Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)
Earth Science Week 2012: Careers in the Field
Be Moved by "Earthquake": A New E-book and iTunes U Course
Geoscientists Without Borders
NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars
Sponsored
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Follow her on Twitter at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KQEDaust\">@KQEDaust\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e24afde91dbbf0fb0652c4ebbebceee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"KQEDaust","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"education","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["unfiltered_upload","administrator"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrea Aust | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e24afde91dbbf0fb0652c4ebbebceee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0e24afde91dbbf0fb0652c4ebbebceee?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrea-swensrud"},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"melissaefellet":{"type":"authors","id":"10331","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10331","found":true},"name":"Melissae Fellet","firstName":"Melissae","lastName":"Fellet","slug":"melissaefellet","email":"melissae.fellet@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melissae Fellet is a freelance science writer obsessed with electrons, atoms and molecules. Writing about chemistry, physics and technology, she hopes to reveal how the invisible building blocks of matter influence things like plastics, perfumed shampoos and the speedy computer chips we use everyday. She holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from the University of Florida and a PhD in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis. She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"},"jsojico":{"type":"authors","id":"10562","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10562","found":true},"name":"Jackie Sojico","firstName":"Jackie","lastName":"Sojico","slug":"jsojico","email":"jSojico@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jackie Sojico is a reporter/producer for NET Radio in Lincoln, NE. She hails from Georgia and is a graduate of Oberlin College and the Salt Institute for Documentary Studies. She has contributed work to StoryCorps, NPR’s State of the Re:Union, and BackStory Radio. Besides producing radio, Jackie also teaches science youth radio and bakes pies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jackie Sojico | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/86e55b2c23e1cc67256baa8f5faf72c6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jsojico"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17441","score":null,"sort":[1444827600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","publishDate":1444827600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475551,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1139},"headData":{"title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster | KQED","description":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"17441 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusTitle":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/GhFMtCmHc9c","path":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_13386","quest_13200","quest_1325","quest_13387","quest_2530","quest_3048","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81281","label":"quest"},"quest_71324":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71324","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71324","score":null,"sort":[1410876026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","publishDate":1410876026,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639127,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":1376},"headData":{"title":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots | KQED","description":"The Great Plains didn't evolve in a vacuum. Ancient rodents helped shape the ecosystem we know today. Fossil burrows are helping scientists figure out how.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71324 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71324","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/16/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots/","disqusTitle":"Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots","path":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71324/fossil-burrows-shed-light-on-great-plains-roots","authors":["10562"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_304","quest_12971","quest_921","quest_1032","quest_3405","quest_12269","quest_13200","quest_10353","quest_12973","quest_12559","quest_2115","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12972","quest_12974"],"featImg":"quest_71960","label":"quest"},"quest_50103":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50103","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50103","score":null,"sort":[1362081575000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","publishDate":1362081575,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362707277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":568},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills | KQED","description":"This side trip takes you into the quiet range of hills that runs along the freeway south of Coalinga.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50103 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50103","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Kettleman Hills","path":"/quest/50103/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As you head south on I-5 past Coalinga, the road runs just east of a long range of hills. From on high, and on the geologic map, the Kettleman Hills are a dramatic and obvious example of an anticlinal arch. The center is uplifted and dissected by erosion, so that the insides are the older rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png\" alt=\"kethillsgeomap\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50107\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsgeomap-400x267.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These hills drew the attention of oil drillers early on, but their holes came up dry until October 3rd, 1928, when a well struck a highly overpressured reservoir some 7000 feet down. A gusher resulted that lasted for three years. Oil production from the field was so great that the market was depressed and several other oil-producing states grumbled about the lack of regulation in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillswellhead/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg\" alt=\"Massive Christmas tree of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillswellhead-400x312.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Massive \"Christmas tree\" of well controls used in the Kettleman Hills North Dome oil field. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilbord99/\"}Bill Mulder{/link} of flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The town of Avenal arose with the oil boom, along with a host of businesses based on petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kettlemanking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50104\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png\" alt=\"This company was later acquired by Beacon.\" width=\"600\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50104\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kettlemanking-400x302.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This company was later acquired by Beacon. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/\"}Thomas Hawk{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The classic geologic treatment of the Kettleman Hills oil field was issued in 1940 by the U.S. Geological Survey as \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp195\">Professional Paper 195\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the field is almost played out, although you can never discount new advances that might revive it. But the hills remain, blooming every spring. And the roadcuts, where you can access them, are still \u003ca href=\"http://inyo.coffeecup.com/site/kh/kettleman.html\">full of fossils\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50109\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillssanddollar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50109\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg\" alt=\"The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"484\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50109\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-400x387.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillssanddollar-32x32.jpg 32w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The sand dollar Dendraster gibbsi, 43 millimeters across, from the interior of the Kettleman Hills. Photo courtesy {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/\"}James St. John{/link} of Flickr under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can cross the hills in three places, two of them busy highways: the Avenal cutoff in the north and state route 41 in the middle. I've tried looking for places to pull over on these roads and it basically shouldn't be done. Take the third way, farther south starting at the Utica Avenue exit; head west and then immediately south on 25th Avenue, taking it all the way to Twisselman Road and back to the freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsroutemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png\" alt=\"kethillsroutemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50108\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsroutemap-400x283.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The edge of the hills is marked by the California Aqueduct, which is always worth contemplating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillsaqueduct/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg\" alt=\"Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"600\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50106\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillsaqueduct-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are a few roadcuts worth checking out. They all seem to be full of fossils dating from the Pleistocene, when the Central Valley was an arm of the sea. With the compression of the Coast Ranges, outlying folds in the crust of the San Joaquin Valley were pushed up into anticlines which formed traps for huge amounts of oil and gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillfossils/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg\" alt=\"kethillfossils\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillfossils-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where Devil's Den Road splits off is the gap between the Middle and South Domes of the Kettleman Hills. East of there was the shoreline of Tulare Lake, an inland sea that was drained away long ago by the farms and cities of the Great Valley. Imagine the effect it must have had on the local climate here. This countryside, at its best, is worlds away from I-5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/28/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills/kethillstop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg\" alt=\"kethillstop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-50110\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/kethillstop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, the point of a side trip is not to rush—plenty of opportunity for that on the freeway—and be ready to stop and smell the flowers, or at least sniff the breeze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50103/side-trips-from-interstate-5-kettleman-hills","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_639","quest_13200","quest_11797","quest_9804","quest_2057","quest_2169","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_50110","label":"quest"},"quest_49829":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49829","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49829","score":null,"sort":[1361548851000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","title":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper","publishDate":1361548851,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"On February 8th, the rover Curiosity used its drill to bore a hole into a slab of flat bedrock, marking the first time we have probed deeply into the interior of a Martian rock in search of the secrets of Mars' past it may hold. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998043,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":481},"headData":{"title":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper | KQED","description":"On February 8th, the rover Curiosity used its drill to bore a hole into a slab of flat bedrock, marking the first time we have probed deeply into the interior of a Martian rock in search of the secrets of Mars' past it may hold. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49829 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49829","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/","disqusTitle":"The Mars Rover Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper","path":"/quest/49829/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49841\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/msl-thwackmarks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg\" alt=\"Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49841\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/msl-thwackmarks-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before sending the Curiosity rover to Mars, its drilling technology was tested exhaustively by drilling many holes in samples of Earth rock.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Add another word to your vocabulary of Martian geological exploration: thwacking...repeat, not fracking, but thwacking!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thwack: to strike with or as if with something flat or heavy. (Merriam Webster's.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, NASA held a press conference to announce another first in our robotic exploration of Mars. On February 8th, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/index.html\" title=\"NASA Mars Science Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">Curiosity \u003c/a>(of the Mars Science Laboratory mission) used its drill to bore a hole (maybe more correctly, used its thwacker to thwack a hole) into a slab of flat bedrock. The boring tool uses vibrating impacts to speed up the rock penetration of the rotating drill bit, not unlike a handheld impact drill, or a tiny jackhammer with a spinning tip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hole, 6.4 centimeters deep (about the length of my pinky finger), is aimed at delivering a sample of pulverized rock powder to Curiosity's onboard chemical analysis laboratories--more specifically, a sample from deeper into the rock than 5 centimeters, rock which has not been chemically altered by the weathering effects that the material at the outer surfaces endures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch of bedrock chosen for this micro-excursion is thought to be ancient, making a probing of mere inches an excursion of perhaps millions of years into Mars' past--maybe far back enough to probe a time when liquid water existed on its surface. Regardless of whether it finds the watery signature of ancient surface liquid in this sample, exciting though that would be, the rover's mission is to probe Mars' geology to assess the past habitability of the planet--so we'll get what we get. