Geological Outings Around the Bay: Natural Bridges
QUEST Lab: The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley
Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights
Friend Your Local Fault
The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb
Producer's Notes: The Hayward Fault -- Predictable Peril
Exploring Mt. Diablo State Park
Sponsored
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Craig has a B.A. in World Arts and Cultures from UCLA, and an M.A. in Performance Studies from New York University.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/63a0ca473162a5bba6aec0097cde139b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["administrator","edit_theme_options","edit_users","level_10","level_8","level_9","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload"]}],"headData":{"title":"Craig Rosa | KQED","description":"Senior Digital Editor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/63a0ca473162a5bba6aec0097cde139b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/63a0ca473162a5bba6aec0097cde139b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/craig-rosa"},"sheraz-sadiq":{"type":"authors","id":"6176","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6176","found":true},"name":"Sheraz Sadiq","firstName":"Sheraz","lastName":"Sadiq","slug":"sheraz-sadiq","email":"ssadiq@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sheraz Sadiq is an Emmy Award-winning producer at San Francisco PBS affiliate KQED. In 2012, he received the AAAS Kavli Science Journalism award for a story he produced about the seismic retrofit of the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system which serves the San Francisco Bay Area. In addition to producing television content for KQED Science, he has also created online features and written news articles on scientific subjects ranging from astronomy to synthetic biology.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"arts","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sheraz Sadiq | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9731b29e144af1965b0b7eaa56555561?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sheraz-sadiq"},"andrew-alden":{"type":"authors","id":"6228","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6228","found":true},"name":"Andrew Alden","firstName":"Andrew","lastName":"Alden","slug":"andrew-alden","email":"alden@andrew-alden.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrew Alden earned his geology degree at the University of New Hampshire and moved back to the Bay Area to work at the U.S. Geological Survey for six years. He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"robin-marks":{"type":"authors","id":"10191","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10191","found":true},"name":"Robin Marks","firstName":"Robin","lastName":"Marks","slug":"robin-marks","email":"iggybird@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Robin Marks is the owner and operator of Discovery Street Tours, which offers science-themed walking tours in San Francisco. She is also a long-time science writer, and president of the Northern California Science Writers' Association. She loves to climb big hills, investigate tidbits of everyday life, and do chemistry experiments with her food.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["edit_private_pages","edit_private_posts","edit_published_pages","edit_published_posts","publish_posts","read_private_pages","read_private_posts","unfiltered_html","unfiltered_upload","upload_files","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Robin Marks | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3f3ea273a2c86b42cd845469d429430e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/robin-marks"},"quest":{"type":"authors","id":"10216","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10216","found":true},"name":"QUEST Staff","firstName":"QUEST","lastName":"Staff","slug":"quest","email":"quest@kqed.orgx","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_141904":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_141904","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"141904","score":null,"sort":[1460707239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults","title":"San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults","publishDate":1460707239,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries. Many of these locations are also where mountain building or volcanic activity occurs. Certain areas, sometimes referred to as earthquake belts, are more prone to earthquakes. One belt runs northward through the western Pacific Ocean, across the Aleutian Islands, and then down the western coasts of North and South America. This belt includes the Bay Area faults and is called the “Ring of Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2304px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-141905 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png\" alt=\"major Bay Area Faults\" width=\"2304\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png 2304w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-400x533.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-800x1067.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-768x1024.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1440x1920.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1180x1573.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-960x1280.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2304px) 100vw, 2304px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major Bay Area Faults \u003ccite>((Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of San Francisco experienced major earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 due to its location along the San Andreas fault. However, of the major fault systems in the Bay Area, the Hayward Fault is of most concern to geologists. Extending almost 40 miles from Fremont to San Pablo Bay, the Hayward Fault runs under some of the most densely populated areas in the country. More than two million people live and work along the fault. BART, major gas lines, schools, and trauma centers sit on or near the fault. The Hayward Fault is a prime candidate in Northern California for a magnitude 7 earthquake within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have observed cracks and deformed curbs on sidewalks and streets in areas near the fault. These are evidence of creep, a phenomenon of slow movement on the surface of the ground even though deep beneath the surface the rock is stuck in place. When the rock that’s stuck builds up enough tension, the fault then ruptures, or slips, causing a major earthquake. The last major earthquake on the Hayward Fault was in 1868—more than 140 years ago—and historically, major earthquakes have occurred along that fault about every 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Many faults run through the San Francisco Bay Area, making it prone to earthquakes. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460684944,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":367},"headData":{"title":"San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults | KQED","description":"Many faults run through the San Francisco Bay Area, making it prone to earthquakes. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"141904 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=141904","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/","disqusTitle":"San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5xM-CTDLo0&index=1&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw","path":"/quest/141904/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries. Many of these locations are also where mountain building or volcanic activity occurs. Certain areas, sometimes referred to as earthquake belts, are more prone to earthquakes. One belt runs northward through the western Pacific Ocean, across the Aleutian Islands, and then down the western coasts of North and South America. This belt includes the Bay Area faults and is called the “Ring of Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2304px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-141905 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png\" alt=\"major Bay Area Faults\" width=\"2304\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png 2304w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-400x533.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-800x1067.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-768x1024.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1440x1920.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1180x1573.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-960x1280.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2304px) 100vw, 2304px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major Bay Area Faults \u003ccite>((Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of San Francisco experienced major earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 due to its location along the San Andreas fault. However, of the major fault systems in the Bay Area, the Hayward Fault is of most concern to geologists. Extending almost 40 miles from Fremont to San Pablo Bay, the Hayward Fault runs under some of the most densely populated areas in the country. More than two million people live and work along the fault. BART, major gas lines, schools, and trauma centers sit on or near the fault. The Hayward Fault is a prime candidate in Northern California for a magnitude 7 earthquake within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GhFMtCmHc9c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GhFMtCmHc9c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have observed cracks and deformed curbs on sidewalks and streets in areas near the fault. These are evidence of creep, a phenomenon of slow movement on the surface of the ground even though deep beneath the surface the rock is stuck in place. When the rock that’s stuck builds up enough tension, the fault then ruptures, or slips, causing a major earthquake. The last major earthquake on the Hayward Fault was in 1868—more than 140 years ago—and historically, major earthquakes have occurred along that fault about every 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/141904/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_909","quest_13461","quest_1080","quest_1325","quest_2484","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141905","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_29461":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29461","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29461","score":null,"sort":[1328644924000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earthquakes","title":"Anatomy of an Earthquake","publishDate":1328644924,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Although the ground beneath us seems solid, it’s actually in constant motion. We usually don’t see it, but we can experience it through earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth's crust is broken up into irregular pieces called tectonic plates. These large pieces of crust were formed by the combination of gravity and rising heat from Earth's core. There are seven major plates and many smaller ones, all moving in relation to each other. The lithosphere refers to the crust and upper mantle that make up these plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tectonic plates move past each other along fault zones, they sometimes get stuck. Pressure builds, and when the plates finally give and slip, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The focus is the place inside Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates. The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. When energy is released at the focus, seismic waves travel outward from that point in all directions. There are different types of seismic waves, each one traveling at varying speeds and motions. It's these waves that you feel during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fault\u003c/strong>: A fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Epicenter\u003c/strong>: The point at the surface of the Earth above the focus\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Plates\u003c/strong>: Massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the Earth’s surface and whose movement along faults triggers earthquakes\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Seismic waves\u003c/strong>: Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Focus (Hypocenter)\u003c/strong>: The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77067\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-77067\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the image above to enlarge and/or print. This image by KQED is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-77067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the image above to enlarge and/or print. This image by KQED is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Dig into the science of earthquakes! Learn the basics of what causes the ground to shake.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460679712,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":361},"headData":{"title":"Anatomy of an Earthquake | KQED","description":"Dig into the science of earthquakes! Learn the basics of what causes the ground to shake.