The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern
Toward Greener Biofuels and Greener Cars
Get a Dog and Save the Planet
Reporter's Notes: Cash for Clunkers
Climate Watch: California at the Tipping Point
Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point
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Follow him on \u003ca href=\"http://www.twitter.com/clasticdetritus\">Twitter\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Brian Romans | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/brian-romans"},"jim-gunshinan":{"type":"authors","id":"10175","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10175","found":true},"name":"Jim Gunshinan","firstName":"Jim","lastName":"Gunshinan","slug":"jim-gunshinan","email":"JPGunshinan@homeenergy.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jim Gunshinan is the editor of Home Energy, the magazine of sustainable home building and renovation.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b6d603f9c3b8939ca39ad7fb72103a7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jim Gunshinan | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b6d603f9c3b8939ca39ad7fb72103a7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b6d603f9c3b8939ca39ad7fb72103a7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jim-gunshinan"},"christopher-smallwood":{"type":"authors","id":"10205","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10205","found":true},"name":"Christopher Smallwood","firstName":"Christopher","lastName":"Smallwood","slug":"christopher-smallwood","email":"csmallw@berkeley.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Christopher Smallwood is a Graduate Student in Physics at UC Berkeley. He is interested in the nexus between the basic research community and society at large. Originally from the Bavarian-themed tourist town of Leavenworth, WA (yes, real people actually do live there!), he graduated with an A.B. in Physics from Harvard College in 2005, taught fifth grade at Leo Elementary School in South Texas, and has been pursuing his Ph.D. in the Bay Area since the fall of 2007. Currently, he studies experimental condensed matter in the Lanzara Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His past research interests have included Bose-Einstein condensation, rubidium-based atomic clocks, hydrogen masers, lenses and mirrors, mayflies, mousetrap cars, toothpick bridges, fawn lilies, the slinky, Legos, vinegar and baking soda volcanoes, wolves, choo-choo trains, and the word \"moon.\"","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christopher Smallwood | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0c2d0e1987e4e99007eb08137dc65ebb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/christopher-smallwood"},"lindsay-kelliher":{"type":"authors","id":"10206","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10206","found":true},"name":"Lindsay Kelliher","firstName":"Lindsay","lastName":"Kelliher","slug":"lindsay-kelliher","email":"lkelliher@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Lindsay has been in media in California for more than a decade, dividing her time between San Francisco Bay and Monterey Bay. She has worked on documentary and factual programs for PBS (NOVA and NATURE), National Geographic, Discovery, and Animal Planet. She has also been involved with working and volunteering for local Animal Rescue organizations. She loves her new home with QUEST, letting her combine her love of animals and nature with her science-nerd tendencies. Lindsay graduated with honors from Northwestern’s Radio, TV, and Film department.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/58f84d90c37fac0580527a0cb97d2cc3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Lindsay Kelliher | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/58f84d90c37fac0580527a0cb97d2cc3?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/58f84d90c37fac0580527a0cb97d2cc3?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lindsay-kelliher"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17385":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17385","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17385","score":null,"sort":[1420556400000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"napa-wineries-face-global-warming","title":"Napa Wineries Face Global Warming","publishDate":1420556400,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>As revelers uncorked wine bottles to celebrate the holidays and ring in the New Year, more of them were celebrating with a glass of California-grown Pinot Noir than a decade ago. But the growing market for this complex, subtle wine could soon run up against climate conditions that make it increasingly difficult to grow top-quality wines in the state, especially ones that do best in cool climates, like Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It just goes to show, scientists say, that which wines become popular has more to do with personal taste and marketing than with warming temperatures and water availability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, a professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. “The public wants it, and so we’re making it, even if it’s not that great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 260,000 tons of Pinot Noir grapes were crushed in California in 2013. That’s four times the 58,000 tons crushed in 2003, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Pinot Noir has been extensively planted in coastal Sonoma County, where the grapes produce top-quality wines. But the grape has also spread to warmer parts of California. In 2013, some 23,000 tons of Pinot Noir were crushed in the hot Central Valley, in the area between Madera and Kern counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinot Noir is a particularly finicky grape, said David Graves, the co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley’s Carneros region, which produces renowned Pinot Noir wines. The marine fog that enters San Francisco Bay blankets Carneros and makes it an ideal place to grow good Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t flourish in a lot of climates. It’s not a very forgiving grape,” said Graves. “It tends to like cooler spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford, Purdue, Utah State University and two other research institutes estimate that by 2040 global warming is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/2/024024/fulltext/\">cut in half the area in Napa and Sonoma valleys\u003c/a> where temperatures are suitable to grow top-quality wine grapes. To come up with their calculations, researchers estimated that global temperature would climb one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit), which is on the lower end of global warming estimates, said Stanford’s Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for long periods of time, can hurt wine quality. To produce good wines, grapes need heat, but it has to be followed by a cooling-off period. Heat produces the sugars that will become alcohol, while cooling slows this process long enough for the compounds that produce the flavors in wine to develop. Temperatures above 95 degrees, without subsequent cooling, degrade compounds called anthocyanins, which give red wines their deep color and contribute to their complex flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The boom in Pinot Noir is part of the consolidation of a handful of well-known, popular wines in the state – Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel. Scientists say that more effort should be put into testing wine varieties new to California that might do well as temperatures climb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a warming climate we need more diversity,” said Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest wine and beer companies, Constellation Brands, is collaborating with UC Davis on research into warm-climate varieties. They’re testing grapes like Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot, which are somewhat known in California already, and some more obscure varieties like white wine grapes Fiano and Petit Manseng, said UC Davis’ Matthew Fidelibus, in charge of the trials at the university’s Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, in Parlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether or not wines made from these grapes catch on depends not just on whether researchers can produce good-quality grapes and abundant yields. Marketing and economics are key, said Walker. And for now, wines like Pinot Noir, which are fetching a good price for growers and are popular at the store, reign supreme, climate predictions aside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video, originally posted on July 31, 2007, was updated on Jan. 6, 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More from QUEST:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California’s Napa Valley has a microclimate that produces world-famous wines, but what happens as the climate warms up? Vintners are using advanced technology to conserve water, while scientists are testing varieties that could replace the cool-climate Pinot Noirs of today.