Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets
From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar
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Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce
Let Them Eat Flies
Vacant Lots Get a Green Makeover
Dredging Up a Problem
Out of Sight, Out of Mine
Sponsored
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Mary holds a BA in Film from California State University, Long Beach and an MA in Public Media from Ohio University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6986a92e4816fc55d42f730b7672e7cc?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Mary Fecteau | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6986a92e4816fc55d42f730b7672e7cc?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6986a92e4816fc55d42f730b7672e7cc?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/maryfecteau"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71590":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71590","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71590","score":null,"sort":[1408456853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets","title":"Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets","publishDate":1408456853,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Insect protein is all the buzz lately, and for good reason -- it doesn’t require many resources to produce. Now one urban farmer in Ohio wants to cash in on that trend.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450495253,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":786},"headData":{"title":"Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets | KQED","description":"Insect protein is all the buzz lately, and for good reason -- it doesn’t require many resources to produce. Now one urban farmer in Ohio wants to cash in on that trend.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71590 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71590","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/19/local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets/","disqusTitle":"Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets","source":"Food","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/food/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Crickets/bugsquestmp3.mp3","path":"/quest/71590/local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71590/local-farmer-sets-his-sights-on-a-new-crop-crickets","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12962","quest_12964","quest_10606","quest_10603","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_12963","quest_12961","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_13365","quest_3042","quest_12212","quest_12295","quest_12960"],"featImg":"quest_71830","label":"source_quest_71590"},"quest_55731":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55731","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55731","score":null,"sort":[1407852024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar","title":"From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar","publishDate":1407852024,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lots of people are experimenting with ways to deal with urban blight. In this new video from QUEST Ohio, watch how one man is turning an abandoned house into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.” ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457553858,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":597},"headData":{"title":"From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar | KQED","description":"Lots of people are experimenting with ways to deal with urban blight. In this new video from QUEST Ohio, watch how one man is turning an abandoned house into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.” ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55731 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55731","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/12/from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar/","disqusTitle":"From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRqX-yLrhtk","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/55731/from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55731/from-squalor-to-shiitakes-the-worlds-first-biocellar","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_12955","quest_12021","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_12956","quest_12959","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_3042","quest_12957","quest_12958","quest_3071","quest_12295"],"featImg":"quest_71823","label":"source_quest_55731"},"quest_59136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_59136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"59136","score":null,"sort":[1400162439000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","title":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma","publishDate":1400162439,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When it comes to doing what’s best for the environment, compost is king. But sometimes it doesn’t fit into city life. Garbage disposals offer a simpler solution for getting rid of food scraps, but how do they stack up?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442689778,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1086},"headData":{"title":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma | KQED","description":"When it comes to doing what’s best for the environment, compost is king. But sometimes it doesn’t fit into city life. Garbage disposals offer a simpler solution for getting rid of food scraps, but how do they stack up?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"59136 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=59136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/15/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma/","disqusTitle":"Food Scraps: An Urbanite’s Dilemma","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/59136/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/59136/food-scraps-an-urbanites-dilemma","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_10637","quest_12855","quest_12021","quest_10041","quest_12853","quest_12228","quest_12269","quest_12854","quest_1272","quest_10327","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_3107"],"featImg":"quest_70370","label":"source_quest_59136"},"quest_52167":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52167","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52167","score":null,"sort":[1399989609000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints","title":"From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints","publishDate":1399989609,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,\" says Sabraw.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Sabraw grew up making time machines from toasters and old alarm clocks. He built a helicopter from fence pickets and broom handles for liftoff from the military base where he spent his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever he could lay his hands on Sabraw would turn into craft and sculpture. These days he brings that same principle of salvage and innovation to \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnsabraw.com/#/home?i=299\">his work\u003c/a> as a professional artist. Inspired by science and the natural world, his goal is to produce artwork using sustainable materials and methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57305\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rain washes heavy metals from old Ohio coal mines into streams and lakes, acidifying the ecosystem. Engineers figured out how to remove the metals and turn them into paint. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain washes heavy metals from old coal mines into waterways, acidifying the ecosystem. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/mineral/acid/tabid/10421/Default.aspx\">Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That goal is made easier by his collegiate surroundings. Partnering with Ohio University engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/ohiocoal/people/riefler.cfm\">Dr. Guy Riefler\u003c/a>, they developed an entirely new type of paint made of the runoff from Ohio’s old coal mines. “This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,” says Sabraw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iron ore and other heavy metals wash out of those old mines. They acidify streams, kill fish, and damage ecosystems. “You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Riefler and Sabraw found a way to extract those metals from the streams and put them to work as pigments. Iron ore (ferrous oxide) is the basis of commercial red and yellow paints, but according to Sabraw a lot of it comes from China. “They take rusted old metals and put them in giant tanks and use chemicals to get it to do what our streams are doing naturally here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a heavy glass mortar, Sabraw demonstrates how he blends the pigments with oil to create a rich mahogany hue. “You can get a range of shades. It can go anywhere from a super-deep brown, something like 80 percent dark chocolate, all the way up to something that’s going to look like a terra-cotta tile,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabraw's ultimate goal is to commercialize the paint and put the profits toward the cleanup of runoff-damaged Ohio streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70110\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70110 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTIST TOOLBOX | \u003c/strong> Check out some of the other methods and materials used by artist John Sabraw:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint:\u003c/strong> Sabraw uses water and \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209841/flax\">linseed\u003c/a>-oil-based paints, carefully sourced \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ny-Pi/Pigments.html\">pigments\u003c/a>, and low-VOC, reusable \u003ca href=\"http://www.paintquality.com/going-green/paint-types/solvent.html\">solvents\u003c/a> to clean his brushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Canvas:\u003c/strong> Instead of canvas, Sabraw paints on linen, recycled wood, and scrap aluminum from old commercial signage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delivery:\u003c/strong> All his shipping crates are reusable. Foam and other packing materials are also reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studio:\u003c/strong> Sabraw wakes up early to beat the summer heat. His southern Ohio studio isn't air-conditioned. He relies on natural and CFL lighting. When he leaves the studio, it is by bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Credits:\u003c/strong> All of Sabraw’s works are carbon neutral because he purchases carbon offset credits. He even developed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/calculator_details.html\">algorithm\u003c/a> for artists to determine their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Classroom:\u003c/strong> Sabraw is a teacher at Ohio University, where he asks students to consider ideas of sustainability within their craft. He started a website called \u003ca title='\"Green World Art\"' href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/home.html\" target=\"_blank\">Green World Art\u003c/a> to spark and share best practices within the artist community. And he doesn’t stop at adults. He’s helping build sustainability into the curriculum of the New York-based \u003ca href=\"https://scribbleartworkshop.com/\">Scribble Art Workshop\u003c/a>, a kids’ art program created by one of his former students.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":" In this video from QUEST Ohio, discover how an artist is repurposing runoff from coalmines to create a variety of rich paint pigments—and draw attention to the state’s polluted waterways.