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a 6.4 centimeter hole in bedrock barely sounds like scratching the surface, this hole bears the distinction of being the deepest we've dug into solid rock on Mars. And it's really no small feat. Perhaps to get an idea of what it takes to do this sort of prospecting, try it yourself: get an impact drill (one of those hand drills that vibrates up and down as it bores) with a one-inch masonry bit and try drilling/thwacking a 2.5 inch hold into an old piece of concrete (disclaimer: make sure it's your own concrete, not someone else's paving stone or patio--and be sure you're wearing proper eye protection gear). Now, if you've managed to do this, think about the fact that NASA has done this by remote control on Mars. Curiosity is doing some amazingly challenging work out there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this moment the pulverized tablespoonful of pristine bedrock awaits being delivered to the instruments on Curiosity that will unlock all of its tantalizing chemical secrets--but maybe that can be the subject of a press release event in the near future. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49829/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_742","quest_11741","quest_13200","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2457"],"featImg":"quest_49841","label":"quest"},"quest_49612":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49612","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49612","score":null,"sort":[1360868562000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them","title":"Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)","publishDate":1360868562,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49613\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Valentine's Day honors all ties of affection, from schoolchildren's innocent intimacies to the \"likes\" strewn on Facebook. But let's talk about romance and the occasions that nourish it. In the ideal date, one person takes another by the hand and leads him or her into a realm of wonder. And how does one recognize that wonder? Through the passion one senses in the other person and the answering passion in one's own heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passion can be found in all things, even chess and mathematics. I'm not capable of being flirtatious with the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Gambit\" target=\"_blank\">Queen's Opening\u003c/a> or making you giddy about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'H%C3%B4pital's_rule\" target=\"_blank\">l'Hôpital's Rule\u003c/a>, but I can speak for geology lovers. \"Heart\" is an anagram of \"Earth\" for us. In the science devoted to landscape and rocks, the perception of color and form is not just an observational tool but an art. And the pursuit of meaning in geology begins with perceptions and intimations of beauty. So I heartily recommend dates with geologists, especially in this part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Brown, an undergrad studying meteorites at Portland State University, has fond memories of one such date in the Bay Area: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pseudo first date took place in San Francisco while I was down there over the holiday break. I met a guy through my friend that I was staying with and he offered to show me around the city. There was a mutual attraction between us, but I was heading back to Portland and he to Iowa City. For that reason I call it a pseudo first date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Had it been a first date, it would have been damned near perfect. I say that because he took me to all these geologically interesting spots and just listened to me ramble about the geology. And he was actually interested in what I was saying, too. He didn't get bored when I started to talk about the significance of the chert and pillow basalts at Twin Peaks. Nor did he zone out when I got excited over the possible Bouma sequences at Sutro Baths and the neighboring beach a bit further down. I think he was amused by my ramblings actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Regardless if it was a date or not, the combination of spending the day with a handsome man and looking at some cool geology made for a very ideal day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah yes, the Bouma sequence (pronounced with a \"wow\"). While still a young grad student, Arnold Bouma discovered the signature of underwater landslides in the rocks—a set of specific features, stacked one atop the other, found in sandstone beds. Almost immediately people named them after Bouma, and for the rest of his long career he was that rare kind of celebrity, an eponym. But it's one thing for me to tell you about Bouma sequences and another to clamber about the Sutro Baths with someone special, finding and sharing them like daisies in a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe you don't believe me. Here's another example, from Erika Amir, who also recalls a good time in the Bay Area in this post on Twitter: \"My ex-bf told me that he fell in love with me after seeing my enthusiasm the first time I took him to see coastal tafoni!\" And how could he have resisted?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance-tafoni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49614\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg\" alt=\"Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if someone interesting proposes a day trip to a cool field site, why not open yourself up to the unexpected? In my two years here on KQED Quest Science Blogs, I've presented 24 different \"Geological Outings Around the Bay\" that would serve admirably:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/\">Albany Hill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/\">The Cordelia and Green Valley faults\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/\">The Corona Heights slickenside\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">The Hayward fault in Hayward\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/\">Las Trampas Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">Los Trancos and the San Andreas fault\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">Moraga volcanics in the East Bay Hills\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">Mount Vaca\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Napa Glass Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">Natural Bridges\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">Point Pinole\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-ring-mountain/\">Ring Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">San Bruno Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach and the mammoth rubbing rocks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Don't be surprised, be delighted if your current or future romantic partner treats you to a day straight up on the rocks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360963876,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":705},"headData":{"title":"Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them) | KQED","description":"Don't be surprised, be delighted if your current or future romantic partner treats you to a day straight up on the rocks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49612 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49612","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/","disqusTitle":"Romantic Spots for Bay Area Geologists (and Those Who Love Them)","path":"/quest/49612/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49613\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49613\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-49613\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ring Mountain, in Marin County, is as beautiful as it is geological. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Valentine's Day honors all ties of affection, from schoolchildren's innocent intimacies to the \"likes\" strewn on Facebook. But let's talk about romance and the occasions that nourish it. In the ideal date, one person takes another by the hand and leads him or her into a realm of wonder. And how does one recognize that wonder? Through the passion one senses in the other person and the answering passion in one's own heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passion can be found in all things, even chess and mathematics. I'm not capable of being flirtatious with the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen's_Gambit\" target=\"_blank\">Queen's Opening\u003c/a> or making you giddy about \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'H%C3%B4pital's_rule\" target=\"_blank\">l'Hôpital's Rule\u003c/a>, but I can speak for geology lovers. \"Heart\" is an anagram of \"Earth\" for us. In the science devoted to landscape and rocks, the perception of color and form is not just an observational tool but an art. And the pursuit of meaning in geology begins with perceptions and intimations of beauty. So I heartily recommend dates with geologists, especially in this part of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Brown, an undergrad studying meteorites at Portland State University, has fond memories of one such date in the Bay Area: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pseudo first date took place in San Francisco while I was down there over the holiday break. I met a guy through my friend that I was staying with and he offered to show me around the city. There was a mutual attraction between us, but I was heading back to Portland and he to Iowa City. For that reason I call it a pseudo first date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Had it been a first date, it would have been damned near perfect. I say that because he took me to all these geologically interesting spots and just listened to me ramble about the geology. And he was actually interested in what I was saying, too. He didn't get bored when I started to talk about the significance of the chert and pillow basalts at Twin Peaks. Nor did he zone out when I got excited over the possible Bouma sequences at Sutro Baths and the neighboring beach a bit further down. I think he was amused by my ramblings actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Regardless if it was a date or not, the combination of spending the day with a handsome man and looking at some cool geology made for a very ideal day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ah yes, the Bouma sequence (pronounced with a \"wow\"). While still a young grad student, Arnold Bouma discovered the signature of underwater landslides in the rocks—a set of specific features, stacked one atop the other, found in sandstone beds. Almost immediately people named them after Bouma, and for the rest of his long career he was that rare kind of celebrity, an eponym. But it's one thing for me to tell you about Bouma sequences and another to clamber about the Sutro Baths with someone special, finding and sharing them like daisies in a field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe you don't believe me. Here's another example, from Erika Amir, who also recalls a good time in the Bay Area in this post on Twitter: \"My ex-bf told me that he fell in love with me after seeing my enthusiasm the first time I took him to see coastal tafoni!\" And how could he have resisted?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49614\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/14/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them/georomance-tafoni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49614\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg\" alt=\"Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49614\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/georomance-tafoni-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tafoni at Pebble Beach, San Mateo County\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So if someone interesting proposes a day trip to a cool field site, why not open yourself up to the unexpected? In my two years here on KQED Quest Science Blogs, I've presented 24 different \"Geological Outings Around the Bay\" that would serve admirably:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/\">Albany Hill\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-alum-rock-park/\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/16/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-cordelia-and-green-valley-faults/\">The Cordelia and Green Valley faults\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/\">The Corona Heights slickenside\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/\">Fremont Peak\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">The Hayward fault in Hayward\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-las-trampas-regional-wilderness/\">Las Trampas Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">Los Trancos and the San Andreas fault\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/\">Moraga volcanics in the East Bay Hills\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">Mount Vaca\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/\">Napa Glass Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">Natural Bridges\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/\">New Almaden\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">Point Pinole\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-ring-mountain/\">Ring Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-rodeo-beach/\">Rodeo Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">San Bruno Mountain\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach and the mammoth rubbing rocks\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/19/geological-outings-around-the-bay-sunol-regional-wilderness/\">Sunol Wilderness\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49612/romantic-spots-for-bay-area-geologists-and-those-who-love-them","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11730","quest_771","quest_13200","quest_10113","quest_1881","quest_13202","quest_2447","quest_11729","quest_11728"],"featImg":"quest_49613","label":"quest"},"quest_45604":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45604","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45604","score":null,"sort":[1349378320000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field","title":"Earth Science Week 2012: Careers in the Field","publishDate":1349378320,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45605\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/04/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field/esw2012/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45605\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ESW2012-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ESW2012\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45605\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service geologist Jessica Lopez Pearce leads a tour at Summit Mountain in Kaibab National Forest. Geologists are key in turning on students to the coolness that is geoscience. Photo courtesy U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Kaibab National Forest under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week has been held every October since 1998 for the rock-lovers among us to celebrate together. Each time it has a different theme, and for 2012 the theme is \"Discovering Careers in the Earth Sciences.