Migrating Monarch Butterflies Hunker Down in Monterey
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Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1453253173,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":1184},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup | KQED","description":"Monarch butterflies migrate from all over the western United States to overwinter along the California coast. Conservation Biologist Stu Weiss uses specialized photographic equipment to study what makes good monarch overwintering habitat.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup","datePublished":"2012-04-06T00:54:22.000Z","dateModified":"2016-01-20T01:26:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34386 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=34386","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/05/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: Monarch Meetup","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/mVyUMGfwOYs","path":"/quest/34386/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bugs normally don’t garner much adoration from people, but monarch butterflies (\u003cstrong>Danaus plexippus\u003c/strong>) are an exception. Monarch butterflies are arguably the most beloved and instantly identifiable insect in the United Sates. Perhaps nowhere else does an insect receive higher regard than in Pacific Grove, CA, which has gone so far as to adopt the moniker Butterfly Town, USA. Stu Weiss, Chief Scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.creeksidescience.com/\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, has been studying monarch butterflies for over two decades. “They represent the insect world, which is the most diverse order of life on Planet Earth.” said Weiss “And they’re good ambassadors because they’re beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34638\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34638\" title=\"Monarchs pic12\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic123-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stu Weiss uses hemispherical photography to analyse the forest canopy in the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, Paicific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss uses a technique called hemispherical photography to analyze monarch butterfly overwintering habitat. While facing north, he aims his digital camera directly up towards the forest canopy. The camera is affixed with a 180° fish-eye lens that produces an image of the sky partially blocked by the trees. Weiss takes a series of these images at specific locations corresponding to a grid. With the help of some special software, he is able to map out how much sunlight and wind is able to penetrate the forest at specific locations. This information is important because overwintering monarchs prefer microhabitats that provide both plenty of sunlight, but are protected from the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the information gleaned from his hemispherical photography, Weiss is able to characterize the monarch habitat and provide guidance on the long-term management of the major monarch overwintering sites. The City of Pacific Grove placed Weiss in charge of developing the habitat restoration and management plan for the Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and he has overseen the planting of additional Eucalyptus trees to improve wind protection for the monarchs. While small in size, the Sanctuary is a vital destination for monarchs and a major tourist attraction boasting visitors from around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to their pleasing appearance, monarch butterflies are famous for their extended migrations. The type of lengthy annual north-south migration undergone by monarchs is more commonly associated with birds. Monarchs spent most of the year in close proximity to their host plant, milkweed. Each fall, as the days grow shorter and the milkweed recedes, monarchs journey to their overwintering grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34400\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 336px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34400\" title=\"Monarch Watch_migration-map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarch-Watch_migration-map1-336x253.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rocky Mountains split monarch Butterflies into Eastern and Western populations. Image: {link url=\"http://www.monarchwatch.org/\"}Monarch Watch{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Rocky Mountains split the monarchs into two populations. Those butterflies that spend their summers east of the Rocky Mountains descent upon forests located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Pine-Oak Forests not far from Mexico City. The monarchs that spend their summers west of the Rockies wait out the winter months in forests along the California Coast. Overwintering monarch populations return to the same forests year after year, even though none of the individual butterflies have ever been to these locations before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the climatic conditions, monarch butterflies have three or four generations per year. How the butterfly’s great-grandchildren are able to find the same specific forests year after year remains a mystery. New \u003ca href=\"http://scientopia.org/blogs/thisscientificlife/2010/01/26/migratory-monarch-butterflies-see-earths-geomagnetic-field/\">research \u003c/a> indicates that monarch butterflies possess photosensitive proteins called Cryptochromes that allow them to set an internal circadian clock. When exposed to UV light, Cryptochromes are also sensitive to magnetism. This allows the monarchs to follow patterns in the Earth’s magnetic field which guide them in their far-reaching travels. Monarch butterflies may also return to specific groves because the overwintering conditions at those particular spots are similarly attractive year after year. As Weiss explained, “The presence of other monarchs is a really good indicator it’s a good place to be a monarch, kind of crowd sourcing. So if a butterfly’s flying around looking for a place to land, if there are other monarchs there, it’s a good indicator that hey, that’s a good place to