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442621447,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":872},"headData":{"title":"Napa Wineries Face Global Warming | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17385 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/napa-wineries-face-global-warming/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/01/06/napa-wineries-face-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"Napa Wineries Face Global Warming","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_ARdxOdTS0?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/17385/napa-wineries-face-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As revelers uncorked wine bottles to celebrate the holidays and ring in the New Year, more of them were celebrating with a glass of California-grown Pinot Noir than a decade ago. But the growing market for this complex, subtle wine could soon run up against climate conditions that make it increasingly difficult to grow top-quality wines in the state, especially ones that do best in cool climates, like Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It just goes to show, scientists say, that which wines become popular has more to do with personal taste and marketing than with warming temperatures and water availability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, a professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. “The public wants it, and so we’re making it, even if it’s not that great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 260,000 tons of Pinot Noir grapes were crushed in California in 2013. That’s four times the 58,000 tons crushed in 2003, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Pinot Noir has been extensively planted in coastal Sonoma County, where the grapes produce top-quality wines. But the grape has also spread to warmer parts of California. In 2013, some 23,000 tons of Pinot Noir were crushed in the hot Central Valley, in the area between Madera and Kern counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinot Noir is a particularly finicky grape, said David Graves, the co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley’s Carneros region, which produces renowned Pinot Noir wines. The marine fog that enters San Francisco Bay blankets Carneros and makes it an ideal place to grow good Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t flourish in a lot of climates. It’s not a very forgiving grape,” said Graves. “It tends to like cooler spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford, Purdue, Utah State University and two other research institutes estimate that by 2040 global warming is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/2/024024/fulltext/\">cut in half the area in Napa and Sonoma valleys\u003c/a> where temperatures are suitable to grow top-quality wine grapes. To come up with their calculations, researchers estimated that global temperature would climb one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit), which is on the lower end of global warming estimates, said Stanford’s Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for long periods of time, can hurt wine quality. To produce good wines, grapes need heat, but it has to be followed by a cooling-off period. Heat produces the sugars that will become alcohol, while cooling slows this process long enough for the compounds that produce the flavors in wine to develop. Temperatures above 95 degrees, without subsequent cooling, degrade compounds called anthocyanins, which give red wines their deep color and contribute to their complex flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The boom in Pinot Noir is part of the consolidation of a handful of well-known, popular wines in the state – Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel. Scientists say that more effort should be put into testing wine varieties new to California that might do well as temperatures climb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a warming climate we need more diversity,” said Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest wine and beer companies, Constellation Brands, is collaborating with UC Davis on research into warm-climate varieties. They’re testing grapes like Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot, which are somewhat known in California already, and some more obscure varieties like white wine grapes Fiano and Petit Manseng, said UC Davis’ Matthew Fidelibus, in charge of the trials at the university’s Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, in Parlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether or not wines made from these grapes catch on depends not just on whether researchers can produce good-quality grapes and abundant yields. Marketing and economics are key, said Walker. And for now, wines like Pinot Noir, which are fetching a good price for growers and are popular at the store, reign supreme, climate predictions aside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video, originally posted on July 31, 2007, was updated on Jan. 6, 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More from QUEST:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17385/napa-wineries-face-global-warming","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_621","quest_12269","quest_1224","quest_10663","quest_9991","quest_13","quest_13112","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3171","quest_13113"],"featImg":"quest_73664","label":"source_quest_17385"},"quest_17422":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17422","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17422","score":null,"sort":[1416495643000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"darfur-stoves-project","title":"Darfur Stoves Project","publishDate":1416495643,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442632197,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1239},"headData":{"title":"Darfur Stoves Project | KQED","description":"Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17422 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/darfur-stoves-project/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/20/darfur-stoves-project/","disqusTitle":"Darfur Stoves Project","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwV832ofVlI?feature=player_embedded","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","path":"/quest/17422/darfur-stoves-project","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17422/darfur-stoves-project","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_12","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_13084","quest_13086","quest_621","quest_13085","quest_766","quest_12946","quest_12269","quest_1224","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_1623","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10810","quest_2820","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_10809"],"collections":["quest_13134"],"featImg":"quest_73043","label":"source_quest_17422"},"quest_47827":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47827","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47827","score":null,"sort":[1355328042000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens","title":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?","publishDate":1355328042,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our \"wicked problems.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443826226,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":968},"headData":{"title":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens? | KQED","description":"Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our "wicked problems."