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"29461 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?page_id=29461","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Anatomy of an Earthquake","WpPageTemplate":"default","path":"/quest/29461/earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Although the ground beneath us seems solid, it’s actually in constant motion. We usually don’t see it, but we can experience it through earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth's crust is broken up into irregular pieces called tectonic plates. These large pieces of crust were formed by the combination of gravity and rising heat from Earth's core. There are seven major plates and many smaller ones, all moving in relation to each other. The lithosphere refers to the crust and upper mantle that make up these plates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As tectonic plates move past each other along fault zones, they sometimes get stuck. Pressure builds, and when the plates finally give and slip, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The focus is the place inside Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates. The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. When energy is released at the focus, seismic waves travel outward from that point in all directions. There are different types of seismic waves, each one traveling at varying speeds and motions. It's these waves that you feel during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fault\u003c/strong>: A fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Epicenter\u003c/strong>: The point at the surface of the Earth above the focus\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Plates\u003c/strong>: Massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the Earth’s surface and whose movement along faults triggers earthquakes\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Seismic waves\u003c/strong>: Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Focus (Hypocenter)\u003c/strong>: The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_77067\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-77067\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-1440x810.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the image above to enlarge and/or print. This image by KQED is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-77067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/infographic_anatomyofanearthquake-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the image above to enlarge and/or print. This image by KQED is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29461/earthquakes","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_13373","quest_13462","quest_13461","quest_1080","quest_2581","quest_10733"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_77067","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_27744":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27744","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27744","score":null,"sort":[1322154033000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Natural Bridges","publishDate":1322154033,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Natural Bridges State Beach is in Santa Cruz, just west of downtown. It's an easy outing and a nice spot, popular for its sheltered beach and butterfly trees. But the \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">official park site\u003c/a> says nothing about the rocks, so I must remedy that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, there's only one natural bridge at Natural Bridges, a sea arch next to a bedrock promontory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesetting/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27747\" title=\"natbridgesetting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting-400x256.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gap between these two landforms used to be a second arch, and beyond them was a third. People used to drive out on the arches and have picnics. This was around the same time that Yosemite conducted public bear feedings and dumped bonfires over the cliffs every summer evening. Now park systems take preservation more seriously, and the remaining arch is off limits. Even so, the sea will take it down some day, as it did the other two, but without human help this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the flat surface of the surrounding land. All of this is the lowest of Santa Cruz's famous marine terraces, carved by the ocean waves some 80,000 years ago when the land lay lower and the sea level was steady. Since that time the sea has fluctuated and the land has risen. Several older terraces lie higher along the coast. The terraces are topped with a thin layer of beach sand and gravel. Today's seacliffs expose the older rock beneath. And with that, let's look at the geologic map of the area (from U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27748\" title=\"natbridgesmap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap-400x250.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unit Qcl is the lower terrace and Qcu is the higher terraces. Around Soquel Creek are wetland deposits (Qb) and river sediment or alluvium, shown by the lightest color. There are three units of proper rock; from left to right (and oldest to youngest) they're the Santa Margarita Sandstone (Tsm), the Santa Cruz Mudstone (Tsc) and the Purisima Formation (Tp). (We met the Purisima before at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">San Gregorio Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>.) Together they date from late Miocene to Pliocene time, about 10 million to 4 million years ago. The reason they crop out in this pattern is apparent in the photo above the map: the rock beds are tilted down to the east, which allowed erosion to expose the older rocks in the west. They got their tilt as this part of California was carried north along the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These facts matter in understanding what you'll see as you approach the bluffs west of the arch and observe the remarkable speckled rock of the Santa Cruz Mudstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgespots/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27749\" title=\"natbridgespots\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots-400x340.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying Santa Margarita Sandstone is full of organic matter. Beneath it, the Monterey Formation is even more so (it's the foremost of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/\">Bay Area's petroleum\u003c/a> source rocks). So for many thousands of years, natural gas and hydrocarbons have been rising through the Santa Cruz Mudstone, both before and after it turned from sediment to stone. They followed a set of millions of parallel cracks, or joints, made by the stresses of moving along the San Andreas fault. After that, chemically active water did the same, depositing iron minerals in the stone. You'll see that the iron mineralization is closely related to the jointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgejoints/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27746\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27746\" title=\"natbridgejoints\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In at least two places, you'll find small faults displacing the Santa Cruz Mudstone. These are classified as normal faults, steep faults that drop one side relative to the other. They show nice examples of the upward-splaying pattern called flower structure, a sign that the faulting occurred near the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgefault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27745\" title=\"natbridgefault\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These faults dropped the rocks down on the east side, reinforcing the eastward tilt of the bedding. About a half-mile east of the park, in the bluffs along West Cliff Drive, the top of the Santa Cruz Mudstone comes into view and we can see what all those rising hydrocarbons were doing: feeding a large seafloor ecosystem based on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/ig/fossil-pictures/fossil-cold-seep.htm\">cold seeps\u003c/a>. The UC Santa Cruz geology club visited the \"toilet bowls\" in 2003 and \u003ca href=\"http://es.ucsc.edu/~geoclub/paleosurfpics.html\">put up pictures\u003c/a>, and a UCSC research team \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/29/12/1111.abstract\">described them in detail in the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i> in 2001\u003c/a>. Such things must exist today in similar places, like the seafloor off Santa Barbara and beneath the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's more to see at Natural Bridges State Beach than the temporary natural bridge. It's a monument to the cultural as well as the geological past.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475696704,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":710},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Natural Bridges | KQED","description":"There's more to see at Natural Bridges State Beach than the temporary natural bridge. It's a monument to the cultural as well as the geological past.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"27744 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27744","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Natural Bridges","path":"/quest/27744/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Natural Bridges State Beach is in Santa Cruz, just west of downtown. It's an easy outing and a nice spot, popular for its sheltered beach and butterfly trees. But the \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">official park site\u003c/a> says nothing about the rocks, so I must remedy that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, there's only one natural bridge at Natural Bridges, a sea arch next to a bedrock promontory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesetting/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27747\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27747\" title=\"natbridgesetting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesetting-400x256.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gap between these two landforms used to be a second arch, and beyond them was a third. People used to drive out on the arches and have picnics. This was around the same time that Yosemite conducted public bear feedings and dumped bonfires over the cliffs every summer evening. Now park systems take preservation more seriously, and the remaining arch is off limits. Even so, the sea will take it down some day, as it did the other two, but without human help this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice the flat surface of the surrounding land. All of this is the lowest of Santa Cruz's famous marine terraces, carved by the ocean waves some 80,000 years ago when the land lay lower and the sea level was steady. Since that time the sea has fluctuated and the land has risen. Several older terraces lie higher along the coast. The terraces are topped with a thin layer of beach sand and gravel. Today's seacliffs expose the older rock beneath. And with that, let's look at the geologic map of the area (from U.S. Geological Survey \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgesmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27748\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27748\" title=\"natbridgesmap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgesmap-400x250.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unit Qcl is the lower terrace and Qcu is the higher terraces. Around Soquel Creek are wetland deposits (Qb) and river sediment or alluvium, shown by the lightest color. There are three units of proper rock; from left to right (and oldest to youngest) they're the Santa Margarita Sandstone (Tsm), the Santa Cruz Mudstone (Tsc) and the Purisima Formation (Tp). (We met the Purisima before at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Preserve\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">San Gregorio Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>.) Together they date from late Miocene to Pliocene time, about 10 million to 4 million years ago. The reason they crop out in this pattern is apparent in the photo above the map: the rock beds are tilted down to the east, which allowed erosion to expose the older rocks in the west. They got their tilt as this part of California was carried north along the San Andreas fault system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These facts matter in understanding what you'll see as you approach the bluffs west of the arch and observe the remarkable speckled rock of the Santa Cruz Mudstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgespots/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27749\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27749\" title=\"natbridgespots\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgespots-400x340.