fish and wildlife servicefish and wildlife service
Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges
Update on the Salt Creek Tiger Beetles: Q & A with Stephen Spomer
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Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1387312378,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1238},"headData":{"title":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges | KQED","description":"One of the nation’s biggest wildlife refuges used to be a hotbed of military weapons production, and resulting contamination. It’s now been cleaned up and restored as an urban habitat refuge. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"58807 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=58807","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/12/19/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges/","disqusTitle":"Turning Contaminated Sites Into Wildlife Refuges","path":"/quest/58807/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/ColoradoSuperfund121813Quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has a long history of making and storing military weapons around the country. Some of those sites became contaminated, requiring lengthy and expensive environmental cleanups. In recent years a few have been converted into wildlife refuges, becoming a kind of oasis for animals -- and people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\">David Lucas pointed out a bald eagle nest -- about the size of a Volkswagen Bug -- tucked into a tree within a sprawling swath of prairie and wetlands. He manages the 15,000-acre Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, just a few miles northeast of downtown Denver. It’s one of the largest in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing 80 bald eagles here in the winter is a pretty exciting sight,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65033\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65033\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8859-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lucas manages the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s unusual to find such a large tract of open land in the urban sprawl of Colorado’s Front Range. And it’s not by chance. Since World War II and through the Cold War, the U.S. Army used the expansive site to make bombs and chemical weapons, like mustard gas. Shell Chemical Company used the site to make agricultural pesticides until the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More than 600 chemicals were used or manufactured at the Arsenal, and they included all sorts of things, such as volatile organic compounds, pesticides, heavy metals, as well as some byproducts that are unique to manufacturing chemical weapons. They’re nasty chemicals,” said Warren Smith, spokesman for the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those chemicals -- some toxic -- contaminated the land and groundwater. Charlie Scharmann, the Army’s program manager at the Arsenal, said they became aware of some contamination issues back in the 1970s, and started working with the state health department to monitor groundwater and soil contamination. In 1987, the site was put on a national list of hazardous waste sites -- more commonly called Superfund sites -- that require serious cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The main strategy with our cleanup was to contain the contamination on site, largely. We did do some limited treatment of soil, but by and large we wanted to contain it and intercept the pathways where people and animals could no longer be exposed to contamination,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65036\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65036\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scharmann-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Scharmann is the U.S. Army's program manager at the Arsenal. He's been with the project for more than thirty years. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cleanup project cost $2.2 billion. The contaminated soil, buildings, and other debris were isolated into two huge on-site landfills, with two or three layers of leak-proof clay and plastic liners underneath. Scharmann said that was actually safer than moving all the materials somewhere else. These landfills have specially designed caps on top—layers of several feet of clean soil, crushed concrete, and gravel, planted with vegetation. Now, they look almost like small hills among the prairie. Scharmann said the vegetation helps prevent rain or snow from infiltrating and spreading more contamination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The soil acts as a sponge and the vegetation acts as a pump to move the water out,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The layers also keep burrowing animals, like prairie dogs, from digging into the contaminated materials below. Discovery of then-endangered bald eagles helped spur Congress to designate the site as a national wildlife refuge in 1992. Scharmann said that’s not as counterintuitive as it may sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The interesting thing about this site is that most of the contamination occurred in the center of the site. But much of the site was a buffer zone from operations in the center. Much of property on the perimeter of the site was not used for active military use or used by Shell Oil Company,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65035\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8858-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Basin F, one of the most contaminated sites, now looks just like another spot on the prairie. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife occupied the perimeter of the site even when it was being used by the military. Although closed to the public, that open space provided birds and other animals an oasis from encroaching development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the Environmental Protection Agency determined they were sufficiently clean, Refuge Manager David Lucas took over managing the Arsenal lands for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:35\"> \u003c/del>\u003cdel datetime=\"2013-12-16T10:36\">\u003c/del>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our tour, Lucas pointed out one of the formerly most contaminated spots. Native grasses now cover the landscape. Aside from the fence and sign, it looks just like any other spot on the prairie. Lucas said that’s exactly the point. “That’s the goal. The goal is that this mixes in, and wildlife uses this exactly the same as all the other lands out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said Fish and Wildlife employees monitor various animal species to see if they’re picking up any of the chemicals. So far, they haven’t found any significant contamination among wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Fish and Wildlife has restored almost 10,000 acres of land into native short and mixed-grass prairie, said Lucas. “We have 86 bison currently grazing on about 2,500 acres, but they will be grazing 12,000 acres of grasslands eventually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five groundwater treatment plants were also built as part of the cleanup, walling off underground water supplies to make sure no contaminated groundwater leaves the site. Water is pumped up, cleaned, and sent back down to the aquifer. The Army has paid to provide uncontaminated drinking water to nearby residents. The expansive views of restored wetlands, including lakes from the Homesteading era, woodlands, and grassland, can quickly make you forget how close you are to Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65038\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8855-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bison have been reintroduced back onto the Refuge. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a national wildlife refuge, we have a purpose to manage for wildlife, that’s our main goal. But here in Denver our other primary purpose -- what we can do a lot of in an urban location -- is educating millions of people on conservation,” Lucas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucas said those two purposes guide the refuge, which sees more than 300,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The total cleanup took a couple decades and was mostly finished in 2011. But there will always be a portion of the site, like the landfills, closed to the public. The Army, state health department, and EPA continue to test and review their cleanup effort to make sure it’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We feel really good about what we’ve accomplished out there, turning property into something that will be an asset for the community to use long term,” Scharmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65039\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/IMG_8879-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the restored lakes, originally from the Homesteading Era. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rocky Mountain Arsenal isn’t the only Superfund site that’s been cleaned up and reused. Just 20 miles away, near Boulder, sits the Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge, home to a nuclear weapons plant for decades. While the radioactive material made the cleanup there more controversial, the EPA declared it finished in 2005. Plant and wildlife diversity abound on Rocky Flats dry tallgrass prairie, but the Fish and Wildlife Service still needs funding before the area can be opened to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/58807/turning-contaminated-sites-into-wildlife-refuges","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_326","quest_12519","quest_1009","quest_10395","quest_12269","quest_12198","quest_1824","quest_1936","quest_12521","quest_12520","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_12522","quest_12197"],"featImg":"quest_65030","label":"quest"},"quest_26701":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26701","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26701","score":null,"sort":[1320267736000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"update-on-the-salt-creek-tiger-beetles-q-a-with-stephen-spomer","title":"Update on the Salt Creek Tiger Beetles: Q & A with Stephen Spomer ","publishDate":1320267736,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SpomerBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SpomerBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26704\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Salt Creek tiger beetle (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana). Photo credit: Mitch Paine. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Steve Spomer is a Research Technologist with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Entomology. He's been involved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/\">Salt Creek Tiger Beetle\u003c/a> research for more than two decades. Spomer is now working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a capture and recovery program to save the species.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: How has the Salt Creek Tiger Beetle habitat changed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Originally, the salt marsh around Lincoln was huge, probably 15 thousand acres or so. We assume that the beetle was a lot more common back around the turn-of-the century. The habitat originally was salt flats with seeps running through the flats. And now, most of the habitat is creek banks along Little Salt Creek. So a lot of things have changed in a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Let’s talk about the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/salt-creek-tiger-beetle-recovery.html\">recovery project\u003c/a> that U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service spearheads. How will that help the species? Or do we even really know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Well, we don’t really know for sure. There’ve been a lot of recovery projects like this with insects and some of them have worked and some of them haven’t. But the problem is when the population is this low, it’s kind of a desperation move. You want to try to bolster that population up as much as you can and so this seemed to be a reasonable way to do it is by propagating them in the lab where they don’t have natural enemies to kill them. What we have to get worked out is how to successfully rear them from egg to adult without losing very many. There are a lot of variables involved. Temperature, humidity, soil moisture, how often you feed them. All kinds of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: The numbers of beetles are so small if it doesn’t work this first time around, will we try it again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: This is something we’ve been experimenting with for probably seven or eight years. We started out using an aquarium full of soil and had pretty good luck getting eggs and larvae, but then we found out that the burrows would sometimes intersect each other and the larvae would kill each other. So then we started rearing them in these plastic tubes individually, the method we’re using right now. Hopefully, this will be a long-term project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Recently it came out in the news about an \u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_48c90f32-4930-55f3-abc8-f6188fb5a6de.html\">accidental dumping\u003c/a> of fill dirt in some of the habitat. What kind of damage happened in that area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: The Salt Creek tiger beetle has a two-year life cycle and that happened a year ago. So it would take a couple of years to see the results. If it covered up the larvae or the eggs to the point where they couldn’t burrow out, we don’t know. This year, I did find one adult there where that soil was dumped so potentially, there still might be a population there, I hadn’t seen any beetles there for almost ten years. So to find that pair of beetles there in 2010, I felt pretty outstanding. And then to see one there again this year was still hopeful that the population is going be okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Tell me a little bit about what you see is the value of the Salt Creek tiger beetle. And of course, the habitat that goes along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Well, I think you have to look at the bigger picture. You have to look at the salt marsh in general and what is there and how unique that habitat is to this part of the country, an inland salt marsh like that. You’ve got a lot of species there that aren’t found other places. There’s a rare damsel fly, the Desert Forktail (Ischnura barberi) that’s found only in the salt marshes around Lincoln here. You’ve got the endangered salt wort plant out here, called the red swampfire (Salicornia rubra). I think you kind of have to look at the whole ecosystem and not just focus on one insect or one plant. It would be a shame to lose a treasure like this, something that basically put Lincoln on the map. The salt industry was what attracted people to Lincoln and before that, the native people had been using the salt here for years before the white settlers came in so I think it’s important we keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: And how hopeful are you that the species will survive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: I still have hope, but the last couple of years the population has been pretty low although this year, it was up a little bit. 2010 and 2009, we had some flooding that really damaged part of the population. And when you have a population in such a small area, you can have a catastrophic event like that and it could wipe everything out and that’s the goal of recovery too is to try to not just bolster the numbers, but bolster the number of populations. So an event like that wouldn’t destroy everything.