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47827 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47827","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/","disqusTitle":"Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?","path":"/quest/47827/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47827/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11649","quest_326","quest_621","quest_11648","quest_11277","quest_1224","quest_11646","quest_2001","quest_11647","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_47829","label":"quest"},"quest_10895":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10895","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10895","score":null,"sort":[1291311047000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","title":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","publishDate":1291311047,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/elnino1.jpg\">\u003cem>El Nino temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a>'s post earlier this week here on the QUEST Community Science Blog about the potential \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/\">effects of this winter's La Niña\u003c/a> is a great lead-in for discussing this climatic phenomenon in a bit more detail. As Jennifer noted, the La Niña weather pattern is the flip side of El Niño, which is when unusually warm waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean affect weather patterns for large swaths of North and South America. For California, El Niños typically result in increased precipitation in the winter months and La Niñas are characterized by drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. Although we don't hear much about the Southern Oscillation part, it is the atmospheric component of this linked ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Although the physics of ENSO is still not fully understood and the subject of current research, the regularity of the pattern is well documented. The image below is a time series plot of ENSO events for the past 60 years. The positive values filled in with red are the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) and the negative values in blue are the cool ENSO phase (La Niña). The regularity isn't perfectly on beat -- it varies from 3-7 years between measurable events. But this is enough regularity to make ENSO one of the more predictable patterns climate scientists have studied.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the timing of ENSO cycles might have some predictability, the \u003cem>magnitude\u003c/em> of ENSO (the height/depth of the peaks) can vary significantly. Some are weak while others are quite strong. The 1997-1998 El Niño is considered to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">one of the strongest of the past 100 years\u003c/a> and is still in the memory of many Californians because of the intense \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/98wx.html\">precipitation and subsequent flooding it unleashed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really interesting is that this 3-7 year pattern of alternating ENSO phases is just the shortest timescale in a climate phenomenon with multiple rhythms superimposed. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Paleoclimate research\u003c/a> has revealed that ENSO also beats at timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. The image below is very similar to the above diagram -- it has time in years on the horizontal axis and occurrence of ENSO events on the vertical axis. (Important difference to note are that the present is on the left side on this plot instead of the right side and time is in 'years ago' and not a date.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg 1293w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-400x140.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-800x279.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-1180x412.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-960x335.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plot goes back to 10,000 years ago and shows the variability in ENSO at a much longer timescale. Within those taller peaks in the plot are numerous individual El Niños that are grouped together in time. This doesn't mean that every single El Niño is very strong -- just that during a few hundred years there more of those strong El Niños. In addition to the peaks every several hundred years there is also an even longer-term trend of increasing ENSO events over 5,000 to 6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a complex musical composition with multiple interacting rhythms, the interacting timescales of this climate phenomenon might result in weather patterns that defy our ability to predict confidently. The authors of the study looking at ENSO patterns for the past 10,000 conclude that bigger-scale changes in global climate (due to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun) are driving those longer-timescale changes. A big question right now is how modern global climate change will affect ENSO. A warming ocean suggests El Niños will get more intense, but perhaps there are some unanticipated effects from the multiple interacting factors that still needs to be studied. We are improving our understanding of the Earth's climate systems but, as always, much more work needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images: (1) El Nino anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a> (2) ENSO Index from 1950-2010; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a>; (3) Figure from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Moy et al. (2002)\u003c/a>; Nature 420\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829098,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":712},"headData":{"title":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern | KQED","description":"El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"10895 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10895","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern/","disqusTitle":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","path":"/quest/10895/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/elnino1.jpg\">\u003cem>El Nino temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a>'s post earlier this week here on the QUEST Community Science Blog about the potential \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/\">effects of this winter's La Niña\u003c/a> is a great lead-in for discussing this climatic phenomenon in a bit more detail. As Jennifer noted, the La Niña weather pattern is the flip side of El Niño, which is when unusually warm waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean affect weather patterns for large swaths of North and South America. For California, El Niños typically result in increased precipitation in the winter months and La Niñas are characterized by drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. Although we don't hear much about the Southern Oscillation part, it is the atmospheric component of this linked ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Although the physics of ENSO is still not fully understood and the subject of current research, the regularity of the pattern is well documented. The image below is a time series plot of ENSO events for the past 60 years. The positive values filled in with red are the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) and the negative values in blue are the cool ENSO phase (La Niña). The regularity isn't perfectly on beat -- it varies from 3-7 years between measurable events. But this is enough regularity to make ENSO one of the more predictable patterns climate scientists have studied.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the timing of ENSO cycles might have some predictability, the \u003cem>magnitude\u003c/em> of ENSO (the height/depth of the peaks) can vary significantly. Some are weak while others are quite strong. The 1997-1998 El Niño is considered to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">one of the strongest of the past 100 years\u003c/a> and is still in the memory of many Californians because of the intense \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/98wx.html\">precipitation and subsequent flooding it unleashed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really interesting is that this 3-7 year pattern of alternating ENSO phases is just the shortest timescale in a climate phenomenon with multiple rhythms superimposed. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Paleoclimate research\u003c/a> has revealed that ENSO also beats at timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. The image below is very similar to the above diagram -- it has time in years on the horizontal axis and occurrence of ENSO events on the vertical axis. (Important difference to note are that the present is on the left side on this plot instead of the right side and time is in 'years ago' and not a date.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg 1293w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-400x140.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-800x279.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-1180x412.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-960x335.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plot goes back to 10,000 years ago and shows the variability in ENSO at a much longer timescale. Within those taller peaks in the plot are numerous individual El Niños that are grouped together in time. This doesn't mean that every single El Niño is very strong -- just that during a few hundred years there more of those strong El Niños. In addition to the peaks every several hundred years there is also an even longer-term trend of increasing ENSO events over 5,000 to 6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a complex musical composition with multiple interacting rhythms, the interacting timescales of this climate phenomenon might result in weather patterns that defy our ability to predict confidently. The authors of the study looking at ENSO patterns for the past 10,000 conclude that bigger-scale changes in global climate (due to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun) are driving those longer-timescale changes. A big question right now is how modern global climate change will affect ENSO. A warming ocean suggests El Niños will get more intense, but perhaps there are some unanticipated effects from the multiple interacting factors that still needs to be studied. We are improving our understanding of the Earth's climate systems but, as always, much more work needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images: (1) El Nino anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a> (2) ENSO Index from 1950-2010; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a>; (3) Figure from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Moy et al. (2002)\u003c/a>; Nature 420\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10895/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_944","quest_1224","quest_2114","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_10907","label":"quest"},"quest_3779":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3779","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3779","score":null,"sort":[1254783199000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"toward-greener-biofuels-and-greener-cars","title":"Toward Greener Biofuels and Greener Cars","publishDate":1254783199,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/ethanol_tank.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Is corn ethanol a poor fit for future U.S. liquid fuel needs? \u003c/em>\u003c/span>Biofuels have received a tremendous amount of publicity lately as an alternative to gasoline and diesel. An ethanol economy based on sugarcane has helped to boost Brazil into the limelight, raising standards of living and perhaps even contributing to the country’s recent successful bid at the 2016 Olympic games. In the U.S. prospects of corn-based ethanol have piqued the interest of agriculture and oil companies alike. Such unbridled excitement has also revealed dramatic downsides. Brazilian affluence comes at the price of biodiversity as swaths of rainforest are sacrificed to plant new crop fields. Increased American deand for corn was a measurable contributing factor to the recent world food crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing, then, was quite appropriate for a panel discussion last week organized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/fobl/\">Friends of Berkeley Lab\u003c/a> at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre. Titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/fobl/talks/2009/082809_biofuels.html\">“Hope or Hype: What’s Next For Biofuels?”\u003c/a> the event, hosted by KTVU’s John Fowler, featured a panel with Jay Keasling, Susanna Green Tringe, and Jim Bristow, three scientists exploring the role that \u003ca href=\"http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html\">synthetic biology\u003c/a> might play in fabricating a better fuel for tomorrow’s autos. The evening consisted mainly of two themes: the relative limits of both crude oil and corn-based ethanol, and an outline of research being pursued to make new ideas practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels are unsustainable, a point that saturates public rhetoric each election cycle to the point of \u003cem>ad nauseum\u003c/em>. It might be slightly more surprising to learn, however, that fuel based on \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol\">ethanol\u003c/a> (the alcohol found in all common beers, wines, and liquors) may be as bad for global warming as gasoline, perhaps even be worse. When extracted from corn, considerable energy is lost on fertilizers. If that energy was generated using a coal plant, global warming is still a problem. Additionally, ethanol is an unwieldy fuel. It is corrosive, for example, and therefore must be trucked, rather than piped, from one location to another. “I like to say that ethanol is for drinking, not for driving,” Keasling joked as he explained these faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push in the American science community, then, tends to be away from corn-based ethanol and toward something called \u003cstrong>cellulosic biomass\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>Editor's Note: see our QUEST video \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biofuels-beyond-ethanol\">Beyond Biofuels\u003c/a>\" for more information\u003c/em>). The idea is to make fuels not from corn, but rather from corn stover—plant leftovers after the crop has already been harvested. Alternatively, almost any other organic material ranging from wheat stover to sorghum to garbage could be used if the proper techniques are developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are considerable scientific challenges. Much of the material we might like to use as fuel is tough and woody. Scientists have yet to figure out a satisfactory method for breaking this down, and a great deal of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jgi.doe.gov/\">gene-sequencing\u003c/a> effort is currently underway with the aim figuring this out. There are also challenges in terms of deciding what product will be generated from these woody materials. At least one idea is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">genetically engineer\u003c/a> an organism that can transform organic matter not into ethanol, but rather into something more amenable to transport and carbon neutrality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What should we make of these new efforts? My own feelings are mixed. I enjoy my car, and I love road trips. As Bristow said during the panel, “The reality in the U.S. is that people are going to drive cars. We need liquid fuel.” The current push in biofuels research is tremendously important. The vast majority of energy sources are simply inadequate for powering cars to the extent that the public is accustomed to. The maximum power one could ever expect to obtain from a solar-powered car, for example, is less than 10 horsepower. Even the Geo Metro gets 55 horsepower. The new Volkswagen Beetle gets over 100 horsepower. Electric cars might hold some promise, but at this point it is impossible to tell whether batteries or biofuels will ultimately make a better alternative. These two fronts are also not necessarily exclusive, as the hybrid explosion of recent years has shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, for all the excitement, selling the American public on biofuels feels a little like feeding methadone to a heroin addict. We believe that a shift to biofuels will assuage the continued seeping of carbon into the atmosphere. But there are a lot of side effects. The controlled production of biomass requires land, and with that allocation comes a host of ecological concerns. When it comes down to it, there will never be a substitute for good old fashioned belt-tightening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For all the excitement, selling the American public on biofuels feels a little like feeding methadone to a heroin addict.