California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate
With Large Oil Reserve, California Faces Fracking Debate
Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel
Biofuels Face a Reality Check
When the Sun Don't Shine and the Wind Don't Blow
Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump
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Read a breakdown of the new regulations on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/18/calif-regulators-release-draft-fracking-regulations/#regulations\">KQED's News Fix blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47969\" title=\"KernCounty\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil field in Kern County. Regulators says fracking has been used in California for five decades. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is wading into that fight. State regulators are expected to release California’s first rules on fracking by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing has revived oil and gas development in places like West Texas. Thirty years ago, the oil industry there went bust. Now, it’s booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t do things the way we used to do them,” says Ben Shepperd, president of the Permian Basin Petroleum Association, a regional trade group in West Texas. He’s standing next to a towering rig that’s drilling a new oil well on the outskirts of Midland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 20s, a frack job was: once you drill a hole, you drop TNT down the hole and crack the rock that way. That was an old-fashioned frack job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking technology has come a long way since then. Oil companies drill horizontally underground along a layer of oil-saturated shale rock. Then, they inject water mixed with sand and chemicals into the well at high pressure. That cracks the rock, releasing the oil inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepperd says companies are spending a billion dollars a month on drilling in West Texas. But that activity has brought new attention and new rules on things like the spacing of wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city of Midland updated their drilling ordinance to require setback distances and to require notification of landowners,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the country, regulating fracking has been largely up to state, county and even city governments. In places where hundreds of new wells have gone in like Pennsylvania, Colorado, and New York, the battles have gotten ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See part one from this series - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\">California Faces Fracking Debate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q&A - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/how-do-californias-fracking-regulations-compare-to-other-states/\">How other states are regulating fracking\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we were late to this game,” says Bill Allayaud of the non-profit Environmental Working Group. He says just a few years ago, it wasn’t clear if fracking was widespread in California. So, he asked state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said we don’t need to frack here. We don’t need to get gas out of the ground that way. But it turns out we’ve been getting oil out of the ground that way for decades,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx\">Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> (DOGGR) confirms that fracking has been used in the state for 50 years. The agency doesn’t require drillers to specifically report fracking, so it couldn’t say where it’s been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to worry Allyaud as issues emerged around the country. “There’ve been well blowouts, there’s been spills into water bodies, there’s been contamination of groundwater,” he says. There have also been reports of health effects. But in most cases, the studies haven’t been conclusive on whether fracking was responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe some is true, maybe some isn’t. But we’re pretty sure there’s enough solid evidence now to ask more questions, to get better scrutiny, to make sure here in California that we’re up to the task,” says Allayaud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Working Group and others co-sponsored a bill in the state legislature that would have required more disclosure about fracking. It failed two years in a row - amid opposition from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, state regulators are stepping in. They’re drafting fracking regulations for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upcoming Draft Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard this often – this was an unregulated activity,” says Tupper Hull, a lobbyist with the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a statement that we strongly disagree with. This is a state where industrial activities and certainly oil and gas activities are heavily regulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because of the new attention, Hull says many oil companies are now voluntarily reporting where they’re fracking on the \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">FracFocus website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that there’s a desire on the part of a lot of people to see disclosure and we fully expect that we will be required to disclose the chemicals that are used in hydraulic fracture, the location of hydraulic fracturing,” Hull says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations are focusing on is really to make sure the operators are pre-planning the frack job to make sure it’s done correctly, monitoring during fracking and reporting after,” says Tim Kustic of DOGGR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of this has already been going on, It just hasn’t been captured in regulations. It’s just industry’s best practice,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47971\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47971\" title=\"Texas\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling site in West Texas, where hydraulic fracturing has led to an oil development boom. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kustic says the regulations probably won’t make drillers disclose the precise chemical recipe of their fracking fluids, since it's considered a trade secret. And when it comes to monitoring groundwater around fracking sites to detect contamination, Kustic says that will likely be left to the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s California’s complex geology. “You don’t want to be hydraulically fracturing an active fault,” says Mark Zoback, a geophysicist at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the likelihood that fracking would cause a big earthquake is relatively low. But there could be an issue with the fracking waste water. Drillers often dispose of it by injecting it in underground wells, which builds up pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a big fault to make a big earthquake. And it’s sort of a no-brainer – you don’t inject into existing faults, especially big ones,” Zoback says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators aren’t likely to deal with that in the fracking regulations, but Zoback says it’s something they’ll have to pay attention to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know it’s not hydraulic fracturing is good or hydraulic fracturing is bad. Hydraulic fracturing is safe or hydraulic fracturing is unsafe. On a case by case basis, you have to consider what’s safe to do and what’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators hope to finalize California’s first fracking regulations sometime next year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it. Now, California is wading into that fight.