\" Geoscience touches everyone's lives, and wherever you look in it there's a career waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careers are a major focus for the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), the founder of Earth Science Week. I will point you to the AGI's \u003ca href=\"http://www.agiweb.org/workforce/currents.html\">Geoscience Currents page\u003c/a> for data on recent salaries and job categories. But good salaries and job opportunities aren't the things that attract young people to the geosciences, according to a recent AGI survey of students. For the great majority of students it was one of two things: they came to college already knowing that geoscience is cool, or a gifted teacher of Geology 101 showed them that geoscience is cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week is a way of spreading around that initiation experience to the wider public. Between October 14 and 20, here are some of the things you might consider. First, of course, is to follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Earth-Science-Week/24519701661\">Earth Science Week Facebook page\u003c/a> for new announcements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go out and play on No Child Left Inside Day, on Tuesday, October 16. The AGI has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/ncli/\">activity guide for teachers\u003c/a> in case you're rusty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/24/earthcaches-learning-through-hide-and-seek/\">EarthCaches\u003c/a> are a special type of geocache that focus on the rocks and processes beneath the landscape. Instead of trading trinkets in a hidden box, you learn a lesson to take away with you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency NASA is hosting three days (Tuesday to Thursday) of online chats with working geoscientists in and near Antarctica. These include two events in Spanish. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/esw2012.html\">Details and schedule here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does NASA care about Earth? Because the space program has paid off tremendously by giving us a platform to view and study Earth from above. NASA's Theresa Schwerin sticks to the jobs theme: \"NASA Earth explorers have careers that span across the sciences and engineering to education and communications, and can take them to the far reaches of the planet.\" The NASA site for Earth Science Week has an illuminating \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/eswSite/eswCareers/\">page on careers\u003c/a> that offers far more possibilities than you might think, including artists, lawyers and—hey, how about that!—writers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Fossil Day is on Wednesday, October 17. You might think of the great dinosaur-centered national parks, and indeed the National Park Service \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/geology/nationalfossilday/\">has a lot going on\u003c/a> all around the country that day, not just in the parks but on the National Mall in Washington DC. Locally I don't see any events, but a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/upload/Paleo_Inventory_Executive_Briefing.pdf\">National Park Service inventory of fossil resources in the Bay Area\u003c/a> may suggest a self-directed quest, something even more informal than an EarthCache, to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">find and photograph our own fossils\u003c/a>. And you can always check the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/NatlFossilDay\">National Fossil Day Facebook page\u003c/a> for updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday the 19th is \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/geologicmap/\">Geologic Map Day\u003c/a>. The AGI has a wide-ranging set of resources for this, but to my way of thinking the good old-fashioned paper geologic map is your best entertainment value. No doubt the \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> at the U.S. Geological Survey campus in Menlo Park will have some specials that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate Earth Science Week experience, I think, would be to spend it at the Grand Canyon. All that week, Grand Canyon National Park will be having \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/earth-sci-week.htm\">special walks, talks and presentations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine building a career—living a life—around those subjects. That's the promise of the geosciences. Find a geoscientist during Earth Science Week to turn you on to this exciting field.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"More than the good salaries and jobs, it's the coolness that attracts young people to geoscience.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349809072,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":653},"headData":{"title":"Earth Science Week 2012: Careers in the Field | KQED","description":"More than the good salaries and jobs, it's the coolness that attracts young people to geoscience.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"45604 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=45604","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/04/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field/","disqusTitle":"Earth Science Week 2012: Careers in the Field","path":"/quest/45604/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45605\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/04/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field/esw2012/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-45605\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/ESW2012-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ESW2012\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45605\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service geologist Jessica Lopez Pearce leads a tour at Summit Mountain in Kaibab National Forest. Geologists are key in turning on students to the coolness that is geoscience. Photo courtesy U.S. Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Kaibab National Forest under Creative Commons license\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week has been held every October since 1998 for the rock-lovers among us to celebrate together. Each time it has a different theme, and for 2012 the theme is \"Discovering Careers in the Earth Sciences.