The Future of Sustainable Food: Q&A with Wendell Berry
Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries
Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape
During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break
An Oasis Grows in an Urban Food Desert
Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms
Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible
California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future?
California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost?
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Anne got her SM from MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Anne Glausser | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cb2272efe9d1c6b409249b4273bcef1b?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/anneglausser"},"andysoth":{"type":"authors","id":"10275","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10275","found":true},"name":"Andy Soth","firstName":"Andy","lastName":"Soth","slug":"andysoth","email":"andy.soth@wpt.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andy Soth is a senior producer at Wisconsin Public Television based in Madison. His work has included environmental, technology and feature reporting for the magazine program, In Wisconsin, as well as numerous Web projects. He is content editor for WisconsinVote.org, which was recently named best election Web site by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association. The WBA, along with the Milwaukee Press Club and the Northwest Broadcast News Association have frequently honored Soth’s television stories. In 1999, Soth shared in a national Emmy as segment producer for The :30 Second Candidate.\r\n\r\nSoth has an MS in Life Sciences Communication from the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Art History. He has also attended the WETA Producers Academy and was recently selected a Fellow for the Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources Asian Carp Institute.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_pages","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andy Soth | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andysoth"},"jaugustine":{"type":"authors","id":"10447","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10447","found":true},"name":"Jon Augustine","firstName":"Jon","lastName":"Augustine","slug":"jaugustine","email":"jaugustine@netad.unl.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Associate Producer for QUEST, NET Nebraska.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jon Augustine | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a159fa0e9fcb7b7f49fd7b98792e3bdb?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jaugustine"},"frankgraff":{"type":"authors","id":"10457","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10457","found":true},"name":"Frank Graff","firstName":"Frank","lastName":"Graff","slug":"frankgraff","email":"fgraff@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Frank is an award winning reporter who joined UNC-TV in October 2012. He moved to Raleigh in 2004 to work for the NBC-owned station and agrees wholeheartedly with the song, \"Nothing could be finer than to be in Carolina.\" Frank brings almost 25 years of TV experience to UNC-TV. He began his career in Presque Isle, Maine and has worked at stations in Clarksburg, W.Va, Lynchburg, Va., Norfolk, Baltimore and Cincinnati. \r\n\r\nFrank won a regional and national Emmy award for his coverage of riots in Cincinnati and a regional Emmy for a story on Raleigh's new downtown wayfinding system. His work has also been recognized by the Communicator awards, the Associated Press and the Society of Professional Journalists. Frank took a four year break from reporting to work with a Triangle Public Relations firm. While there, his PR and Marketing work won a Davey Award for a series of radio and television spots, as well as the social media campaign to rebrand a regional drug store chain.\r\n\r\nFrank grew up in Toledo, Ohio and graduated from Ohio University with a degree a journalism and a Master's degree in Political Science.\r\n\r\nFrank's true love is spending time with his wife and two children and his friends. He also enjoys photography, golfing and running (he's completed 3 half marathons with his wife).","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/913abdbcdfe509dc910c3e19e2875aa8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Frank Graff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/913abdbcdfe509dc910c3e19e2875aa8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/913abdbcdfe509dc910c3e19e2875aa8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/frankgraff"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_71174":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_71174","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"71174","score":null,"sort":[1407247210000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-future-of-sustainable-food-qa-with-wendell-berry","title":"The Future of Sustainable Food: Q&A with Wendell Berry","publishDate":1407247210,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Farmer and environmentalist Wendell Berry is known to many as the father of the sustainable food movement. He is an outspoken advocate for an agrarian revolution to end industrialized practices that he says are poisoning the land and destroying rural communities. In recent years Berry has promoted a 50-Year Farm Bill, which presents a long-term plan to reduce soil erosion and land pollution by replacing annual crops with perennials. His latest book, \u003cem>Distant Neighbors\u003c/em>, chronicles his 40-year correspondence with poet Gary Snyder, and discusses everything from faith and family to the destruction of the environment. Berry stopped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> and I had a chance to speak with him about agricultural policy and current trends in the sustainable food movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The word “sustainability” has become very promiscuously used these days.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it’s useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yeah. So I'm curious what you think of that word or how you define it.\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We’re stuck with the word 'sustainability' because it’s clearly something we have to strive for\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Well, we’re stuck with the word “sustainability” because it’s clearly something we have to strive for. But we had better be a little humble about it, because we Americans have not sustained anything for very long. And the stuff that we have sustained, we haven’t done it deliberately until the last few years. So this issue of sustainability requires a lot of careful thought about ways of work and kinds of materials and it’s a conversation that we’ve just begun. The thing that we’re most needing to sustain is the health of the ecosphere, which is a big job. It then divides itself naturally into the need to sustain local ecosystems. The great fact of our time is that while our conversation about sustainability is trying to get started, we’re destroying the health of the local ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community, according to Berry. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the past you’ve advocated for a 50-Year Farm Bill to try to address some of these problems.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m glad you mentioned \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/the-50-year-farm-bill/265099/\" target=\"_blank\">the 50-Year Farm Bill\u003c/a>, because it makes sense. It is a brief document that has the great virtue of making sense about agriculture itself rather than about food stamps and those peripheral matters (not that I’m against food stamps). But the idea is to reverse the ratio between annual and perennial plants. We now have 20 percent perennial and 80 percent annual, and the proposal is in 50 years to reverse that to 80 percent perennial and 20 percent annual. This involves diminishing the amount of erosion, the toxicity of these fields, and the ongoing destruction of rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve talked a lot about local economies and local communities. Our world has become so globalized, is it possible to have truly local economies anymore?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s some authentic hope in this effort to promote local food, which is succeeding. It’s based on an informed population of customers, it’s based on knowledgeable land use, and it is antithetical to globalization and the global economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are a lot of big corporations now trying to jump onto the sustainable food movement. For example, Coca-Cola and McDonald’s have new environmental goals for 2020. What do you make of that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71587\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 390px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med-491x360.png\" alt=\"GMO labeling initiatives by state. States in green have passed GMO labeling laws. States in blue have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. States in gray have yet to review GMO labeling. Visit Right to Know GMO for more information. (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\" width=\"390\" height=\"286\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GMO labeling initiatives by state. Blue states have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. Gray states have yet to review GMO labeling. Green states have passed GMO labeling laws. Click to enlarge. Source: \u003ca href=\"http://righttoknow-gmo.org/states\" target=\"_blank\">Right to Know GMO\u003c/a> (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was raised with a certain prejudice against corporations. And it has become less a prejudice than a case. Jefferson said we shouldn’t trust the government; I don’t think we should trust corporations. I don’t think the conservationists and environmentalists have anything to gain from getting into bed with the corporations. I think the corporations are doing that out of self-interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think genetically modified foods should be labeled?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, of course they should be labeled! Genetic modification is just the ultimate so far in the corporate effort to rule the food industry and the agricultural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are also researchers in universities trying to use genetic modification to, say, make crops that will help small farmers in Third World countries. Is there a way we could judiciously use genetic modification?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71589\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes-272x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Guy Mendes\" width=\"220\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Guy Mendes\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I would say view it with suspicion. These people [corporations] are not going to do anything, I think, to help small people succeed. They’re going to do it in their own interest. And people who are working in universities from altruistic motives can’t stop their work from being taken over and used and abused by the corporations. I take it all with a grain of salt … more than a grain of salt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Through all of this, you seem to remain fairly optimistic that we can change the food system. Where does that optimism come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I’m not optimistic. I’m hopeful, because I know there are better ways of treating the world. And I know that not just from theory, but from examples, from things I’ve seen, and from things I’ve learned from reading history. It is possible to do better. Some people are doing better now\u003cem>.\u003c/em> And that’s not to be argued with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Farmer and environmentalist Wendell Berry discusses agricultural policy and current trends in the sustainable food movement.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442642725,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":953},"headData":{"title":"The Future of Sustainable Food: Q&A with Wendell Berry | KQED","description":"Farmer and environmentalist Wendell Berry discusses agricultural policy and current trends in the sustainable food movement.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"71174 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=71174","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/08/05/the-future-of-sustainable-food-qa-with-wendell-berry/","disqusTitle":"The Future of Sustainable Food: Q&A with Wendell Berry","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/71174/the-future-of-sustainable-food-qa-with-wendell-berry","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farmer and environmentalist Wendell Berry is known to many as the father of the sustainable food movement. He is an outspoken advocate for an agrarian revolution to end industrialized practices that he says are poisoning the land and destroying rural communities. In recent years Berry has promoted a 50-Year Farm Bill, which presents a long-term plan to reduce soil erosion and land pollution by replacing annual crops with perennials. His latest book, \u003cem>Distant Neighbors\u003c/em>, chronicles his 40-year correspondence with poet Gary Snyder, and discusses everything from faith and family to the destruction of the environment. Berry stopped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> and I had a chance to speak with him about agricultural policy and current trends in the sustainable food movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The word “sustainability” has become very promiscuously used these days.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it’s useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yeah. So I'm curious what you think of that word or how you define it.