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356731868,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1156},"headData":{"title":"California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate | KQED","description":"The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it. Now, California is wading into that fight.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47968 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=47968","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate/","disqusTitle":"California Prepares First Fracking Regulations, Joining Nationwide Debate","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/47968/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121217science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121217science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California released \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/Index/Pages/Index.aspx\">draft fracking regulations\u003c/a> on December 18. Read a breakdown of the new regulations on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/18/calif-regulators-release-draft-fracking-regulations/#regulations\">KQED's News Fix blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47969\" title=\"KernCounty\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/KernCounty-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An oil field in Kern County. Regulators says fracking has been used in California for five decades. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The controversial drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing has created an oil and gas boom around the country – and that’s left state governments grappling with how to regulate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, California is wading into that fight. State regulators are expected to release California’s first rules on fracking by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing has revived oil and gas development in places like West Texas. Thirty years ago, the oil industry there went bust. Now, it’s booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t do things the way we used to do them,” says Ben Shepperd, president of the Permian Basin Petroleum Association, a regional trade group in West Texas. He’s standing next to a towering rig that’s drilling a new oil well on the outskirts of Midland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 20s, a frack job was: once you drill a hole, you drop TNT down the hole and crack the rock that way. That was an old-fashioned frack job.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fracking technology has come a long way since then. Oil companies drill horizontally underground along a layer of oil-saturated shale rock. Then, they inject water mixed with sand and chemicals into the well at high pressure. That cracks the rock, releasing the oil inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepperd says companies are spending a billion dollars a month on drilling in West Texas. But that activity has brought new attention and new rules on things like the spacing of wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The city of Midland updated their drilling ordinance to require setback distances and to require notification of landowners,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the country, regulating fracking has been largely up to state, county and even city governments. In places where hundreds of new wells have gone in like Pennsylvania, Colorado, and New York, the battles have gotten ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See part one from this series - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\">California Faces Fracking Debate\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Q&A - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/how-do-californias-fracking-regulations-compare-to-other-states/\">How other states are regulating fracking\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we were late to this game,” says Bill Allayaud of the non-profit Environmental Working Group. He says just a few years ago, it wasn’t clear if fracking was widespread in California. So, he asked state regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said we don’t need to frack here. We don’t need to get gas out of the ground that way. But it turns out we’ve been getting oil out of the ground that way for decades,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/Pages/Index.aspx\">Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources\u003c/a> (DOGGR) confirms that fracking has been used in the state for 50 years. The agency doesn’t require drillers to specifically report fracking, so it couldn’t say where it’s been happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to worry Allyaud as issues emerged around the country. “There’ve been well blowouts, there’s been spills into water bodies, there’s been contamination of groundwater,” he says. There have also been reports of health effects. But in most cases, the studies haven’t been conclusive on whether fracking was responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe some is true, maybe some isn’t. But we’re pretty sure there’s enough solid evidence now to ask more questions, to get better scrutiny, to make sure here in California that we’re up to the task,” says Allayaud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Working Group and others co-sponsored a bill in the state legislature that would have required more disclosure about fracking. It failed two years in a row - amid opposition from the oil industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, state regulators are stepping in. They’re drafting fracking regulations for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Upcoming Draft Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard this often – this was an unregulated activity,” says Tupper Hull, a lobbyist with the Western States Petroleum Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a statement that we strongly disagree with. This is a state where industrial activities and certainly oil and gas activities are heavily regulated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But because of the new attention, Hull says many oil companies are now voluntarily reporting where they’re fracking on the \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/\">FracFocus website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize that there’s a desire on the part of a lot of people to see disclosure and we fully expect that we will be required to disclose the chemicals that are used in hydraulic fracture, the location of hydraulic fracturing,” Hull says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What these regulations are focusing on is really to make sure the operators are pre-planning the frack job to make sure it’s done correctly, monitoring during fracking and reporting after,” says Tim Kustic of DOGGR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of this has already been going on, It just hasn’t been captured in regulations. It’s just industry’s best practice,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47971\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47971\" title=\"Texas\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Texas.