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457561162,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":652},"headData":{"title":"From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints | KQED","description":" In this video from QUEST Ohio, discover how an artist is repurposing runoff from coalmines to create a variety of rich paint pigments—and draw attention to the state’s polluted waterways.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52167 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52167","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/","disqusTitle":"From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDiy-PIboRw","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/52167/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,\" says Sabraw.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Sabraw grew up making time machines from toasters and old alarm clocks. He built a helicopter from fence pickets and broom handles for liftoff from the military base where he spent his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever he could lay his hands on Sabraw would turn into craft and sculpture. These days he brings that same principle of salvage and innovation to \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnsabraw.com/#/home?i=299\">his work\u003c/a> as a professional artist. Inspired by science and the natural world, his goal is to produce artwork using sustainable materials and methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57305\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rain washes heavy metals from old Ohio coal mines into streams and lakes, acidifying the ecosystem. Engineers figured out how to remove the metals and turn them into paint. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain washes heavy metals from old coal mines into waterways, acidifying the ecosystem. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/mineral/acid/tabid/10421/Default.aspx\">Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That goal is made easier by his collegiate surroundings. Partnering with Ohio University engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/ohiocoal/people/riefler.cfm\">Dr. Guy Riefler\u003c/a>, they developed an entirely new type of paint made of the runoff from Ohio’s old coal mines. “This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,” says Sabraw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iron ore and other heavy metals wash out of those old mines. They acidify streams, kill fish, and damage ecosystems. “You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Riefler and Sabraw found a way to extract those metals from the streams and put them to work as pigments. Iron ore (ferrous oxide) is the basis of commercial red and yellow paints, but according to Sabraw a lot of it comes from China. “They take rusted old metals and put them in giant tanks and use chemicals to get it to do what our streams are doing naturally here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a heavy glass mortar, Sabraw demonstrates how he blends the pigments with oil to create a rich mahogany hue. “You can get a range of shades. It can go anywhere from a super-deep brown, something like 80 percent dark chocolate, all the way up to something that’s going to look like a terra-cotta tile,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabraw's ultimate goal is to commercialize the paint and put the profits toward the cleanup of runoff-damaged Ohio streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70110\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70110 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTIST TOOLBOX | \u003c/strong> Check out some of the other methods and materials used by artist John Sabraw:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint:\u003c/strong> Sabraw uses water and \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209841/flax\">linseed\u003c/a>-oil-based paints, carefully sourced \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ny-Pi/Pigments.html\">pigments\u003c/a>, and low-VOC, reusable \u003ca href=\"http://www.paintquality.com/going-green/paint-types/solvent.html\">solvents\u003c/a> to clean his brushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Canvas:\u003c/strong> Instead of canvas, Sabraw paints on linen, recycled wood, and scrap aluminum from old commercial signage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delivery:\u003c/strong> All his shipping crates are reusable. Foam and other packing materials are also reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studio:\u003c/strong> Sabraw wakes up early to beat the summer heat. His southern Ohio studio isn't air-conditioned. He relies on natural and CFL lighting. When he leaves the studio, it is by bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Credits:\u003c/strong> All of Sabraw’s works are carbon neutral because he purchases carbon offset credits. He even developed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/calculator_details.html\">algorithm\u003c/a> for artists to determine their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Classroom:\u003c/strong> Sabraw is a teacher at Ohio University, where he asks students to consider ideas of sustainability within their craft. He started a website called \u003ca title='\"Green World Art\"' href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/home.html\" target=\"_blank\">Green World Art\u003c/a> to spark and share best practices within the artist community. And he doesn’t stop at adults. He’s helping build sustainability into the curriculum of the New York-based \u003ca href=\"https://scribbleartworkshop.com/\">Scribble Art Workshop\u003c/a>, a kids’ art program created by one of his former students.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52167/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12141","quest_216","quest_12143","quest_638","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_12142","quest_12140","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_11409","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_57283","label":"source_quest_52167"},"quest_57336":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_57336","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"57336","score":null,"sort":[1398952843000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce","title":"Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce","publishDate":1398952843,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As the urban garden phenomenon continues to sweep the country, an increasing number of vacant lots are being transformed into green oases that provide fresh, local produce to people living in communities once deemed “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">food deserts\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This gardening trend took a forward leap in northeast Ohio when \u003ca href=\"http://evergreencooperatives.com/business/green-city-growers/\" target=\"_blank\">Green City Growers \u003c/a>opened a gigantic greenhouse last year in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. Larger than three football fields, the facility -- which replaces a large swath of vacant lots -- is now producing millions of vegetables hydroponically; that is, without soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers is the third of three businesses run by Evergreen Cooperatives of Cleveland. They are employee-owned, for-profit companies. The site of the greenhouse was chosen to help revitalize the surrounding Central neighborhood and provide jobs for its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof. \" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I toured the greenhouse with CEO John McMicken to explore the science behind their operation. Our first stop was a row of massive tanks. The greenhouse has three 70,000-gallon tanks that collect rainwater and melting snow from the building’s many roofs. This water is vital to hydroponic growing: each head of lettuce consumes one gallon of water during its growing cycle. Once the company begins operating at full capacity the greenhouse will harvest 10,000 heads of lettuce daily, requiring 10,000 gallons of water a day! At their current capacity nearly all of the water used to grow produce is derived from the collection of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that arrives in the tanks doesn’t go straight to work. It is first filtered, purified, oxygenated, and infused with a precise amount of nutrients. The water then moves on to one of 13 nearly 300-foot-long shallow ponds that are used for growing. That water is recycled once a day in order to keep it clean, nourished, and oxygenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of sprouting from the dirt, hydroponic plants grow in trays that float in nutrient-rich water. At Green City Growers, the seeds are started in soil at a special seeding station. Once the seedlings have a strong enough root system they’re placed in a growing tray, where they begin their journey from one end of the production pond to the other, growing in size as they progress down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the greenhouse produces three million heads of lettuce and more than 300,000 pounds of herbs every year, with plans to expand in the future. Staples are butterhead lettuce, red and green leaf lettuce, and basil. Watercress was recently added to the growing roster, while greens such as spinach, kale, and arugula are still being tested for viability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to McMicken, one of the notable advantages of hydroponic farming is improved food safety. The plants are raised in a contained environment with no pollutants and no environmental contaminants like dirt or bird droppings. Hydroponic growing is also healthier for the plants, McMicken explained, because it allows for tighter control of the nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another safety benefit is the fact that no pesticides are used. If any insects make their way in during the warmer weather, the growers release a few lady bugs onto the plants and let them go to work. The ladybugs eat the invaders and then fly off through the vents in the ceiling. In the peak summer season the greenhouse will occasionally employ wasps to eat any aphids that might be threatening the lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another benefit of hydroponic growing, said McMicken, is consistency. The quality and quantity of product is predictable and grown year-round, unaffected by the whims of weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers distributes 75 percent of its produce within a “local” 100-mile radius of the greenhouse. Sold in grocery stores, restaurants, and hospital systems, this tasty lettuce can go from harvest to a salad bar at the Cleveland Clinic in one or two days -- about as fresh as you can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies are also experimenting with large-scale hydroponics and local distribution. \u003ca href=\"http://brightfarms.com/s/#%21/our_farms\">BrightFarms in Philadelphia\u003c/a>, for instance, uses hydroponic technology to grow vegetables right on the roofs of supermarkets. And some, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">Will Allen’s “Growing Power” organization\u003c/a>, have paired hydroponic vegetable production with fish farms in a process known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/aquaponics.htm\">aquaponics\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Bond, a horticulturist who supervises the hydroponics room at \u003ca href=\"https://students.case.edu/farm/food/\" target=\"_blank\">Case Western Reserve University’s Farm Food Program\u003c/a>, says he’s seeing more mainstream hydroponics operations come online these days. However, Bond cautions that hydroponics isn’t a panacea for feeding the world’s population; rather, it is just one important method of production. It works particularly well for greens and herbs, he says, but not root vegetables like carrots, perennials like asparagus, or beans, which require runners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this growing method has its limitations, in urban areas like this where fresh vegetables can be hard to come by but vacant lots are plentiful, hydroponic technology could prove to be a useful tool for cultivating food, business, and community.