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366754447,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":780},"headData":{"title":"Toward Greener Biofuels and Greener Cars | KQED","description":"For all the excitement, selling the American public on biofuels feels a little like feeding methadone to a heroin addict.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3779 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3779","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/05/toward-greener-biofuels-and-greener-cars/","disqusTitle":"Toward Greener Biofuels and Greener Cars","path":"/quest/3779/toward-greener-biofuels-and-greener-cars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/10/ethanol_tank.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Is corn ethanol a poor fit for future U.S. liquid fuel needs? \u003c/em>\u003c/span>Biofuels have received a tremendous amount of publicity lately as an alternative to gasoline and diesel. An ethanol economy based on sugarcane has helped to boost Brazil into the limelight, raising standards of living and perhaps even contributing to the country’s recent successful bid at the 2016 Olympic games. In the U.S. prospects of corn-based ethanol have piqued the interest of agriculture and oil companies alike. Such unbridled excitement has also revealed dramatic downsides. Brazilian affluence comes at the price of biodiversity as swaths of rainforest are sacrificed to plant new crop fields. Increased American deand for corn was a measurable contributing factor to the recent world food crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing, then, was quite appropriate for a panel discussion last week organized by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/fobl/\">Friends of Berkeley Lab\u003c/a> at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre. Titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/fobl/talks/2009/082809_biofuels.html\">“Hope or Hype: What’s Next For Biofuels?”\u003c/a> the event, hosted by KTVU’s John Fowler, featured a panel with Jay Keasling, Susanna Green Tringe, and Jim Bristow, three scientists exploring the role that \u003ca href=\"http://syntheticbiology.org/FAQ.html\">synthetic biology\u003c/a> might play in fabricating a better fuel for tomorrow’s autos. The evening consisted mainly of two themes: the relative limits of both crude oil and corn-based ethanol, and an outline of research being pursued to make new ideas practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fossil fuels are unsustainable, a point that saturates public rhetoric each election cycle to the point of \u003cem>ad nauseum\u003c/em>. It might be slightly more surprising to learn, however, that fuel based on \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol\">ethanol\u003c/a> (the alcohol found in all common beers, wines, and liquors) may be as bad for global warming as gasoline, perhaps even be worse. When extracted from corn, considerable energy is lost on fertilizers. If that energy was generated using a coal plant, global warming is still a problem. Additionally, ethanol is an unwieldy fuel. It is corrosive, for example, and therefore must be trucked, rather than piped, from one location to another. “I like to say that ethanol is for drinking, not for driving,” Keasling joked as he explained these faults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The push in the American science community, then, tends to be away from corn-based ethanol and toward something called \u003cstrong>cellulosic biomass\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>Editor's Note: see our QUEST video \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biofuels-beyond-ethanol\">Beyond Biofuels\u003c/a>\" for more information\u003c/em>). The idea is to make fuels not from corn, but rather from corn stover—plant leftovers after the crop has already been harvested. Alternatively, almost any other organic material ranging from wheat stover to sorghum to garbage could be used if the proper techniques are developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are considerable scientific challenges. Much of the material we might like to use as fuel is tough and woody. Scientists have yet to figure out a satisfactory method for breaking this down, and a great deal of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jgi.doe.gov/\">gene-sequencing\u003c/a> effort is currently underway with the aim figuring this out. There are also challenges in terms of deciding what product will be generated from these woody materials. At least one idea is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">genetically engineer\u003c/a> an organism that can transform organic matter not into ethanol, but rather into something more amenable to transport and carbon neutrality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What should we make of these new efforts? My own feelings are mixed. I enjoy my car, and I love road trips. As Bristow said during the panel, “The reality in the U.S. is that people are going to drive cars. We need liquid fuel.” The current push in biofuels research is tremendously important. The vast majority of energy sources are simply inadequate for powering cars to the extent that the public is accustomed to. The maximum power one could ever expect to obtain from a solar-powered car, for example, is less than 10 horsepower. Even the Geo Metro gets 55 horsepower. The new Volkswagen Beetle gets over 100 horsepower. Electric cars might hold some promise, but at this point it is impossible to tell whether batteries or biofuels will ultimately make a better alternative. These two fronts are also not necessarily exclusive, as the hybrid explosion of recent years has shown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, for all the excitement, selling the American public on biofuels feels a little like feeding methadone to a heroin addict. We believe that a shift to biofuels will assuage the continued seeping of carbon into the atmosphere. But there are a lot of side effects. The controlled production of biomass requires land, and with that allocation comes a host of ecological concerns. When it comes down to it, there will never be a substitute for good old fashioned belt-tightening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3779/toward-greener-biofuels-and-greener-cars","authors":["10205"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_127","quest_329","quest_382","quest_489","quest_529","quest_984","quest_1023","quest_1197","quest_1224","quest_1630"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3026":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3026","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3026","score":null,"sort":[1247247938000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"get-a-dog-and-save-the-planet","title":"Get a Dog and Save the Planet","publishDate":1247247938,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/cooper.jpg\">\u003cem>Cooper and me saving energy on the couch\u003c/em>\u003c/span>My cousin Mark is a pretty smart guy who reads widely. (All my cousins are above average.) Here is what Mark sent to me in an e-mail about dogs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Professor \u003ca title=\"http://www.grandin.com/\" href=\"http://www.grandin.com/\">Temple Grandin\u003c/a> says that dogs are genetic wolves that have co-evolved with humans for 100,000 years, maybe more. Hence dogs and humans have complementary advantages and deficits. Humans used to have a better sense of hearing and smell, now dogs are better than us at those. Humans walk upright and have better vision and organizational skills, so dogs depend on us to see things and try to find them. Both are social creatures. So the lesson is that Nature has bundled the hardware and software for these skills and abilities between the two species. Unbundling them carries certain risks, so you should try to live with a dog if you can.