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling site in West Texas, where hydraulic fracturing has led to an oil development boom. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kustic says the regulations probably won’t make drillers disclose the precise chemical recipe of their fracking fluids, since it's considered a trade secret. And when it comes to monitoring groundwater around fracking sites to detect contamination, Kustic says that will likely be left to the State Water Resources Control Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s California’s complex geology. “You don’t want to be hydraulically fracturing an active fault,” says Mark Zoback, a geophysicist at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the likelihood that fracking would cause a big earthquake is relatively low. But there could be an issue with the fracking waste water. Drillers often dispose of it by injecting it in underground wells, which builds up pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes a big fault to make a big earthquake. And it’s sort of a no-brainer – you don’t inject into existing faults, especially big ones,” Zoback says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators aren’t likely to deal with that in the fracking regulations, but Zoback says it’s something they’ll have to pay attention to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know it’s not hydraulic fracturing is good or hydraulic fracturing is bad. Hydraulic fracturing is safe or hydraulic fracturing is unsafe. On a case by case basis, you have to consider what’s safe to do and what’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators hope to finalize California’s first fracking regulations sometime next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47968/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_984","quest_1134","quest_10978","quest_1173","quest_10979","quest_11518","quest_13203","quest_2057","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_47969","label":"quest"},"quest_47738":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47738","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47738","score":null,"sort":[1354921842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate","title":"With Large Oil Reserve, California Faces Fracking Debate","publishDate":1354921842,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121210science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47739\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Monterey-fracking.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47739\" title=\"Monterey-fracking\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Monterey-fracking-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vineyards in Southern Monterey County.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new oil-and-gas boom that’s sweeping the country may be coming to California. With it comes the controversy over the drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing – or fracking. Widespread fracking in other states has launched a national debate over the impacts on public health and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been an oil-producing state, but it’s getting renewed attention because of the Monterey Shale, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/\">country’s largest shale oil resource\u003c/a>. It stretches under a large part of Central California. In places like Southern Monterey County, where new oil leases are being offered, the battle for fracking is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vineyards and Oil Pumpjacks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nVineyards and farms stretch for 40 miles along the narrow valley around Highway 101, about two hours south of San Jose. “As a coastal growing region, we are the largest planted acreage of Chardonnay, so much more than Napa or Sonoma has,” says Kurt Gollnick of Scheid Vineyards, a winery in the foothills of Salinas Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Monterey County wineries lack is the name recognition that Napa has - and the visitors that follow. “This is something that we’re trying to change now. We do have very scenic areas of Monterey County,” Gollnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, the focus has shifted to what’s under the ground: oil – and plenty of it. On December 12th, the federal Bureau of Land Management is opening 18,000 acres for oil leases in Monterey, Fresno and San Benito Counties. Some parcels aren’t far from Scheid Vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47752\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47752 \" title=\"20121007monterey_thumb\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/20121007monterey_thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"349\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Copyright ©, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2012, all rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is where that whole conversation of fracking comes up,” Gollnick says. The oil deep in the Monterey Shale is notoriously tough to extract. Most if it is locked inside the shale rock. But recently, oil companies have gotten a lot better at getting oil out of shale thanks to hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of gallons of water, mixed with sand and chemicals, are injected underground at high pressure. That cracks the rocks, letting the oil out. Around the country, hydraulic fracturing has led to record levels of oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shale Gold Rush\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now there’s a bit of a Gold Rush mentality concerning shale oil,” says Don Gautier, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. He says fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new right now is that the price of oil is reasonably high. This technology has become very sophisticated. So these explorationists are justifiably optimistic about the idea of being able to get out oil that couldn’t have been accessed just a few decades ago,” Gautier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s oil shale resource is huge – more than 15 billion barrels in the Monterey formation, according to one estimate. It’s bigger than North Dakota’s oil reserve, where recently, thousands of wells have been drilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has a lot of people wondering – is California next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debate Over Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is absolutely a danger of California being transformed almost overnight as other areas of the country have been when the fracking boom hits,” says Kassie Siegel, a lawyer with the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In other parts of the country, we’ve seen contaminated water,” she says. “We’ve seen people who live near oil and gas wells complaining of health effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those impacts are specifically caused by fracking is under debate in many places, but Siegel says it’s enough to be concerned. Her group is suing the Bureau of Land Management over the oil lease