Wired for wireless: the genetics of text messaging
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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"robin-marks":{"type":"authors","id":"10191","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10191","found":true},"name":"Robin Marks","firstName":"Robin","lastName":"Marks","slug":"robin-marks","email":"iggybird@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Robin Marks is the owner and operator of Discovery Street Tours, which offers science-themed walking tours in San Francisco. 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She loves to climb big hills, investigate tidbits of everyday life, and do chemistry experiments with her food.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_private_pages","edit_private_posts","edit_published_pages","edit_published_posts","publish_posts","read_private_pages","read_private_posts","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload","upload_files","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Robin Marks | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/robin-marks"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_2730":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2730","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2730","score":null,"sort":[1244496727000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"using-mice-to-understand-human-speech","title":"Using Mice to Understand Human Speech","publishDate":1244496727,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/apes.jpg\">\u003cem>It will probably take more than a human FOXP2 gene to reach this future.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Scientists have started to look at DNA to try to figure out why we can speak and other animals can't. One gene that has caught their attention is called FOXP2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with a certain version of this gene have trouble forming words and speaking but are otherwise OK. This is exactly what you would expect if a gene were primarily involved in speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to test this idea would be to put the human version of the gene into an animal and see what happens to that animal's speech. A natural candidate would be the chimpanzee. Humans and chimps are around 98.8% similar at the DNA level* and their FOXP2 gene has only two differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately (or fortunately...), we can't yet do this experiment because we aren't very good at changing a chimp's genes. But what we are good at is changing a mouse's gene. And this is exactly what scientists did in a new study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(09)00378-X\">scientists changed a mouse's FOXP2 gene into a human's\u003c/a>. Now no one expected that we'd have a Mickey Mouse on our hands. Mice just don't have all the equipment for speech and it is really unlikely that the only difference between mice and people in terms of speech is this gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by putting a human FOXP2 gene in mice, we can learn some things about how the gene influences human speech. Does it change the vocalization part of the brain? Does it change something with mouth anatomy? Something with breathing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results with these mice were interesting. They weren't suddenly chatty but changing the gene definitely caused the mice to emit different squeaks than their natural cousins. The vocalization part of the mouse's brain also changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results suggest that FOXP2 affects human speech at least partly through changes in the brain. And that if you give a mouse a human Foxp2 gene, you change the way it communicates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next steps are a little harder to figure out. We do know that Neanderthals had the same FOXP2 gene that we do. Perhaps by comparing human, chimp and Neanderthal DNA we'll be able to find other genes involved in speech too. We'll have to wait a few months for this kind of analysis as \u003ca href=\"http://www.scimag.com/news-da-Neanderthals-Ancient-DNA-Revealed-022009.aspx\">the Neanderthal genome\u003c/a> isn't quite done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*When we include extra copies of some DNA and missing DNA, the similarity goes down to 96%.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a \u003ca href=\"http://download.cell.com/mmcs/journals/0092-8674/PIIS009286740900378X.mmc2.mov\">video discussing the results of the study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists have started to look at DNA to try to figure out why we can speak and other animals can't. One gene that has caught their attention is called FOXP2.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309998278,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":460},"headData":{"title":"Using Mice to Understand Human Speech | KQED","description":"Scientists have started to look at DNA to try to figure out why we can speak and other animals can't. One gene that has caught their attention is called FOXP2.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Using Mice to Understand Human Speech","datePublished":"2009-06-08T21:32:07.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-07T00:24:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2730 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2730","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/08/using-mice-to-understand-human-speech/","disqusTitle":"Using Mice to Understand Human Speech","path":"/quest/2730/using-mice-to-understand-human-speech","audioUrl":"http://download.cell.com/mmcs/journals/0092-8674/PIIS009286740900378X.mmc2.mov","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/apes.jpg\">\u003cem>It will probably take more than a human FOXP2 gene to reach this future.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Scientists have started to look at DNA to try to figure out why we can speak and other animals can't. One gene that has caught their attention is called FOXP2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with a certain version of this gene have trouble forming words and speaking but are otherwise OK. This is exactly what you would expect if a gene were primarily involved in speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to test this idea would be to put the human version of the gene into an animal and see what happens to that animal's speech. A natural candidate would be the chimpanzee. Humans and chimps are around 98.8% similar at the DNA level* and their FOXP2 gene has only two differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately (or fortunately...), we can't yet do this experiment because we aren't very good at changing a chimp's genes. But what we are good at is changing a mouse's gene. And this is exactly what scientists did in a new study. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(09)00378-X\">scientists changed a mouse's FOXP2 gene into a human's\u003c/a>. Now no one expected that we'd have a Mickey Mouse on our hands. Mice just don't have all the equipment for speech and it is really unlikely that the only difference between mice and people in terms of speech is this gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by putting a human FOXP2 gene in mice, we can learn some things about how the gene influences human speech. Does it change the vocalization part of the brain? Does it change something with mouth anatomy? Something with breathing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results with these mice were interesting. They weren't suddenly chatty but changing the gene definitely caused the mice to emit different squeaks than their natural cousins. The vocalization part of the mouse's brain also changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results suggest that FOXP2 affects human speech at least partly through changes in the brain. And that if you give a mouse a human Foxp2 gene, you change the way it communicates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next steps are a little harder to figure out. We do know that Neanderthals had the same FOXP2 gene that we do. Perhaps by comparing human, chimp and Neanderthal DNA we'll be able to find other genes involved in speech too. We'll have to wait a few months for this kind of analysis as \u003ca href=\"http://www.scimag.com/news-da-Neanderthals-Ancient-DNA-Revealed-022009.aspx\">the Neanderthal genome\u003c/a> isn't quite done yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*When we include extra copies of some DNA and missing DNA, the similarity goes down to 96%.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a \u003ca href=\"http://download.cell.com/mmcs/journals/0092-8674/PIIS009286740900378X.mmc2.mov\">video discussing the results of the study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.33161018170129 -121.89019918441772\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2730/using-mice-to-understand-human-speech","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_171","quest_579","quest_580","quest_848","quest_1136","quest_1197","quest_1807","quest_1882","quest_2747","quest_2752","quest_3087"],"label":"quest"},"quest_350":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_350","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"350","score":null,"sort":[1199993861000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"wired-for-wireless-the-genetics-of-text-messaging","title":"Wired for wireless: the genetics of text messaging","publishDate":1199993861,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love my cell phone. We have a serious relationship. One that may be biologically predetermined.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_iheartcell.jpg\">\u003c/span>Let me explain. On New Year's Eve I brought my phone with me to San Francisco's Ocean Beach, where I traditionally go, rain or shine, to watch the year's last sunset. I was by myself, but I wasn't alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh no. I took snapshots of shimmering colors on the waves and sent them to faraway, landlocked friends who miss the sea. Another friend called to say she was also watching the sunset from her rooftop. Text messages flowed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, duh,\" you could say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this \"duh\" is exactly what seemed kind of profound: we take communication for granted. Of course we can talk to each other and share things with each other. And of course we create new devices to make talking and sharing easier. Of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do we do this, seemingly to no end? And why is it that communication is such a vital and defining aspect of our experience as humans? Why, really, do I love my cell phone so much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it's genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's probably not news to most of you that we humans appear to be wired to talk to each other. We've got that \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd004683.html\">FOXP2 gene\u003c/a> that keeps making the news, contributing to our linguistic capacity. In fact, many researchers believe that language was central to our success as a species and allowed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/language/language_article5.html\">small group of humans to expand across the globe\u003c/a> about 50,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our genetic design for interaction seems to go beyond talking amongst ourselves. A University of Michigan study slated to be published next month found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071029172856.htm\">social interaction has a positive affect on memory and on cognitive functioning\u003c/a>. The people who had the most conversations with others seemed to be the sharpest, and this was particularly true among young people. This may mean that more socially-oriented humans had a bit of an advantage over those who tended to keep more to themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may be such social animals that we're even hard-wired to simply need company. After all, isolation is one of the most universal methods of punishment. Another set of researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that mice isolated from their comrades have lower levels of hormones that control anxiety, depression, and aggression. They believe that these responses are similar in humans. In other words, it's possible that our brains keep us happier and functioning better when they're interacting with other brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense that our predecessors who figured out how to play well with others and share their thoughts were the ones who got the best shot at passing on their genes. And it's no wonder our species devotes such enormous reserves to inventions that make communication easier. The most basic systems of rock painting and alphabets have allowed groups to share stories or warn others of impending trouble. And creations that help disseminate these symbols--papyrus, the printing press, even the simple pen and paper--have had a major impact on how we exist with one another, as individuals and as societies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, many of our communication technologies have gone beyond \"watch for hungry bear\" or \"here's my idea\" into doing a kind of doubly-human duty. We not only use technology to convey thoughts, but also to extend our opportunities to create bonds with other people and to form social groups. Thus the popularity of the likes of Facebook, personals ads, and Flickr. In fact, if you leave a comment about this little ditty I've written, you've hopped on this double-duty train by becoming a part of Quest's blogging community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so now, as my thumbs feverishly tap out text messages, I see my cell phone as more than a gadget. It's the latest cousin of cave drawings and hieroglyphics. What it says about my own evolution I'm not quite certain. But no doubt my wireless admiration results from something buried in my chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7595\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.51\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.83305 -122.44222\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1199993861,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":723},"headData":{"title":"Wired for wireless: the genetics of text messaging | KQED","description":"I love my cell phone. We have a serious relationship. One that may be biologically predetermined. Let me explain. On New Year's Eve I brought my phone with me to San Francisco's Ocean Beach, where I traditionally go, rain or shine, to watch the year's last sunset. I was by myself, but I wasn't alone.