\" Geoscience touches everyone's lives, and wherever you look in it there's a career waiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Careers are a major focus for the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), the founder of Earth Science Week. I will point you to the AGI's \u003ca href=\"http://www.agiweb.org/workforce/currents.html\">Geoscience Currents page\u003c/a> for data on recent salaries and job categories. But good salaries and job opportunities aren't the things that attract young people to the geosciences, according to a recent AGI survey of students. For the great majority of students it was one of two things: they came to college already knowing that geoscience is cool, or a gifted teacher of Geology 101 showed them that geoscience is cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth Science Week is a way of spreading around that initiation experience to the wider public. Between October 14 and 20, here are some of the things you might consider. First, of course, is to follow the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Earth-Science-Week/24519701661\">Earth Science Week Facebook page\u003c/a> for new announcements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Go out and play on No Child Left Inside Day, on Tuesday, October 16. The AGI has an \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/ncli/\">activity guide for teachers\u003c/a> in case you're rusty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/24/earthcaches-learning-through-hide-and-seek/\">EarthCaches\u003c/a> are a special type of geocache that focus on the rocks and processes beneath the landscape. Instead of trading trinkets in a hidden box, you learn a lesson to take away with you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space agency NASA is hosting three days (Tuesday to Thursday) of online chats with working geoscientists in and near Antarctica. These include two events in Spanish. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/esw2012.html\">Details and schedule here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why does NASA care about Earth? Because the space program has paid off tremendously by giving us a platform to view and study Earth from above. NASA's Theresa Schwerin sticks to the jobs theme: \"NASA Earth explorers have careers that span across the sciences and engineering to education and communications, and can take them to the far reaches of the planet.\" The NASA site for Earth Science Week has an illuminating \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/eswSite/eswCareers/\">page on careers\u003c/a> that offers far more possibilities than you might think, including artists, lawyers and—hey, how about that!—writers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Fossil Day is on Wednesday, October 17. You might think of the great dinosaur-centered national parks, and indeed the National Park Service \u003ca href=\"http://nature.nps.gov/geology/nationalfossilday/\">has a lot going on\u003c/a> all around the country that day, not just in the parks but on the National Mall in Washington DC. Locally I don't see any events, but a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/naturescience/upload/Paleo_Inventory_Executive_Briefing.pdf\">National Park Service inventory of fossil resources in the Bay Area\u003c/a> may suggest a self-directed quest, something even more informal than an EarthCache, to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">find and photograph our own fossils\u003c/a>. And you can always check the \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/NatlFossilDay\">National Fossil Day Facebook page\u003c/a> for updates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friday the 19th is \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/geologicmap/\">Geologic Map Day\u003c/a>. The AGI has a wide-ranging set of resources for this, but to my way of thinking the good old-fashioned paper geologic map is your best entertainment value. No doubt the \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> at the U.S. Geological Survey campus in Menlo Park will have some specials that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate Earth Science Week experience, I think, would be to spend it at the Grand Canyon. All that week, Grand Canyon National Park will be having \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/earth-sci-week.htm\">special walks, talks and presentations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine building a career—living a life—around those subjects. That's the promise of the geosciences. Find a geoscientist during Earth Science Week to turn you on to this exciting field.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45604/earth-science-week-2012-carees-in-the-field","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_493","quest_11517","quest_13200","quest_10190","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_45605","label":"quest"},"quest_43136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43136","score":null,"sort":[1347388186000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"be-moved-by-earthquake","title":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course","publishDate":1347388186,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What are earthquakes? Gain a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with an e-book and iTunes U course co-produced by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824884,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":776},"headData":{"title":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course | KQED","description":"What are earthquakes? Gain a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with an e-book and iTunes U course co-produced by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43136 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/","disqusTitle":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course","path":"/quest/43136/be-moved-by-earthquake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43136/be-moved-by-earthquake","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_10189","quest_907","quest_13196","quest_13200","quest_13"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_43175","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_42964":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42964","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42964","score":null,"sort":[1345748936000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geoscientists-without-borders","title":"Geoscientists Without Borders","publishDate":1345748936,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/geosciwoutborders/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42965\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42965\" title=\"geosciwoutborders\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/geosciwoutborders-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicists of the Afghanistan Geological Survey operate a portable proton-precession magnetometer in the countryside. Good science can be done on a shoestring. US Geological Survey photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have all heard about Doctors Without Borders, an organization that sends skilled medical people wherever their urgent help is needed. I guarantee that few of you have heard about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders\">Geoscientists Without Borders\u003c/a> (GWB), a humanitarian program with similar aims for geologists and their allied specialists. (GWB is not formally connected to Doctors Without Borders.