sales, saying the agency has failed to review the risks that new fracking techniques pose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47769\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47769\" title=\"figure_1es-lg\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/figure_1es-lg-404x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tight oil, or oil from shale, will be an increasingly large part of domestic U.S. oil production. North Dakota and Texas have more established oil shale operations than California. (Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They are acting as if nothing has changed in the oil and gas industry, but of course everything has changed,” Siegel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Bureau of Land Management office in Hollister, manager Rick Cooper says they’re offering the oil lease sale because of interest from oil companies. “Any time there’s new technology, then there’s going to be maybe a little buzz and a little interest in areas that hadn’t previously been developed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is predicting minor environmental impacts, however, because their analysis doesn’t forecast much new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t seen development signals as of yet. But if we begin to see increased development, it would be at that time that we would pull back and say, well, we probably are going to have to do more analysis,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Potential Shale Play\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several oil companies, including Venoco and Occidental, have reported they are experimenting in California’s shale formations. “Certainly our members are exploring how effective hydraulic fracturing is going to be in California,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an industry group representing oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hull says California’s geology could be challenging for large-scale fracking. The shale layers are messy, bent by seismic forces. But he believes fracking has the potential to boost the state’s oil production, which has been declining for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If hydraulic fracturing proves to be successful here as it’s been elsewhere, it’s an extraordinarily optimistic future we’re looking at from an energy point of view,” Hull says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Salinas Valley, Kurt Gollick says residents are watching. “I can tell you this from our perspective, farming is our number one source of income in Monterey County. It’s an eight billion-dollar industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gollnick says he hopes the two industries can coexist, but “if fracking introduces contamination to the water or anything else that affects growing practices, then that would be a huge point of conflict, no question about it.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The new oil-and-gas boom that’s sweeping the country may be coming to California. With it comes the controversy over the drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing – or fracking.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824323,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1065},"headData":{"title":"With Large Oil Reserve, California Faces Fracking Debate | KQED","description":"The new oil-and-gas boom that’s sweeping the country may be coming to California. With it comes the controversy over the drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing – or fracking.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"47738 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=47738","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/","disqusTitle":"With Large Oil Reserve, California Faces Fracking Debate","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/47738/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121210science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/12/20121210science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47739\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Monterey-fracking.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47739\" title=\"Monterey-fracking\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Monterey-fracking-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vineyards in Southern Monterey County.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new oil-and-gas boom that’s sweeping the country may be coming to California. With it comes the controversy over the drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing – or fracking. Widespread fracking in other states has launched a national debate over the impacts on public health and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been an oil-producing state, but it’s getting renewed attention because of the Monterey Shale, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/\">country’s largest shale oil resource\u003c/a>. It stretches under a large part of Central California. In places like Southern Monterey County, where new oil leases are being offered, the battle for fracking is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Vineyards and Oil Pumpjacks\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nVineyards and farms stretch for 40 miles along the narrow valley around Highway 101, about two hours south of San Jose. “As a coastal growing region, we are the largest planted acreage of Chardonnay, so much more than Napa or Sonoma has,” says Kurt Gollnick of Scheid Vineyards, a winery in the foothills of Salinas Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Monterey County wineries lack is the name recognition that Napa has - and the visitors that follow. “This is something that we’re trying to change now. We do have very scenic areas of Monterey County,” Gollnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lately, the focus has shifted to what’s under the ground: oil – and plenty of it. On December 12th, the federal Bureau of Land Management is opening 18,000 acres for oil leases in Monterey, Fresno and San Benito Counties. Some parcels aren’t far from Scheid Vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47752\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47752 \" title=\"20121007monterey_thumb\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/20121007monterey_thumb.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"349\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Copyright ©, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2012, all rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is where that whole conversation of fracking comes up,” Gollnick says. The oil deep in the Monterey Shale is notoriously tough to extract. Most if it is locked inside the shale rock. But recently, oil companies have gotten a lot better at getting oil out of shale thanks to hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of gallons of water, mixed with sand and chemicals, are injected underground at high pressure. That cracks the rocks, letting the oil out. Around the country, hydraulic fracturing has led to record levels of oil and gas production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shale Gold Rush\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now there’s a bit of a Gold Rush mentality concerning shale oil,” says Don Gautier, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. He says fracking is nothing new in California. It’s been used for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new right now is that the price of oil is reasonably high. This technology has become very sophisticated. So these explorationists are justifiably optimistic about the idea of being able to get out oil that couldn’t have been accessed just a few decades ago,” Gautier says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s oil shale resource is huge – more than 15 billion barrels in the Monterey formation, according to one estimate. It’s bigger than North Dakota’s oil reserve, where recently, thousands of wells have been drilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has a lot of people wondering – is California next?