can add another descriptor to that list -- climate change fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the West Coast these aquatic acrobats have become a surprising vanguard in the fight to strike at the root cause of climate change trends. And their heartwarming tale illustrates a much larger story about the ways wildlife conservation can also combat climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65867\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 251px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65867 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kelp\" width=\"251\" height=\"377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp.jpg 1023w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-400x602.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-800x1204.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Kelp-960x1444.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kelp is an efficient absorber of CO2. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usoceangov/4115872878/\">NOAA's National Ocean Service.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how otters do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is the result of a buildup of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to this phenomenon is carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas emitted by coal-burning power plants and automobiles, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, where otters hang out, are some of the most efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide known. Like any land-based forest, kelp forests sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, transforming it into the energy they need to build their leafy structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these kelp forests are at risk from sea urchins: small, spiky marine animals that \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/videos/Video.aspx?enc=0ZZ+8rD1Fka3lFIWLOyL9w\">love munching on kelp\u003c/a>. With no predators around, sea urchin populations can multiply, forming herds that sweep across the ocean floor devouring entire stands of kelp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for urchins. The otters help keep urchin populations in check, allowing kelp to flourish and capture more CO2. \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/110176\">According to a recent study\u003c/a>, otter-supported kelp forests can absorb up to 12 times more CO2 from the atmosphere than if they were just left to the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-65868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg\" alt=\"Urchins\" width=\"422\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Urchins-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urchins along the seafloor. Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cowhntrx/3658691693/in/photostream/\">tinatinatinatinatina.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a time, otters were not around to eat urchins. Sea otters were nearly hunted to extinction during the fur trade in the 18th and 19th centuries. But through conservation efforts, sea otters have been restored to much of their historic range in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea otters play a small role in mitigating global climate change, but their impact points to a larger lesson: wildlife conservation can save vegetation needed to reduce CO2. Whether it is pumas, jaguars, and eagles in the forests of Venezuela that keep understory browsers in check, grey wolves keeping willow-munching elk on their toes in Yellowstone National Park, or otters guarding kelp along the coast, these non-human neighbors can foster plant growth that leads to more carbon capture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with sea otters, the effort to mitigate climate change through top predators has never been so adorable.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65409/sea-otters-urchins-kelp-climate-change","authors":["10446"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_485","quest_10037","quest_12553","quest_621","quest_11940","quest_12608","quest_12269","quest_12554","quest_12239","quest_12687","quest_12551","quest_2275","quest_2291","quest_12146","quest_12686","quest_12552","quest_12550","quest_9872","quest_3813","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_65799","label":"source_quest_65409"},"quest_57639":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57639","score":null,"sort":[1379692842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","title":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","publishDate":1379692842,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Seattle’s urban waterfront -- a noisy highway viaduct and failing seawall -- is being transformed to create a welcoming environment for salmon and people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":541},"headData":{"title":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat | KQED","description":"Seattle’s urban waterfront -- a noisy highway viaduct and failing seawall -- is being transformed to create a welcoming environment for salmon and people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","datePublished":"2013-09-20T16:00:42.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:07:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"57639 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/20/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat/","disqusTitle":"The Seattle Seawall Project: Transforming Salmon Habitat","path":"/quest/57639/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60196\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60196 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg\" alt=\"salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/salmon-e1378831754733-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rockfish and salmon in the underwater dome at the Seattle Aquarium. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/62967061@N00/203572652/in/photolist-iZn4j-iZn4k-pjbZ5-pjbZ9-pmi4J-BrUgw-DvCRG-DvFos-Nd6Fo-Nd6JW-Nd6Nh-Nd6W1-Nd73d-Nd7bE-Nd7gm-Nd7hh-Nd7mb-Nd7Gb-Nda7K-NdabX-Ndaf6-Ndauc-NdaBv-NdaHB-NdaLF-Ndb2F-Ndb74-NdbdZ-258NyY-25J42r-25J42M-25J44B-25NmAC-25NmCo-2BTVxm-2Ws15T-2YQott-31kjTT-31pSWC-35Vduj-3buxmC-3dYszW-3eScNa-46WPBK-46WPE6-46WPGk-46WPJZ-471V59-471V7s-471Vaf-471Vmf/\">Merelymel13\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are keystone species that deliver vital nutrients to the soil and support the local economy. These fish have been a cultural icon since the earliest days of human settlement in the Pacific Northwest. But the salmon’s preservation has not always been a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://weber.s.uw.edu/research/publications/ms_phd/Goff_M_MS_Su10.pdf\">68 percent\u003c/a> of Seattle’s shoreline habitat was destroyed by the construction of the Elliott Bay Seawall. It was intended to prevent shore erosion and enable waterfront development, but the seawall also decimated salmon populations, reducing them by \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm#Introduction\">90 percent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a major urban reconstruction project, including the replacement of the seawall, offers hope for the salmon by creating a more hospitable migratory corridor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60230 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png\" alt=\"light penetration 03\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03.png 875w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-400x278.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/light-penetration-03-800x556.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Sun penetrates the sidewalk and connects human and marine realms.