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No profession is immune to the desire to help—certainly not geoscientists. Seismologists study earthquakes to save lives as well as understand the planet. Volcanologists study eruptions because they're deadly, not just cool. Hydrologists seek safe and sustainable water supplies for all the world's people. And so on. Geoscientists offer not just warm bodies and field skills, but also powerful geophysical technologies: tools using electromagnetic, acoustic or nuclear forces to pierce the Earth's surface and draw data from places we cannot reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoscientists use these tools routinely for their everyday jobs, whether it's curiosity-driven research or dollar-driven investigations. The chance to do good with their tools is what draws geoscientists to GWB. In addition, GWB projects involve students \"to provide opportunities for the future workforce to see the value of geophysics for humanitarian uses and to prepare them with real-world experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GWB is not set up for search-and-rescue work. The slower-paced projects it funds have to do with locating groundwater supplies for remote communities, landslide mapping in mountain districts, mapping of deep geology for earthquake preparedness and tracing areas of subsurface pollution. Many projects bring instruments to an area and leave them in the hands of local students who are trained in their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All projects are run by nonprofit institutions, mostly universities. They offer great opportunities for, say, supporting a master's project, especially for graduate students with homelands outside the United States. But industry scientists could participate if their company has an affiliated foundation, for instance. GWB's initial funding in 2007 came from the exploration giant Schlumberger, and it is run by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Foundation. This month, the prestigious Geological Society of America \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/12-62.htm\">joined GWB as a supporter\u003c/a>. GWB has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Geoscientists-Without-Borders-SEG-Foundation/125939987490284\">Facebook page\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical project is \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders/projects/southafrica\">one in South Africa\u003c/a> that involves Berkeley scientist Louise Pellerin of Green Engineering, Inc. as well as several other government and academic entities. The Dayspring Children's School near Johannesburg relies on a well for its water, but the growth of water-loving eucalyptus trees has lowered the water table. The GWB project has done an underground survey using gravity and electromagnetic instruments to study the situation and support a plan with good data. South African geology students have gained valuable experience, and the children have been energized by the attention.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The chance to do good with their tools draws geoscientists to humanitarian projects around the world.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346781999,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":480},"headData":{"title":"Geoscientists Without Borders | KQED","description":"The chance to do good with their tools draws geoscientists to humanitarian projects around the world.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42964 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42964","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/","disqusTitle":"Geoscientists Without Borders","path":"/quest/42964/geoscientists-without-borders","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/23/geoscientists-without-borders/geosciwoutborders/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42965\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42965\" title=\"geosciwoutborders\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/geosciwoutborders-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Geophysicists of the Afghanistan Geological Survey operate a portable proton-precession magnetometer in the countryside. Good science can be done on a shoestring. US Geological Survey photo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have all heard about Doctors Without Borders, an organization that sends skilled medical people wherever their urgent help is needed. I guarantee that few of you have heard about \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders\">Geoscientists Without Borders\u003c/a> (GWB), a humanitarian program with similar aims for geologists and their allied specialists. (GWB is not formally connected to Doctors Without Borders.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No profession is immune to the desire to help—certainly not geoscientists. Seismologists study earthquakes to save lives as well as understand the planet. Volcanologists study eruptions because they're deadly, not just cool. Hydrologists seek safe and sustainable water supplies for all the world's people. And so on. Geoscientists offer not just warm bodies and field skills, but also powerful geophysical technologies: tools using electromagnetic, acoustic or nuclear forces to pierce the Earth's surface and draw data from places we cannot reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geoscientists use these tools routinely for their everyday jobs, whether it's curiosity-driven research or dollar-driven investigations. The chance to do good with their tools is what draws geoscientists to GWB. In addition, GWB projects involve students \"to provide opportunities for the future workforce to see the value of geophysics for humanitarian uses and to prepare them with real-world experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GWB is not set up for search-and-rescue work. The slower-paced projects it funds have to do with locating groundwater supplies for remote communities, landslide mapping in mountain districts, mapping of deep geology for earthquake preparedness and tracing areas of subsurface pollution. Many projects bring instruments to an area and leave them in the hands of local students who are trained in their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All projects are run by nonprofit institutions, mostly universities. They offer great opportunities for, say, supporting a master's project, especially for graduate students with homelands outside the United States. But industry scientists could participate if their company has an affiliated foundation, for instance. GWB's initial funding in 2007 came from the exploration giant Schlumberger, and it is run by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists Foundation. This month, the prestigious Geological Society of America \u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/12-62.htm\">joined GWB as a supporter\u003c/a>. GWB has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/pages/Geoscientists-Without-Borders-SEG-Foundation/125939987490284\">Facebook page\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical project is \u003ca href=\"http://www.seg.org/web/foundation/programs/geoscientists-without-borders/projects/southafrica\">one in South Africa\u003c/a> that involves Berkeley scientist Louise Pellerin of Green Engineering, Inc. as well as several other government and academic entities. The Dayspring Children's School near Johannesburg relies on a well for its water, but the growth of water-loving eucalyptus trees has lowered the water table. The GWB project has done an underground survey using gravity and electromagnetic instruments to study the situation and support a plan with good data. South African geology students have gained valuable experience, and the children have been energized by the attention.