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Debate Over Fracking\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is absolutely a danger of California being transformed almost overnight as other areas of the country have been when the fracking boom hits,” says Kassie Siegel, a lawyer with the non-profit Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In other parts of the country, we’ve seen contaminated water,” she says. “We’ve seen people who live near oil and gas wells complaining of health effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those impacts are specifically caused by fracking is under debate in many places, but Siegel says it’s enough to be concerned. Her group is suing the Bureau of Land Management over the oil lease sales, saying the agency has failed to review the risks that new fracking techniques pose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47769\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47769\" title=\"figure_1es-lg\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/figure_1es-lg-404x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tight oil, or oil from shale, will be an increasingly large part of domestic U.S. oil production. North Dakota and Texas have more established oil shale operations than California. (Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They are acting as if nothing has changed in the oil and gas industry, but of course everything has changed,” Siegel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Bureau of Land Management office in Hollister, manager Rick Cooper says they’re offering the oil lease sale because of interest from oil companies. “Any time there’s new technology, then there’s going to be maybe a little buzz and a little interest in areas that hadn’t previously been developed,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency is predicting minor environmental impacts, however, because their analysis doesn’t forecast much new drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We haven’t seen development signals as of yet. But if we begin to see increased development, it would be at that time that we would pull back and say, well, we probably are going to have to do more analysis,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Potential Shale Play\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several oil companies, including Venoco and Occidental, have reported they are experimenting in California’s shale formations. “Certainly our members are exploring how effective hydraulic fracturing is going to be in California,” says Tupper Hull of the Western States Petroleum Association, an industry group representing oil and gas companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hull says California’s geology could be challenging for large-scale fracking. The shale layers are messy, bent by seismic forces. But he believes fracking has the potential to boost the state’s oil production, which has been declining for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If hydraulic fracturing proves to be successful here as it’s been elsewhere, it’s an extraordinarily optimistic future we’re looking at from an energy point of view,” Hull says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Salinas Valley, Kurt Gollick says residents are watching. “I can tell you this from our perspective, farming is our number one source of income in Monterey County. It’s an eight billion-dollar industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gollnick says he hopes the two industries can coexist, but “if fracking introduces contamination to the water or anything else that affects growing practices, then that would be a huge point of conflict, no question about it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47738/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_984","quest_1134","quest_10978","quest_1173","quest_10979","quest_11194","quest_13203","quest_2057","quest_13365","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_47739","label":"quest"},"quest_28599":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28599","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28599","score":null,"sort":[1324329846000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel","title":"Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel","publishDate":1324329846,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Can a renewable plant really replace crude oil? Find out how algae is becoming the fuel of the future -- grown like a farm crop. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366750279,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1039},"headData":{"title":"Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel | KQED","description":"Can a renewable plant really replace crude oil? Find out how algae is becoming the fuel of the future -- grown like a farm crop. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28599 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=28599","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/19/algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel/","disqusTitle":"Algae…Soylent Green…and the Future of Biofuel","path":"/quest/28599/algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28602\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28602\" title=\"Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Emma_Valdez_algae640marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emma Valdez, a Sapphire Energy technician, holds a petri dish with 1 million algae cells. Algae is grown and scaled up to 20-liter containers in about one week.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more and more cars on roadways worldwide – and fossil fuel supplies running low, can renewable fuels really replace crude oil?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, the alternative of choice is ethanol because corn is the mainstay of our economy. But corn, along with many other crops, takes lots of land…and huge amounts of water. As important as it is to Nebraska, ethanol, at best, is a 10% additive, not a future fuel in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what’s a \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">real\u003c/span> alternative? Research shows one promising alternative seems the least obvious – algae (see \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/algae-for-fuel.html\">QUEST Nebraska: Algae for Fuel\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae is a microscopic plant-like marine organism. There are billions of them in our world, and they exist all around us. Algae are found in ponds, lakes, streams – all types of bodies of water…even in your bathtub if it’s not cleaned regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s green and a bit slimy to the touch. For the most part, we avoid contact with algae – but it just may be the key to our energy future. How’s that? Companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.sapphireenergy.com/\">Sapphire Energy\u003c/a> in San Diego, CA are working with universities, including the University of Nebraska to make microscopic algae into the fuel for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae conjures up thoughts about Soylent Green, the 1973 sci-fi movie thriller that depicts human survival dependent upon on a green food ration made of “high protein plankton.” Algae are a type of plankton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>SPOILER ALERT: Do not read the next sentence if you’ve never \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">seen\u003c/span> this movie. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was more to the content of Soylent Green. Charlton Heston solves the riddle with a horrific warning: \u003cem>Soylent Green is PEOPLE!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember when I said algae are slimy? There’s a reason for that. If Charlton Heston was warning us, he’d exclaim: \u003cem>Algae is OIL!\u003c/em> Not exactly – but oil we use for our fuel today is actually made from ancient, ancient algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Each algae contains up to 50% oil,”\u003c/em> says University of Nebraska-Lincoln biologist George Oyler. Over millions of years, billions of algae die, collect, and over time are chemically altered through pressure and heat that converts algae oil into “crude oil” which we seek and drill for to energize our world. Finding a way to convert algae into oil faster than nature would create an almost endless supply of oil. \u003cem>“We want to accelerate that process into a single year.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, a QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/algae-power/\">Algae Power\u003c/a>, surveyed algae biofuel as a grand experiment, “not ready for prime time.” The problem was scaling up to industrial production. Now, Sapphire Energy is leading the way towards industrial production. It’s no longer a survey experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process begins as Sapphire technician Emma Valdez swipes a metal loop over an algae filled petri plate (culture dish) and transfers cells to a new plate. \u003cem>“Algae is one of the fastest growing plant on the planet. This plate contains millions of algae cells. I can take this plate and make multiple copies.” \u003c/em> Pointing to a stack of petri dishes, she explains that these plates are added to water to make a dense culture, giving rise to 20-liter glass carboy containers. \u003cem>“I can grow this to scale in a little over a week.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The carboy containers are then added to long oval test pools in a greenhouse, creating larger concentrations of promising algae species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing algae outdoors is a huge challenge. But that’s exactly Sapphire’s goal – creating algae farms. But algae is a wild plant. \u003cem>“No one’s taken a wild plant and just grown it to scale,”\u003c/em> says Mike Mendez, Sapphire’s former VP of Technology (now a research professor at UC-San Diego). \u003cem>“Algae isn’t an industry. It’s a commodity, like corn. We have to think like a farmer and grow algae as a crop.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plants like corn haven’t become crops overnight. Mendez says, \u003cem>“It took 7,000 years to get corn where it is today. I’m gonna have to do whatever it takes to speed up the process.”\u003c/em> Sapphire wants to plant, harvest and process algae oil in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28604\" title=\"AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/AlgaeBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Algae ponds at Sapphire Energy's test farm in Las Cruces, New Mexico.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, Sapphire has created a 20-acre aquatic test farm in arid Las Cruces, New Mexico. Why here? New Mexico has an abundance of sunlight and a rich supply of salt water beneath the dry sands that can’t be used for farming or drinking, but is perfect for growing algae. Nonetheless, the algae has to survive stress, disease, summer heat and winter freeze. For two years, scientists and technicians have been successful in scaling up algae from the carboys to 40-foot, then 100-foot, and finally 300-foot oval ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the algae mature in the ponds, it’s sent to an industrial centrifuge that separates the algae from the water, creating a thick algae paste. That paste is fed into a test pilot extractor that uses eco-friendly solvents to crack open the algae cells and release oil – green crude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sapphire will soon open a 300-acre in 2012. It will be the largest algae biofuel test plant in the nation. They expect to produce 1 million gallons of algae biofuel per year – an industry record. Once Sapphire can create even larger quantities of green crude, they believe the cost of creating an algae fuel will begin approaching the cost of oil. Stay tuned to see if their plan creates a viable renewable fuel for our future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28599/algae%e2%80%a6soylent-green%e2%80%a6and-the-future-of-biofuel","authors":["10297"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_116","quest_20","quest_10574","quest_10578","quest_1173","quest_10576","quest_3351","quest_2057","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_10577","quest_10579"],"featImg":"quest_28602","label":"quest"},"quest_28567":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_28567","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"28567","score":null,"sort":[1324080013000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"biofuels-face-a-reality-check","title":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check","publishDate":1324080013,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Despite the buzz around biofuels, the industry been slow to scale up. But Bay Area researchers are making breakthroughs that could move us one step closer to having our cars run on fuels from plants. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366739106,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1080},"headData":{"title":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"28567 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/biofuels-face-a-reality-check/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/biofuels-face-a-reality-check/","disqusTitle":"Biofuels Face a Reality Check","path":"/quest/28567/biofuels-face-a-reality-check","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/28567/biofuels-face-a-reality-check","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_329","quest_3483","quest_529","quest_10572","quest_984","quest_1023","quest_10573","quest_1173","quest_1523","quest_1630","quest_1812","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_2983"],"featImg":"quest_28569","label":"quest"},"quest_4782":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_4782","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"4782","score":null,"sort":[1262966445000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-the-sun-dont-shine-and-the-wind-dont-blow","title":"When the Sun Don't Shine and the Wind Don't Blow","publishDate":1262966445,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/ProcessFlowDiagram.