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I agree that dogs and humans are a pretty good combination. Michele and I have had a dog for about a year now. Cooper is a medium-sized Labradoodle, which is a Lab and Poodle mix. He's a great dog and we love him a lot. He's heartbreakingly cute and cuddly. He has a Lab's great disposition and a Poodle's smarts. We think he's the best dog ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, along with being a good partner, is Cooper an energy efficient addition to our household? Are pets, and dogs in particular, a step in the right direction in the battle against global warming and the fight for energy security? Is Underdog more than a cartoon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think \"bundling\" ourselves with animals is a good idea for lots of reasons, but here is why I think dogs are energy efficient:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.) Dogs add warmth in the winter and stay outside most of the time in the summer, so they don't add much to a house's cooling load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2.) Dogs add fur in the winter and cool themselves using their tongues. Try that, humans!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3.) When he has nothing to do, Cooper lays down flat as a pancake and barely moves, thereby conserving energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4.) Dogs are great alarm systems and don't even need batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5.) Dogs eat stuff that humans throw away. They will clean your plates if you let them, saving water and energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6.) Because dogs need to be walked, they cause their owners to exercise, reducing their owners' appetite and therefore their food intake (that's how it's \u003cem>supposed\u003c/em> to work).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7.) Dogs give you unconditional love and so you don't have to drive your car to visit family and friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anybody want to weigh in on \u003cem>cats\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Are pets, and dogs in particular, a step in the right direction in the battle against global warming and the fight for energy security? Is Underdog more than a cartoon?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1247247938,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":465},"headData":{"title":"Get a Dog and Save the Planet | KQED","description":"Are pets, and dogs in particular, a step in the right direction in the battle against global warming and the fight for energy security? Is Underdog more than a cartoon?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3026 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3026","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/07/10/get-a-dog-and-save-the-planet/","disqusTitle":"Get a Dog and Save the Planet","path":"/quest/3026/get-a-dog-and-save-the-planet","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/cooper.jpg\">\u003cem>Cooper and me saving energy on the couch\u003c/em>\u003c/span>My cousin Mark is a pretty smart guy who reads widely. (All my cousins are above average.) Here is what Mark sent to me in an e-mail about dogs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Professor \u003ca title=\"http://www.grandin.com/\" href=\"http://www.grandin.com/\">Temple Grandin\u003c/a> says that dogs are genetic wolves that have co-evolved with humans for 100,000 years, maybe more. Hence dogs and humans have complementary advantages and deficits. Humans used to have a better sense of hearing and smell, now dogs are better than us at those. Humans walk upright and have better vision and organizational skills, so dogs depend on us to see things and try to find them. Both are social creatures. So the lesson is that Nature has bundled the hardware and software for these skills and abilities between the two species. Unbundling them carries certain risks, so you should try to live with a dog if you can.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I agree that dogs and humans are a pretty good combination. Michele and I have had a dog for about a year now. Cooper is a medium-sized Labradoodle, which is a Lab and Poodle mix. He's a great dog and we love him a lot. He's heartbreakingly cute and cuddly. He has a Lab's great disposition and a Poodle's smarts. We think he's the best dog ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, along with being a good partner, is Cooper an energy efficient addition to our household? Are pets, and dogs in particular, a step in the right direction in the battle against global warming and the fight for energy security? Is Underdog more than a cartoon?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think \"bundling\" ourselves with animals is a good idea for lots of reasons, but here is why I think dogs are energy efficient:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.) Dogs add warmth in the winter and stay outside most of the time in the summer, so they don't add much to a house's cooling load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2.) Dogs add fur in the winter and cool themselves using their tongues. Try that, humans!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3.) When he has nothing to do, Cooper lays down flat as a pancake and barely moves, thereby conserving energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4.) Dogs are great alarm systems and don't even need batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5.) Dogs eat stuff that humans throw away. They will clean your plates if you let them, saving water and energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6.) Because dogs need to be walked, they cause their owners to exercise, reducing their owners' appetite and therefore their food intake (that's how it's \u003cem>supposed\u003c/em> to work).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7.) Dogs give you unconditional love and so you don't have to drive your car to visit family and friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anybody want to weigh in on \u003cem>cats\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3026/get-a-dog-and-save-the-planet","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_510","quest_621","quest_857","quest_984","quest_987","quest_1224","quest_1381","quest_1595","quest_2170","quest_2900"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2716":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2716","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2716","score":null,"sort":[1244240734000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-cash-for-clunkers","title":"Reporter's Notes: Cash for Clunkers","publishDate":1244240734,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cash-for-clunkers\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/radio3-34_clunkers300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nAs this radio story airs, Congress is debating two Cash for Clunkers proposals, one from the Senate and one from the House of Representatives. (A third proposal, also from the Senate, is almost identical to the House version.) Both would pay consumers to scrap their \"clunkers\" in exchange for brand-new, more fuel-efficient models. Both define \"clunker\" as a car that gets less than 18 miles per gallon. But after that, they diverge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1607:chairman-waxman-releases-fact-sheet-on-qcash-for-clunkersq-program&catid=122:media-advisories&Itemid=55\">The House version\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> comes from Democrats on the \u003ca href=\"http://energycommerce.house.gov/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">House Committee on Energy and Commerce\u003c/a>. If it passes, a consumer would get a $3,500 voucher for trading in a truck with 15 miles per gallon in exchange for buying a new truck that gets 16 miles per gallon - a \u003cem>one MPG\u003c/em> difference. (If the new truck got 17 miles a gallon, the consumer would earn $4,500). That's why environmentalists complain that the legislation is more about stimulating car sales than it is about getting gas guzzlers off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=NewsRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=5b1a5585-5056-8059-76e1-d7e659bceb37&Region_id=&Issue_id\" target=\"_blank\">The Senate version\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>proposed by U.S. Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Susan Collins (R-Maine), and Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.), puts the bar a bit higher. In order to qualify for the $3,500 voucher, that same replacement truck would have to get 20 MPG - five miles per gallon more than the old truck. (An improvement of seven miles per gallon would earn the consumer a $4,500 voucher.