\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We’re stuck with the word 'sustainability' because it’s clearly something we have to strive for\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Well, we’re stuck with the word “sustainability” because it’s clearly something we have to strive for. But we had better be a little humble about it, because we Americans have not sustained anything for very long. And the stuff that we have sustained, we haven’t done it deliberately until the last few years. So this issue of sustainability requires a lot of careful thought about ways of work and kinds of materials and it’s a conversation that we’ve just begun. The thing that we’re most needing to sustain is the health of the ecosphere, which is a big job. It then divides itself naturally into the need to sustain local ecosystems. The great fact of our time is that while our conversation about sustainability is trying to get started, we’re destroying the health of the local ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community, according to Berry. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the past you’ve advocated for a 50-Year Farm Bill to try to address some of these problems.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m glad you mentioned \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/the-50-year-farm-bill/265099/\" target=\"_blank\">the 50-Year Farm Bill\u003c/a>, because it makes sense. It is a brief document that has the great virtue of making sense about agriculture itself rather than about food stamps and those peripheral matters (not that I’m against food stamps). But the idea is to reverse the ratio between annual and perennial plants. We now have 20 percent perennial and 80 percent annual, and the proposal is in 50 years to reverse that to 80 percent perennial and 20 percent annual. This involves diminishing the amount of erosion, the toxicity of these fields, and the ongoing destruction of rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve talked a lot about local economies and local communities. Our world has become so globalized, is it possible to have truly local economies anymore?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s some authentic hope in this effort to promote local food, which is succeeding. It’s based on an informed population of customers, it’s based on knowledgeable land use, and it is antithetical to globalization and the global economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are a lot of big corporations now trying to jump onto the sustainable food movement. For example, Coca-Cola and McDonald’s have new environmental goals for 2020. What do you make of that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71587\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 390px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med-491x360.png\" alt=\"GMO labeling initiatives by state. States in green have passed GMO labeling laws. States in blue have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. States in gray have yet to review GMO labeling. Visit Right to Know GMO for more information. (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\" width=\"390\" height=\"286\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GMO labeling initiatives by state. Blue states have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. Gray states have yet to review GMO labeling. Green states have passed GMO labeling laws. Click to enlarge. Source: \u003ca href=\"http://righttoknow-gmo.org/states\" target=\"_blank\">Right to Know GMO\u003c/a> (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was raised with a certain prejudice against corporations. And it has become less a prejudice than a case. Jefferson said we shouldn’t trust the government; I don’t think we should trust corporations. I don’t think the conservationists and environmentalists have anything to gain from getting into bed with the corporations. I think the corporations are doing that out of self-interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think genetically modified foods should be labeled?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, of course they should be labeled! Genetic modification is just the ultimate so far in the corporate effort to rule the food industry and the agricultural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are also researchers in universities trying to use genetic modification to, say, make crops that will help small farmers in Third World countries. Is there a way we could judiciously use genetic modification?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71589\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes-272x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Guy Mendes\" width=\"220\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Guy Mendes\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I would say view it with suspicion. These people [corporations] are not going to do anything, I think, to help small people succeed. They’re going to do it in their own interest. And people who are working in universities from altruistic motives can’t stop their work from being taken over and used and abused by the corporations. I take it all with a grain of salt … more than a grain of salt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Through all of this, you seem to remain fairly optimistic that we can change the food system. Where does that optimism come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I’m not optimistic. I’m hopeful, because I know there are better ways of treating the world. And I know that not just from theory, but from examples, from things I’ve seen, and from things I’ve learned from reading history. It is possible to do better. Some people are doing better now\u003cem>.\u003c/em> And that’s not to be argued with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/71174/the-future-of-sustainable-food-qa-with-wendell-berry","authors":["6569"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_12944","quest_1072","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_1228","quest_12943","quest_12116","quest_13","quest_12450","quest_13364","quest_12942"],"featImg":"quest_71584","label":"source_quest_71174"},"quest_70498":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_70498","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"70498","score":null,"sort":[1404914450000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","title":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","publishDate":1404914450,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It’s not your fault, gardeners. Strawberries are not very well suited to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-north-carolina-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php\" target=\"_blank\">hot, dry climate\u003c/a>. That’s why your garden-variety strawberries probably don’t look -- or taste -- much like the plump varieties found at farm stands or grocery stores. But help is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, the North Carolina climate is hostile to the so-called “love fruit.” These delicate seed receptacles are more suited to temperate climates, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">like coastal California\u003c/a>, where cool, moist nights help the plant thrive. But strawberries \u003cstrong>can\u003c/strong> flourish in more extreme climates, thanks to science and “North Carolina is able to grow strawberries because of all the science and technology that is devoted to the crop,” said Debby Wechsler, executive secretary of the North Carolina Strawberry Association. “It’s really what is known as intense management. It takes a lot of care. It’s not like you just throw them out and let them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of that intense management can be seen on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wallerfamilyfarm.com/Site/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Waller Family Farm\u003c/a> in Durham, NC. Mark Waller farms 40 acres of strawberries on what used to be a tobacco farm. Customers can pick their own strawberries or visit the market he runs during the strawberry season, which lasts anywhere from April through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we see about eight to ten blooms per plant, we really pick up the intensity around the farm,” said Waller. “Not only are we fertilizing but we are also really watching for frost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus Barclay Poling’s research comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s real humid, with ‘lots of moisture in the air’ type of night, we can get frost or ice crystals on the bloom and we’ve killed blossoms as high as 31 degrees, which is really interesting,” explained Poling. “If it’s a dry night, with a low dew point, in those conditions the flowers can super cool to as low as 27, so that’s quite a range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcV_jYeHGQ0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this video to learn how farmers and scientists use digital thermometers to help strawberries thrive in North Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poling has found the average critical temperature for strawberry blooms in the state is 28 degrees. If the blooms get much colder than that, they will either stay dormant and wait for warmer weather or possibly die if the cold persists. Because the blooms are the most vulnerable tissue for the strawberry plant, and the most critical to a successful harvest, Poling compiles a wealth of weather information into an alert system to warn farmers of significant weather events during the all-important spring growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a key tool in this “nurture versus nature” battle is a new type of handheld digital thermometer, which Poling helped develop. Electrodes at one end of a wire are inserted into the strawberry blossoms while the other end of the wire is connected to a digital thermometer. The device reads the temperature of the strawberry blossom. Farmers use those readings together with the weather forecast to decide whether to cover the crops or irrigate them to protect from frost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just protection from the cold: the handheld thermometer is also helpful as the weather gets warm. If the strawberry blossom temperature gets too high, the farmer needs to increase irrigation to cool the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8109_640x360\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The United States is the world's leading strawberry producer, accounting for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\">over 25 percent of global production\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The reality is that for all of the help science has provided to strawberry farmers, Mother Nature is still full of surprises and challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of like going out on a hike and seeing a sign that says ‘unmarked trail,’” said Poling as he smiled and plucked a berry from a plant to examine it. “For all we can monitor and plan for, every strawberry season is an unmarked trail, and so you go out and anticipate what might be happening, but you are never sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave you, the intrepid gardener, trying to grow strawberries in this hostile North Carolina environment? Well, you can either invest in one of Poling’s $1,000 thermometers, or you can head to your closest \u003ca href=\"http://www.pickyourown.org/NC.htm\" target=\"_blank\">“U-pick” farm\u003c/a>, walk the rows, and pick your own perfectly plump strawberries for under $2 a pound.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Watch how scientists and farmers work together to grow strawberries in hostile climates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442643788,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":767},"headData":{"title":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries | KQED","description":"Watch how scientists and farmers work together to grow strawberries in hostile climates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"70498 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=70498","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/07/09/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries/","disqusTitle":"Using Science to Grow Better Strawberries","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/70498/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s not your fault, gardeners. Strawberries are not very well suited to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-north-carolina-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php\" target=\"_blank\">hot, dry climate\u003c/a>. That’s why your garden-variety strawberries probably don’t look -- or taste -- much like the plump varieties found at farm stands or grocery stores. But help is on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, the North Carolina climate is hostile to the so-called “love fruit.” These delicate seed receptacles are more suited to temperate climates, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">like coastal California\u003c/a>, where cool, moist nights help the plant thrive. But strawberries \u003cstrong>can\u003c/strong> flourish in more extreme climates, thanks to science and “North Carolina is able to grow strawberries because of all the science and technology that is devoted to the crop,” said Debby Wechsler, executive secretary of the North Carolina Strawberry Association. “It’s really what is known as intense management. It takes a lot of care. It’s not like you just throw them out and let them grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of that intense management can be seen on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wallerfamilyfarm.com/Site/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Waller Family Farm\u003c/a> in Durham, NC. Mark Waller farms 40 acres of strawberries on what used to be a tobacco farm. Customers can pick their own strawberries or visit the market he runs during the strawberry season, which lasts anywhere from April through June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we see about eight to ten blooms per plant, we really pick up the intensity around the farm,” said Waller. “Not only are we fertilizing but we are also really watching for frost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s where North Carolina State University Professor Emeritus Barclay Poling’s research comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it’s real humid, with ‘lots of moisture in the air’ type of night, we can get frost or ice crystals on the bloom and we’ve killed blossoms as high as 31 degrees, which is really interesting,” explained Poling. “If it’s a dry night, with a low dew point, in those conditions the flowers can super cool to as low as 27, so that’s quite a range.