\u003cbr>Right: Some wavelengths (colors) of light penetrate water deeper than others.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>“We needed to replace the seawall. It’s the face of our waterfront,” says Jessica Murphy, project manager of \u003ca href=\"http://waterfrontseattle.org/\">Waterfront Seattle\u003c/a>. “This is a unique opportunity to replace habitat that was lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy coordinates a team of marine scientists and engineers in Seattle developing an innovative construction plan to address three main problems that the migrating salmon currently face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shaded Shoreline Habitat\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/docs/seawall/may11/Habitat%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Stakeholder%20Meeting%204.pdf\">can’t see well\u003c/a> in the dark, and piers, sidewalks, and other structures shroud about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/donor-newsletter/may-2013\">60 percent\u003c/a> of the downtown shoreline in darkness. To avoid swimming blindly, juveniles swim around these structures into deeper waters where they face food competition from larger fish and predation from harbor seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glass blocks inserted into the sidewalks offer a solution. The glass blocks will allow light to penetrate from the sidewalk into the water and create a safe, well-lit path for the salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60206 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Habitat-Bench-3.jpg\" alt=\"Habitat Bench (3)\" width=\"378\" height=\"442\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A salmon corridor along the seawall's edge affords juveniles a safe journey to the sea.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barren Shores\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Juvenile salmon eat the zooplankton and other invertebrates that congregate near marine and shoreline plants. But few plants can grow in the shadow of waterfront structures, and there is little shoreline vegetation amid the bustling business landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New light-penetrating sidewalks will help plants grow underwater. Plans to create \u003ca href=\"http://www.sera17.ext.vt.edu/Documents/BMP_Riparian_Zones.pdf\">riparian zones\u003c/a> include planting trees and shrubs along the banks and planters along the walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greening of the waterfront will not only support salmon but also reduce shoreline erosion, improve water quality, and add to the beauty of Seattle’s shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deep Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Much of Elliott Bay is very deep to allow ships to dock, but juvenile salmon prefer shallow water where they can find food and shelter. Engineers will manufacture a “bench” around the edge of the seawall, approximately two and one-half feet below the surface, creating a shallow migration corridor for returning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These ambitious waterfront plans may take years to complete, but the design team is confident the changes will create a more prosperous future for the salmon that pass through Seattle’s Puget Sound. From the Duwamish River to the open ocean, salmon will have a safer and more suitable migration route, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/seawall.htm\">Elliot Bay Seawall Project\u003c/a> could become a model for urban waterfronts around the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57639/the-seattle-seawall-project-transforming-salmon-habitat","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_12505","quest_12147","quest_13197","quest_12269","quest_1293","quest_12506","quest_12238","quest_12239","quest_2349","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2477","quest_12148","quest_9872","quest_12240"],"featImg":"quest_60196","label":"quest"},"quest_60017":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60017","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60017","score":null,"sort":[1379080814000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"citizen-scientists-gather-data-on-urban-bees","title":"Citizen Scientists Gather Data on Urban Bees","publishDate":1379080814,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/bumblebee-feature-photo-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-60292\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60292 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Feature Photo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bensonkua/2888168589/\">Benson Kua\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the world, bees are dying in unprecedented numbers. While scientists hypothesize pesticides and habitat loss are to blame, the exact causes are still unclear. Gardeners and farmers are concerned about the fate of their bee-pollinated food and looking to the scientific community for information about how and why the bee populations are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, money is tight as scientists struggle to gain the funding and resources for extensive bee studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Clifford and Susan Waters, graduate researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle, have found a way to get around scarce research funding: citizen scientists. The \u003ca href=\"http://nwpollination.org/\">Urban Pollination Project\u003c/a> (UPP), co-founded in 2011, takes Seattle community gardeners and trains them to collect data on local bees. Tapping into citizen scientist efforts, Clifford and Waters can gather data from 35 \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/ppatch/\">Seattle community gardens\u003c/a> – a scale of research otherwise outside of their resources and funding capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Citizen science,” Clifford says, “allows scientists to address much broader scale questions than they might be able to address themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientist gardeners at the Urban Pollination Project measure, count, and weigh tomatoes to understand how varying degrees of pollination affect tomato growth. They also pollinate the tomato flowers using a tuning fork, and are trained in bee identification. Their observations provide insight into what species of bees visit various Seattle community gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FfRvQ9UU8Z0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations like these led to a sighting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/western-bumble-bee/\">Western Bumblebee\u003c/a> -- a native bumblebee thought to be extinct-- by bee enthusiast, Will Peterman. With citizen scientists performing observations around the city, Clifford and Waters hope to better understand which bees are pollinating our cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In about five years, Clifford and Waters hope to have enough data to make conclusions about what bumblebees need to survive in urban environments, like how much and what kind of habitat availability is required. As the project continues, Clifford and Waters want to get more gardeners involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60446\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 498px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60446 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg\" alt=\"Tuning Fork SV\" width=\"498\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both bumblebees and a 128 Hertz tuning fork vibrate at the perfect frequency to pollinate tomato plants. The vibration can literally “shake” the pollen out of tomato plant flowers. Photo credit: Sarah Vaira.