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Rice Solar Energy Project will produce enough electricity to meet the demand of 60,000 households—about 150 megawatts—beginning in 2013.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/ProcessFlowDiagramlrg.jpeg\"> Click here for a full-size version of the diagram. Courtesy of SolarReserve.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world energy landscape dominated by coal, gas, oil, and nuclear, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar don’t stand a chance if we can’t find a way to store energy when the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow. In my last blog entry, I wrote about storing electric energy in a battery made of paper and nanotech ink (see \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2009/12/11/the-paper-battery-chase/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/11/the-paper-battery-chase/\">The Paper Battery Chase\u003c/a>). But it isn’t necessary to store electric energy. We can create hydrogen, using electricity generated from photovoltaic panels, and then use the hydrogen to fuel a fuel cell, which recreates the electricity. \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.leafcommunity.com/\" href=\"http://www.leafcommunity.com/\">The Leaf Community\u003c/a> in Italy is experimenting with this process. And energy changes forms in other ways. We can store heat from the sun and use it to create electricity in the dark. As in any energy storage and conversion process, if we can do it without losing too much energy in the process, we can add another tool to our renewable energy toolbox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I add a little salt to the water when cooking spaghetti—it raises the boiling point so that you can cook the pasta more quickly, although I’m not sure it makes a big difference. Mostly I add salt to make the spaghetti taste better. The properties of a liquid salt—a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate—are a little different. This liquid salt will store heat up to a temperature of 1,000\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F, which is much higher than the boiling point of water, 212\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F at sea level. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company, (PG&E) has contracted with SolarReserve LLC to store energy using liquid salt. The \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/ricesolar/index.html\" href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/ricesolar/index.html\">Rice Solar Energy Project\u003c/a> will produce enough electricity to meet the demand of 60,000 households—about 150 megawatts—beginning in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rice Project uses a large circular field of mirrors to reflect light onto a central tower. Liquid salt is circulated through the tower and, once heated, it is stored in an insulated tank. When the sun goes down the liquid salt will still be able to heat water well past the boiling point to create steam, which can be fed into a conventional steam turbine to produce—Walla—electricity. The liquid salt, now cooled, is stored in another tank and is ready to begin the process all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take that coal, gas, oil, and nuclear!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In a world energy landscape dominated by coal, gas, oil, and nuclear, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar don't stand a chance if we can't find a way to store energy when the sun doesn't shine and the wind doesn't blow.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367350038,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":456},"headData":{"title":"When the Sun Don't Shine and the Wind Don't Blow | KQED","description":"In a world energy landscape dominated by coal, gas, oil, and nuclear, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar don't stand a chance if we can't find a way to store energy when the sun doesn't shine and the wind doesn't blow.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"4782 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=4782","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/08/when-the-sun-dont-shine-and-the-wind-dont-blow/","disqusTitle":"When the Sun Don't Shine and the Wind Don't Blow","WpOldSlug":"when-the-sun-don%e2%80%99t-shine-and-the-wind-don%e2%80%99t-blow","path":"/quest/4782/when-the-sun-dont-shine-and-the-wind-dont-blow","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/ProcessFlowDiagram.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Rice Solar Energy Project will produce enough electricity to meet the demand of 60,000 households—about 150 megawatts—beginning in 2013.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/ProcessFlowDiagramlrg.jpeg\"> Click here for a full-size version of the diagram. Courtesy of SolarReserve.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world energy landscape dominated by coal, gas, oil, and nuclear, renewable energy sources such as wind and solar don’t stand a chance if we can’t find a way to store energy when the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow. In my last blog entry, I wrote about storing electric energy in a battery made of paper and nanotech ink (see \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2009/12/11/the-paper-battery-chase/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/11/the-paper-battery-chase/\">The Paper Battery Chase\u003c/a>). But it isn’t necessary to store electric energy. We can create hydrogen, using electricity generated from photovoltaic panels, and then use the hydrogen to fuel a fuel cell, which recreates the electricity. \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.leafcommunity.com/\" href=\"http://www.leafcommunity.com/\">The Leaf Community\u003c/a> in Italy is experimenting with this process. And energy changes forms in other ways. We can store heat from the sun and use it to create electricity in the dark. As in any energy storage and conversion process, if we can do it without losing too much energy in the process, we can add another tool to our renewable energy toolbox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I add a little salt to the water when cooking spaghetti—it raises the boiling point so that you can cook the pasta more quickly, although I’m not sure it makes a big difference. Mostly I add salt to make the spaghetti taste better. The properties of a liquid salt—a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate—are a little different. This liquid salt will store heat up to a temperature of 1,000\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F, which is much higher than the boiling point of water, 212\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F at sea level. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company, (PG&E) has contracted with SolarReserve LLC to store energy using liquid salt. The \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/ricesolar/index.html\" href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/ricesolar/index.html\">Rice Solar Energy Project\u003c/a> will produce enough electricity to meet the demand of 60,000 households—about 150 megawatts—beginning in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Rice Project uses a large circular field of mirrors to reflect light onto a central tower. Liquid salt is circulated through the tower and, once heated, it is stored in an insulated tank. When the sun goes down the liquid salt will still be able to heat water well past the boiling point to create steam, which can be fed into a conventional steam turbine to produce—Walla—electricity. The liquid salt, now cooled, is stored in another tank and is ready to begin the process all over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take that coal, gas, oil, and nuclear!