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BcV_jYeHGQ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BcV_jYeHGQ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch this video to learn how farmers and scientists use digital thermometers to help strawberries thrive in North Carolina.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poling has found the average critical temperature for strawberry blooms in the state is 28 degrees. If the blooms get much colder than that, they will either stay dormant and wait for warmer weather or possibly die if the cold persists. Because the blooms are the most vulnerable tissue for the strawberry plant, and the most critical to a successful harvest, Poling compiles a wealth of weather information into an alert system to warn farmers of significant weather events during the all-important spring growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a key tool in this “nurture versus nature” battle is a new type of handheld digital thermometer, which Poling helped develop. Electrodes at one end of a wire are inserted into the strawberry blossoms while the other end of the wire is connected to a digital thermometer. The device reads the temperature of the strawberry blossom. Farmers use those readings together with the weather forecast to decide whether to cover the crops or irrigate them to protect from frost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just protection from the cold: the handheld thermometer is also helpful as the weather gets warm. If the strawberry blossom temperature gets too high, the farmer needs to increase irrigation to cool the plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71007\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8109_640x360-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_8109_640x360\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The United States is the world's leading strawberry producer, accounting for \u003ca href=\"http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/webinar/Strawberry.pdf\">over 25 percent of global production\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The reality is that for all of the help science has provided to strawberry farmers, Mother Nature is still full of surprises and challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of like going out on a hike and seeing a sign that says ‘unmarked trail,’” said Poling as he smiled and plucked a berry from a plant to examine it. “For all we can monitor and plan for, every strawberry season is an unmarked trail, and so you go out and anticipate what might be happening, but you are never sure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does that leave you, the intrepid gardener, trying to grow strawberries in this hostile North Carolina environment? Well, you can either invest in one of Poling’s $1,000 thermometers, or you can head to your closest \u003ca href=\"http://www.pickyourown.org/NC.htm\" target=\"_blank\">“U-pick” farm\u003c/a>, walk the rows, and pick your own perfectly plump strawberries for under $2 a pound.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/70498/using-science-to-grow-better-strawberries","authors":["10457"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2530","quest_12908","quest_2809","quest_13364","quest_10363","quest_10303"],"featImg":"quest_71003","label":"source_quest_70498"},"quest_60576":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60576","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60576","score":null,"sort":[1391698822000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","publishDate":1391698822,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"2\" link=\"file\" ids=\"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442704072,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape | KQED","description":"While prairie is converted to cropland at a breakneck pace, one conservation biologist in Nebraska is finding an alternative way to jog the collective memory of the Great Plains landscape. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60576 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60576","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/06/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape/","disqusTitle":"Searching for Memories on an Altered Landscape","path":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’re old enough to have childhood memories, chances are you’re old enough to have witnessed a land use change. Maybe the woods behind your parents’ home has morphed into rows of new houses. Maybe the creek where you caught your first fish now boasts a parking lot for a big box store. Maybe a particularly picturesque farmstead is now a collection of crumbling structures engulfed by overgrown weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These landscape changes come big and small, and often so gradually that they go unnoticed. That said, many long-time residents of the Great Plains can and will tell you this much: where they once saw diverse prairie habitats, they now see cropland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies examining recent rates of grassland, wetland, and shrubland loss in the country’s midsection have revealed head-turning statistics. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3593829/#!po=31.2500\">research report\u003c/a> published by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/site/aboutpnas/index.xhtml\">\u003cstrong>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong> (PNAS)\u003c/a> in March 2013 concluded that grassland-to-cropland conversion rates across “significant portions of the US Western Corn Belt” from 2001 to 2011 were similar to rates of rainforest conversion in Brazil, Malaysia, and Indonesia during the 1980s and 1990s (1.0 to 5.4 percent annually).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report also suggested that, especially in Nebraska, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&p=PMC3&id=3593829_pnas.1215404110fig04.jpg\">noticeable fraction of the conversion occurs on marginal lands\u003c/a> that are poorly suited for crop production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Culprits, victims, and beneficiaries of this habitat loss are somewhat debatable, but what is uncontestable is the reality that the Great Plains’ landscapes have been drastically altered over the last century and a half. What was once a grassy wilderness is now a vast agro-industrial zone -- a place where the landscape struggles to support both biodiversity and the crop-based commodities that our times demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not news to \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/powell/\">Larkin Powell\u003c/a>, a professor of conservation biology and wildlife ecology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Since his childhood days on a family farm in rural Iowa, Powell has been taking notice of the landscape changes around him -- and how easy it is to forget how things used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66781 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Kearney_fromnorthhill1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Views of Kearney, Nebraska from the north hill. I’m always looking for evidence of landscape change. The amount of change to our urban areas is significant—especially in the amount of trees in our towns and cities. This series of images followed by a photo I took in 2013 is an effective reminder that Nebraska’s urban areas have grown and changed their landscapes at the same time the rural landscape has changed. (Caption by Larkin Powell. Top two photos: Buffalo County Historical Society Collection. Bottom photo: Larkin Powell.) \" width=\"336\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Buffalo County Historical Society Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We drive around on our landscapes today and we’re only familiar with what we see today,” said Powell, who added, “We can kind of remember what was there last week. There’s this ‘landscape perception’ field of study that suggests that people don’t do well -- in our brains -- of keeping track of little changes that happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Powell these often forgettable landscape changes have resulted in big impacts on everything from local biodiversity to human diets to cultural and societal features like architecture, hobbies, and rural populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of Powell’s professional research is focused on the behaviors and what he calls the “life history” of prairie wildlife in changing landscapes. And while the data he gathers are useful from a scientific perspective, they don’t always help the public visualize -- or care about -- the tangible impacts of human activities on natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, more recently, Powell has set off on an effort to gather something else: the collective memories of prairie life. Specifically, he scours county historical societies and the Nebraska State Historical Museum archives for photographs and articles from relatively recent but nonetheless forgotten times. The end result will be a book that “makes people reflect a little bit, at least,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66776\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 327px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66776 \" style=\"margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/10200v_SButcher_LofC_CliffTableNE_sodhouse_largeelkantlers1-467x360.jpg\" alt=\"Solomon Butcher photographed many pioneer families in Custer County prior to 1901. I like to look at the objects this family chose to present for the photographer. Were they sending a message to their relatives back East? Did the presence of elk antlers (no longer found in Custer County) tell their family and friends “we’ve got enough to eat”? (Caption by Larkin Powell. Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection.)\" width=\"327\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A family portrait from Custer County, Nebraska from sometime before 1901. Click the photo for more information. (\u003cem>Photo by Solomon Butcher; Library of Congress Collection\u003c/em>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A portrait of homesteaders showing off a stack of elk antlers where elk no longer exist; a photo of a butcher selling pronghorn for Christmas dinners; an image of a farmer installing an irrigation system with his sons; aerial photographs of farmsteads morphing into fields of row crops over time -- together these images become a biography of the landscape over the last 150 years, a recorded history of human pursuits and the way in which they have affected other species on the prairie. The goal is to fill in the gaps of memory loss, to “make cross-connections,” said Powell, between our behaviors and some of their unnoticed repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve slowly been converting grasslands to cropland or modifying the way we farm, slowly over time,” he said. “So the question right now is, if that speed of conversion has gone up like statistics suggest, are we close to a tipping point with some of these species?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent flight to the Sandhills of western Nebraska, Powell said he looked out the window of the plane and wondered, “If I were a pheasant or a meadowlark…where would I go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell’s project is coming together under the working title “The Best of Intentions,” which he said he chose because it’s important to acknowledge that people don’t alter the landscape because they have ill intentions for wildlife. It happens, he said, “out of the necessity to meet demands, and out of the desire to support a family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think that sometimes -- as people who are interested in conservation -- we have a tendency to kind of point fingers and say, ‘Why don’t they get it?’” Powell said. “The point of it is, it just happens. It’s not a pointing-fingers book. This is what we’ve done as a society, and there are things that will happen, and this is how our landscape changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powell believes that the photographs and stories he has found could help landowners to recall the slow progression of changes that have impacted their land. “You can sit down with somebody and look at what the land looked like on their place and they’ll be like, ‘Yeah, I guess it really has changed more than I thought it did.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will it alter the course of the future? I’m not sure,” said Powell. “But I think it makes us think, at least a little bit, about the impact we can have on the landscape. Learning from the past, learning from our history, looking at our landscape in a new way helps us see a future we might not have thought of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Click a thumbnail below to open a slideshow of photographs and captions from Powell's collection.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"columns":"2","link":"file","ids":"66788,66789,66791,66779,66780,66787,66784,66786","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See also:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/us/setting-the-table-for-a-fluttering-comeback-with-milkweed.html?_r=0\">A New York Times article with information about monarch butterfly conservation efforts as their food supply diminishes on the prairie.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">This article from Harvest Public Media describing the loss of prairie to agricultural pursuits, and one family's effort to avoid the ethanol boom and save their grassland.