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While UPP works with Seattle gardeners to track where bumblebees nest and forage, other citizen projects such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird\u003c/a>, allow anyone with a smartphone or digital camera to help identify plants and animals. These kinds of identification projects can help scientists predict animal and plant behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[With citizen science] you can achieve things that you would never be able to achieve with a more standard set of funds and time and energy,” says Waters, “[This is] a kind of knowledge that is ultimately really useful … and it connects people to their local environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60024 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg\" alt=\"UPP Logo\" width=\"187\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg 1237w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-400x411.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-800x823.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-1180x1213.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-960x987.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":" Seattle gardeners are assisting University of Washington researchers by gathering data on pollination activity in community gardens.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387220515,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":469},"headData":{"title":"Citizen Scientists Gather Data on Urban Bees | KQED","description":" Seattle gardeners are assisting University of Washington researchers by gathering data on pollination activity in community gardens.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Citizen Scientists Gather Data on Urban Bees","datePublished":"2013-09-13T14:00:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-12-16T19:01:55.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"60017 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60017","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/13/citizen-scientists-gather-data-on-urban-bees/","disqusTitle":"Citizen Scientists Gather Data on Urban Bees","path":"/quest/60017/citizen-scientists-gather-data-on-urban-bees","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60292\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/09/05/bumblebee-feature-photo-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-60292\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-60292 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791.jpg\" alt=\"Bumblebee Feature Photo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Bumblebee-Feature-Photo1-e1378847280791-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bensonkua/2888168589/\">Benson Kua\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Around the world, bees are dying in unprecedented numbers. While scientists hypothesize pesticides and habitat loss are to blame, the exact causes are still unclear. Gardeners and farmers are concerned about the fate of their bee-pollinated food and looking to the scientific community for information about how and why the bee populations are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, money is tight as scientists struggle to gain the funding and resources for extensive bee studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marie Clifford and Susan Waters, graduate researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle, have found a way to get around scarce research funding: citizen scientists. The \u003ca href=\"http://nwpollination.org/\">Urban Pollination Project\u003c/a> (UPP), co-founded in 2011, takes Seattle community gardeners and trains them to collect data on local bees. Tapping into citizen scientist efforts, Clifford and Waters can gather data from 35 \u003ca href=\"http://www.seattle.gov/neighborhoods/ppatch/\">Seattle community gardens\u003c/a> – a scale of research otherwise outside of their resources and funding capabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Citizen science,” Clifford says, “allows scientists to address much broader scale questions than they might be able to address themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientist gardeners at the Urban Pollination Project measure, count, and weigh tomatoes to understand how varying degrees of pollination affect tomato growth. They also pollinate the tomato flowers using a tuning fork, and are trained in bee identification. Their observations provide insight into what species of bees visit various Seattle community gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/FfRvQ9UU8Z0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/FfRvQ9UU8Z0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations like these led to a sighting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xerces.org/western-bumble-bee/\">Western Bumblebee\u003c/a> -- a native bumblebee thought to be extinct-- by bee enthusiast, Will Peterman. With citizen scientists performing observations around the city, Clifford and Waters hope to better understand which bees are pollinating our cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In about five years, Clifford and Waters hope to have enough data to make conclusions about what bumblebees need to survive in urban environments, like how much and what kind of habitat availability is required. As the project continues, Clifford and Waters want to get more gardeners involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60446\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 498px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60446 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg\" alt=\"Tuning Fork SV\" width=\"498\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Tuning-Fork-SV-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both bumblebees and a 128 Hertz tuning fork vibrate at the perfect frequency to pollinate tomato plants. The vibration can literally “shake” the pollen out of tomato plant flowers. Photo credit: Sarah Vaira.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While UPP works with Seattle gardeners to track where bumblebees nest and forage, other citizen projects such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird\u003c/a>, allow anyone with a smartphone or digital camera to help identify plants and animals. These kinds of identification projects can help scientists predict animal and plant behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[With citizen science] you can achieve things that you would never be able to achieve with a more standard set of funds and time and energy,” says Waters, “[This is] a kind of knowledge that is ultimately really useful … and it connects people to their local environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-60024 alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg\" alt=\"UPP Logo\" width=\"187\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo.jpg 1237w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-400x411.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-800x823.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-1180x1213.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-960x987.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/UPP-Logo-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60017/citizen-scientists-gather-data-on-urban-bees","authors":["10471"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_301","quest_326","quest_12257","quest_609","quest_621","quest_12259","quest_11940","quest_1116","quest_1122","quest_12269","quest_12239","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_12146","quest_13364","quest_12507","quest_12258","quest_12260","quest_12261"],"featImg":"quest_60292","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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