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying Santa Margarita Sandstone is full of organic matter. Beneath it, the Monterey Formation is even more so (it's the foremost of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/14/petroleum-in-the-bay-area/\">Bay Area's petroleum\u003c/a> source rocks). So for many thousands of years, natural gas and hydrocarbons have been rising through the Santa Cruz Mudstone, both before and after it turned from sediment to stone. They followed a set of millions of parallel cracks, or joints, made by the stresses of moving along the San Andreas fault. After that, chemically active water did the same, depositing iron minerals in the stone. You'll see that the iron mineralization is closely related to the jointing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgejoints/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27746\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27746\" title=\"natbridgejoints\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgejoints-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In at least two places, you'll find small faults displacing the Santa Cruz Mudstone. These are classified as normal faults, steep faults that drop one side relative to the other. They show nice examples of the upward-splaying pattern called flower structure, a sign that the faulting occurred near the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/natbridgefault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27745\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27745\" title=\"natbridgefault\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/natbridgefault-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These faults dropped the rocks down on the east side, reinforcing the eastward tilt of the bedding. About a half-mile east of the park, in the bluffs along West Cliff Drive, the top of the Santa Cruz Mudstone comes into view and we can see what all those rising hydrocarbons were doing: feeding a large seafloor ecosystem based on \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/ig/fossil-pictures/fossil-cold-seep.htm\">cold seeps\u003c/a>. The UC Santa Cruz geology club visited the \"toilet bowls\" in 2003 and \u003ca href=\"http://es.ucsc.edu/~geoclub/paleosurfpics.html\">put up pictures\u003c/a>, and a UCSC research team \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/29/12/1111.abstract\">described them in detail in the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i> in 2001\u003c/a>. Such things must exist today in similar places, like the seafloor off Santa Barbara and beneath the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27744/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_1080","quest_9922","quest_10490","quest_13","quest_2507","quest_10491","quest_10492","quest_10493"],"featImg":"quest_27750","label":"quest"},"quest_24405":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24405","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24405","score":null,"sort":[1316545241000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-shaking-table-at-uc-berkeley","title":"QUEST Lab: The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley","publishDate":1316545241,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Lab | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13256,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In 2008, I produced a QUEST TV feature story called, \"Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril\" (UPDATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/\">The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster\u003c/a>). The story focused on the earthquake fault that runs from San Jose in the south to San Pablo Bay in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. A magnitude 7 earthquake occurred along this fault in 1868 that killed several people and destroyed buildings throughout the East Bay as well as in San Francisco. The 1868 quake was referred to as 'the great earthquake' prior to the epic 1906 earthquake that happened along the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gist of the 2008 TV story was that geologists are now able to use special paleoseismic techniques to analyze earthquake faults and determine their seismic history over several thousand years. By noticing patterns in earthquake activity over long periods of time, they can also make predictions about when major events are likely to happen in the future. They determined that a major event of 6.8 or higher happens every 140 years or so on the Hayward Fault. It's been 143 since the last one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_Khalid_6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_Khalid_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24808\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Khalid Mosalam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 2003 report by the USGS found that there is a \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/results.php\">62% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the 3-decade interval 2003-2032 within the San Francisco Bay region\u003c/a>. With odds like this, I'm grateful that there are people like Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory who dedicate their careers to learning how to make the built environment that we live in, work in and travel on more safe in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd included about a minute of video from the Shaking Table Lab in the 2008 piece but I always regretted that I wasn't able to show more of this facility. So when we started putting together an entire episode focused around the theme of earthquakes, I thought a short segment about the Shaking Table would be perfect for this show. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_electric_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_electric_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24812\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Substation equipment getting shaken up on the table\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we were there shooting in 2008, they were testing some electrical substation switches which were interesting but definitely not as dramatic as some of the other structures they build and shake in three axes, often until collapse. The generous engineers at PEER were able to provide us some videos of other structures they tested including a two story house, a masonry wall and a bridge pier support. The 20' x 20' table is one of the largest in the world to be able to move in three directions (translation and rotation) so, according to Mosalam, it's an extremely important piece of equipment at UC Berkeley and has contributed to important research that will result in people being safer when the next 'big one' hits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory are helping to make communities safer in an earthquake. \r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460742884,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":478},"headData":{"title":"QUEST Lab: The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley | KQED","description":"Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory are helping to make communities safer in an earthquake. \r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"24405 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24405","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/20/the-shaking-table-at-uc-berkeley/","disqusTitle":"QUEST Lab: The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dW5Hxeg7vsc","path":"/quest/24405/the-shaking-table-at-uc-berkeley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2008, I produced a QUEST TV feature story called, \"Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril\" (UPDATED: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/\">The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster\u003c/a>). The story focused on the earthquake fault that runs from San Jose in the south to San Pablo Bay in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. A magnitude 7 earthquake occurred along this fault in 1868 that killed several people and destroyed buildings throughout the East Bay as well as in San Francisco. The 1868 quake was referred to as 'the great earthquake' prior to the epic 1906 earthquake that happened along the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gist of the 2008 TV story was that geologists are now able to use special paleoseismic techniques to analyze earthquake faults and determine their seismic history over several thousand years. By noticing patterns in earthquake activity over long periods of time, they can also make predictions about when major events are likely to happen in the future. They determined that a major event of 6.8 or higher happens every 140 years or so on the Hayward Fault. It's been 143 since the last one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24808\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_Khalid_6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_Khalid_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24808\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Khalid Mosalam\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A 2003 report by the USGS found that there is a \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/wg02/results.php\">62% probability of at least one magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake in the 3-decade interval 2003-2032 within the San Francisco Bay region\u003c/a>. With odds like this, I'm grateful that there are people like Khalid Mosalam and his colleagues at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center's Shaking Table Laboratory who dedicate their careers to learning how to make the built environment that we live in, work in and travel on more safe in an earthquake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'd included about a minute of video from the Shaking Table Lab in the 2008 piece but I always regretted that I wasn't able to show more of this facility. So when we started putting together an entire episode focused around the theme of earthquakes, I thought a short segment about the Shaking Table would be perfect for this show. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Shaking-Table_electric_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Shaking Table_electric_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24812\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Substation equipment getting shaken up on the table\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When we were there shooting in 2008, they were testing some electrical substation switches which were interesting but definitely not as dramatic as some of the other structures they build and shake in three axes, often until collapse. The generous engineers at PEER were able to provide us some videos of other structures they tested including a two story house, a masonry wall and a bridge pier support. The 20' x 20' table is one of the largest in the world to be able to move in three directions (translation and rotation) so, according to Mosalam, it's an extremely important piece of equipment at UC Berkeley and has contributed to important research that will result in people being safer when the next 'big one' hits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24405/the-shaking-table-at-uc-berkeley","authors":["209"],"series":["quest_13256"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_3923","quest_814","quest_907","quest_13197","quest_1080","quest_13200","quest_1325","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_10188","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2484","quest_10187","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_24804","label":"quest_13256"},"quest_15607":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15607","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15607","score":null,"sort":[1310066425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","publishDate":1310066425,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronatop.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Sutro Tower and the gnarled chert of the Marin Headlandsterrane are parts of a splendid spectacle at San Francisco's Corona Heights. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \"America's Favorite City\" for many great reasons. Geologists have their own list of reasons to love it, many of which are Franciscan—by which we mean the peculiar association of rocks found up and down the Coast Ranges. Corona Heights is a small hill west of the Castro district that features some of these rocks, but one of its main attractions is a world-class slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You get to Corona Heights by walking about a mile west from the 16th/Mission BART station, or by taking the F line up Market Street to the Noe or Sanchez stops. Here's the hill as seen from 16th Street. You can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona1.