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/4782/when-the-sun-dont-shine-and-the-wind-dont-blow","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_638","quest_1173","quest_2017","quest_2057","quest_2409","quest_2413","quest_2428"],"label":"quest"},"quest_1674":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_1674","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"1674","score":null,"sort":[1236982552000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump","title":"Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump","publishDate":1236982552,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1st. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas. This explains that accordion-style rubber sheath that bunches up against your gas tank when you pump – a feature you don't necessarily find in states with less stringent air quality laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those fumes combine with sunlight, along with other emissions, they form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant which acts as a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming much like carbon dioxide does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at \u003cstrong>this nifty, infra-red video footage\u003c/strong> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, showing how fumes disperse from the gas pump when they aren't properly collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Small\" mediaid=\"38489\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone is also a real problem for human health, especially for people with asthma and respiratory disease. Just this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-ozone12-2009mar12,0,2086958.story\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley released a study\u003c/a> finding that people living in areas with high ozone levels, like Los Angeles and the Central Valley, have a 25-30% greater risk of dying from respiratory disease than those in less ozone-heavy parts of the state, like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, if you're wondering what \"ground-level ozone\" has to do with that ozone hole we used to hear so much about, here's the short answer: Turns out ozone does different things, depending on where you find it. In the atmosphere, ozone's a good thing. It forms a protective layer that shields the Earth from the sun's radiation – a layer that's been steadily eroded by chlorofluorocarbons, found in aerosol sprays and other places. Here at ground level, ozone's much less likable: a toxic air pollutant, as I said above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If every station in California installs the new, hi-tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.evrhome.org\" target=\"_blank\">\"enhanced vapor recovery system\"\u003c/a> they'll collectively cut back statewide, ground-level ozone emissions by ten tons a day – that's roughly equivalent to taking 450,000 cars off the road, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">Listen to the \u003cem>Changes at the Pump\u003c/em>\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.981081 -122.56678\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079150,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":395},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump | KQED","description":"You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"1674 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=1674","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/03/13/reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Changes at the Pump","path":"/quest/1674/reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You'd have to be a real gas pump aficionado to notice the new gear that gas stations across California are required to have installed by April 1st. California's gas nozzles have been outfitted for some time with vapor-capture devices, designed to cut back on the amount of volatile organic compounds – those smelly fumes - that escape when you pump gas. This explains that accordion-style rubber sheath that bunches up against your gas tank when you pump – a feature you don't necessarily find in states with less stringent air quality laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When those fumes combine with sunlight, along with other emissions, they form ground-level ozone, an air pollutant which acts as a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming much like carbon dioxide does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a look at \u003cstrong>this nifty, infra-red video footage\u003c/strong> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\" target=\"_blank\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, showing how fumes disperse from the gas pump when they aren't properly collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Video Player Small\" mediaid=\"38489\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone is also a real problem for human health, especially for people with asthma and respiratory disease. Just this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-ozone12-2009mar12,0,2086958.story\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley released a study\u003c/a> finding that people living in areas with high ozone levels, like Los Angeles and the Central Valley, have a 25-30% greater risk of dying from respiratory disease than those in less ozone-heavy parts of the state, like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, if you're wondering what \"ground-level ozone\" has to do with that ozone hole we used to hear so much about, here's the short answer: Turns out ozone does different things, depending on where you find it. In the atmosphere, ozone's a good thing. It forms a protective layer that shields the Earth from the sun's radiation – a layer that's been steadily eroded by chlorofluorocarbons, found in aerosol sprays and other places. Here at ground level, ozone's much less likable: a toxic air pollutant, as I said above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If every station in California installs the new, hi-tech \u003ca href=\"http://www.evrhome.org\" target=\"_blank\">\"enhanced vapor recovery system\"\u003c/a> they'll collectively cut back statewide, ground-level ozone emissions by ten tons a day – that's roughly equivalent to taking 450,000 cars off the road, according to CARB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/changes-at-the-pump\">Listen to the \u003cem>Changes at the Pump\u003c/em>\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.981081 -122.56678\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/1674/reporters-notes-changes-at-the-pump","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_12"],"tags":["quest_94","quest_252","quest_499","quest_1173","quest_1272","quest_13201","quest_1586","quest_2098","quest_13206","quest_2669","quest_13365"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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