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://journalstar.com/sports/local/outdoors/grasslands-under-siege-in-the-plains/article_7bcf969e-0fea-59ee-ba77-8ca1c1eb3023.html\">This editorial from Peter Berthelsen of Pheasants Forever published by the Lincoln Journal Star on December 29, 2013.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60576/searching-for-a-new-perspective-of-an-altered-landscape","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_326","quest_702","quest_733","quest_1023","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_10353","quest_1374","quest_12594","quest_12591","quest_12590","quest_12586","quest_12588","quest_12596","quest_12593","quest_12511","quest_3929","quest_10388","quest_12595","quest_12589","quest_2187","quest_12587","quest_2349","quest_12354","quest_12592","quest_2844","quest_12598","quest_12597","quest_10511","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66823","label":"quest"},"quest_64598":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64598","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64598","score":null,"sort":[1390831232000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","title":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break","publishDate":1390831232,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As California's drought gets worse, farmers and conservationists are teaming up to create temporary wetlands for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442607140,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break | KQED","description":"As California's drought gets worse, farmers and conservationists are teaming up to create temporary wetlands for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"64598 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64598","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/","disqusTitle":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break","path":"/quest/64598/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64598/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_326","quest_340","quest_438","quest_533","quest_684","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_1819","quest_2102","quest_13","quest_3108","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66367","label":"quest"},"quest_50396":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50396","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50396","score":null,"sort":[1381845638000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm","title":"An Oasis Grows in an Urban Food Desert","publishDate":1381845638,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11767,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61945 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Will Allen with shovel\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Allen demonstrates how Growing Power \"grows\" its soil from compost.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Will Allen is on a mission that begins with feeding Milwaukee. Through \u003ca title=\"Growing Power\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\">Growing Power\u003c/a>, his urban farm in Wisconsin’s largest city, the zealous Allen spreads a gospel of urban renewal through growing and selling fresh, healthy food in a neighborhood where nutritious options are limited. Foodies and wannabe city farmers make pilgrimages year-round to learn about his successful methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In certain circles Allen is referred to as the father of \"\u003ca title=\"Good Food Revolution book\" href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9781592407101\">The Good Food Revolution\u003c/a>,\" which is also the title of his 2012 book. In it he recounts a very personal story of reconnecting with the earth -- a reconnection he would like to see made across urban America, and especially in African-American communities. He writes,\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 174px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover-174x253.jpg\" alt=\"Good Food Revolution cover\" width=\"174\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen's 2012 book.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"[T]he Great Migration transformed the African-American experience from a rural to an urban one. The generation of African-Americans born in the wake of that migration -- my generation -- would live in a very different world from that of our ancestors. In that transition, we lost the agricultural skills that had once been our birthright.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents moved to Maryland, near Washington D.C., in 1934, glad to leave their sharecropping lives behind in the South. They settled on a small farm where, while working other jobs, they nurtured their own hobby gardens and passed their agricultural skills on to Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Allen was never enthused about taking on the hard work of a farmer, \"I said I would never go back to farming. I guess you should never say never.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After noteworthy careers in basketball and business, Allen did return to farming, where he has undoubtedly made his biggest mark. In 2008 he was granted a prestigious MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant for his contributions to the urban agricultural movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62095\" title=\"Five story greenhouse\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21-290x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quest Aquaponics 5 story greenhouse 2\" width=\"290\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Architectural rendering of a five story \"vertical farm\" planned for Growing Power's urban setting\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Growing Power now has a similar operation in Chicago. And Allen has bigger plans for scaling up agriculture in other urban areas, including a network of “vertical farms.” He already has a design in the works for a five-story greenhouse and education center in Milwaukee. “This is a very important building as a model that we can study to figure out how these cities then can build 50 to 100-story vertical farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all Allen has done to transform his Milwaukee neighborhood, it seems like he’s only on the ground floor as he builds and broadens his efforts to spur what he calls “The Good Food Revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In this video we meet former pro-basketball player and MacArthur “genius” award winner Will Allen, and explore the Milwaukee farm where he successfully cultivates food, including fish, to feed thousands of people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457564912,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":442},"headData":{"title":"An Oasis Grows in an Urban Food Desert | KQED","description":"In this video we meet former pro-basketball player and MacArthur “genius” award winner Will Allen, and explore the Milwaukee farm where he successfully cultivates food, including fish, to feed thousands of people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50396 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50396","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/15/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/","disqusTitle":"An Oasis Grows in an Urban Food Desert","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgLo0xUhs5U","path":"/quest/50396/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61945 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-Will-Allen-taping-e1381183178580-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Will Allen with shovel\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Allen demonstrates how Growing Power \"grows\" its soil from compost.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Will Allen is on a mission that begins with feeding Milwaukee. Through \u003ca title=\"Growing Power\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\">Growing Power\u003c/a>, his urban farm in Wisconsin’s largest city, the zealous Allen spreads a gospel of urban renewal through growing and selling fresh, healthy food in a neighborhood where nutritious options are limited. Foodies and wannabe city farmers make pilgrimages year-round to learn about his successful methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In certain circles Allen is referred to as the father of \"\u003ca title=\"Good Food Revolution book\" href=\"http://www.indiebound.org/book/9781592407101\">The Good Food Revolution\u003c/a>,\" which is also the title of his 2012 book. In it he recounts a very personal story of reconnecting with the earth -- a reconnection he would like to see made across urban America, and especially in African-American communities. He writes,\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 174px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Good-Food-Revolution-cover-174x253.jpg\" alt=\"Good Food Revolution cover\" width=\"174\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Allen's 2012 book.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"[T]he Great Migration transformed the African-American experience from a rural to an urban one. The generation of African-Americans born in the wake of that migration -- my generation -- would live in a very different world from that of our ancestors. In that transition, we lost the agricultural skills that had once been our birthright.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents moved to Maryland, near Washington D.C., in 1934, glad to leave their sharecropping lives behind in the South. They settled on a small farm where, while working other jobs, they nurtured their own hobby gardens and passed their agricultural skills on to Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Allen was never enthused about taking on the hard work of a farmer, \"I said I would never go back to farming. I guess you should never say never.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After noteworthy careers in basketball and business, Allen did return to farming, where he has undoubtedly made his biggest mark. In 2008 he was granted a prestigious MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant for his contributions to the urban agricultural movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-62095\" title=\"Five story greenhouse\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Quest-Aquaponics-5-story-greenhouse-21-290x169.jpg\" alt=\"Quest Aquaponics 5 story greenhouse 2\" width=\"290\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Architectural rendering of a five story \"vertical farm\" planned for Growing Power's urban setting\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Growing Power now has a similar operation in Chicago. And Allen has bigger plans for scaling up agriculture in other urban areas, including a network of “vertical farms.” He already has a design in the works for a five-story greenhouse and education center in Milwaukee. “This is a very important building as a model that we can study to figure out how these cities then can build 50 to 100-story vertical farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all Allen has done to transform his Milwaukee neighborhood, it seems like he’s only on the ground floor as he builds and broadens his efforts to spur what he calls “The Good Food Revolution.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50396/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm","authors":["10275"],"series":["quest_11767"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_1073","quest_1122","quest_12269","quest_12282","quest_12281","quest_3292","quest_12355","quest_13364","quest_12210","quest_3071","quest_12283"],"featImg":"quest_62157","label":"quest_11767"},"quest_55826":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55826","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55826","score":null,"sort":[1375970424000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms","title":"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms","publishDate":1375970424,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Lakes are an important source of drinking water and tourism dollars in many places across the country. That’s why late summer toxic algal blooms are more than just an eyesore -- they’re a threat to public health, the economy, and the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrient runoff from farms is often a big driver of these harmful blooms. Now a group of Ohio scientists is trying to figure out how to keep nutrients on the farm and out of Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58595\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a wheat field in Paulding County, Ohio, USDA researcher Kevin King shows off water sampling gear to a group of agricultural leaders and experts. His team has placed this machinery on nearly 30 Ohio farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is to track nutrient runoff from the farm field. Farmers add these nutrients (fertilizer, primarily composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) to help the crops grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study is important because these nutrients drive the harmful algal blooms that kill fish, sicken pets, and taint drinking water for the millions who depend on Lake Erie and other affected waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s lead investigator, Libby Dayton from Ohio State University, says they’re naming this project “On Field Ohio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58117\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“The premise and heart of it is we want to figure out how to keep nutrients on the field, and we want to figure out how to keep water on the field. We think that if we keep what needs to be on the field on the field it will reduce the transport off the field, and that will be a big help toward improving water quality.