land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34501\" title=\"Monarchs pic6\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Monarchs-pic6-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies form a cluster on a Monterey Pine branch. Image: Joshua Cssidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring, the monarchs go into a mating frenzy, and then they depart from there overwintering spots to find the emerging milkweed throughout their range. Female monarchs lay hundreds of eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars gorge on the host plant. As the caterpillars grow, they sequester compounds called cardiac glycosides which make them distasteful – even toxic - to predators. During the pupae life stage the caterpillars transform into butterflies within the solitude of their chrysalises. As flying adults they feed on sugary nectar from milkweeds and other plants with their long tube-like proboscises. This cycle of reproduction repeats throughout the spring and summer as the monarchs disperse, filling out their geographic range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because monarch butterflies are intimately tied to milkweed, they are especially vulnerable to habitat loss from development and agriculture. Monarchs also need to find dependable overwintering sites, and both the eastern and western overwintering populations experience threats to these locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34514\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34514\" title=\"CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/CF106_00_0087_2012-01-10_154650-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Krygsman counts monarch butterflies at the Monarch Sanctuary Grove in Pacific Grove, CA. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarchs do have one advantage, which is that humans find them beautiful. Enticed by the monarch butterfly’s beauty, people have gone to great lengths to study them and provide for their needs. Erica Krygsman, \u003ca href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/\">Monarch Alert\u003c/a> Monterey Co. Field Coordinator is one of those people. She has the colossal task of counting the overwintering monarchs. So how does someone count thousands of fidgeting butterflies as they hang from a tree?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well you don’t count them individually”, Krygsman said. “Basically you count the butterflies when they are in clusters in the trees, and you go by each group and you count…you count a small group and extrapolate to the rest of the cluster.” For the Monarch Grove Sanctuary location, Krygsman’s counts for the winter 2011-2012 hover around 10,000 butterflies. The detailed counts made by Monarch Alert help the scientific community trace the fluctuations in the western monarch butterfly population size and demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34704\" title=\"IMG_7731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/IMG_77313-e1333660119663-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Monarch Grove Sanctuary. Image: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Weiss, “monarch butterflies are listed as an endangered phenomenon, because of the mass of the migration, the length of the migration, and the concentration of butterflies in relatively few overwintering sites. They’re actually vulnerable. You could cut down 20 groves of trees in coastal California and pretty much kill off the overwintering monarchs in California, they’re that concentrated. In Mexico, they occupy maybe a few dozen hectares of high elevation fir forests that are under extreme pressure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit the overwintering monarchs during the winter months at the Pacific Grove Monarch Grove Sanctuary, and take a tour of the Monarch Sanctuary offered by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/category/topics-interest/butterflies\">Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>. Other good places to find overwintering monarchs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=571\">Pt. Lobos Nature Preserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34386/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup","authors":["6219"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_417","quest_20","quest_1025","quest_1291","quest_10944","quest_3351","quest_10945","quest_10939","quest_10940","quest_2141","quest_2187","quest_10941","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_10942","quest_3071","quest_10943"],"featImg":"quest_34821","label":"quest_3296"},"quest_25998":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25998","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25998","score":null,"sort":[1318867112000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","title":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","publishDate":1318867112,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Twenty years ago this week, a fire ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. Eucalyptus trees, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832159,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":575},"headData":{"title":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire | KQED","description":"Twenty years ago this week, a fire ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. Eucalyptus trees, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","datePublished":"2011-10-17T15:58:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:29:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25998 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25998","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/17/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire/","disqusTitle":"Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire","path":"/quest/25998/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25998/eucalyptus-fuel-for-fire","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_308","quest_326","quest_1025","quest_1095","quest_2024","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_26000","label":"quest"},"quest_25770":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25770","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25770","score":null,"sort":[1318531732000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Albany