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Wired for wireless: the genetics of text messaging","datePublished":"2008-01-10T19:37:41.000Z","dateModified":"2008-01-10T19:37:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"350 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/01/10/wired-for-wireless-the-genetics-of-text-messaging/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/01/10/wired-for-wireless-the-genetics-of-text-messaging/","disqusTitle":"Wired for wireless: the genetics of text messaging","path":"/quest/350/wired-for-wireless-the-genetics-of-text-messaging","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I love my cell phone. We have a serious relationship. One that may be biologically predetermined.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/01/blog_iheartcell.jpg\">\u003c/span>Let me explain. On New Year's Eve I brought my phone with me to San Francisco's Ocean Beach, where I traditionally go, rain or shine, to watch the year's last sunset. I was by myself, but I wasn't alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh no. I took snapshots of shimmering colors on the waves and sent them to faraway, landlocked friends who miss the sea. Another friend called to say she was also watching the sunset from her rooftop. Text messages flowed in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was connected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, duh,\" you could say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this \"duh\" is exactly what seemed kind of profound: we take communication for granted. Of course we can talk to each other and share things with each other. And of course we create new devices to make talking and sharing easier. Of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do we do this, seemingly to no end? And why is it that communication is such a vital and defining aspect of our experience as humans? Why, really, do I love my cell phone so much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think it's genetic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's probably not news to most of you that we humans appear to be wired to talk to each other. We've got that \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd004683.html\">FOXP2 gene\u003c/a> that keeps making the news, contributing to our linguistic capacity. In fact, many researchers believe that language was central to our success as a species and allowed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/language/language_article5.html\">small group of humans to expand across the globe\u003c/a> about 50,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our genetic design for interaction seems to go beyond talking amongst ourselves. A University of Michigan study slated to be published next month found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071029172856.htm\">social interaction has a positive affect on memory and on cognitive functioning\u003c/a>. The people who had the most conversations with others seemed to be the sharpest, and this was particularly true among young people. This may mean that more socially-oriented humans had a bit of an advantage over those who tended to keep more to themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may be such social animals that we're even hard-wired to simply need company. After all, isolation is one of the most universal methods of punishment. Another set of researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that mice isolated from their comrades have lower levels of hormones that control anxiety, depression, and aggression. They believe that these responses are similar in humans. In other words, it's possible that our brains keep us happier and functioning better when they're interacting with other brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense that our predecessors who figured out how to play well with others and share their thoughts were the ones who got the best shot at passing on their genes. And it's no wonder our species devotes such enormous reserves to inventions that make communication easier. The most basic systems of rock painting and alphabets have allowed groups to share stories or warn others of impending trouble. And creations that help disseminate these symbols--papyrus, the printing press, even the simple pen and paper--have had a major impact on how we exist with one another, as individuals and as societies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, many of our communication technologies have gone beyond \"watch for hungry bear\" or \"here's my idea\" into doing a kind of doubly-human duty. We not only use technology to convey thoughts, but also to extend our opportunities to create bonds with other people and to form social groups. Thus the popularity of the likes of Facebook, personals ads, and Flickr. In fact, if you leave a comment about this little ditty I've written, you've hopped on this double-duty train by becoming a part of Quest's blogging community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so now, as my thumbs feverishly tap out text messages, I see my cell phone as more than a gadget. It's the latest cousin of cave drawings and hieroglyphics. What it says about my own evolution I'm not quite certain. But no doubt my wireless admiration results from something buried in my chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"geo\"> latitude: \u003cspan class=\"latitude\">37.7595\u003c/span>, longitude: \u003cspan class=\"longitude\">-122.51\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.83305 -122.44222\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/350/wired-for-wireless-the-genetics-of-text-messaging","authors":["10191"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_527","quest_1032","quest_1041","quest_1136","quest_1188","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_2037","quest_2349","quest_2486","quest_2530","quest_2673"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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