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A $17 million greenhouse pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442690446,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":942},"headData":{"title":"Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce | KQED","description":"A $17 million greenhouse pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"57336 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=57336","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/01/urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce/","disqusTitle":"Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/57336/urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the urban garden phenomenon continues to sweep the country, an increasing number of vacant lots are being transformed into green oases that provide fresh, local produce to people living in communities once deemed “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">food deserts\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This gardening trend took a forward leap in northeast Ohio when \u003ca href=\"http://evergreencooperatives.com/business/green-city-growers/\" target=\"_blank\">Green City Growers \u003c/a>opened a gigantic greenhouse last year in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. Larger than three football fields, the facility -- which replaces a large swath of vacant lots -- is now producing millions of vegetables hydroponically; that is, without soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers is the third of three businesses run by Evergreen Cooperatives of Cleveland. They are employee-owned, for-profit companies. The site of the greenhouse was chosen to help revitalize the surrounding Central neighborhood and provide jobs for its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof. \" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I toured the greenhouse with CEO John McMicken to explore the science behind their operation. Our first stop was a row of massive tanks. The greenhouse has three 70,000-gallon tanks that collect rainwater and melting snow from the building’s many roofs. This water is vital to hydroponic growing: each head of lettuce consumes one gallon of water during its growing cycle. Once the company begins operating at full capacity the greenhouse will harvest 10,000 heads of lettuce daily, requiring 10,000 gallons of water a day! At their current capacity nearly all of the water used to grow produce is derived from the collection of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that arrives in the tanks doesn’t go straight to work. It is first filtered, purified, oxygenated, and infused with a precise amount of nutrients. The water then moves on to one of 13 nearly 300-foot-long shallow ponds that are used for growing. That water is recycled once a day in order to keep it clean, nourished, and oxygenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of sprouting from the dirt, hydroponic plants grow in trays that float in nutrient-rich water. At Green City Growers, the seeds are started in soil at a special seeding station. Once the seedlings have a strong enough root system they’re placed in a growing tray, where they begin their journey from one end of the production pond to the other, growing in size as they progress down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the greenhouse produces three million heads of lettuce and more than 300,000 pounds of herbs every year, with plans to expand in the future. Staples are butterhead lettuce, red and green leaf lettuce, and basil. Watercress was recently added to the growing roster, while greens such as spinach, kale, and arugula are still being tested for viability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to McMicken, one of the notable advantages of hydroponic farming is improved food safety. The plants are raised in a contained environment with no pollutants and no environmental contaminants like dirt or bird droppings. Hydroponic growing is also healthier for the plants, McMicken explained, because it allows for tighter control of the nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another safety benefit is the fact that no pesticides are used. If any insects make their way in during the warmer weather, the growers release a few lady bugs onto the plants and let them go to work. The ladybugs eat the invaders and then fly off through the vents in the ceiling. In the peak summer season the greenhouse will occasionally employ wasps to eat any aphids that might be threatening the lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another benefit of hydroponic growing, said McMicken, is consistency. The quality and quantity of product is predictable and grown year-round, unaffected by the whims of weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers distributes 75 percent of its produce within a “local” 100-mile radius of the greenhouse. Sold in grocery stores, restaurants, and hospital systems, this tasty lettuce can go from harvest to a salad bar at the Cleveland Clinic in one or two days -- about as fresh as you can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies are also experimenting with large-scale hydroponics and local distribution. \u003ca href=\"http://brightfarms.com/s/#%21/our_farms\">BrightFarms in Philadelphia\u003c/a>, for instance, uses hydroponic technology to grow vegetables right on the roofs of supermarkets. And some, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">Will Allen’s “Growing Power” organization\u003c/a>, have paired hydroponic vegetable production with fish farms in a process known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/aquaponics.htm\">aquaponics\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Bond, a horticulturist who supervises the hydroponics room at \u003ca href=\"https://students.case.edu/farm/food/\" target=\"_blank\">Case Western Reserve University’s Farm Food Program\u003c/a>, says he’s seeing more mainstream hydroponics operations come online these days. However, Bond cautions that hydroponics isn’t a panacea for feeding the world’s population; rather, it is just one important method of production. It works particularly well for greens and herbs, he says, but not root vegetables like carrots, perennials like asparagus, or beans, which require runners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this growing method has its limitations, in urban areas like this where fresh vegetables can be hard to come by but vacant lots are plentiful, hydroponic technology could prove to be a useful tool for cultivating food, business, and community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/57336/urban-neighborhood-is-perfect-place-to-grow-lettuce","authors":["10268"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3229","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12021","quest_12269","quest_12842","quest_12843","quest_10327","quest_12844","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_12701","quest_12695"],"featImg":"quest_70121","label":"source_quest_57336"},"quest_61576":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61576","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61576","score":null,"sort":[1396360845000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"let-them-eat-flies","title":"Let Them Eat Flies","publishDate":1396360845,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Yellow Springs, Ohio, has been known for its counter-culture vibe since the 1960s, but the day the bug farm arrived its eccentricity rating went up a notch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consisting of a few tidy buildings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/\">EnviroFlight\u003c/a> sits across from a hip brewpub in an unassuming industrial park. It houses millions of bugs, but you wouldn’t know it from the outside -- or from the inside for that matter. The “production room” is so bright and clean it could be an industrial bakery. But look closely inside one of the dozens of stainless steel vats and you’ll see writhing insect larvae, happily munching on cookie and cracker crumbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larvae are those of the \u003ca href=\"https://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg226.html\">black soldier fly\u003c/a>, a native, nonpathogenic insect. The larva’s size increases by 5,000 times in the span of just a few weeks. Their fast growth is key to the operation, but so is their food: mostly pre-consumer waste, aka the scraps from big food manufacturing facilities. Chicken-nugget breading is often on the menu, but sometimes it’s broken cookies or spent grains from the adjacent brewpub -- whatever is cheap and available. “They’ll eat anything,” said Glen Courtright, the man at the helm of the operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68621\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright shows off one of his millions black soldier flies. He believes these insects are the key to sustainable animal feed. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a bug farmer in a hippy town, Glen Courtright isn’t what you’d expect. An ex-Naval Intelligence Officer and engineer, he’s now an entrepreneur on the ground floor of what he believes is the next big thing in agriculture. He’s spent years tinkering with the most efficient way to grow his bugs. “The goal here is to grow bugs in a safe and responsible manner to get a safe product into our food chain,” said Courtright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Mating Soldier Flies\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black soldier flies mate in the part of the facility that Glen refers to as \"The Love Shack\" -- a structure specifically designed to get the insects to mate. Photo by Anne Glausser\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But where on the food chain will Courtright’s bugs reside? Although his “bug protein” can certainly be used as an alternative protein source for humans, Courtright is very clear that he doesn’t think bugs will be crawling onto our plates anytime soon. Instead, he sees his bugs, among \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/our-process/\">other things,\u003c/a> as a feed augmentation for farmed fish. The appeal to fish is simple. “Fish normally eat bugs in the wild,” said Courtright, referring to the fact that aquatic bugs make up a significant portion of most wild fish diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 602px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68622 \" title=\"Drying Larva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\" alt=\"Drying Larva\" width=\"602\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtright removes a sample batch of dried larva from his test oven. From here, the larva is ground up and added in place of fishmeal. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmed fish generally eat a combination of corn and soy fillers paired with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/vegetarian-farmed-fish-may-be-key-to-sustainable-aquaculture/\">fish meal\u003c/a>, made of ground up small fish like anchovies and sardines. Corn and soy are cheap and plentiful sources of protein and fat, but the most popular farmed fish (salmon, trout, perch, tilapia) are carnivorous and not inclined to eat food that doesn’t contain fish meal. According to Dr. Tony Forshey, chief of animal health for the Ohio Department of Agriculture, it’s a matter of taste. “Fish meal tastes good for the fish,” he said, “so in order to get them to eat it, they have to like it and they have to like the taste of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that the small fish that are used to make fish meal are \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/issues/aquaculture_wildfish.aspx\">wild caught\u003c/a>, and with a growing population of seafood lovers across the world, the threat of overfishing these forage fish is \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/emptyoceans/fts/fishmeal/index.html\">very real\u003c/a>. According to Wooster-based fish farmer Tom Machamer, the threat extends to people’s pocketbooks. “We’re harvesting more from the ocean,” he said, “so the cost of fish meal has increased drastically in the last three or four years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68619\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Farmer Tom Machamer\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish farmer Tom Machamer gathers up some bass at his farm in Wooster, OH. He currently uses traditional fish meal-based feed, but is interested in the prospect of a more affordable and sustainable feed. Photo by Hannah Weinberger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is where EnviroFlight comes in. According to Courtright’s tests, larger carnivorous fish crave his “insect meal” the same way they do fish meal. And because Courtright is able to grow an abundant, steady supply of insect meal, he thinks he has created a more affordable and sustainable way to feed farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noting the growing human population, the overfished oceans, and widespread wasteful food practices, Courtright says his bug engineering could help on many fronts. “We have the technology that can solve two problems,” he noted. “We can solve a food problem, and we can solve a waste problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All with the help of some very hungry flies.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"QUEST goes behind the scenes at an innovative “bug farm” in Ohio, where engineer and entrepreneur Glen Courtright harnesses the power of flies to turn food waste into sustainable fish feed.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457556009,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":853},"headData":{"title":"Let Them Eat Flies | KQED","description":"QUEST goes behind the scenes at an innovative “bug farm” in Ohio, where engineer and entrepreneur Glen Courtright harnesses the power of flies to turn food waste into sustainable fish feed.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"61576 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61576","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/04/01/let-them-eat-flies/","disqusTitle":"Let Them Eat Flies","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpol2d0c820","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/61576/let-them-eat-flies","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yellow Springs, Ohio, has been known for its counter-culture vibe since the 1960s, but the day the bug farm arrived its eccentricity rating went up a notch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consisting of a few tidy buildings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/\">EnviroFlight\u003c/a> sits across from a hip brewpub in an unassuming industrial park. It houses millions of bugs, but you wouldn’t know it from the outside -- or from the inside for that matter. The “production room” is so bright and clean it could be an industrial bakery. But look closely inside one of the dozens of stainless steel vats and you’ll see writhing insect larvae, happily munching on cookie and cracker crumbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larvae are those of the \u003ca href=\"https://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg226.html\">black soldier fly\u003c/a>, a native, nonpathogenic insect. The larva’s size increases by 5,000 times in the span of just a few weeks. Their fast growth is key to the operation, but so is their food: mostly pre-consumer waste, aka the scraps from big food manufacturing facilities. Chicken-nugget breading is often on the menu, but sometimes it’s broken cookies or spent grains from the adjacent brewpub -- whatever is cheap and available. “They’ll eat anything,” said Glen Courtright, the man at the helm of the operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68621\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright shows off one of his millions black soldier flies. He believes these insects are the key to sustainable animal feed. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a bug farmer in a hippy town, Glen Courtright isn’t what you’d expect. An ex-Naval Intelligence Officer and engineer, he’s now an entrepreneur on the ground floor of what he believes is the next big thing in agriculture. He’s spent years tinkering with the most efficient way to grow his bugs. “The goal here is to grow bugs in a safe and responsible manner to get a safe product into our food chain,” said Courtright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Mating Soldier Flies\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black soldier flies mate in the part of the facility that Glen refers to as \"The Love Shack\" -- a structure specifically designed to get the insects to mate. Photo by Anne Glausser\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But where on the food chain will Courtright’s bugs reside? Although his “bug protein” can certainly be used as an alternative protein source for humans, Courtright is very clear that he doesn’t think bugs will be crawling onto our plates anytime soon. Instead, he sees his bugs, among \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/our-process/\">other things,\u003c/a> as a feed augmentation for farmed fish. The appeal to fish is simple. “Fish normally eat bugs in the wild,” said Courtright, referring to the fact that aquatic bugs make up a significant portion of most wild fish diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 602px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68622 \" title=\"Drying Larva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\" alt=\"Drying Larva\" width=\"602\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtright removes a sample batch of dried larva from his test oven. From here, the larva is ground up and added in place of fishmeal. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmed fish generally eat a combination of corn and soy fillers paired with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/vegetarian-farmed-fish-may-be-key-to-sustainable-aquaculture/\">fish meal\u003c/a>, made of ground up small fish like anchovies and sardines. Corn and soy are cheap and plentiful sources of protein and fat, but the most popular farmed fish (salmon, trout, perch, tilapia) are carnivorous and not inclined to eat food that doesn’t contain fish meal. According to Dr. Tony Forshey, chief of animal health for the Ohio Department of Agriculture, it’s a matter of taste. “Fish meal tastes good for the fish,” he said, “so in order to get them to eat it, they have to like it and they have to like the taste of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that the small fish that are used to make fish meal are \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/issues/aquaculture_wildfish.aspx\">wild caught\u003c/a>, and with a growing population of seafood lovers across the world, the threat of overfishing these forage fish is \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/emptyoceans/fts/fishmeal/index.html\">very real\u003c/a>. According to Wooster-based fish farmer Tom Machamer, the threat extends to people’s pocketbooks. “We’re harvesting more from the ocean,” he said, “so the cost of fish meal has increased drastically in the last three or four years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68619\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Farmer Tom Machamer\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish farmer Tom Machamer gathers up some bass at his farm in Wooster, OH. He currently uses traditional fish meal-based feed, but is interested in the prospect of a more affordable and sustainable feed. Photo by Hannah Weinberger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is where EnviroFlight comes in. According to Courtright’s tests, larger carnivorous fish crave his “insect meal” the same way they do fish meal. And because Courtright is able to grow an abundant, steady supply of insect meal, he thinks he has created a more affordable and sustainable way to feed farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noting the growing human population, the overfished oceans, and widespread wasteful food practices, Courtright says his bug engineering could help on many fronts. “We have the technology that can solve two problems,” he noted. “We can solve a food problem, and we can solve a waste problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All with the help of some very hungry flies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61576/let-them-eat-flies","authors":["10426"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_9912","quest_12736","quest_403","quest_12741","quest_1099","quest_12604","quest_1122","quest_12228","quest_12269","quest_10327","quest_1472","quest_12738","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_12295","quest_12744"],"featImg":"quest_68664","label":"source_quest_61576"},"quest_58920":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_58920","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"58920","score":null,"sort":[1395842428000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vacant-lots-get-a-green-makeover","title":"Vacant Lots Get a Green Makeover","publishDate":1395842428,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Vacant+to+vibrant/Stream/vacantstreamwfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vacant lots are a big problem for cities that have lost a lot of their population, like Detroit and Cleveland. That’s got people tinkering with ways to do something meaningful with the space, such as plant an urban farm or create a neighborhood park. But those options take money, time, and maintenance, so researchers in Cleveland are testing a way to help revitalize an area -- and improve stormwater management -- without breaking the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Cleveland is home to 20,000 vacant lots. Last fall I trudged through one of them with Sandra Albro, a researcher with the Cleveland Botanical Garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There used to be an abandoned building here, flanked by houses in the city’s\u003ca href=\"http://slavicvillage.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Slavic Village\u003c/a> neighborhood. In its place Albro’s team is installing a rain garden amid rumbling Bobcats, bags of mulch, and plenty of mud. Galoshes were in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68248\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandra Albro plants her rain garden with greenery that will help mitigate stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser. \" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandra Albro plants the vacant lot with greenery that will help mitigate the city's stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated on a slope, at the base of the site is a big, bean-shaped indentation in the soil that will soon be planted with thirsty native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're hoping to accomplish with these beans, our little rain gardens, is to just slow the water down and capture it long enough to let it \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">infiltrate into the soil\u003c/a>,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “beans” are part of an \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/urbanwaters\" target=\"_blank\">EPA-funded research study\u003c/a> looking at lower cost, lower maintenance ways to transform vacant land while benefiting communities and the environment. In the environmental engineering community, this kind of project is often called \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albro has set up nine “beans” in this neighborhood and will be comparing their ability to capture stormwater runoff to control sites they’re also monitoring. Regardless of what the data yield, Albro said “greening” projects like this tend to benefit communities in many ways. “There's been a lot of evidence showing that intensive green in neighborhoods improves property values by about 30 percent,” she said. “It reduces violent crime and improves human health indicators. And then on the green infrastructure side, I mean, we do know that green infrastructure can absorb millions of gallons of stormwater every year, so we're hoping to achieve a mixture of those two things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is a big issue in cities like Cleveland. Heavy rains overwhelm the sewer system here, forcing \u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/cso_edu.php\" target=\"_blank\">raw sewage to discharge\u003c/a> into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622-453x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cleveland_vacants_8-15-13\" width=\"386\" height=\"306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleveland's vacant spaces, highlighted in orange, all present opportunities for green revitalization. Credit: Sandra Albro.