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and colleagues have three years and two million dollars to determine a sort of “best practices” guide for keeping nutrients on the farm field. Specifically, they are looking to contain phosphorus, the key driver of freshwater algal blooms. Ohio farmers, along with the United States Department of Agriculture, are footing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake’s algae problem isn’t new. Back in the 1970s, discharge from sewage treatment plants was largely to blame. Sewage contains many of the same nutrients found in fertilizer runoff. In order to mitigate the problem, cities upgraded their filtering systems and companies reformulated detergents and other products to choke off the nutrient supply. The lake got better as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then that’s when agricultural businesses started to shift,” says chemical engineer and former EPA researcher Steve Duirk from the University of Akron, “and that’s the reason we started to see these blooms come back, and as bad as they were in the ’70s. And it’s almost solely attributed to agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"If you might be a part of the problem, you ought to be part of the solution,\" says McClure.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/lakeerie/index.aspx\">Findings\u003c/a> from the state’s Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force concur with this, but \u003ca href=\"http://wi.water.usgs.gov/rna/9km30/\">sewage\u003c/a> remains an issue as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows for sure what changed in agriculture, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/03/28/1216006110.abstract\">research\u003c/a> suggests heavy rains plus certain fertilizer and soil management techniques widely adopted over the last decade have spurred the blooms. This is exactly what Dayton and her team are investigating on the farm. They’re taking samples from some of the 70,000 farms engaged in all sorts of management practices along the Erie shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry McClure is a fifth generation Ohio farmer who owns the 3,800-acre farm that researchers and ag experts now gather around. “This is soft red winter wheat,” says McClure. “So think crackers, think Triscuits, think doughnuts. That’s what we make.” He calls his farm “rotational no-till,” which means they don’t disturb the soil structure with deep plowing. McClure also uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.mccc.msu.edu/\">cover crops\u003c/a>, plants grown for the purposing of maintaining soil quality. They’re known to reduce runoff and help keep nutrients on the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of questions about why agriculture may be to blame for the algal blooms in Lake Erie. That’s why McClure is participating in this study. “If you might be a part of the problem,\" says McClure, \"you ought to be part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025-337x253.jpg\" alt='Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>McClure notes that farmers have been saying for years that the lake’s algae issues can’t possibly be their problem because they know they’ve been using less and less phosphate. “Something’s going on here that we don’t understand,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and other researchers point to a specific water-soluble type of phosphorus that is behind the blooms. “We’re having issues now where the dissolved portion of the phosphorus has been creeping up, and so that’s one of the things that we’re looking at,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae love dissolved phosphorus. It’s a ready meal. Even tiny amounts of the runoff are problematic. USDA’s Kevin King explains that what’s causing the problem is only about half a pound of phosphorus runoff per acre of agricultural land. “When a farmer applies 30 to 40 pounds per acre and they’re only losing a half a pound to a pound, but that’s what’s causing the problem, that’s…what we’re working with here,” says King. “It is a very narrow window.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early for answers, but study researchers say the combination of no-till and cover crops, like this wheat field of McClure’s, looks like a promising way to rein in the dissolved phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: Akron scientist Steve Duirk says since Lake Erie is so shallow, if ag experts get this right, and the weather cooperates, it would only take about two years for the lake to flush out and rebound -- again.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Agricultural runoff is the leading cause of recurring algal blooms in Lake Erie. Now farmers are inviting researchers onto their fields to figure out why -- and what they can do about it.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450491058,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1080},"headData":{"title":"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms | KQED","description":"Agricultural runoff is the leading cause of recurring algal blooms in Lake Erie. Now farmers are inviting researchers onto their fields to figure out why -- and what they can do about it.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"55826 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55826","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/08/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms/","disqusTitle":"Farmers Fight Back Against Toxic Algal Blooms","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Farmers+tackle+algae/Stream/farmers+remix+with+funder+tag.mp3","path":"/quest/55826/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lakes are an important source of drinking water and tourism dollars in many places across the country. That’s why late summer toxic algal blooms are more than just an eyesore -- they’re a threat to public health, the economy, and the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrient runoff from farms is often a big driver of these harmful blooms. Now a group of Ohio scientists is trying to figure out how to keep nutrients on the farm and out of Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58595\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-marquee-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio farmer Terry McClure volunteered to be a test site for researchers studying how farm runoff fuels harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a wheat field in Paulding County, Ohio, USDA researcher Kevin King shows off water sampling gear to a group of agricultural leaders and experts. His team has placed this machinery on nearly 30 Ohio farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the research is to track nutrient runoff from the farm field. Farmers add these nutrients (fertilizer, primarily composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) to help the crops grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study is important because these nutrients drive the harmful algal blooms that kill fish, sicken pets, and taint drinking water for the millions who depend on Lake Erie and other affected waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s lead investigator, Libby Dayton from Ohio State University, says they’re naming this project “On Field Ohio.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58117\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58117\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-032-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohio State's Libby Dayton explains how her team's research gear takes periodic water samples to test for nutrient runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“The premise and heart of it is we want to figure out how to keep nutrients on the field, and we want to figure out how to keep water on the field. We think that if we keep what needs to be on the field on the field it will reduce the transport off the field, and that will be a big help toward improving water quality.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and colleagues have three years and two million dollars to determine a sort of “best practices” guide for keeping nutrients on the farm field. Specifically, they are looking to contain phosphorus, the key driver of freshwater algal blooms. Ohio farmers, along with the United States Department of Agriculture, are footing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lake’s algae problem isn’t new. Back in the 1970s, discharge from sewage treatment plants was largely to blame. Sewage contains many of the same nutrients found in fertilizer runoff. In order to mitigate the problem, cities upgraded their filtering systems and companies reformulated detergents and other products to choke off the nutrient supply. The lake got better as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then that’s when agricultural businesses started to shift,” says chemical engineer and former EPA researcher Steve Duirk from the University of Akron, “and that’s the reason we started to see these blooms come back, and as bad as they were in the ’70s. And it’s almost solely attributed to agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"If you might be a part of the problem, you ought to be part of the solution,\" says McClure.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/dsw/lakeerie/index.aspx\">Findings\u003c/a> from the state’s Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force concur with this, but \u003ca href=\"http://wi.water.usgs.gov/rna/9km30/\">sewage\u003c/a> remains an issue as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows for sure what changed in agriculture, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/03/28/1216006110.abstract\">research\u003c/a> suggests heavy rains plus certain fertilizer and soil management techniques widely adopted over the last decade have spurred the blooms. This is exactly what Dayton and her team are investigating on the farm. They’re taking samples from some of the 70,000 farms engaged in all sorts of management practices along the Erie shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terry McClure is a fifth generation Ohio farmer who owns the 3,800-acre farm that researchers and ag experts now gather around. “This is soft red winter wheat,” says McClure. “So think crackers, think Triscuits, think doughnuts. That’s what we make.” He calls his farm “rotational no-till,” which means they don’t disturb the soil structure with deep plowing. McClure also uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.mccc.msu.edu/\">cover crops\u003c/a>, plants grown for the purposing of maintaining soil quality. They’re known to reduce runoff and help keep nutrients on the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of questions about why agriculture may be to blame for the algal blooms in Lake Erie. That’s why McClure is participating in this study. “If you might be a part of the problem,\" says McClure, \"you ought to be part of the solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Terry-McClure-farm-visit-025-337x253.jpg\" alt='Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many farms rely on \"tile drainage,\" a series of underground pipes that drain water from the field into a ditch, as shown above. Nutrient runoff into these ditches feed toxic algae blooms downstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>McClure notes that farmers have been saying for years that the lake’s algae issues can’t possibly be their problem because they know they’ve been using less and less phosphate. “Something’s going on here that we don’t understand,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton and other researchers point to a specific water-soluble type of phosphorus that is behind the blooms. “We’re having issues now where the dissolved portion of the phosphorus has been creeping up, and so that’s one of the things that we’re looking at,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae love dissolved phosphorus. It’s a ready meal. Even tiny amounts of the runoff are problematic. USDA’s Kevin King explains that what’s causing the problem is only about half a pound of phosphorus runoff per acre of agricultural land. “When a farmer applies 30 to 40 pounds per acre and they’re only losing a half a pound to a pound, but that’s what’s causing the problem, that’s…what we’re working with here,” says King. “It is a very narrow window.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early for answers, but study researchers say the combination of no-till and cover crops, like this wheat field of McClure’s, looks like a promising way to rein in the dissolved phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: Akron scientist Steve Duirk says since Lake Erie is so shallow, if ag experts get this right, and the weather cooperates, it would only take about two years for the lake to flush out and rebound -- again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55826/farmers-fight-back-against-toxic-algal-blooms","authors":["10270"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3229","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_3449","quest_252","quest_1073","quest_12194","quest_12098","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10429","quest_10179","quest_13364","quest_3114"],"featImg":"quest_58667","label":"source_quest_55826"},"quest_53521":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53521","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53521","score":null,"sort":[1375192807000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","title":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","publishDate":1375192807,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out why some residents of a drought-plagued state are welcoming a weed to their gardens—and their dinner plates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1375399144,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1205},"headData":{"title":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible | KQED","description":"Find out why some residents of a drought-plagued state are welcoming a weed to their gardens—and their dinner plates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53521 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53521","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/07/30/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible/","disqusTitle":"Tough and Tasty: Recasting a Resilient Weed as a Wild Edible ","path":"/quest/53521/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58462\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58462 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/ross1-640x358.png\" alt=\"ross\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>(Photo by Jon Augustine/QUEST)\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a farmer told you \u003cstrong>not \u003c/strong>to pull a weed, would you be worried about him? Maybe you’d insist he get out of the heat and drink some water, or take a vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that farmer may have good reason to protect his weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of July 2012, the costliest drought in recorded history had Nebraska in its grip. Not a sprinkle of rain had fallen on Ross Brockley’s farm since June 4, and wouldn’t again until July 31. His half-dozen acres of vegetable gardens were green thanks only to constant watering by hand and diligent weeding performed by Brockley, his wife, Barb, and me, his lone farmhand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the southeast corner of the state, residents had spent their summer watching scorched soil crack and fields of crops turn brown. On this particular day I noticed a very healthy plant in an empty garden bed. It didn’t resemble anything I recognized as food so I pulled it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Don’t do that!” Brockley yelped from across the garden. “I’m saving it,” he said sternly. “We’ll eat that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant looked like a bundle of long red worms, each with several green oval-shaped cartoon ears. It looked more like something suited for a compost pile than a cultivated garden. This drought had clearly taken a toll on Brockley’s mental state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He picked up the plant I had just discarded, broke off two stems, and put one in his mouth. He held the other in front of my face, indicating that I was to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s purslane,” he said as he chewed, “and it’s primo!