Hill","publishDate":1318531732,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobart\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is the classic view of Albany Hill from the El Cerrito BART station. With the sun behind it, you can see that much of the hill's apparent size is due to a high hairstyle of eucalyptus trees. Beneath them is an isolated body of Franciscan sandstone dating from late in the Cretaceous Period, about 70 to 83 million years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area landmarks had different names before the Gold Rush. Albany Hill was first named \"Cerrito de San Antonio\" by the Peralta family. Afterward it became El Cerrito, \"little hill,\" and got its current name just a century ago when the city of Albany incorporated. During those years it served first as a rock quarry and the site of an explosives factory (when the eucalyptus forest was planted, as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">at Pinole Point\u003c/a>, to muffle accidents) and later as a fine place to build homes and apartment buildings. Today much of it is preserved in Albany Hill Park in a benign stasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Hill appears on the geologic map as a patch of unit Kfn, Franciscan rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritomap-566x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritomap\" width=\"566\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25775\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The line labeled \"A\" marks part of cross-section A–A' that conveniently starts right at Albany Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoxsec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25771\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoxsec\" width=\"640\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25771\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec-400x256.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section showing interpreted structure beneath the map; the portion shown in the map segment reaches to the \"Qls\" symbol (landslide deposits).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To visit the rocks of Albany Hill, park along Taft Avenue, which runs up the east side of the hill. The street boasts an extensive roadcut where you can inspect and sample the rock. It's a hard, massive, medium-grained sandstone that has undergone some metamorphism. This has wiped out any original structural features that may have been there, such as bedding and erosion marks. This isn't the dramatic stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoweathered/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoweathered\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weathered sandstone of Albany Hill in Taft Avenue roadcut. The light patch is rich in calcite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Up at the end of Taft is a parking area for Albany Hill Park. Enjoy the woods and the views and watch for the occasional outcrops underfoot. In many of these, foot traffic exposes the sandstone's true tan color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map shows two other exposures of this rock nearby. The one at Point Isabel is almost entirely covered today, but at Fleming Point, behind the racetrack stands at Golden Gate Fields, years of (again) explosives manufacturing and quarrying have left it well exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerr-flemingpoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25772\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerr-flemingpoint\" width=\"600\" height=\"364\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25772\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint-400x243.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three outcrops are part of a longer discontinuous belt of rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane. It runs from Piedmont on the south to Point Richmond, to Novato across the Bay, and beyond in patches all the way to Bodega Head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're on this side of the freeway, take a hike out the Albany Bulb, an artificial peninsula studded with anonymous art works. There you can see the \u003ci>other\u003c/i> classic view of Albany Hill, sitting in front of the much younger rocks of the Berkeley Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobulb/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobulb\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Among the commuters who pass it twice a day, surely thousands of people wonder about that dramatic little hill next to I-80/580 just north of Berkeley. Wonder no more.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1325109122,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":495},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Albany Hill | KQED","description":"Among the commuters who pass it twice a day, surely thousands of people wonder about that dramatic little hill next to I-80/580 just north of Berkeley. Wonder no more.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Albany Hill","datePublished":"2011-10-13T18:48:52.000Z","dateModified":"2011-12-28T21:52:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25770 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25770","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: Albany Hill","path":"/quest/25770/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobart\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobart-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is the classic view of Albany Hill from the El Cerrito BART station. With the sun behind it, you can see that much of the hill's apparent size is due to a high hairstyle of eucalyptus trees. Beneath them is an isolated body of Franciscan sandstone dating from late in the Cretaceous Period, about 70 to 83 million years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Bay Area landmarks had different names before the Gold Rush. Albany Hill was first named \"Cerrito de San Antonio\" by the Peralta family. Afterward it became El Cerrito, \"little hill,\" and got its current name just a century ago when the city of Albany incorporated. During those years it served first as a rock quarry and the site of an explosives factory (when the eucalyptus