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, this is a compromise even for Senator Feinstein herself. Check out her original, more stringent, \u003ca href=\"http://feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=NewsRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=d6137935-0a4f-1ab7-ddb4-8a1760ea170c\" target=\"_blank\">Cash for Clunkers bill here\u003c/a>. Proposed in January, it required stricter efficiency from the replacement vehicle, and would have allowed consumers to use their vouchers for used cars, or for public transit. Those conditions were junked, presumably, because they don't stimulate new car sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2009/04/17/would-cash-for-clunkers-be-good-or-bad-for-the-environment/\" target=\"_blank\">This article\u003c/a> from the Christian Science Monitor, takes the number crunching even farther. Among the details worth considering is the \"carbon cost\" of making all these new vehicles that consumers will be enouraged to buy, should C4C pass: between 3.5 to 12.4 tons of CO2 per vehicle, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/chameides.html\" target=\"_blank\">according to a Duke economist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cash-for-clunkers\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cash-for-clunkers\">Listen to the Cash for Clunkers\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.753227 -122.38730\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As this radio story airs, Congress is debating two Cash for Clunkers proposals, one from the Senate and one from the House of Representatives. (A third proposal, also from the Senate, is almost identical to the House version.) Both would pay consumers to scrap their \"clunkers\" in exchange for brand-new, more fuel-efficient models.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371078860,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":366},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Cash for Clunkers | KQED","description":"As this radio story airs, Congress is debating two Cash for Clunkers proposals, one from the Senate and one from the House of Representatives. (A third proposal, also from the Senate, is almost identical to the House version.) Both would pay consumers to scrap their "clunkers" in exchange for brand-new, more fuel-efficient models.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2716 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2716","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/05/reporters-notes-cash-for-clunkers/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Cash for Clunkers","path":"/quest/2716/reporters-notes-cash-for-clunkers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cash-for-clunkers\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/radio3-34_clunkers300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nAs this radio story airs, Congress is debating two Cash for Clunkers proposals, one from the Senate and one from the House of Representatives. (A third proposal, also from the Senate, is almost identical to the House version.) Both would pay consumers to scrap their \"clunkers\" in exchange for brand-new, more fuel-efficient models. Both define \"clunker\" as a car that gets less than 18 miles per gallon. But after that, they diverge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1607:chairman-waxman-releases-fact-sheet-on-qcash-for-clunkersq-program&catid=122:media-advisories&Itemid=55\">The House version\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> comes from Democrats on the \u003ca href=\"http://energycommerce.house.gov/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">House Committee on Energy and Commerce\u003c/a>. If it passes, a consumer would get a $3,500 voucher for trading in a truck with 15 miles per gallon in exchange for buying a new truck that gets 16 miles per gallon - a \u003cem>one MPG\u003c/em> difference. (If the new truck got 17 miles a gallon, the consumer would earn $4,500). That's why environmentalists complain that the legislation is more about stimulating car sales than it is about getting gas guzzlers off the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=NewsRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=5b1a5585-5056-8059-76e1-d7e659bceb37&Region_id=&Issue_id\" target=\"_blank\">The Senate version\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>proposed by U.S. Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), Susan Collins (R-Maine), and Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.), puts the bar a bit higher. In order to qualify for the $3,500 voucher, that same replacement truck would have to get 20 MPG - five miles per gallon more than the old truck. (An improvement of seven miles per gallon would earn the consumer a $4,500 voucher.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, this is a compromise even for Senator Feinstein herself. Check out her original, more stringent, \u003ca href=\"http://feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=NewsRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=d6137935-0a4f-1ab7-ddb4-8a1760ea170c\" target=\"_blank\">Cash for Clunkers bill here\u003c/a>. Proposed in January, it required stricter efficiency from the replacement vehicle, and would have allowed consumers to use their vouchers for used cars, or for public transit. Those conditions were junked, presumably, because they don't stimulate new car sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://features.csmonitor.com/environment/2009/04/17/would-cash-for-clunkers-be-good-or-bad-for-the-environment/\" target=\"_blank\">This article\u003c/a> from the Christian Science Monitor, takes the number crunching even farther. Among the details worth considering is the \"carbon cost\" of making all these new vehicles that consumers will be enouraged to buy, should C4C pass: between 3.5 to 12.4 tons of CO2 per vehicle, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/chameides.html\" target=\"_blank\">according to a Duke economist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cash-for-clunkers\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cash-for-clunkers\">Listen to the Cash for Clunkers\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.753227 -122.38730\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2716/reporters-notes-cash-for-clunkers","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_252","quest_499","quest_13198","quest_1224","quest_1586","quest_2983"],"label":"quest"},"quest_17472":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17472","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17472","score":null,"sort":[1240021800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"climate-watch-california-at-the-tipping-point","title":"Climate Watch: California at the Tipping Point","publishDate":1240021800,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3359,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The world's climate is changing and California is now being affected in both dramatic and subtle ways. Get an in-depth look at the science behind climate change as we explore the environmental changes taking place throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDSh9MNwq8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recent Climate Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930643/outlook-grim-but-not-hopeless-as-climate-summit-convenes-in-san-francisco\">Outlook Grim But Not Hopelessas Climate Summit Convenes in San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\">Governor Brown’s Biggest Climate Foe Isn’t Trump. It’s Car-Loving Californians\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\">Why 100 Percent Clean Energy in California is Gonna Be Tricky\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931206/californias-a-team-on-climate-moonbeam-and-the-governator\">Believe It or Not, a Republican Once Led the California Charge on Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The world's climate is changing and California is now being affected in both dramatic and subtle ways. Get an in-depth look at the science behind climate change as we explore the environmental changes taking place throughout the state.