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Steve Spomer has been involved in Salt Creek Tiger Beetle research for more than two decades. Spomer is now working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a capture and recovery program to save the species.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1320268191,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":922},"headData":{"title":"Update on the Salt Creek Tiger Beetles: Q & A with Stephen Spomer | KQED","description":"Steve Spomer has been involved in Salt Creek Tiger Beetle research for more than two decades. Spomer is now working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a capture and recovery program to save the species.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26701 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=26701","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/02/update-on-the-salt-creek-tiger-beetles-q-a-with-stephen-spomer/","disqusTitle":"Update on the Salt Creek Tiger Beetles: Q & A with Stephen Spomer ","path":"/quest/26701/update-on-the-salt-creek-tiger-beetles-q-a-with-stephen-spomer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SpomerBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SpomerBlog-NET-marqueeImageCropped\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26704\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Salt Creek tiger beetle (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana). Photo credit: Mitch Paine. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Steve Spomer is a Research Technologist with the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Entomology. He's been involved in \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/invertebrates/saltcreektiger/\">Salt Creek Tiger Beetle\u003c/a> research for more than two decades. Spomer is now working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in a capture and recovery program to save the species.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: How has the Salt Creek Tiger Beetle habitat changed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Originally, the salt marsh around Lincoln was huge, probably 15 thousand acres or so. We assume that the beetle was a lot more common back around the turn-of-the century. The habitat originally was salt flats with seeps running through the flats. And now, most of the habitat is creek banks along Little Salt Creek. So a lot of things have changed in a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Let’s talk about the \u003ca href=\"http://quest.netnebraska.org/2011/07/salt-creek-tiger-beetle-recovery.html\">recovery project\u003c/a> that U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service spearheads. How will that help the species? Or do we even really know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Well, we don’t really know for sure. There’ve been a lot of recovery projects like this with insects and some of them have worked and some of them haven’t. But the problem is when the population is this low, it’s kind of a desperation move. You want to try to bolster that population up as much as you can and so this seemed to be a reasonable way to do it is by propagating them in the lab where they don’t have natural enemies to kill them. What we have to get worked out is how to successfully rear them from egg to adult without losing very many. There are a lot of variables involved. Temperature, humidity, soil moisture, how often you feed them. All kinds of things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: The numbers of beetles are so small if it doesn’t work this first time around, will we try it again?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: This is something we’ve been experimenting with for probably seven or eight years. We started out using an aquarium full of soil and had pretty good luck getting eggs and larvae, but then we found out that the burrows would sometimes intersect each other and the larvae would kill each other. So then we started rearing them in these plastic tubes individually, the method we’re using right now. Hopefully, this will be a long-term project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Recently it came out in the news about an \u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_48c90f32-4930-55f3-abc8-f6188fb5a6de.html\">accidental dumping\u003c/a> of fill dirt in some of the habitat. What kind of damage happened in that area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: The Salt Creek tiger beetle has a two-year life cycle and that happened a year ago. So it would take a couple of years to see the results. If it covered up the larvae or the eggs to the point where they couldn’t burrow out, we don’t know. This year, I did find one adult there where that soil was dumped so potentially, there still might be a population there, I hadn’t seen any beetles there for almost ten years. So to find that pair of beetles there in 2010, I felt pretty outstanding. And then to see one there again this year was still hopeful that the population is going be okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: Tell me a little bit about what you see is the value of the Salt Creek tiger beetle. And of course, the habitat that goes along with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: Well, I think you have to look at the bigger picture. You have to look at the salt marsh in general and what is there and how unique that habitat is to this part of the country, an inland salt marsh like that. You’ve got a lot of species there that aren’t found other places. There’s a rare damsel fly, the Desert Forktail (Ischnura barberi) that’s found only in the salt marshes around Lincoln here. You’ve got the endangered salt wort plant out here, called the red swampfire (Salicornia rubra). I think you kind of have to look at the whole ecosystem and not just focus on one insect or one plant. It would be a shame to lose a treasure like this, something that basically put Lincoln on the map. The salt industry was what attracted people to Lincoln and before that, the native people had been using the salt here for years before the white settlers came in so I think it’s important we keep it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PERRY: And how hopeful are you that the species will survive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPOMER: I still have hope, but the last couple of years the population has been pretty low although this year, it was up a little bit. 2010 and 2009, we had some flooding that really damaged part of the population. And when you have a population in such a small area, you can have a catastrophic event like that and it could wipe everything out and that’s the goal of recovery too is to try to not just bolster the numbers, but bolster the number of populations. So an event like that wouldn’t destroy everything.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26701/update-on-the-salt-creek-tiger-beetles-q-a-with-stephen-spomer","authors":["10250"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10396","quest_10395","quest_10397","quest_3351","quest_3322","quest_9932","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_10398","quest_3926","quest_10393","quest_10394"],"featImg":"quest_26704","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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