forest was planted, as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">at Pinole Point\u003c/a>, to muffle accidents) and later as a fine place to build homes and apartment buildings. Today much of it is preserved in Albany Hill Park in a benign stasis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Hill appears on the geologic map as a patch of unit Kfn, Franciscan rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritomap-566x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritomap\" width=\"566\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-25775\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The line labeled \"A\" marks part of cross-section A–A' that conveniently starts right at Albany Hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25771\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoxsec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25771\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoxsec\" width=\"640\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25771\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoxsec-400x256.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section showing interpreted structure beneath the map; the portion shown in the map segment reaches to the \"Qls\" symbol (landslide deposits).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To visit the rocks of Albany Hill, park along Taft Avenue, which runs up the east side of the hill. The street boasts an extensive roadcut where you can inspect and sample the rock. It's a hard, massive, medium-grained sandstone that has undergone some metamorphism. This has wiped out any original structural features that may have been there, such as bedding and erosion marks. This isn't the dramatic stuff of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritoweathered/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritoweathered\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritoweathered-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Weathered sandstone of Albany Hill in Taft Avenue roadcut. The light patch is rich in calcite.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Up at the end of Taft is a parking area for Albany Hill Park. Enjoy the woods and the views and watch for the occasional outcrops underfoot. In many of these, foot traffic exposes the sandstone's true tan color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map shows two other exposures of this rock nearby. The one at Point Isabel is almost entirely covered today, but at Fleming Point, behind the racetrack stands at Golden Gate Fields, years of (again) explosives manufacturing and quarrying have left it well exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerr-flemingpoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25772\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerr-flemingpoint\" width=\"600\" height=\"364\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25772\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerr-flemingpoint-400x243.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These three outcrops are part of a longer discontinuous belt of rocks of the Novato Quarry terrane. It runs from Piedmont on the south to Point Richmond, to Novato across the Bay, and beyond in patches all the way to Bodega Head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you're on this side of the freeway, take a hike out the Albany Bulb, an artificial peninsula studded with anonymous art works. There you can see the \u003ci>other\u003c/i> classic view of Albany Hill, sitting in front of the much younger rocks of the Berkeley Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/13/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill/elcerritobulb/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-25774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"elcerritobulb\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-25774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/elcerritobulb-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25770/geological-outings-around-the-bay-albany-hill","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10260","quest_10261","quest_10262","quest_1025","quest_3580","quest_10263","quest_13202","quest_2447","quest_3747","quest_8739"],"featImg":"quest_25773","label":"quest"},"quest_10441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10441","score":null,"sort":[1289935512000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"migrating-monarch-butterflies-hunker-down-in-monterey","title":"Migrating Monarch Butterflies Hunker Down in Monterey","publishDate":1289935512,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/Monarch-Cropped1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Monarch butterfly. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/alanvernon/\">Alan Vernon\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Have you seen National Geographic’s \u003cem>Great Migration\u003c/em> series on TV? I’ve been amazed by those animals’ innate ability to navigate across huge distances. But great migrations aren’t just the stuff of African plains and the open ocean. There are amazing organisms migrating through the Bay Area right now! As you read this, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_%28butterfly%29\">monarch butterflies\u003c/a> are arriving at their winter homes in Santa Cruz and Pacific Grove.