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1537378710,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":105},"headData":{"title":"Climate Watch: California at the Tipping Point | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17472 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/climate-watch-california-at-the-tipping-point/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/17/climate-watch-california-at-the-tipping-point/","disqusTitle":"Climate Watch: California at the Tipping Point","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDSh9MNwq8","path":"/quest/17472/climate-watch-california-at-the-tipping-point","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world's climate is changing and California is now being affected in both dramatic and subtle ways. Get an in-depth look at the science behind climate change as we explore the environmental changes taking place throughout the state.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/5MDSh9MNwq8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/5MDSh9MNwq8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Recent Climate Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930643/outlook-grim-but-not-hopeless-as-climate-summit-convenes-in-san-francisco\">Outlook Grim But Not Hopelessas Climate Summit Convenes in San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931169/governor-browns-biggest-climate-foe-isnt-trump-its-car-loving-californians\">Governor Brown’s Biggest Climate Foe Isn’t Trump. It’s Car-Loving Californians\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\">Why 100 Percent Clean Energy in California is Gonna Be Tricky\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1931206/californias-a-team-on-climate-moonbeam-and-the-governator\">Believe It or Not, a Republican Once Led the California Charge on Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17472/climate-watch-california-at-the-tipping-point","authors":["10169","10206"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3422"],"tags":["quest_46","quest_10111","quest_621","quest_1224","quest_3351","quest_1626","quest_3315","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2559","quest_2893","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_3353","quest_3359"],"label":"quest_3359"},"quest_2070":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2070","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2070","score":null,"sort":[1239734649000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point","title":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point","publishDate":1239734649,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The conventional wisdom is that a warming planet means more wildfires--and in many cases the conventional wisdom is right. But globally it's a more complex question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last week, Max Moritz and his team at UC Berkeley's \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Fire Research & Outreach\u003c/a> published a \u003ca title=\"PloS One - Fire study\" href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005102\">study that shows widely varied fire response\u003c/a> to climate changes around the world. Post-doctoral fellow \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center - staff\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/staff.htm\">Meg Krawchuk\u003c/a> was the lead data cruncher in the effort, with contributions from researchers at Texas Tech University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found were suggestions of rapid changes in fire regimes, and not all in the same direction. Some places (like most of California) will likely see a spike in the fire hazard, while other regions (like the Pacific Northwest) could see a retreat of wildfire frequency and intensity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"In contrast to any expectation that global warming should necessarily result in more fire, we find that regional increases in fire probabilities may be counter-balanced by decreases at other locations, due to the interplay of temperature and precipitation variables. Despite this net balance, our models predict substantial invasion and retreat of fire across large portions of the globe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Moritz has been stumping for new approaches to fire-climate analysis. He says rather than treat fire strictly as the product of other climate change variables, we should think of it also as a climate driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 533px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-777\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_firemap3_blog.png\" alt=\"Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\" width=\"523\" height=\"205\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You can use the player below to hear an excerpt from my interview with Moritz, in which he explains the new perspective that he thinks his team's study brings to the fire-climate connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_web.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The conventional wisdom is that a warming planet means more wildfires--and in many cases the conventional wisdom is right. But globally it's a more complex question.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457750653,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":309},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"2070 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2070","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/14/reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDSh9MNwq8","path":"/quest/2070/reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point","audioUrl":"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The conventional wisdom is that a warming planet means more wildfires--and in many cases the conventional wisdom is right. But globally it's a more complex question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last week, Max Moritz and his team at UC Berkeley's \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Fire Research & Outreach\u003c/a> published a \u003ca title=\"PloS One - Fire study\" href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005102\">study that shows widely varied fire response\u003c/a> to climate changes around the world. Post-doctoral fellow \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center - staff\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/staff.htm\">Meg Krawchuk\u003c/a> was the lead data cruncher in the effort, with contributions from researchers at Texas Tech University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found were suggestions of rapid changes in fire regimes, and not all in the same direction. Some places (like most of California) will likely see a spike in the fire hazard, while other regions (like the Pacific Northwest) could see a retreat of wildfire frequency and intensity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"In contrast to any expectation that global warming should necessarily result in more fire, we find that regional increases in fire probabilities may be counter-balanced by decreases at other locations, due to the interplay of temperature and precipitation variables. Despite this net balance, our models predict substantial invasion and retreat of fire across large portions of the globe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Moritz has been stumping for new approaches to fire-climate analysis. He says rather than treat fire strictly as the product of other climate change variables, we should think of it also as a climate driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 533px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-777\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_firemap3_blog.png\" alt=\"Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\" width=\"523\" height=\"205\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You can use the player below to hear an excerpt from my interview with Moritz, in which he explains the new perspective that he thinks his team's study brings to the fire-climate connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_web.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2070/reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point","authors":["221"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_285","quest_438","quest_621","quest_1095","quest_1224","quest_1395","quest_2893","quest_3108","quest_19"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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