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights is a hardworking hill that formerly yielded clay and chert. Years of quarrying have accentuated its rugged appearance and left splendid exposures of the bedrock. Along the way, if you keep an eye on appearances of old concrete (doesn't everybody?), you may spot the old chert aggregate around the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona2.jpg\" alt=\"chert aggregate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights, like Bernal Heights to the southeast, is an island of resistant chert that is part of the dismembered \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands terrane\u003c/a>. It houses a fine playground and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">Randall Museum\u003c/a>. It has a \u003ca href=\"http://sfnaturalareas.org/pages/1\">dedicated group doing habitat restoration\u003c/a>. But we're here to see the slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slickenside is the polished surface that is created along a fault as the rocks rub against each other. They are common in faulted rocks, but only in patches the size of your hand. (I showed you some in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>.) Larger ones are rarer. Quarrying at Corona Heights uncovered one the size of a big front yard, one of the world's largest exposures. To see it, start at Castro and 15th, go uphill on 15th and turn left on Beaver Street. Again, you can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona3.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is also a playground, named for Sidney Peixotto. If you continue up 15th Street instead, you'll see the exposure this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona4.jpg\" alt=\"playground and slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real joy of the thing comes at close hand, where you can feel the mirror-smooth surface that only a hard stone like chert can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona5.jpg\" alt=\"fault polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfaces like this are of scientific interest, although the data base is still scant. UC Santa Cruz researcher James Kirkpatrick has surveyed this site by lidar. He and others hope that close analysis can tell us more about how faults behave in detail. That's an advanced topic; the rest of us can \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=52f407dc-3635-46b9-89e5-1564c28b4578\">collect the geocache at this spot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward is a good time to climb to the top of the hill and take in one of the city's best views. On a clear day you can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> (click for a 1000-pixel version).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"panorama\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7654 -122.4373\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everyone loves San Francisco, but geologists love it for reasons others don't, such as its gigantic slickenside.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830584,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":489},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15607 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=15607","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/07/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Great Slickenside of Corona Heights","path":"/quest/15607/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronatop.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Sutro Tower and the gnarled chert of the Marin Headlandsterrane are parts of a splendid spectacle at San Francisco's Corona Heights. Photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \"America's Favorite City\" for many great reasons. Geologists have their own list of reasons to love it, many of which are Franciscan—by which we mean the peculiar association of rocks found up and down the Coast Ranges. Corona Heights is a small hill west of the Castro district that features some of these rocks, but one of its main attractions is a world-class slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You get to Corona Heights by walking about a mile west from the 16th/Mission BART station, or by taking the F line up Market Street to the Noe or Sanchez stops. Here's the hill as seen from 16th Street. You can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona1.jpg\" alt=\"corona heights\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights is a hardworking hill that formerly yielded clay and chert. Years of quarrying have accentuated its rugged appearance and left splendid exposures of the bedrock. Along the way, if you keep an eye on appearances of old concrete (doesn't everybody?), you may spot the old chert aggregate around the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona2.jpg\" alt=\"chert aggregate\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corona Heights, like Bernal Heights to the southeast, is an island of resistant chert that is part of the dismembered \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands terrane\u003c/a>. It houses a fine playground and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">Randall Museum\u003c/a>. It has a \u003ca href=\"http://sfnaturalareas.org/pages/1\">dedicated group doing habitat restoration\u003c/a>. But we're here to see the slickenside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A slickenside is the polished surface that is created along a fault as the rocks rub against each other. They are common in faulted rocks, but only in patches the size of your hand. (I showed you some in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>.) Larger ones are rarer. Quarrying at Corona Heights uncovered one the size of a big front yard, one of the world's largest exposures. To see it, start at Castro and 15th, go uphill on 15th and turn left on Beaver Street. Again, you can't miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona3.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is also a playground, named for Sidney Peixotto. If you continue up 15th Street instead, you'll see the exposure this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona4.jpg\" alt=\"playground and slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real joy of the thing comes at close hand, where you can feel the mirror-smooth surface that only a hard stone like chert can provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/corona5.jpg\" alt=\"fault polish\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surfaces like this are of scientific interest, although the data base is still scant. UC Santa Cruz researcher James Kirkpatrick has surveyed this site by lidar. He and others hope that close analysis can tell us more about how faults behave in detail. That's an advanced topic; the rest of us can \u003ca href=\"http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=52f407dc-3635-46b9-89e5-1564c28b4578\">collect the geocache at this spot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Afterward is a good time to climb to the top of the hill and take in one of the city's best views. On a clear day you can see \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> (click for a 1000-pixel version).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/coronapan.jpg\" width=\"500\" alt=\"panorama\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7654 -122.4373\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15607/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-great-slickenside-of-corona-heights","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3507","quest_1080","quest_3580","quest_3592","quest_3724","quest_2486","quest_3764"],"featImg":"quest_15608","label":"quest"},"quest_12264":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12264","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12264","score":null,"sort":[1297962010000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"befriend-your-local-fault","title":"Friend Your Local Fault","publishDate":1297962010,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/riedelsoakland2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/riedelsoakland2.jpg\" align=\"left\" hspace=\"5\" width=\"300\" alt=\"Hayward fault\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003csub>The Hayward fault crosses Oakland's Temescal Regional Park. Photo courtesy Andrew Alden\u003c/sub>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When they hear the word \"geology,\" many people's first response is \"earthquakes.\" Various earthquake faults lurk around us, out of mind until the day they make history as they did in \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868/\">1868\u003c/a>, in \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/\">1906\u003c/a>, in \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1989/\">1989\u003c/a> and on many lesser occasions. Geologists fear faults as much as anyone else, but they also appreciate that the tectonic movements of earthquakes, repeated thousands of times, have built and continue to maintain our distinctive landscape. And the land in turn has shaped the microclimates and soils that support our great variety of habitats. Without earthquakes, this wouldn't be California. Faults are part of our geologic infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earthquakes-breaking-new-ground\">Earthquakes will never be as predictable\u003c/a> as the weather, I think it's safe to say, but if you get to know your nearest faults then earthquakes will be less of a surprise. When our local faults rupture, you will be less likely to panic and more likely to get through the event unscathed. So when I urge you to friend a fault, it's not to infect you with a scientific hobby but to bring you a lasting practical benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fault is a crack that has had movement along it. Geologists find them everywhere, and geologic maps are festooned with them. Almost all of them are inactive, though, and they're generally obscure even to practiced eyes. You can see what I mean on the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">zoomable geologic map of the Bay Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontgeomap2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-12266\" title=\"fremontgeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontgeomap2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"308\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003cem>\u003csub>US Geological Survey image\u003c/sub>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a part of it showing the area around Fremont. We can't be expected to worry about every heavy line, can we? Thankfully, no; and not the colors and symbols either. That's geology stuff: bedrock and contacts between stratigraphic units. But the two heaviest lines are important. On the left is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> and on the right is the Calaveras fault, both capable of major shocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-12265\" title=\"fremontQfaultmap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2.jpg 498w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003cem>\u003csub>US Geological Survey image\u003c/sub>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another USGS map called the \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/quaternary/details.html\">Quaternary map\u003c/a> focuses on just the active faults—well, the sort-of active ones that have moved during the Quaternary Period. You need to know only two things about the Quaternary: it's pronounced \"qua-TERN-ary\" and for our purposes it includes the last 1.8 million years of geologic time. Now a fault that hasn't moved in a million years, like a volcano that hasn't erupted in a million years, is not much of a threat. The color codes on the faults match the time of the latest fault movement, angry red being historic time (namely, 1868).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two good ways to visit our local faults. One is visiting them in parks (see the list below), and the other is the freelance approach of tracking them through the neighborhood. For that, the best tool is the State of California's Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Zone Maps, which have just been \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/ap/ap_maps.htm\">placed online\u003c/a> by the California Geological Survey. Mandated by the Alquist-Priolo Act of 1972, these maps display the locations of faults that have ruptured during Holocene time, which is geologese for the last 11,000 years. Unlike Quaternary faults, activity on these Holocene faults is a pretty sure thing. And the maps display the detailed fault traces as mapped by geologists, superimposed on a high-quality topographic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these, you can drive or stroll an area and assess the land for yourself. In places like downtown Hayward, the signs are plain and plentiful. In many others, you'll wonder what the heck those geologists were seeing. (The answer is that they were looking at historical aerial photos and data, finding subtle clues on the ground, and doing a lot of connecting dots.) You'll have a head-scratching good time, and you won't see your landscape the same way again.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nVisit the San Andreas fault:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/safnorth/saf06ftrossrd.htm\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>—Take Fort Ross Road east about 0.5 mile and spot the painted line across the road; an interpretive trail is nearby.