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hesitantly took a bite and chewed it slowly. “Peppery,” I thought. The crunch felt like a snap pea with the skin of an apple. Then came a blast of citrus flavor. I would have told Brockley that I enjoyed it, but I couldn’t bring myself to interrupt his obvious state of food bliss. I simply looked on as he finished eating the entire plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"//www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/HubIGpwJFkE?version=3&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this introduction to purslane, I started seeing it everywhere -- from my yard to cracks in sidewalks to the shoulders of gravel roads. Even amid the dead stalks of drought-stricken corn, purslane was defiantly rearing its little red branches. The stuff seemed to be laughing in the face of the unrelenting dry spell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wondered if my conditioned aversion to weeds had been keeping me from trying other wild edibles, so I sought out an expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslaneoxtailsoup-1.png\" alt=\"purslaneoxtailsoup-1\" width=\"242\" height=\"747\">\u003c/a>Kay Young is a local legend among plant people. In 1993, she authored \u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/lhy55p6\">\u003cstrong>Wild Seasons: Gathering and Cooking Wild Plants of the Great Plains\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and has been active in Lincoln’s gardening community for decades. The 82-year-old has dedicated her life to local folklore, horticulture, and ethnobotany. A quick tour of her backyard revealed a variety of nurtured plants that one would expect to see in a yard-waste bin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walked me around her property, showing off several edible plants that occur naturally in our prairie ecosystems. We nipped at milkweed, lambsquarter, various flower blossoms, dandelions, and more. Young’s current favorite is Virginia mountain mint, which is native to Nebraska. It makes a refreshing, sugar-free drink when refrigerated in a pitcher of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her driveway we snacked on purslane that she’d planted in flowerpots. She recommended including the leaves in tacos and burritos and praised its ability to replace less reliable greens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you make a sandwich with mayonnaise or salad dressing, it doesn’t get wimpy the way lettuce does,” she said of purslane’s hardy leaves. “And in the summer, when the lettuce is getting bitter, purslane is still just wonderful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so with minimal to no help, purslane and other wild plants are thriving during the country’s worst drought in decades. On top of that, they taste good. But the label “edible” is just a nice way of saying it’s something to chew on that won’t kill you, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong. For instance, purslane might be one of the healthiest greens out there. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-97602004000200013&script=sci_arttext\">A study by the Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health,\u003c/a> a nonprofit research organization in Washington, D.C., states that purslane is the “richest source of omega-3 fatty acids of any green leafy vegetable yet examined.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to proper metabolism, and according to the same report, their presence is waning in a Western diet that strays from nutrient sources that humans evolved to need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In developing new sources of food, the study of dietary composition of wild plants is essential,” the report concludes. “Their cultivation should lead to increased production of plants rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, both of which reduce the risk of chronic diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Reading this made me wonder why we weren’t cultivating nutritious, drought-tolerant weeds like purslane. Could some of these wild edibles become dinner-table staples in the near future?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-58260\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/purslane_breakoutphoto-640x325.png\" alt=\"purslane_breakoutphoto\" width=\"640\" height=\"325\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question I visited Bob Henrickson, an assistant director of the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu\">Nebraska State Arboretum\u003c/a> at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrickson agreed that people are failing themselves by not indulging in the prairie’s naturally occurring food sources. He acknowledged that cultivating these so-called weeds would require less water and potentially reduce the need for pesticides and chemical fertilizers, but he was not optimistic that vast fields of purslane, milkweed, or gooseberries would soon replace the established, lucrative crops of the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re never gonna outcompete corn and beans,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He suggested that the best chance to get wild edibles onto dinner plates on a larger scale is to introduce them to urban gardeners who grow food to support their own dietary values and not their pocketbooks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Use them with the attitude that ‘it’s going to enhance my food,’ not that ‘I’m going to save me and the planet,’ and you’ll find yourself using them more and more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the farm, Brockley agrees with that sentiment. He just wants to see his customers using common sense in their relationship with purslane instead of worrying about his mental health when he eats it in front of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People say, ‘That stuff grows in the cracks of my sidewalk. I don’t want to eat that.’ But when you think about it, it’s growing in the cracks of sidewalks during the worst drought of most of our lives. Isn’t that exactly what you want to eat?” asks Brockley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever is in that plant, keeping it alive and healthy,” he adds, “I want in my blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53521/purslane-resilient-weed-wild-edible","authors":["10447"],"categories":["quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_12173","quest_12171","quest_830","quest_886","quest_12174","quest_12175","quest_12168","quest_1073","quest_1122","quest_12169","quest_9934","quest_3930","quest_12172","quest_2022","quest_12167","quest_3289","quest_12170","quest_12176","quest_13364","quest_12060","quest_10511","quest_9885"],"featImg":"quest_58461","label":"quest"},"quest_38415":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38415","score":null,"sort":[1337382014000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-deadlocked-delta-is-carbon-farming-the-future","title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future?","publishDate":1337382014,"format":"audio","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the third story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Farming-marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tules on Twitchell Island in the Delta. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of acres of rich farmland, the Delta has a long agricultural legacy. But farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That became a reality for farmer Rudy Mussi on the morning of June 3, 2004. It was clear, sunny day. \"You never expect a flood in the summer months,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussi was growing corn and asparagus on lower Jones Tract, an island in the Delta, 10 miles west of Stockton. That morning, he got a phone call. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/MNG1G70S3A1.DTL&ao=all\">Water was flooding\u003c/a> onto his farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your heart stops for a second or two and then realism sets in. And you just start moving your equipment and get it to high ground,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did a flood happen a on a sunny day? It's because of a basic rule of physics. Mussi farmed on an island below sea level, like a lot of the islands in the Delta. The Delta used to be a huge swath of wetlands, where two major rivers met San Francisco Bay. Today, earthen levees hold that water back – most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once a break occurs, you know, there's no way you're gonna stop that, not with 10 feet of water on the other side,\" Mussi says. Draining the island and repairing the levees around Jones Tract cost about $90 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38449\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 232px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee-232x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingLevee\" width=\"232\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The levee break on Jones Tract in 2004. (Photo: CA Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn't an isolated incident. Over the last century, more than 150 levees have failed in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delta Infrastructure at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is how we get ourselves in kind of an arms race between the water and the land,\" says Jeff Mount, professor with the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levee-building began in the 1850s, when settlers came to the Delta for the rich soil. More than a thousand miles of levees were built. \"This network of levees through time had to get bigger and bigger for a very basic reason: the land has been steadily lowering,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As farmers exposed the rich peat soil, it started decomposing. The land level dropped; \"In some places they talked about four inches per year,\" says Mount. Today, it's less than an inch per year thanks to better farming practices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all those inches over the past century and some islands are now 30 feet below sea level. That puts a lot of stress on the levees. There are also other concerns: rising sea levels and extreme floods. \"And then the big 800-pound gorilla in the room – we're due for a very large earthquake on the San Andreas system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all these risks and Mount says there's a two-thirds \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2011/03/09/sea-level-rise-and-delta-subsidence%E2%80%94the-demise-of-subsided-delta-islands/\">chance of a catastrophic levee failure\u003c/a> in the next 50 years. That, of course, affects farmers and communities in the Delta, but it could also impact California's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The raindrops that fall in Mount Shasta are consumed by people in San Diego. Water moves a great distance and this is one of the critical hubs in that system,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the Delta's levees is estimated to cost billions. But on some islands, scientists are experimenting with a new fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 219px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil-219x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingsoil\" width=\"219\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peat soil samples on Twitchell Island. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a windy day on Twitchell Island in the Delta, ecologist Lisa Windham-Myers of the US Geological Survey pushes her way through a wetland filled with a tall, reed-like plant known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus\">tule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plant grows... some of these are 16 feet tall. They're just huge,\" she says. That growth is changing the ground we're standing on. Windham-Myers pulls out a sample of the dark peat soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetland \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/Carbon_Farm/RandD.html\">produces soil at a rapid rate\u003c/a> – four inches a year on average. That's huge, says USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi, in a place where the land is sinking. \"These islands are like bowls and the way we see projects like this is you want to fill up the middle of that bowl and help level out the whole island.