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Albro hopes data from this study, and others like it, will help cities make smart land-use decisions. “We're definitely not promising this is the be all, end all of vacant land reuse and green infrastructure, but in two years we will be able to tell you exactly how it works and what the pros and cons are,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right as Albro planted the site’s first seedling, an aster, the sky turned gray. I camped out under Marlane Weslian’s umbrella. Weslian is a longtime resident and works for the area development group. She said she joined the project because she cares about stormwater issues, but mostly to help her neighborhood get back on its feet. “I've actually been living in the neighborhood since 1972. I raised my kids here and I'm living here now with my partner and I'm not gonna leave. It's a great neighborhood. We'll weather all the ups and downs. We always have,” Weslian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s plan is to tap into this sense of neighborhood pride, and recruit local volunteers to tend the rain gardens. Urban planners with whom I spoke, including Terry Schwarz with the Kent State Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, say this kind of dual-purpose green infrastructure project could go a long way in helping Cleveland dust off and rebuild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a neighborhood that's on the -- maybe on the brink -- that has demolition and some vacant land but also has residents living there who would really like to see their neighborhood turn around, these individual vacant parcels become really important,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Vacant lots are a big problem for cities with population loss, like Cleveland, where researchers are testing a cost-efficient way to transform abandoned land into spaces that revitalize neighborhoods and improve the environment. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442698980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":741},"headData":{"title":"Vacant Lots Get a Green Makeover | KQED","description":"Vacant lots are a big problem for cities with population loss, like Cleveland, where researchers are testing a cost-efficient way to transform abandoned land into spaces that revitalize neighborhoods and improve the environment. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"58920 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58920","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/vacant-lots-get-a-green-makeover/","disqusTitle":"Vacant Lots Get a Green Makeover","path":"/quest/58920/vacant-lots-get-a-green-makeover","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Vacant+to+vibrant/Stream/vacantstreamwfunders.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Vacant+to+vibrant/Stream/vacantstreamwfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vacant lots are a big problem for cities that have lost a lot of their population, like Detroit and Cleveland. That’s got people tinkering with ways to do something meaningful with the space, such as plant an urban farm or create a neighborhood park. But those options take money, time, and maintenance, so researchers in Cleveland are testing a way to help revitalize an area -- and improve stormwater management -- without breaking the bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Cleveland is home to 20,000 vacant lots. Last fall I trudged through one of them with Sandra Albro, a researcher with the Cleveland Botanical Garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There used to be an abandoned building here, flanked by houses in the city’s\u003ca href=\"http://slavicvillage.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Slavic Village\u003c/a> neighborhood. In its place Albro’s team is installing a rain garden amid rumbling Bobcats, bags of mulch, and plenty of mud. Galoshes were in short supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68248\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68248\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Slavic-Village-Vacant-to-Vibrant-046-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sandra Albro plants her rain garden with greenery that will help mitigate stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser. \" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sandra Albro plants the vacant lot with greenery that will help mitigate the city's stormwater problems. Credit: Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Situated on a slope, at the base of the site is a big, bean-shaped indentation in the soil that will soon be planted with thirsty native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're hoping to accomplish with these beans, our little rain gardens, is to just slow the water down and capture it long enough to let it \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmo0FRAVgkM&feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\">infiltrate into the soil\u003c/a>,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “beans” are part of an \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/urbanwaters\" target=\"_blank\">EPA-funded research study\u003c/a> looking at lower cost, lower maintenance ways to transform vacant land while benefiting communities and the environment. In the environmental engineering community, this kind of project is often called \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">green infrastructure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albro has set up nine “beans” in this neighborhood and will be comparing their ability to capture stormwater runoff to control sites they’re also monitoring. Regardless of what the data yield, Albro said “greening” projects like this tend to benefit communities in many ways. “There's been a lot of evidence showing that intensive green in neighborhoods improves property values by about 30 percent,” she said. “It reduces violent crime and improves human health indicators. And then on the green infrastructure side, I mean, we do know that green infrastructure can absorb millions of gallons of stormwater every year, so we're hoping to achieve a mixture of those two things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stormwater is a big issue in cities like Cleveland. Heavy rains overwhelm the sewer system here, forcing \u003ca href=\"http://www.neorsd.org/cso_edu.php\" target=\"_blank\">raw sewage to discharge\u003c/a> into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 386px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cleveland_vacants_8-15-131-e1394635400622-453x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cleveland_vacants_8-15-13\" width=\"386\" height=\"306\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cleveland's vacant spaces, highlighted in orange, all present opportunities for green revitalization. Credit: Sandra Albro.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Albro hopes data from this study, and others like it, will help cities make smart land-use decisions. “We're definitely not promising this is the be all, end all of vacant land reuse and green infrastructure, but in two years we will be able to tell you exactly how it works and what the pros and cons are,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right as Albro planted the site’s first seedling, an aster, the sky turned gray. I camped out under Marlane Weslian’s umbrella. Weslian is a longtime resident and works for the area development group. She said she joined the project because she cares about stormwater issues, but mostly to help her neighborhood get back on its feet. “I've actually been living in the neighborhood since 1972. I raised my kids here and I'm living here now with my partner and I'm not gonna leave. It's a great neighborhood. We'll weather all the ups and downs. We always have,” Weslian said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project’s plan is to tap into this sense of neighborhood pride, and recruit local volunteers to tend the rain gardens. Urban planners with whom I spoke, including Terry Schwarz with the Kent State Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, say this kind of dual-purpose green infrastructure project could go a long way in helping Cleveland dust off and rebuild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take a neighborhood that's on the -- maybe on the brink -- that has demolition and some vacant land but also has residents living there who would really like to see their neighborhood turn around, these individual vacant parcels become really important,” Albro said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58920/vacant-lots-get-a-green-makeover","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_12021","quest_12699","quest_12269","quest_12698","quest_10327","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_12693","quest_11130","quest_12694","quest_12697","quest_11536","quest_12701","quest_12695","quest_12212"],"featImg":"quest_68353","label":"quest"},"quest_65631":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_65631","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"65631","score":null,"sort":[1395410423000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dredging-up-a-problem","title":"Dredging Up a Problem","publishDate":1395410423,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442699329,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1191},"headData":{"title":"Dredging Up a Problem | KQED","description":"The Cuyahoga River in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent dredging to keep the shipping channels open. Now a controversial new proposal to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie has residents worried about contamination of the public water supply. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"65631 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=65631","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/21/dredging-up-a-problem/","disqusTitle":"Dredging Up a Problem","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/65631/dredging-up-a-problem","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dredge/Stream/dredgewithfunders.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to maintain open navigation channels for ships, sediment buildup in waterways has to be scooped out periodically through a process known as dredging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68708\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68708\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ideastream-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shipping activity on the Cuyahoga River. Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt come through the Port of Cleveland. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Great Lakes states, 60 commercial ports rely on this practice. When dredged material is contaminated, it raises questions about how to dispose of it safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/aoc/cuyahoga/\">Cuyahoga River\u003c/a> in northeast Ohio -- known for catching fire in the 1960s -- relies on frequent \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/region2/water/dredge/\">dredging. \u003c/a> The standard practice has been to put the river muck in confined disposal facilities (\u003ca href=\"http://www.iadc-dredging.com/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/documents/PDF%20Facts%20About/facts-about-confined-disposal-facilities.pdf\">CDFs\u003c/a>). But now there’s a controversial new \u003ca href=\"http://wwwapp.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/401Applications/CHD2014/134292-Cuyahoga2014Dredge401application.pdf\">proposal\u003c/a> on the table to dump the dredged material into Lake Erie, a source of drinking water for more than 11 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year nearly 13 million tons of iron ore, limestone, cement, and salt are hauled into the \u003ca href=\"http://www.portofcleveland.com/\">Port of Cleveland\u003c/a> and unloaded. This commerce supports more than 17,000 jobs, all of which depend on the shipping channel remaining clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sediment naturally flows downstream with the current, and when it does it clogs things up. To keep the channel open, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil/\">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a> removes enough sediment each year to fill a stadium (approximately 250,000 cubic yards).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question is then what to do with the spoils, what to do with what you dredge up from the bottom. So we’ve constantly got this, not ‘Where’s Waldo?’ but ‘Where to Put Waldo?’” said Eric Fitch, an environmental science professor at Marietta College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, it’s been put in confined disposal facilities near the Erie shore. Now the Army Corps, the agency charged with maintaining the nation’s navigation channels, wants to dump it into the open lake instead. Fitch said this might be a reasonable plan, though he’d like to see some pilot testing first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68714\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-68714\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/March20.1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cleveland Lakefront. Photo by ideastream staff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">Other Great Lakes harbors\u003c/a> already submerge their dredged material in fresh water. As much as 50 percent of dredged Great Lakes sediment is placed in the open lake, once it is determined to be largely free of contaminants. Some states, including Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have attempted to ban the practice due to concerns about lingering sediment contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some northeast Ohio residents, environmental groups, and politicians vocally oppose this idea of lake dumping and say it’s an ill-advised cost-cutting measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea at this point how it will contaminate the water process [or] what we’ll have to do to add additional chemicals and treatments,” said Cleveland council member Michael Polensek at a recent public hearing held by the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68706\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/dredge0307-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opponents testified against the Army Corps' plan to dump river dredgings into Lake Erie during a hearing held by the Ohio EPA. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Long-time resident George Havens also testified at the meeting. “I’ve been living in Cleveland for 89 years and drinking this water. I’d like to continue to drink it a little bit longer. Dumping anything into the lake is unscientific, unimaginative, uncivilized, and barbaric,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/sediments.html\">Great Lakes basin\u003c/a> has a long history of industrial pollution, and some of those pollutants, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/tsd/pcbs/about.htm\">PCBs\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastemin/minimize/factshts/pahs.pdf\">PAHs\u003c/a>, heavy metals, DDT, and its metabolite DDE, persist in the buried sediment. Current urban and agricultural runoff also contributes to the problem. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Portals/45/docs/CivilWorks/PublicReview/ClevelandOpenLakeEA-FinalDraft.pdf\">Army Corps says according to their tests on the Cuyahoga River, the sediment in the proposed dredging location is not as contaminated\u003c/a> as it used to be. But they have faced pushback not only from citizens and NGOs but also from the Ohio EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day they need to meet the Ohio EPA water quality standards,” said Ohio EPA Northeast Office District Chief Kurt Princic, “and we don’t feel that’s being met.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ohio EPA has to sign off on the Army Corps proposal before it can move forward. Princic says they’re concerned because the dredged material would be dumped close to the city’s drinking water intake valves. Fish toxicity is another concern. They also question the methods by which the Army Corps arrived at their conclusion that the sediment is safe enough to put in the lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Asquith, dredging program manager for the Army Corps’s Buffalo District, said the sampling methods employed were appropriate for the situation. “All the material there is recent and storm-derived. It’s not a situation where you have legacy contamination over years of material being placed there,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Akron geoscientist John Peck reviewed the Corps’s methodology, and is still on the fence about whether this is a good idea or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One outstanding question for him was why didn’t they take samples from deeper down, where they would be dredging? “I just wonder, because you’ll vary the floods, you’ll vary the type of sediment, you’ll vary the contaminants, maybe one should just take a sediment core,” Peck said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns like this have environmental groups calling for the Ohio EPA to put the brakes on the plan and allow for further review of the science and a discussion of other disposal options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68735\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68735\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/A-common-yellowthroat-at-Dike-14-in-Cleveland-Photo-by-Laura-Gooch-Flickr-277x253.jpg\" alt=\"A Common Yellowthroat perches on top of the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River.\" width=\"277\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Common Yellowthroat perches on shrubbery at the Dike 14 Nature Preserve in Cleveland, Ohio, which is made up of repurposed dredge from the Cuyahoga River. Photo by Laura Gooch / Flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the Army Corps is required to deal with the material in the least expensive environmentally acceptable manner, there are other options for it. It could be stored more efficiently at the current confined disposal sites and eke out, by some estimates, another 20 years of storage. Or it could be \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/oceandumping/dredgedmaterial/upload/2004_08_20_oceans_regulatory_dumpdredged_framework_techframework.pdf\">remediated\u003c/a> and put to \u003ca href=\"http://glc.org/files/docs/2013BeneficialUse-online-FINAL.pdf\">beneficial use. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Green Bay, Wisconsin, uses dredged material to reconstruct a series of barrier islands, creating habitat for pelicans, cormorants, and other species. Grand Haven, Michigan, mixes their dredged material with composted municipal yard waste to create topsoil. Chicago has also experimented with reuse with their “Mud to Parks” project. At the Port of Duluth-Superior in Minnesota and Wisconsin, dredged material replaces fill dirt on construction sites, and it’s also used in asphalt production. And even Cleveland has a history of putting it to beneficial use: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/Coastal_Main_Menu/PublicAccess/CU_ClevLakefrontNaturePreserve_Dike14/tabid/22784/Default.aspx\">Dike 14 Nature Preserve\u003c/a> is made up of material dredged from the Cuyahoga in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decision is expected from Ohio EPA by the end of March as to whether material from the Cuyahoga River will be allowed in Lake Erie. Rejecting this proposal would send the Army Corps of Engineers back to the drawing board to find another place to put this season’s cache of muck.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/65631/dredging-up-a-problem","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_9","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12760","quest_252","quest_12021","quest_688","quest_12757","quest_3541","quest_10167","quest_883","quest_12269","quest_10201","quest_1339","quest_10327","quest_12758","quest_12098","quest_12638","quest_2141","quest_9868","quest_2349","quest_3293","quest_10429","quest_2576","quest_12759","quest_12212"],"featImg":"quest_68713","label":"source_quest_65631"},"quest_60744":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60744","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60744","score":null,"sort":[1393945222000]},"guestAuthors":[{"ID":"64479","displayName":"Hannah Weinberger","firstName":"Hannah","lastName":"Weinberger","userLogin":"hannah-weinberger","userEmail":"Hannah.Weinberger@ideastream.org","linkedAccount":"hweinberger","website":"","aim":"","yahooim":"","jabber":"","description":"Hannah Weinberger, a May 2013 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and native Clevelander, is QUEST Ohio’s jack-of-all-trades intern. Despite majoring in Mandarin Chinese, Hannah developed an interest in journalism that solidified during an internship with CNN. Hannah joined QUEST after completing a writing fellowship with multimedia journalism lab Powering a Nation, in which she investigated water use along the Colorado River. When not chasing down a lead, Hannah plays guitar, explores the Cleveland Metroparks and restrains herself from petting woodland creatures.","userNicename":"hannah-weinberger","type":"guest-author"}],"slug":"out-of-sight-out-of-mine","title":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine","publishDate":1393945222,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/biosci/profiles/johnson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kelly Johnson\u003c/a> often finds herself knee deep in streams. Net in hand, she leads her biology students through lessons about life in southern Ohio’s waterways -- and the lack thereof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In healthy waters, Johnson and her students kick up streambeds to free large insects; they sweep mayflies and caddisflies into nets and pour hundreds out on the ground for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their adventure gets murkier in certain waterways where the toxic legacy of the coal-mining industry lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students expecting to see clean blue streams instead run into crunchy waters thick with rusty buildup. When the crust is broken, Johnson said, streams looks orange, like “orange juice [that] someone poured some milk in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Acid mine drainage, thick with metals, spills through a Southern Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acid mine drainage spills through an Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These waters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">colored by metals\u003c/a> like iron and nickel that coat and suffocate streambeds in glittering layers. Frothy plumes of aluminum make up the creamy haze in the water column above. Conspicuously missing are living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll do a kick and we might get four