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beautiful black and orange monarchs spend their summers dispersed across North America. At the end of the summer, they embark on a journey of over 2000 miles from their summer homes to their winter havens. Monarchs that live west of the Rockies come to the Monterey Pine and Eucalyptus groves along the California coast, and monarchs east of the Rockies overwinter in forests in the mountains west of Mexico City. These individuals are long-lived, with a lifespan of about 7 months. They fly south and then hunker down, hanging from trees in clusters and basically sleeping. With spring's longer days, the butterflies awaken and fly back north. However, the return trip is not made by the same butterflies that flew south in the fall; instead, the trip is made in stages by their children and grandchildren. Their great (or great-great) grandchildren head south again at the close of summer, never having made that trip before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs make this long journey by using the sun as a compass. But the position of the sun changes each day, so the monarchs use a circadian (24-hour) clock to compensate for the daily change in the sun’s position. Scientists used to think monarchs’ circadian compass was in their brain—now we know that the compass is in their antennae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see the overwintering monarchs yourself: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/\">The Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a> offers daily tours of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pg.ca.us/monarchs/default.htm\">Monarch Grove Sanctuary\u003c/a>, just a few miles from Monterey. The museum hosts a special event, Monarch Magic Science Saturday, on November 27. It includes a lecture series about monarchs, butterfly arts and crafts, and a plant sale—you can purchase nectar plants, which provide food for adult monarch butterflies, and milkweed plants, which provide food for the monarch caterpillars. Put these plants in your garden, and maybe you can convince some migrating monarchs to take a detour through your backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarch butterflies aren’t the only animals that migrate through the Bay Area: check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration\">The Great Migration\u003c/a>, a QUEST TV story about birds traveling along the Pacific Flyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.625317 -121.930636\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As you read this, monarch butterflies are arriving at their winter homes in Santa Cruz and Pacific Grove.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528241780,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":437},"headData":{"title":"Migrating Monarch Butterflies Hunker Down in Monterey | KQED","description":"As you read this, monarch butterflies are arriving at their winter homes in Santa Cruz and Pacific Grove.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Migrating Monarch Butterflies Hunker Down in Monterey","datePublished":"2010-11-16T19:25:12.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-05T23:36:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10441 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10441","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/migrating-monarch-butterflies-hunker-down-in-monterey/","disqusTitle":"Migrating Monarch Butterflies Hunker Down in Monterey","path":"/quest/10441/migrating-monarch-butterflies-hunker-down-in-monterey","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/Monarch-Cropped1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Monarch butterfly. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/alanvernon/\">Alan Vernon\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Have you seen National Geographic’s \u003cem>Great Migration\u003c/em> series on TV? I’ve been amazed by those animals’ innate ability to navigate across huge distances. But great migrations aren’t just the stuff of African plains and the open ocean. There are amazing organisms migrating through the Bay Area right now! As you read this, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_%28butterfly%29\">monarch butterflies\u003c/a> are arriving at their winter homes in Santa Cruz and Pacific Grove.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beautiful black and orange monarchs spend their summers dispersed across North America. At the end of the summer, they embark on a journey of over 2000 miles from their summer homes to their winter havens. Monarchs that live west of the Rockies come to the Monterey Pine and Eucalyptus groves along the California coast, and monarchs east of the Rockies overwinter in forests in the mountains west of Mexico City. These individuals are long-lived, with a lifespan of about 7 months. They fly south and then hunker down, hanging from trees in clusters and basically sleeping. With spring's longer days, the butterflies awaken and fly back north. However, the return trip is not made by the same butterflies that flew south in the fall; instead, the trip is made in stages by their children and grandchildren. Their great (or great-great) grandchildren head south again at the close of summer, never having made that trip before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs make this long journey by using the sun as a compass. But the position of the sun changes each day, so the monarchs use a circadian (24-hour) clock to compensate for the daily change in the sun’s position. Scientists used to think monarchs’ circadian compass was in their brain—now we know that the compass is in their antennae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see the overwintering monarchs yourself: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgmuseum.org/\">The Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History\u003c/a> offers daily tours of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.pg.ca.us/monarchs/default.htm\">Monarch Grove Sanctuary\u003c/a>, just a few miles from Monterey. The museum hosts a special event, Monarch Magic Science Saturday, on November 27. It includes a lecture series about monarchs, butterfly arts and crafts, and a plant sale—you can purchase nectar plants, which provide food for adult monarch butterflies, and milkweed plants, which provide food for the monarch caterpillars. Put these plants in your garden, and maybe you can convince some migrating monarchs to take a detour through your backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarch butterflies aren’t the only animals that migrate through the Bay Area: check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration\">The Great Migration\u003c/a>, a QUEST TV story about birds traveling along the Pacific Flyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.625317 -121.930636\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10441/migrating-monarch-butterflies-hunker-down-in-monterey","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_417","quest_603","quest_1025","quest_1819","quest_1855","quest_1864","quest_1869"],"featImg":"quest_10446","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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