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting wetlands like this one could raise the land level and water table on the inside of levees, relieving some of the pressure. But why would farmers want to replace cash crops with tule? Windham-Myers points to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is basically almost 100 percent carbon. These take up far more than a typical forest environment,\" she says. California is setting up a market for carbon, as part of the state's effort to cut global warming emissions. Early next year, companies that need to reduce their emissions could pay farmers to store carbon in wetlands like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarming2\" width=\"320\" height=\"199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi talks with Delta farmer Al Medvitch. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, two farmers are here checking out the project: Steve Mello, a Delta farmer on Tyler Island and Al Medvitch, a farmer in the Montezuma Hills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The potential has been demonstrated well. You guys are standing in the middle of it. But in order to move from here to market, we need to develop a lot more techniques so people can come and verify that the carbon is stored,\" says Brian Bergamaschi, describing how wetland farming might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both farmers seem open to the idea. But Mello says ultimately, it depends on the bottom line. \"It would absolutely need to cash flow. While it could dovetail with levee stability, it would still need to generate enough to amortize your property value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Mello says assuming carbon prices are high enough, growing patches of wetlands could be a feasible way to improve the levees and to stay farming.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California’s Delta has a rich agricultural legacy, but farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed. Now, scientists are encouraging farmers to switch to a new crop. Instead of growing vegetables, they’d grow something that has all but disappeared in the Delta: wetlands. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306800,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1005},"headData":{"title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future? | KQED","description":"California’s Delta has a rich agricultural legacy, but farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed. Now, scientists are encouraging farmers to switch to a new crop. Instead of growing vegetables, they’d grow something that has all but disappeared in the Delta: wetlands. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"38415 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-is-carbon-farming-the-future/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/18/californias-deadlocked-delta-is-carbon-farming-the-future/","disqusTitle":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future?","path":"/quest/38415/californias-deadlocked-delta-is-carbon-farming-the-future","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the third story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Farming-marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tules on Twitchell Island in the Delta. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of acres of rich farmland, the Delta has a long agricultural legacy. But farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That became a reality for farmer Rudy Mussi on the morning of June 3, 2004. It was clear, sunny day. \"You never expect a flood in the summer months,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussi was growing corn and asparagus on lower Jones Tract, an island in the Delta, 10 miles west of Stockton. That morning, he got a phone call. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/MNG1G70S3A1.DTL&ao=all\">Water was flooding\u003c/a> onto his farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your heart stops for a second or two and then realism sets in. And you just start moving your equipment and get it to high ground,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did a flood happen a on a sunny day? It's because of a basic rule of physics. Mussi farmed on an island below sea level, like a lot of the islands in the Delta. The Delta used to be a huge swath of wetlands, where two major rivers met San Francisco Bay. Today, earthen levees hold that water back – most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once a break occurs, you know, there's no way you're gonna stop that, not with 10 feet of water on the other side,\" Mussi says. Draining the island and repairing the levees around Jones Tract cost about $90 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38449\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 232px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee-232x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingLevee\" width=\"232\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The levee break on Jones Tract in 2004. (Photo: CA Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn't an isolated incident. Over the last century, more than 150 levees have failed in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delta Infrastructure at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is how we get ourselves in kind of an arms race between the water and the land,\" says Jeff Mount, professor with the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levee-building began in the 1850s, when settlers came to the Delta for the rich soil. More than a thousand miles of levees were built. \"This network of levees through time had to get bigger and bigger for a very basic reason: the land has been steadily lowering,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As farmers exposed the rich peat soil, it started decomposing. The land level dropped; \"In some places they talked about four inches per year,\" says Mount. Today, it's less than an inch per year thanks to better farming practices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all those inches over the past century and some islands are now 30 feet below sea level. That puts a lot of stress on the levees. There are also other concerns: rising sea levels and extreme floods. \"And then the big 800-pound gorilla in the room – we're due for a very large earthquake on the San Andreas system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all these risks and Mount says there's a two-thirds \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2011/03/09/sea-level-rise-and-delta-subsidence%E2%80%94the-demise-of-subsided-delta-islands/\">chance of a catastrophic levee failure\u003c/a> in the next 50 years. That, of course, affects farmers and communities in the Delta, but it could also impact California's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The raindrops that fall in Mount Shasta are consumed by people in San Diego. Water moves a great distance and this is one of the critical hubs in that system,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the Delta's levees is estimated to cost billions. But on some islands, scientists are experimenting with a new fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 219px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil-219x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingsoil\" width=\"219\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peat soil samples on Twitchell Island. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a windy day on Twitchell Island in the Delta, ecologist Lisa Windham-Myers of the US Geological Survey pushes her way through a wetland filled with a tall, reed-like plant known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus\">tule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plant grows... some of these are 16 feet tall. They're just huge,\" she says. That growth is changing the ground we're standing on. Windham-Myers pulls out a sample of the dark peat soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetland \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/Carbon_Farm/RandD.html\">produces soil at a rapid rate\u003c/a> – four inches a year on average. That's huge, says USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi, in a place where the land is sinking. \"These islands are like bowls and the way we see projects like this is you want to fill up the middle of that bowl and help level out the whole island.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting wetlands like this one could raise the land level and water table on the inside of levees, relieving some of the pressure. But why would farmers want to replace cash crops with tule? Windham-Myers points to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is basically almost 100 percent carbon. These take up far more than a typical forest environment,\" she says. California is setting up a market for carbon, as part of the state's effort to cut global warming emissions. Early next year, companies that need to reduce their emissions could pay farmers to store carbon in wetlands like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarming2\" width=\"320\" height=\"199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi talks with Delta farmer Al Medvitch. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, two farmers are here checking out the project: Steve Mello, a Delta farmer on Tyler Island and Al Medvitch, a farmer in the Montezuma Hills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The potential has been demonstrated well. You guys are standing in the middle of it. But in order to move from here to market, we need to develop a lot more techniques so people can come and verify that the carbon is stored,\" says Brian Bergamaschi, describing how wetland farming might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both farmers seem open to the idea. But Mello says ultimately, it depends on the bottom line. \"It would absolutely need to cash flow. While it could dovetail with levee stability, it would still need to generate enough to amortize your property value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Mello says assuming carbon prices are high enough, growing patches of wetlands could be a feasible way to improve the levees and to stay farming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38415/californias-deadlocked-delta-is-carbon-farming-the-future","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_621","quest_684","quest_797","quest_799","quest_1073","quest_11119","quest_11118","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_2472","quest_2559","quest_3108","quest_3340"],"featImg":"quest_38425","label":"quest_11058"},"quest_37589":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_37589","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"37589","score":null,"sort":[1336770050000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost","title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost?","publishDate":1336770050,"format":"standard","headTitle":"California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11058,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-14-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the second story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37673\" title=\"Deltamap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Delta created by the US Geological Survey in the 1910s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As detective stories go, this sunny, spring day in the Delta isn't a typical backdrop. In the distance, tractors move slowly through dry fields of row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once he got lost, they were wandering all over,\" says Alison Whipple of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/he\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group based in Richmond. Her colleague, Robin Grossinger, agrees. \"They were all over this place.\" The two are trying to piece together the path of William Wright, a man who got hopelessly lost somewhere nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should probably mention: it happened 160 years ago. Whipple and Grossinger are historical ecologists. They use sources like old photos, hand-drawn maps and early land surveys to sleuth out what this landscape looked like before it was dramatically remade by Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta's landscape has been dramatically remade over the last 200 years. Today, it's a crucial part of the state's water system, supplying 25 million people and irrigating millions of acres of farm land. But with this re-engineering, the Delta's ecosystem has collapsed, harming the fishing industry and putting water supplies at risk. Little is known about what it once looked like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Map of Historical Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37955\" title=\"DeltaThumbnail6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"110\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">See an interactive map\u003c/a> of the Delta, past and present, and the historical photos and maps used to create it.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost in a Delta Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a levee about 20 miles south of Sacramento, Whipple and Grossinger are discussing what they found a tattered, yellowing notebook uncovered in a state archive. It contains stories from William Wright, a duck hunter who spent a long, cold night lost in the Delta in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"On all sides stretched a vast wilderness of tules from ten to fifteen feet in height. The driving storm of sleet was bad, but the pitchy darkness was infinitely worse... Our situation was so miserable that no words can do justice to it.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just the dramatic story they're interested in. It's passages this like one:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"The lakes proved to be from one hundred to three hundred yards in width, as near as we could judge. The water was very cold and often waist‐deep.