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/naturescience/geologicactivity.htm\">Olema\u003c/a>—Take the Earthquake Trail near the Bear Valley Visitor Center in Point Reyes National Seashore.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/preserves/pr_los_trancos.asp\">Los Trancos Ridge\u003c/a>—This ridgetop park above Palo Alto has an earthquake trail along the fault.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanborn_Park\">Sanborn County Park\u003c/a>—South of Cupertino in the Santa Cruz Mountains is this park with the 2.5-mile San Andreas trail along the fault trace.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/safnorth/saf06sjbautscarp.htm\">San Juan Bautista\u003c/a>—The fault runs just yards east of the mission here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visit the Hayward fault:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/geotour/tourmap.html#navmap/\">Berkeley\u003c/a>—Tour the fault in \"Bear territory\" including the infamous football stadium built across the fault in 1923.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/temescal\">Oakland\u003c/a>—Lake Temescal park displays the fault in several places.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/hywrdflthayward/\">Hayward\u003c/a>—The historic downtown and old City Hall straddle the fault, and signs of steady (aseismic) creep are abundant here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.5482697 -121.9885719\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earthquakes will never be as predictable as the weather, but if you get to know your nearest faults then earthquakes will be less of a surprise.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1311134304,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":812},"headData":{"title":"Friend Your Local Fault | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"12264 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=12264","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/","disqusTitle":"Friend Your Local Fault","path":"/quest/12264/befriend-your-local-fault","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/riedelsoakland2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/riedelsoakland2.jpg\" align=\"left\" hspace=\"5\" width=\"300\" alt=\"Hayward fault\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003csub>The Hayward fault crosses Oakland's Temescal Regional Park. Photo courtesy Andrew Alden\u003c/sub>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When they hear the word \"geology,\" many people's first response is \"earthquakes.\" Various earthquake faults lurk around us, out of mind until the day they make history as they did in \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1868/\">1868\u003c/a>, in \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/\">1906\u003c/a>, in \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1989/\">1989\u003c/a> and on many lesser occasions. Geologists fear faults as much as anyone else, but they also appreciate that the tectonic movements of earthquakes, repeated thousands of times, have built and continue to maintain our distinctive landscape. And the land in turn has shaped the microclimates and soils that support our great variety of habitats. Without earthquakes, this wouldn't be California. Faults are part of our geologic infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/earthquakes-breaking-new-ground\">Earthquakes will never be as predictable\u003c/a> as the weather, I think it's safe to say, but if you get to know your nearest faults then earthquakes will be less of a surprise. When our local faults rupture, you will be less likely to panic and more likely to get through the event unscathed. So when I urge you to friend a fault, it's not to infect you with a scientific hobby but to bring you a lasting practical benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fault is a crack that has had movement along it. Geologists find them everywhere, and geologic maps are festooned with them. Almost all of them are inactive, though, and they're generally obscure even to practiced eyes. You can see what I mean on the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">zoomable geologic map of the Bay Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontgeomap2.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-12266\" title=\"fremontgeomap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontgeomap2.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"308\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003cem>\u003csub>US Geological Survey image\u003c/sub>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a part of it showing the area around Fremont. We can't be expected to worry about every heavy line, can we? Thankfully, no; and not the colors and symbols either. That's geology stuff: bedrock and contacts between stratigraphic units. But the two heaviest lines are important. On the left is the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> and on the right is the Calaveras fault, both capable of major shocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-12265\" title=\"fremontQfaultmap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2.jpg 498w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/fremontQfaultmap2-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003cem>\u003csub>US Geological Survey image\u003c/sub>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another USGS map called the \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/quaternary/details.html\">Quaternary map\u003c/a> focuses on just the active faults—well, the sort-of active ones that have moved during the Quaternary Period. You need to know only two things about the Quaternary: it's pronounced \"qua-TERN-ary\" and for our purposes it includes the last 1.8 million years of geologic time. Now a fault that hasn't moved in a million years, like a volcano that hasn't erupted in a million years, is not much of a threat. The color codes on the faults match the time of the latest fault movement, angry red being historic time (namely, 1868).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two good ways to visit our local faults. One is visiting them in parks (see the list below), and the other is the freelance approach of tracking them through the neighborhood. For that, the best tool is the State of California's Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Zone Maps, which have just been \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/ap/ap_maps.htm\">placed online\u003c/a> by the California Geological Survey. Mandated by the Alquist-Priolo Act of 1972, these maps display the locations of faults that have ruptured during Holocene time, which is geologese for the last 11,000 years. Unlike Quaternary faults, activity on these Holocene faults is a pretty sure thing. And the maps display the detailed fault traces as mapped by geologists, superimposed on a high-quality topographic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these, you can drive or stroll an area and assess the land for yourself. In places like downtown Hayward, the signs are plain and plentiful. In many others, you'll wonder what the heck those geologists were seeing. (The answer is that they were looking at historical aerial photos and data, finding subtle clues on the ground, and doing a lot of connecting dots.) You'll have a head-scratching good time, and you won't see your landscape the same way again.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nVisit the San Andreas fault:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/safnorth/saf06ftrossrd.htm\">Fort Ross\u003c/a>—Take Fort Ross Road east about 0.5 mile and spot the painted line across the road; an interpretive trail is nearby.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/naturescience/geologicactivity.htm\">Olema\u003c/a>—Take the Earthquake Trail near the Bear Valley Visitor Center in Point Reyes National Seashore.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/preserves/pr_los_trancos.asp\">Los Trancos Ridge\u003c/a>—This ridgetop park above Palo Alto has an earthquake trail along the fault.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanborn_Park\">Sanborn County Park\u003c/a>—South of Cupertino in the Santa Cruz Mountains is this park with the 2.5-mile San Andreas trail along the fault trace.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/safnorth/saf06sjbautscarp.htm\">San Juan Bautista\u003c/a>—The fault runs just yards east of the mission here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visit the Hayward fault:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/geotour/tourmap.html#navmap/\">Berkeley\u003c/a>—Tour the fault in \"Bear territory\" including the infamous football stadium built across the fault in 1923.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/temescal\">Oakland\u003c/a>—Lake Temescal park displays the fault in several places.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geology_ca/ig/hywrdflthayward/\">Hayward\u003c/a>—The historic downtown and old City Hall straddle the fault, and signs of steady (aseismic) creep are abundant here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.5482697 -121.9885719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12264/befriend-your-local-fault","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3492","quest_907","quest_1080","quest_3582","quest_13200","quest_1325","quest_3726","quest_3796","quest_3048"],"featImg":"quest_12285","label":"quest"},"quest_16967":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_16967","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"16967","score":null,"sort":[1223957880000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb","title":"The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb","publishDate":1223957880,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450498353,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":55},"headData":{"title":"The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb | KQED","description":"Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"16967 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/10/13/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb/","disqusTitle":"The Hayward Fault: A Tectonic Timebomb","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-14a-quest.mp3","path":"/quest/16967/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week's deadly earthquake in Japan and last month's devastating temblor in New Zealand have put quake-prone California on alert. While Bay Area residents would rather not think about the possibility of another major quake, the region is surrounded by active faults. One East Bay fault has scientists especially concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/16967/the-hayward-fault-a-tectonic-timebomb","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_909","quest_1080","quest_11136","quest_3351","quest_3706","quest_2349","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_31664","label":"source_quest_16967"},"quest_853":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_853","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"853","score":null,"sort":[1222805505000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","title":"Producer's Notes: The Hayward Fault -- Predictable Peril","publishDate":1222805505,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>I'm not a gambling man but I suppose living in the Bay Area is a gamble in and of itself, given that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1914\">likelihood of an earthquake here of magnitude 6.7 or greater in the next 30 years is 67 percent\u003c/a>. As our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril\">QUEST TV segment on the Hayward Fault\u003c/a>, produced by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\">Amy Miller\u003c/a>, and an upcoming QUEST radio segment produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andrea-kissack/\">Andrea Kissack\u003c/a> attest, the greatest seismic risk posed to Bay Area residents is the Hayward fault, which last ruptured 150 years ago. The fact that the fault ruptures on average every 140 years, offers a sober reminder of the seismic risk that people working and residing in the East Bay face every day, including Amy and Andrea, as well as several other QUEST colleagues who reside in Berkeley and Oakland. As Mary Lou Zoback stated during the interview, a major earthquake along the Hayward fault would be economically much more catastrophic than Hurricane Katrina, coupled with the difficulty of coordinating relief services in communities like Fremont, where more than 100 languages are spoken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we know – \u003cem>or should know\u003c/em> – the seismic risks of living in one of the most vibrant, diverse places in the U.S. Short of leaving the region, what can we do? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, one of the most illuminating things about working on this story for me was learning a bit about retrofitting one’s home to make it withstand the lateral and vertical forces that accompany a strong earthquake. In short, you need to build shear walls – made of reinforced plywood and shear transfer ties – and bolt them to the walls in the foundation of your house. Suprisingly, \u003cstrong>there are no official codes as to what constitutes a proper seismic retrofit of a residential unit in California\u003c/strong>, nor is there a dearth of licensed contractors who will offer quotes and purport to retrofit your home but without any standards in place, homeowners are often at a loss to evaluate the quality of the retrofit which can easily exceed ten thousand dollars, depending on the size of the home and its location. Still, homeowners can avail themselves of a few retrofit resources online, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/fixit/plansets.html\">Plan Set A\u003c/a>, a guideline for retrofitting one's home that has been approved by building departments of several Bay Area municipalities such as Oakland and Hayward. Also on the Association of Bay Area Government's web site is a set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/fixit/ch3/sld002.htm\">schematics\u003c/a> illustrating shear wall construction. If you are interested in retrofitting your home, you should get quotes from several contractors, consult your city's building department to inquire about permits and possibly consult a structural engineer to perform a building analysis on your home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> If you're like me, though, and don’t own a home but want to prepare for \"the big one,\" it's imperative to get an earthquake survival kit. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.redcrossstore.org/shopper/ProdList.aspx?LocationId=1&gclid=CJa4-_SvgpYCFQhJagodkF2aEQ\"><red Cross\u003c/a> sells earthquake survival kits but why not make your own, provided that it has water, first aid supplies, a flashlight, food rations and other essentials for you to survive 72 hours while waiting for emergency help. If you want to make your own kit, try the \u003ca href=\"http://quake.usgs.gov/prepare/future/now/supplies.html\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.72hours.org/build_kit.html\">the city and county of San Francisco\u003c/a>, or helpful suggestions from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/chronicle/special/quakes/1.1.html\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-disaster17sep17-side,0,2504371.story\">LA Times\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> Living in earthquake country, it pays to be vigilant. I applaud the \u003ca href=\"http://1868alliance.org/\">1868 Hayward Earthquake Alliance\u003c/a>, a consortium of agencies that are raising awareness of the risk posed by the Hayward fault with a series of events aimed at educating the public about the importance of preparedness, including a city-wide drill in San Francisco on October 21st, the 140th anniversary of the 1868 Hayward earthquake. We may not be able to predict when exactly the next earthquake on the Hayward fault may occur but we can start planning today to mitigate its effects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who aren't familiar with the Hayward fault, check out our this link to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/haywardfault/\">USGS Google Earth tour over the fault\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"So we know- or should know- the seismic risks of living in one of the most vibrant, diverse places in the U.S. Short of leaving the region, what can we do?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457832774,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":671},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: The Hayward Fault -- Predictable Peril | KQED","description":"So we know- or should know- the seismic risks of living in one of the most vibrant, diverse places in the U.S. Short of leaving the region, what can we do?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"853 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=853","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/30/producers-notes-the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: The Hayward Fault -- Predictable Peril","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c","path":"/quest/853/producers-notes-the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I'm not a gambling man but I suppose living in the Bay Area is a gamble in and of itself, given that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=1914\">likelihood of an earthquake here of magnitude 6.7 or greater in the next 30 years is 67 percent\u003c/a>. As our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril\">QUEST TV segment on the Hayward Fault\u003c/a>, produced by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\">Amy Miller\u003c/a>, and an upcoming QUEST radio segment produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andrea-kissack/\">Andrea Kissack\u003c/a> attest, the greatest seismic risk posed to Bay Area residents is the Hayward fault, which last ruptured 150 years ago. The fact that the fault ruptures on average every 140 years, offers a sober reminder of the seismic risk that people working and residing in the East Bay face every day, including Amy and Andrea, as well as several other QUEST colleagues who reside in Berkeley and Oakland. As Mary Lou Zoback stated during the interview, a major earthquake along the Hayward fault would be economically much more catastrophic than Hurricane Katrina, coupled with the difficulty of coordinating relief services in communities like Fremont, where more than 100 languages are spoken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we know – \u003cem>or should know\u003c/em> – the seismic risks of living in one of the most vibrant, diverse places in the U.S. Short of leaving the region, what can we do? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, one of the most illuminating things about working on this story for me was learning a bit about retrofitting one’s home to make it withstand the lateral and vertical forces that accompany a strong earthquake. In short, you need to build shear walls – made of reinforced plywood and shear transfer ties – and bolt them to the walls in the foundation of your house. Suprisingly, \u003cstrong>there are no official codes as to what constitutes a proper seismic retrofit of a residential unit in California\u003c/strong>, nor is there a dearth of licensed contractors who will offer quotes and purport to retrofit your home but without any standards in place, homeowners are often at a loss to evaluate the quality of the retrofit which can easily exceed ten thousand dollars, depending on the size of the home and its location. Still, homeowners can avail themselves of a few retrofit resources online, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/fixit/plansets.html\">Plan Set A\u003c/a>, a guideline for retrofitting one's home that has been approved by building departments of several Bay Area municipalities such as Oakland and Hayward. Also on the Association of Bay Area Government's web site is a set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.abag.ca.gov/bayarea/eqmaps/fixit/ch3/sld002.htm\">schematics\u003c/a> illustrating shear wall construction. If you are interested in retrofitting your home, you should get quotes from several contractors, consult your city's building department to inquire about permits and possibly consult a structural engineer to perform a building analysis on your home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> If you're like me, though, and don’t own a home but want to prepare for \"the big one,\" it's imperative to get an earthquake survival kit. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.redcrossstore.org/shopper/ProdList.aspx?LocationId=1&gclid=CJa4-_SvgpYCFQhJagodkF2aEQ\"><red Cross\u003c/a> sells earthquake survival kits but why not make your own, provided that it has water, first aid supplies, a flashlight, food rations and other essentials for you to survive 72 hours while waiting for emergency help. If you want to make your own kit, try the \u003ca href=\"http://quake.usgs.gov/prepare/future/now/supplies.html\">USGS\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.72hours.org/build_kit.html\">the city and county of San Francisco\u003c/a>, or helpful suggestions from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/chronicle/special/quakes/1.1.html\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-disaster17sep17-side,0,2504371.story\">LA Times\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> Living in earthquake country, it pays to be vigilant. I applaud the \u003ca href=\"http://1868alliance.org/\">1868 Hayward Earthquake Alliance\u003c/a>, a consortium of agencies that are raising awareness of the risk posed by the Hayward fault with a series of events aimed at educating the public about the importance of preparedness, including a city-wide drill in San Francisco on October 21st, the 140th anniversary of the 1868 Hayward earthquake. We may not be able to predict when exactly the next earthquake on the Hayward fault may occur but we can start planning today to mitigate its effects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who aren't familiar with the Hayward fault, check out our this link to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/haywardfault/\">USGS Google Earth tour over the fault\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/853/producers-notes-the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_37","quest_907","quest_1080","quest_1325","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2345","quest_2349","quest_2474","quest_2893","quest_3048"],"label":"quest"},"quest_15170":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15170","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15170","score":null,"sort":[1196801333000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mt-diablo-state-park-exploration","title":"Exploring Mt. Diablo State Park","publishDate":1196801333,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277972239/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1254/1277972239_8eb68d9235_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11a. Sentinel Rock, Mt. Diablo State Park\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Many visitors to Mount Diablo head straight for the summit to enjoy the famous view. Summer days are sometimes hazy, and the best viewing is often on the day after a winter storm. Then, you can look to the west, beyond the Golden Gate Bridge, to the Farallon Islands; southeast to the James Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton at 4,213 feet elevation; south to Mount Loma Prieta in the Santa Cruz Mountains at 3,791 feet elevation, north to Mount Saint Helena in the Coast Range at 4,344 feet elevation, and still farther north to Mount Lassen in the Cascades at 10,466 feet. North and east of Mount Diablo the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers converge to form the twisting waterways of the Delta. To the east beyond Califomia's great central valley, the crest of the Sierra Nevada seems to float in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location-Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park may be accessed by vehicle from either the Danville area (Mount Diablo Scenic Boulevard) or the Walnut Creek area (North Gate Road). Highway 680 to Danville; take Diablo Road exit, then 3 miles east to Mount Diablo Scenic Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate/Recommended clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Summers are generally hot and dry. The rainy season is generally from November through mid-March. Visitors in the winter occasionally experience a snowfall on the mountain peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Telephone\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-837-2525\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nGeneral park information\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-838-9225\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFor information on mountain weather conditions\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Operating Hours\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Gates open 8:00am and close at sunset. Visitors should plan to be in their vehicles by sunset and headed out to avoid being locked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Visitor Center will be open 7 days a week from 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Summit Museum is open:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOpen 7 days a week 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell Canyon Interpretive Center is open Weekends only and some holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>8:00am to 4:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>10:00am to 2:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mailing Address\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo State Park\u003cbr>\n96 Mitchell Canyon Road\u003cbr>\nClayton, CA 94517\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional thanks go to Ken Lavin of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>, Dr. Carol Tang and Dr. Peter Roopnarine of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, and Judy Scotchmoor of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Natural History Museums\u003c/a> for their contributions to this piece. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mt. Diablo: an upside-down trek through time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278865000/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1219/1278865000_d74b6db0a8_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11b. Untouched landscape\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Mt. Diablo can be an intimidating place for a geologist. It's an almost inexplicable scrunch of mixed up, twisted rock layers piled on each other in what looks to be backward chronological order. Combine that with the fact that a hike on Mt. Diablo could involve encounters with rattlesnakes, tarantulas, and other unpleasant critters, and it's easy to see why many rock studiers once left this mysterious mountain to the biologists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists visiting Mt. Diablo in the 1800s found not only abundant plant and animal life, they also discovered evidence of the region's rich biological past. Fossils lodged in rocks gave away the area's past lives as an ocean floor and a stream-filled flatland. When the science of plate tectonics-- the notion that the earth's crust is composed of many large, mobile plates whose movements cause earthquakes, mountains, and other geological phenomena-- came into acceptance in the 1970s, it brought ways to explain the presence and order of the mountain's confusing rock layers. Soon geologists and paleontologists joined the biologists, developing a picture of whats taken place in Mt. Diablo's neighborhood over the last 200 million years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looming over the landscape near Walnut Creek, Mt. Diablo is a paradox: it has some of the oldest rocks in the Bay Area, yet it's one of the region's youngest geological features, having risen at most only about 2 million years ago (by mountain standards, that makes it a real whipper-snapper). And even though it looks for all the world like a volcano, it isn't one. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The ground's all turned around\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were to clean out an old trunk that you'd been steadily tossing things into for years, you'd probably notice a pattern: the items at the bottom of the trunk would be the oldest ones, left there years before the things sitting at the top. The same is true for layers of rock... usually. Mt. Diablo is just the opposite: the oldest rock is found at the summit of the mountain, and the newest rock at the bottom. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can this be? Geologists are still stumped about some aspects of the mountain's formation. What they believe is that Diablo was once a slab of ocean floor that was pushed up and folded by the forces of plates moving past each other. This folding drove the oldest tiers toward the top. If you could cut Mt. Diablo in half and look at these layers from the side, it would resemble a sandwich standing on end. The oldest rocks would be the filling, flanked by a younger layer of rock on each side, flanked again on each side by an even younger layer, and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layered stories of times past\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo's many rock layers offer clues to conditions in the area over the last 200 million years. A complete tour of the mountain's history would fill a hefty tome, but here are a few highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>190 – 90 million years ago: An ancient ocean floor\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277970035/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1173/1277970035_95d9b09db0_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"1b. Radiolarian chert layers\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>The park's oldest rocks, dating between 190 to 90 million years ago, make up the mountain's summit. A collection called the Franciscan Complex, they are evidence of a collision between plates on the ocean floor. In such an area, known as a subduction zone, one plate slides under another. Greenstone found on Mt. Diablo was scraped from the top of the submerging plate as it dove under its neighbor. Another Franciscan rock, chert, is made of the fossil skeletons of tiny sea creatures whose bodies formed thick layers on the ocean floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>50 million years ago: A prehistoric sea basin filling with sediment\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278958654/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1374/1278958654_700852cb89_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"10b. Turritella Snail Bed, close up\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Over time, plate movements in the Mt. Diablo region created a shallow basin that filled with water to make an inland sea, producing shorelines and swampy backwaters. In the warming global climate, sub-tropical plants and animals thrived. The fossils of some sea creatures are easy to find along trails in the park, preserved in rocks formed by sediments piling into the ancient sea. The bodies of others collected in the swamps as peat, which compressed over time into a low-grade coal that was mined and shipped to San Francisco in the later half of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>20-10 million years ago: The ground shifts, the sea recedes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278051243/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1149/1278051243_9d7e9dab46_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"13a. Fossil scallop on the grill\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>During this time, the movement of the plates around Mt. Diablo shifted. Rather than one diving under the other, they began to move against each other horizontally. Even today this is still the direction of movement in the region, and is what gives rise to earthquakes along the San Andreas and other nearby faults. This new direction of movement made changes to the landscape that caused the water to drain from the inland sea, leaving behind a coastal plain. Sea creatures trapped in mud at this time were destined to become fossils, and you can spot the occasional scallop or oyster from this period in the stones used to build campsite stoves in Mt. Diablo State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>7-10 million years ago: Mammals rule the flatlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The sea came and went once more, leaving the area dry one last time. Rivers then flowed through the sea-less basin, making it inviting for a wide variety of land mammals, large and small. Stream deposits on the land that became the mountain's south side gave rise to one of the richest fossil beds in the United States (second only to the LaBrea Tar Pits in southern California). Paleontologists working at Mt. Dialblo have unearthed fossils of horses, rhinos, camels, and even a mastodon skull, among many other finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2 million years ago: At last, the landscape rises\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The earth that makes up Mt. Diablo began to creep upward at this time, but scientists haven't been able to determine exactly why. Two theories exist: one posits that there was a thrust fault (a fault in which one plate has moved under another, pushing the top plate up) near the surface of the earth where the mountain now stands. As the bottom plate moved under, it bent the edge of the top plate, lifting and folding it, creating the mountain. A second theory suggests that plates around the area of the mountain were moving horizontally relative to each other, and that a thrust fault far below the surface (called a blind fault) pushed the mountain up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not Mt. Diablo was formed by a blind thrust fault, many researchers believe such a fault exists under the mountain today, pushing it steadily upward. At 3,849 feet, Mt. Diablo continues to rise a few millimeters a year, and its landscape is still changing. The mountain's unique geology and the extraordinary number of fossil species found there-- 455-- draws scientists from many disciplines. Slowly they are adding pages to the story of this ever-changing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/events.htm#Hikes\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a> are well-regarded stewards of the park, with a dedicated volunteer corps and regular docent-led hikes. Coming up soon:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tarantula Trek\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sunday September 30 & Saturday October 6, 3PM\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th century visitor to Mount Diablo described the tarantula as \"attaining the size of a small bird, possessing fangs the size of a rattlesnakes', and delivering a bite generally considered fatal\" Fact or fiction? Join us for a tarantula talk, followed by a nature hike to search for Mount Diablo's giant spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet at the Mitchell Canyon Visitor Center in Mount Diablo State Park for this easy hike. Back by 6 PM. $3 parking fee. Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393 , \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trek Through Time: East Bay - Greenbelt Outing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Saturday December 1 10:30am - 4pm\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org\">Greenbelt Alliance\u003c/a> for a walk through 150 million years of geologic history on Mount Diablo's \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org/getinvolved/outings/outingsdirections_trektime.html\">Trail through Time\u003c/a>. We will enjoy one of the most spectacular views on earth from the summit of Mount Diablo and then hike down to Rock City. On the way, we'll see rocks deposited in many different ancient environments, view incredible fossils, and even straddle a fault. We'll car pool to return to the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393, \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/443410@N25\">Mt. Diablo State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.flickr.com/groups/mtdiablo/\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/\">Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/WaspGalls_RonRussoPoster.pdf\">Ron's Galls - Wasp Galls on California Oaks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/activezone/cookie.html\">Exploratorium: Faultline: Cookie Subduction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This park is one of the ecological treasures of the San Francisco Bay Area. Every season in the park has its special qualities. Discover for yourself the mountain's beautiful wildflowers, its extensive trail system, fascinating wildlife distinctive rock formations and fossils.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1458594607,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.everytrail.com/guide/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/map"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1819},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Mt. Diablo State Park | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"15170 http://science.kqed.org/quest/science-hike/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/12/04/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Mt. Diablo State Park","source":"Science Hike","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/science-hike/","path":"/quest/15170/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277972239/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1254/1277972239_8eb68d9235_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11a. Sentinel Rock, Mt. Diablo State Park\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Many visitors to Mount Diablo head straight for the summit to enjoy the famous view. Summer days are sometimes hazy, and the best viewing is often on the day after a winter storm. Then, you can look to the west, beyond the Golden Gate Bridge, to the Farallon Islands; southeast to the James Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton at 4,213 feet elevation; south to Mount Loma Prieta in the Santa Cruz Mountains at 3,791 feet elevation, north to Mount Saint Helena in the Coast Range at 4,344 feet elevation, and still farther north to Mount Lassen in the Cascades at 10,466 feet. North and east of Mount Diablo the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers converge to form the twisting waterways of the Delta. To the east beyond Califomia's great central valley, the crest of the Sierra Nevada seems to float in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location-Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park may be accessed by vehicle from either the Danville area (Mount Diablo Scenic Boulevard) or the Walnut Creek area (North Gate Road). Highway 680 to Danville; take Diablo Road exit, then 3 miles east to Mount Diablo Scenic Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate/Recommended clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Summers are generally hot and dry. The rainy season is generally from November through mid-March. Visitors in the winter occasionally experience a snowfall on the mountain peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Telephone\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-837-2525\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nGeneral park information\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-838-9225\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFor information on mountain weather conditions\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Operating Hours\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Gates open 8:00am and close at sunset. Visitors should plan to be in their vehicles by sunset and headed out to avoid being locked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Visitor Center will be open 7 days a week from 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Summit Museum is open:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOpen 7 days a week 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell Canyon Interpretive Center is open Weekends only and some holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>8:00am to 4:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>10:00am to 2:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mailing Address\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo State Park\u003cbr>\n96 Mitchell Canyon Road\u003cbr>\nClayton, CA 94517\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional thanks go to Ken Lavin of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>, Dr. Carol Tang and Dr. Peter Roopnarine of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, and Judy Scotchmoor of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Natural History Museums\u003c/a> for their contributions to this piece. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mt. Diablo: an upside-down trek through time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278865000/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1219/1278865000_d74b6db0a8_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11b. Untouched landscape\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Mt. Diablo can be an intimidating place for a geologist. It's an almost inexplicable scrunch of mixed up, twisted rock layers piled on each other in what looks to be backward chronological order. Combine that with the fact that a hike on Mt. Diablo could involve encounters with rattlesnakes, tarantulas, and other unpleasant critters, and it's easy to see why many rock studiers once left this mysterious mountain to the biologists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists visiting Mt. Diablo in the 1800s found not only abundant plant and animal life, they also discovered evidence of the region's rich biological past. Fossils lodged in rocks gave away the area's past lives as an ocean floor and a stream-filled flatland. When the science of plate tectonics-- the notion that the earth's crust is composed of many large, mobile plates whose movements cause earthquakes, mountains, and other geological phenomena-- came into acceptance in the 1970s, it brought ways to explain the presence and order of the mountain's confusing rock layers. Soon geologists and paleontologists joined the biologists, developing a picture of whats taken place in Mt. Diablo's neighborhood over the last 200 million years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looming over the landscape near Walnut Creek, Mt. Diablo is a paradox: it has some of the oldest rocks in the Bay Area, yet it's one of the region's youngest geological features, having risen at most only about 2 million years ago (by mountain standards, that makes it a real whipper-snapper). And even though it looks for all the world like a volcano, it isn't one. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The ground's all turned around\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were to clean out an old trunk that you'd been steadily tossing things into for years, you'd probably notice a pattern: the items at the bottom of the trunk would be the oldest ones, left there years before the things sitting at the top. The same is true for layers of rock... usually. Mt. Diablo is just the opposite: the oldest rock is found at the summit of the mountain, and the newest rock at the bottom. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can this be? Geologists are still stumped about some aspects of the mountain's formation. What they believe is that Diablo was once a slab of ocean floor that was pushed up and folded by the forces of plates moving past each other. This folding drove the oldest tiers toward the top. If you could cut Mt. Diablo in half and look at these layers from the side, it would resemble a sandwich standing on end. The oldest rocks would be the filling, flanked by a younger layer of rock on each side, flanked again on each side by an even younger layer, and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layered stories of times past\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo's many rock layers offer clues to conditions in the area over the last 200 million years. A complete tour of the mountain's history would fill a hefty tome, but here are a few highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>190 – 90 million years ago: An ancient ocean floor\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277970035/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1173/1277970035_95d9b09db0_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"1b. Radiolarian chert layers\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>The park's oldest rocks, dating between 190 to 90 million years ago, make up the mountain's summit. A collection called the Franciscan Complex, they are evidence of a collision between plates on the ocean floor. In such an area, known as a subduction zone, one plate slides under another. Greenstone found on Mt. Diablo was scraped from the top of the submerging plate as it dove under its neighbor. Another Franciscan rock, chert, is made of the fossil skeletons of tiny sea creatures whose bodies formed thick layers on the ocean floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>50 million years ago: A prehistoric sea basin filling with sediment\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278958654/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1374/1278958654_700852cb89_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"10b. Turritella Snail Bed, close up\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Over time, plate movements in the Mt. Diablo region created a shallow basin that filled with water to make an inland sea, producing shorelines and swampy backwaters. In the warming global climate, sub-tropical plants and animals thrived. The fossils of some sea creatures are easy to find along trails in the park, preserved in rocks formed by sediments piling into the ancient sea. The bodies of others collected in the swamps as peat, which compressed over time into a low-grade coal that was mined and shipped to San Francisco in the later half of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>20-10 million years ago: The ground shifts, the sea recedes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278051243/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1149/1278051243_9d7e9dab46_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"13a. Fossil scallop on the grill\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>During this time, the movement of the plates around Mt. Diablo shifted. Rather than one diving under the other, they began to move against each other horizontally. Even today this is still the direction of movement in the region, and is what gives rise to earthquakes along the San Andreas and other nearby faults. This new direction of movement made changes to the landscape that caused the water to drain from the inland sea, leaving behind a coastal plain. Sea creatures trapped in mud at this time were destined to become fossils, and you can spot the occasional scallop or oyster from this period in the stones used to build campsite stoves in Mt. Diablo State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>7-10 million years ago: Mammals rule the flatlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The sea came and went once more, leaving the area dry one last time. Rivers then flowed through the sea-less basin, making it inviting for a wide variety of land mammals, large and small. Stream deposits on the land that became the mountain's south side gave rise to one of the richest fossil beds in the United States (second only to the LaBrea Tar Pits in southern California). Paleontologists working at Mt. Dialblo have unearthed fossils of horses, rhinos, camels, and even a mastodon skull, among many other finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2 million years ago: At last, the landscape rises\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The earth that makes up Mt. Diablo began to creep upward at this time, but scientists haven't been able to determine exactly why. Two theories exist: one posits that there was a thrust fault (a fault in which one plate has moved under another, pushing the top plate up) near the surface of the earth where the mountain now stands. As the bottom plate moved under, it bent the edge of the top plate, lifting and folding it, creating the mountain. A second theory suggests that plates around the area of the mountain were moving horizontally relative to each other, and that a thrust fault far below the surface (called a blind fault) pushed the mountain up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not Mt. Diablo was formed by a blind thrust fault, many researchers believe such a fault exists under the mountain today, pushing it steadily upward. At 3,849 feet, Mt. Diablo continues to rise a few millimeters a year, and its landscape is still changing. The mountain's unique geology and the extraordinary number of fossil species found there-- 455-- draws scientists from many disciplines. Slowly they are adding pages to the story of this ever-changing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/events.htm#Hikes\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a> are well-regarded stewards of the park, with a dedicated volunteer corps and regular docent-led hikes. Coming up soon:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tarantula Trek\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sunday September 30 & Saturday October 6, 3PM\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th century visitor to Mount Diablo described the tarantula as \"attaining the size of a small bird, possessing fangs the size of a rattlesnakes', and delivering a bite generally considered fatal\" Fact or fiction? Join us for a tarantula talk, followed by a nature hike to search for Mount Diablo's giant spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet at the Mitchell Canyon Visitor Center in Mount Diablo State Park for this easy hike. Back by 6 PM. $3 parking fee. Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393 , \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trek Through Time: East Bay - Greenbelt Outing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Saturday December 1 10:30am - 4pm\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org\">Greenbelt Alliance\u003c/a> for a walk through 150 million years of geologic history on Mount Diablo's \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org/getinvolved/outings/outingsdirections_trektime.html\">Trail through Time\u003c/a>. We will enjoy one of the most spectacular views on earth from the summit of Mount Diablo and then hike down to Rock City. On the way, we'll see rocks deposited in many different ancient environments, view incredible fossils, and even straddle a fault. We'll car pool to return to the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393, \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/443410@N25\">Mt. Diablo State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.flickr.com/groups/mtdiablo/\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/\">Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/WaspGalls_RonRussoPoster.pdf\">Ron's Galls - Wasp Galls on California Oaks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/activezone/cookie.html\">Exploratorium: Faultline: Cookie Subduction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15170/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration","authors":["6166","10191"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_1080","quest_3405","quest_13200","quest_1370","quest_3351","quest_2093","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2486","quest_2493","quest_2530","quest_13434","quest_3409","quest_3311","quest_3320"],"featImg":"quest_15177","label":"source_quest_15170"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.","airtime":"SAT 4pm-5pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/reveal","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/","rss":"http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"}},"says-you":{"id":"says-you","title":"Says You!","info":"Public radio's game show of bluff and bluster, words and whimsy. 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