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42964/geoscientists-without-borders","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13200","quest_11385","quest_13202","quest_11384"],"featImg":"quest_42965","label":"quest"},"quest_42610":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42610","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42610","score":null,"sort":[1345042849000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","title":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","publishDate":1345042849,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists are looking for elements and molecules that signify life as we know it. But even if they don’t find those molecules, minerals contain important information about the Martian environment. That could help scientists determine if life could have survived on the planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1346782090,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":620},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars | KQED","description":"Scientists are looking for elements and molecules that signify life as we know it. But even if they don’t find those molecules, minerals contain important information about the Martian environment. That could help scientists determine if life could have survived on the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"42610 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=42610","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/","disqusTitle":"NASA's Roving Robotic Chemist Will Collect Clues For Life on Mars","path":"/quest/42610/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/15/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars/curiosity-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-42612\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42612\" title=\"curiosity resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/curiosity-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity rover\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s rendition of the Mars rover Curiosity, a robotic chemist and geologist. Credit: {link url=\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On August 5, the world was abuzz about a rover named Curiosity landing on Mars. Now that feat of \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/index.cfm?id=1090\">masterful engineering\u003c/a> is over, the rover wakes up, starts its instruments and begins its business of chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More specifically, Curiosity is looking for elements and molecules that could be clues to past life on the planet. Elemental analysis is one of the most basic things chemists do, as it helps them figure out products formed in a reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In graduate school, I worked in a lab that built complicated molecules that could be potential medicines. I mixed powders and liquids in a flask, waited for a reaction and then set about identifying what I made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time I started a reaction knowing what the products should be. Sometimes I retrieved those products. Other times the reaction took an unexpected turn and I collected products with too few or too many atoms. That's when the chemical detective work began. Knowing what products the reaction created, I used my knowledge of chemistry, the reaction conditions, and the materials in the flask to guess how those side products might have formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity, the wandering robotic chemist, might find molecular products like methane or protein building blocks possibly formed by past life on Mars and now trapped in rocks and minerals. But scientists analyzing the significance of those clues have an extra challenge that I didn’t: They don’t know reaction conditions on the planet, like time, temperature and acidity, which could affect how those products formed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the minerals themselves, and the planet’s atmosphere, have information to help fill that knowledge gap. The rover vaporizes some rocks with a laser and identifies the elements in the rocks \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/the-curious-wavefunction/2012/08/08/light-crystals-and-a-chemist-called-curiosity/\">based on emitted light\u003c/a>. If a rock contains salts like sodium and potassium, then perhaps it formed in a watery environment. Other elemental indicators tell the scientists if that water was too acidic to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2012/05/carbon-in-rocks-frm-mars-comes-from-volcanoes-not-life/\">recent study \u003c/a>of Martian meteorites used a similar approach to conclude that carbon in the rocks came from volcanoes, not life. The scientists aimed a powerful laser at mineral grains in slices of the meteorite, identifying the elements in the minerals and structure of the carbon-containing compounds. The minerals likely formed in volcanoes; thus the graphite-like clusters inside the grains likely came from volcanoes too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That mystery about the origin of carbon in Martian meteorites took 15 years to solve, because other experiments couldn’t rule out the possibility that the carbon formed while the meteorite sat on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity finds molecules that might be evidence for the existence of life as we know it, scientists have to rule out similar contamination issues. Perhaps the molecules formed in the planet’s atmosphere and fell to the surface, or maybe compounds in the soil altered the measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elemental analysis of minerals will help scientists identify the environment on Mars about one to two billion years ago, during the middle of its known life. With those clues to the reaction conditions on the planet, scientists can then work backwards to figure out if the planet could have sustained life. I look forward to following how Curiosity helps scientists unravel \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=63&sousrubrique=208&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=Curiosity%20-%20Why%20Mars?\">complex questions\u003c/a> about past habitability on Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More reading:\u003cbr>\n1. \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/science/\">Science experiments\u003c/a> on Curiosity, from NASA\u003cbr>\n2. Details of some chemistry instruments on Curiosity:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/p26510688kg4q808/fulltext.pdf?MUD=MP\">Sample Analysis at Mars\u003c/a>, identifying carbon-containing compounds using instruments common to many labs here on Earth\u003cbr>\n3. \u003ca href=\"http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=223&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20What%20will%20ChemCam%20tell%20us?\">ChemCam\u003c/a>, studying the composition of rocks on a small scale and looking for interesting places to study with \u003ca href=\"http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/CheMin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42610/nasas-roving-robotic-chemist-will-collect-clues-for-life-on-mars","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13194","quest_742","quest_13200","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2457"],"featImg":"quest_42612","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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