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Whipple and Grossinger read his account, they knew they’d found a Holy Grail source document. Its detail reveal a landscape that doesn't exist here today and hasn’t existed for some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Delta is probably one of the most intensively transformed parts of California and it was also changed really early on because of such fertile land,\" says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California's Gold Rush boomed, farmers came to the Delta for its rich soil. Land went for a dollar an acre and settlers turned the wetlands into dry, agricultural land. 97% of the historic marshes were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have here maybe one of the most important parts of the state's ecosystem and we don’t actually know how it used to work,\" Says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37590\" title=\"SFEI\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SFEI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison Whipple and Robin Grossinger examine historic maps in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Whipple have layered together thousands of historical sources that reveal an ecosystem of incredible complexity. “We would be in trees right here with a couple winding channels that were dry in the summer but had flowing water in the wintertime,\" explains Whipple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yearly floods from the Sacramento River inundated Delta marshes creating habitat for birds and young salmon. Closer to San Francisco Bay, hundreds of miles of small tidal channels branched out like capillaries in the wetlands. Today, most of those channels have been filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning the Delta to this pristine state just isn’t possible, says Whipple, and that’s not the goal of the project. But knowing how the ecosystem once worked could improve the habitat restoration efforts that are happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liberty Island is one place in the Delta that looks as it might have 200 years ago. Not long ago, it was a low-lying expanse of farmland, protected by tall levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The levees broke and it wasn’t financially worth reclaiming,” Says Carl Wilcox of with \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California’s Department of Fish and Game\u003c/a>. The landowners gave up when the island flooded 15 years ago. After that, nature took over. Tules and cattails started sprouting and wildlife followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/libertyisland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37591\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37591\" title=\"LibertyIsland\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/LibertyIsland.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Returning vegetation at Liberty Island in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, “some of the endangered native fishes, Delta smelt, longfin smelt are using this area,” says Wilcox. They're finding endangered Chinook salmon as well. \"These are more productive areas for them, they’re more protected, they’re less prone to predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Considers Ambitious Restoration Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is using the Liberty Island project as a model for a proposal to restore 65,000 acres of Delta habitat. It's part of the Bay Delta Conservation Plan - a major overhaul of the Delta’s water infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leo Winternitz of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> says bringing back habitat for declining wildlife could make the state’s water supply more reliable. Restrictions under the Endangered Species Act have limited how much water can be pumped from the Delta in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one big problem with restoration: most of the islands in the Delta are below sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just south of here, some of the islands, they're in the 17 to 25 below sea level range. So if their levees broke, what you’d have is a large open body of water. You can’t create tidal marshes in those areas,\" says Winternitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves only a few places where restoration is feasible. Winternitz says in those areas it’s crucial the state look to the past to create the same interconnected habitat that once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown's administration is set to unveil the sweeping plan to restore the Delta later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's Delta is a far cry from what it once was. About 97% of its historic marshes have been lost and scientists aren’t quite sure what the Delta once looked like. Now, a Bay Area group is working to reconstruct it through ecological detective work.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443825289,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1033},"headData":{"title":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost? | KQED","description":"California's Delta is a far cry from what it once was. About 97% of its historic marshes have been lost and scientists aren’t quite sure what the Delta once looked like. Now, a Bay Area group is working to reconstruct it through ecological detective work.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"37589 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/","disqusTitle":"California's Deadlocked Delta: Can We Bring Back What We've Lost?","path":"/quest/37589/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-14-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-14-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the second story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37673\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37673\" title=\"Deltamap\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the Delta created by the US Geological Survey in the 1910s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As detective stories go, this sunny, spring day in the Delta isn't a typical backdrop. In the distance, tractors move slowly through dry fields of row crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once he got lost, they were wandering all over,\" says Alison Whipple of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/he\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group based in Richmond. Her colleague, Robin Grossinger, agrees. \"They were all over this place.\" The two are trying to piece together the path of William Wright, a man who got hopelessly lost somewhere nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I should probably mention: it happened 160 years ago. Whipple and Grossinger are historical ecologists. They use sources like old photos, hand-drawn maps and early land surveys to sleuth out what this landscape looked like before it was dramatically remade by Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta's landscape has been dramatically remade over the last 200 years. Today, it's a crucial part of the state's water system, supplying 25 million people and irrigating millions of acres of farm land. But with this re-engineering, the Delta's ecosystem has collapsed, harming the fishing industry and putting water supplies at risk. Little is known about what it once looked like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Map of Historical Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37955\" title=\"DeltaThumbnail6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"110\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">See an interactive map\u003c/a> of the Delta, past and present, and the historical photos and maps used to create it.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lost in a Delta Marsh\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on a levee about 20 miles south of Sacramento, Whipple and Grossinger are discussing what they found a tattered, yellowing notebook uncovered in a state archive. It contains stories from William Wright, a duck hunter who spent a long, cold night lost in the Delta in 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"On all sides stretched a vast wilderness of tules from ten to fifteen feet in height. The driving storm of sleet was bad, but the pitchy darkness was infinitely worse... Our situation was so miserable that no words can do justice to it.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just the dramatic story they're interested in. It's passages this like one:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>\"The lakes proved to be from one hundred to three hundred yards in width, as near as we could judge. The water was very cold and often waist‐deep.\" \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Whipple and Grossinger read his account, they knew they’d found a Holy Grail source document. Its detail reveal a landscape that doesn't exist here today and hasn’t existed for some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Delta is probably one of the most intensively transformed parts of California and it was also changed really early on because of such fertile land,\" says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California's Gold Rush boomed, farmers came to the Delta for its rich soil. Land went for a dollar an acre and settlers turned the wetlands into dry, agricultural land. 97% of the historic marshes were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have here maybe one of the most important parts of the state's ecosystem and we don’t actually know how it used to work,\" Says Grossinger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37590\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37590\" title=\"SFEI\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SFEI.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"228\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alison Whipple and Robin Grossinger examine historic maps in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Whipple have layered together thousands of historical sources that reveal an ecosystem of incredible complexity. “We would be in trees right here with a couple winding channels that were dry in the summer but had flowing water in the wintertime,\" explains Whipple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yearly floods from the Sacramento River inundated Delta marshes creating habitat for birds and young salmon. Closer to San Francisco Bay, hundreds of miles of small tidal channels branched out like capillaries in the wetlands. Today, most of those channels have been filled in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Returning the Delta to this pristine state just isn’t possible, says Whipple, and that’s not the goal of the project. But knowing how the ecosystem once worked could improve the habitat restoration efforts that are happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restoring Habitat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liberty Island is one place in the Delta that looks as it might have 200 years ago. Not long ago, it was a low-lying expanse of farmland, protected by tall levees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The levees broke and it wasn’t financially worth reclaiming,” Says Carl Wilcox of with \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California’s Department of Fish and Game\u003c/a>. The landowners gave up when the island flooded 15 years ago. After that, nature took over. Tules and cattails started sprouting and wildlife followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost/libertyisland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37591\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37591\" title=\"LibertyIsland\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/LibertyIsland.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Returning vegetation at Liberty Island in the Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, “some of the endangered native fishes, Delta smelt, longfin smelt are using this area,” says Wilcox. They're finding endangered Chinook salmon as well. \"These are more productive areas for them, they’re more protected, they’re less prone to predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Considers Ambitious Restoration Plans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is using the Liberty Island project as a model for a proposal to restore 65,000 acres of Delta habitat. It's part of the Bay Delta Conservation Plan - a major overhaul of the Delta’s water infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leo Winternitz of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> says bringing back habitat for declining wildlife could make the state’s water supply more reliable. Restrictions under the Endangered Species Act have limited how much water can be pumped from the Delta in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one big problem with restoration: most of the islands in the Delta are below sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just south of here, some of the islands, they're in the 17 to 25 below sea level range. So if their levees broke, what you’d have is a large open body of water. You can’t create tidal marshes in those areas,\" says Winternitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves only a few places where restoration is feasible. Winternitz says in those areas it’s crucial the state look to the past to create the same interconnected habitat that once was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown's administration is set to unveil the sweeping plan to restore the Delta later this year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/37589/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-we-bring-back-what-weve-lost","authors":["239"],"series":["quest_11058"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_326","quest_20","quest_621","quest_684","quest_797","quest_799","quest_1073","quest_13203","quest_13","quest_2472","quest_13364","quest_3108","quest_3340"],"featImg":"quest_37673","label":"quest_11058"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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