or five living things in the net,” Johnson said. “These streams are biologically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all looks wrong,” Johnson added. “You know this is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two Ohio counties intersect the Appalachian Coal Basin, one of America’s largest coalfields. While many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, surrounding land and streams still feel their effects. Cascades of toxic waters seep daily from \u003ca href=\"http://abandonedmines.gov/\">abandoned mines across the country \u003c/a>and introduce leached metals and acidity into nearby streams, a process known as acid mine drainage (AMD). Throughout Ohio, \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.ohiodnr.gov/\">4,400 abandoned mines pollute at least 1,300 miles of once fresh water\u003c/a>, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/getinvolved/sos/Pages/AMD12.aspx\">Remediation projects \u003c/a>exist but are hard to fund and maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and activists claim that AMD is as damaging as it is little acknowledged. The \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/acid_mine.cfm\">EPA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whitemountain/landmanagement/projects/?cid=stelprdb5209652\">USDA\u003c/a> both recognize that AMD may present human health hazards, but confined to poorer rural areas, activists say it’s been difficult to attract dollars and ears to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to tackle the daunting and costly task of remediating such a large problem, states like Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Mining/Abandoned%20Mine%20Reclamation/AbandonedMinePortalFiles/MIW/Final_MIW_White_Paper.pdf\">have gone so far as to encourage hydraulic fracturing companies to join the fight. The state is in discussion with fracking companies about the prospect of cleaning AMD\u003c/a> for use in place of fresh water, which is used to help blast through shale and free up natural gas and oil deposits. In January 2014, Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/01/14/senate-panel-approves-bill-encouraging-acid-mine-drainage-use-in-fracking/\">even relaxed environmental policies\u003c/a> to sweeten the deal. Fracking is divisive in the Midwest, and many \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/acid-mine-drainage-reduces-radioactivity-fracking-waste\">worry that plans like this might contribute to other environmental issues\u003c/a>. Still, Mark Bruce of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources says researchers are looking into the safety of doing the same in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deadly Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67650 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565-480x360.jpg\" alt='Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR' width=\"346\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AMD is essentially acidic water filled with metals like iron pyrite. It results from mineral deposits’ exposure to air and water in mineshafts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/enviroissue/amd/links/science2.html\">When all three meet, metals become solvent in water and produce hydrogen-rich sulfuric acids\u003c/a>. As water pressure builds, the toxic cocktail dribbles out of mines and into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most animals aren’t adapted for influxes of AMD. Healthy streams support 30 to 40 species, but acidic streams are lucky to have any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like the green sunfish and yellow perch can handle acidic waters, but that doesn’t mean they’ll survive them. Dissolved metals present other dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When AMD meets a less acidic stream, metals within it precipitate out. They crust over the water while gilding and clogging streambed habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if (animals and insects) could tolerate the chemical stress, they have nowhere to sort of get down in and live and know where to feed,” Johnson said. Species sensitive to both AMD and habitat loss like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies are the first to go and last to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the impacts of AMD decay food webs -- and even hardy predators can’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67616\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"1735\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg 1735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1440x753.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1180x617.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-960x502.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1735px) 100vw, 1735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Remedies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes only minutes for acid mine drainage to infiltrate a stream, but getting rid of it is far more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have an effect on the water quality of our streams, but it's not something that will ever go away,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/marissa%20intro\">Marissa Geib\u003c/a>, watershed coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/\">Huff Run Watershed Restoration P\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">artnership\u003c/span> in Mineral City, Ohio. “It was hard to swallow when I realized Huff Run is always going to be orange. There's no way that all of the dissolved metals will get out of the stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMD is an opened can of worms -- reactions among metals, water, and air are hard to stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By and large, the most effective thing is to prevent the water from going into the mine to start with, or prevent the water from coming out of the mine,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67615\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge. \" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But plugging mines to keep out new water can increase pressure and force new seepages, and regrading surrounding land to drain water away is no mean feat. Teams neutralize AMD by dumping basic materials like limestone chips into shafts and streams, or by installing devices that treat drainage as it comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds aside, a busy network of concerned parties is working to curb AMD. In Ohio, watershed groups like Geib’s work with the EPA and ODNR to acquire grant funding and complete remediation plans. Long-term monitoring -- cleaning valves, monitoring populations, and sampling water -- is left to volunteers, while ODNR engineers and contractors are in charge of project design and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streams that receive help can see dramatic improvements. When Huff Run volunteers started treatment in the mid-1990s, the only species in the 9.9-mile stretch of stream was the resilient green sunfish. Since then they’ve found 22 species in the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, Ohio remediation teams treat 10,886 pounds of acidity a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67644\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\" alt=\"To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources\" width=\"257\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg 1102w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-960x1242.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But remediation is trial and error. “We've looked at restoration options with acid mine drainage and I can honestly say we have not seen too much success,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.indstate.edu/biology/faculty/simon.htm\">Thomas P. Simon\u003c/a>, a professor of ichthyology at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of compound the problem sometimes,” Simon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark Bruce, ODNR and restoration groups have spent $26 million completing \u003ca href=\"http://watersheddata.com/default.aspx\">55 remediation projects in seven Ohio watersheds\u003c/a>. Funding comes largely from \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/1231\">federal \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof15.pdf\">state excise taxes on mined coal\u003c/a>, paid by operating mining companies. Some worry this funding will dry up as energy companies turn toward natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extending responsibility for remediation to Ohioans all across the state has been challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is ultimately a problem that's happening in Appalachian Ohio and oftentimes that doesn't get communicated up to Columbus,” said Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/voinovichschool/upload/Kruse-CV-January-2013.pdf\">Natalie Kruse\u003c/a>, who teaches environmental studies courses about watershed management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When problems are out of sight, they’re out of mind. But the thing about water is that it doesn't often stay in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is part of a watershed,” Geib said, “and all watersheds connect at some point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of all this, activists and scientists focus on the good they can do and perceived risks of doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop treating (AMD) and we just declare that these creeks are dead and that that's okay -- that it's okay that we kill creeks -- then that sets a very scary precedent to me,” Kruse said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, but surrounding land and streams still feel their toxic effects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443823337,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1321},"headData":{"title":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine | KQED","description":"Many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, but surrounding land and streams still feel their toxic effects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60744 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60744","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/04/out-of-sight-out-of-mine/","disqusTitle":"Out of Sight, Out of Mine","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/60744/out-of-sight-out-of-mine","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/biosci/profiles/johnson.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kelly Johnson\u003c/a> often finds herself knee deep in streams. Net in hand, she leads her biology students through lessons about life in southern Ohio’s waterways -- and the lack thereof.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In healthy waters, Johnson and her students kick up streambeds to free large insects; they sweep mayflies and caddisflies into nets and pour hundreds out on the ground for examination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their adventure gets murkier in certain waterways where the toxic legacy of the coal-mining industry lives on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students expecting to see clean blue streams instead run into crunchy waters thick with rusty buildup. When the crust is broken, Johnson said, streams looks orange, like “orange juice [that] someone poured some milk in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67639 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/photo_20110308_114717-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Acid mine drainage, thick with metals, spills through a Southern Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"403\" height=\"302\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Acid mine drainage spills through an Ohio stream. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These waters are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/05/13/coal-to-canvas-an-artist-turns-toxic-runoff-into-paints/\">colored by metals\u003c/a> like iron and nickel that coat and suffocate streambeds in glittering layers. Frothy plumes of aluminum make up the creamy haze in the water column above. Conspicuously missing are living things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll do a kick and we might get four or five living things in the net,” Johnson said. “These streams are biologically dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all looks wrong,” Johnson added. “You know this is not normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thirty-two Ohio counties intersect the Appalachian Coal Basin, one of America’s largest coalfields. While many Midwestern mines ceased operation long ago, surrounding land and streams still feel their effects. Cascades of toxic waters seep daily from \u003ca href=\"http://abandonedmines.gov/\">abandoned mines across the country \u003c/a>and introduce leached metals and acidity into nearby streams, a process known as acid mine drainage (AMD). Throughout Ohio, \u003ca href=\"http://minerals.ohiodnr.gov/\">4,400 abandoned mines pollute at least 1,300 miles of once fresh water\u003c/a>, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dep.wv.gov/WWE/getinvolved/sos/Pages/AMD12.aspx\">Remediation projects \u003c/a>exist but are hard to fund and maintain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and activists claim that AMD is as damaging as it is little acknowledged. The \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/acid_mine.cfm\">EPA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/whitemountain/landmanagement/projects/?cid=stelprdb5209652\">USDA\u003c/a> both recognize that AMD may present human health hazards, but confined to poorer rural areas, activists say it’s been difficult to attract dollars and ears to the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to tackle the daunting and costly task of remediating such a large problem, states like Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://files.dep.state.pa.us/Mining/Abandoned%20Mine%20Reclamation/AbandonedMinePortalFiles/MIW/Final_MIW_White_Paper.pdf\">have gone so far as to encourage hydraulic fracturing companies to join the fight. The state is in discussion with fracking companies about the prospect of cleaning AMD\u003c/a> for use in place of fresh water, which is used to help blast through shale and free up natural gas and oil deposits. In January 2014, Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/2014/01/14/senate-panel-approves-bill-encouraging-acid-mine-drainage-use-in-fracking/\">even relaxed environmental policies\u003c/a> to sweeten the deal. Fracking is divisive in the Midwest, and many \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/acid-mine-drainage-reduces-radioactivity-fracking-waste\">worry that plans like this might contribute to other environmental issues\u003c/a>. Still, Mark Bruce of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources says researchers are looking into the safety of doing the same in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deadly Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67650\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67650 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/img_0565-480x360.jpg\" alt='Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR' width=\"346\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owing its coloring to iron precipitates,bright yellow drainage has earned the nickname \"Yellow Boy.\" Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AMD is essentially acidic water filled with metals like iron pyrite. It results from mineral deposits’ exposure to air and water in mineshafts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/enviroissue/amd/links/science2.html\">When all three meet, metals become solvent in water and produce hydrogen-rich sulfuric acids\u003c/a>. As water pressure builds, the toxic cocktail dribbles out of mines and into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most animals aren’t adapted for influxes of AMD. Healthy streams support 30 to 40 species, but acidic streams are lucky to have any.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals like the green sunfish and yellow perch can handle acidic waters, but that doesn’t mean they’ll survive them. Dissolved metals present other dangers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When AMD meets a less acidic stream, metals within it precipitate out. They crust over the water while gilding and clogging streambed habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if (animals and insects) could tolerate the chemical stress, they have nowhere to sort of get down in and live and know where to feed,” Johnson said. Species sensitive to both AMD and habitat loss like mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies are the first to go and last to return.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collectively, the impacts of AMD decay food webs -- and even hardy predators can’t survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67616\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\" width=\"1735\" height=\"907\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1.jpg 1735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-400x209.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-800x418.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1440x753.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-1180x617.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/celldamage1-960x502.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1735px) 100vw, 1735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tricky Remedies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes only minutes for acid mine drainage to infiltrate a stream, but getting rid of it is far more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can have an effect on the water quality of our streams, but it's not something that will ever go away,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/marissa%20intro\">Marissa Geib\u003c/a>, watershed coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffrun.org/\">Huff Run Watershed Restoration P\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">artnership\u003c/span> in Mineral City, Ohio. “It was hard to swallow when I realized Huff Run is always going to be orange. There's no way that all of the dissolved metals will get out of the stream.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMD is an opened can of worms -- reactions among metals, water, and air are hard to stop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By and large, the most effective thing is to prevent the water from going into the mine to start with, or prevent the water from coming out of the mine,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67615\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1673px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-67615\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg\" alt=\"Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge. \" width=\"1673\" height=\"941\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/phscale21-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1673px) 100vw, 1673px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: Hannah Weinberger, ideastream. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But plugging mines to keep out new water can increase pressure and force new seepages, and regrading surrounding land to drain water away is no mean feat. Teams neutralize AMD by dumping basic materials like limestone chips into shafts and streams, or by installing devices that treat drainage as it comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odds aside, a busy network of concerned parties is working to curb AMD. In Ohio, watershed groups like Geib’s work with the EPA and ODNR to acquire grant funding and complete remediation plans. Long-term monitoring -- cleaning valves, monitoring populations, and sampling water -- is left to volunteers, while ODNR engineers and contractors are in charge of project design and coordination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streams that receive help can see dramatic improvements. When Huff Run volunteers started treatment in the mid-1990s, the only species in the 9.9-mile stretch of stream was the resilient green sunfish. Since then they’ve found 22 species in the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, Ohio remediation teams treat 10,886 pounds of acidity a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67644\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 257px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67644 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg\" alt=\"To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources\" width=\"257\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013.jpg 1102w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Status-of-AMDAT-Plans-in-Ohio-2013-960x1242.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To date, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has partnered with watershed groups to complete 55 AMD projects. Credit: Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But remediation is trial and error. “We've looked at restoration options with acid mine drainage and I can honestly say we have not seen too much success,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.indstate.edu/biology/faculty/simon.htm\">Thomas P. Simon\u003c/a>, a professor of ichthyology at Indiana University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just kind of compound the problem sometimes,” Simon added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mark Bruce, ODNR and restoration groups have spent $26 million completing \u003ca href=\"http://watersheddata.com/default.aspx\">55 remediation projects in seven Ohio watersheds\u003c/a>. Funding comes largely from \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/1231\">federal \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof15.pdf\">state excise taxes on mined coal\u003c/a>, paid by operating mining companies. Some worry this funding will dry up as energy companies turn toward natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extending responsibility for remediation to Ohioans all across the state has been challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is ultimately a problem that's happening in Appalachian Ohio and oftentimes that doesn't get communicated up to Columbus,” said Ohio University professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/voinovichschool/upload/Kruse-CV-January-2013.pdf\">Natalie Kruse\u003c/a>, who teaches environmental studies courses about watershed management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When problems are out of sight, they’re out of mind. But the thing about water is that it doesn't often stay in one place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is part of a watershed,” Geib said, “and all watersheds connect at some point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the face of all this, activists and scientists focus on the good they can do and perceived risks of doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop treating (AMD) and we just declare that these creeks are dead and that that's okay -- that it's okay that we kill creeks -- then that sets a very scary precedent to me,” Kruse said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60744/out-of-sight-out-of-mine","authors":["64479"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12635","quest_12633","quest_12634","quest_12643","quest_12636","quest_12269","quest_12642","quest_12641","quest_10327","quest_12637","quest_12638","quest_12639","quest_10429","quest_12640","quest_2965","quest_3121"],"featImg":"quest_67648","label":"source_quest_60744"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ATC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0018_AmericanSuburb_iTunesTile_01.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/FreshAir_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. 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