How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?
The Cost of Water
In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding
Biodiesel Power
Cementing a More Sustainable Future
Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip
Top Cats: How Pumas and Other Apex Predators' Populations Affect The Big Biodiversity Picture
Do Now #74: Earth Day
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She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"},"davidhuppert":{"type":"authors","id":"10296","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10296","found":true},"name":"David Huppert","firstName":"David","lastName":"Huppert","slug":"davidhuppert","email":"dhuppert@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"As a producer/reporter for UNC-TV, David Huppert has spent the last 6 years immersing himself in the Old North State's culture and folklore, consuming as much of state's rich legacy (and barbecue) as possible.\r\n\r\nDavid returns to UNC-TV after a one-year hiatus in NYC where he produced for CBS This Morning. Since 2000 David has produced pieces for public television (UNC-TV, Charlie Rose) and commercial news (CBS, FNC’s The O’Reilly Factor, CNBC).\r\n\r\nWhen he’s not telling stories for television, David is either working on a documentary about Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, or gallivanting around North Carolina with his wife, @mediumish. You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"},"meirich":{"type":"authors","id":"10399","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10399","found":true},"name":"Melanie Eirich","firstName":"Melanie","lastName":"Eirich","slug":"meirich","email":"meirich@netNebraska.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melanie Eirich is the Executive Producer for Interactive and Educational Media at NET. She has been with NET for five years and with the University of Nebraska in the area of Educational Media for over 20 years. Melanie’s expertise is in the area of graphical media and distance educational websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7532ee5a63324bdf46bae0a9fb91f8ee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_posts","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melanie Eirich | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7532ee5a63324bdf46bae0a9fb91f8ee?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7532ee5a63324bdf46bae0a9fb91f8ee?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/meirich"},"mbroeren":{"type":"authors","id":"10530","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10530","found":true},"name":"Margaret Broeren","firstName":"Margaret","lastName":"Broeren","slug":"mbroeren","email":"mbroeren@glbrc.wisc.edu","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Margaret Broeren works at the Wisconsin Energy Institute on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus. Her writing has appeared in Isthmus and Grow. When she's not behind her laptop, you'll likely find her playing roller derby with the Mad Rollin' Dolls.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9535e7524b7569866841130512f69ed?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Margaret Broeren | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9535e7524b7569866841130512f69ed?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c9535e7524b7569866841130512f69ed?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/mbroeren"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_72141":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_72141","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"72141","score":null,"sort":[1412188497000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change","title":"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?","publishDate":1412188497,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: The Earth is warming. Since the early 20th Century, the global average temperature has increased approximately 1.4°F. How do we balance protecting species with human interests in dealing with and adapting to climate change? What do we prioritize?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1412196862,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: The Earth is warming. Since the early 20th Century, the global average temperature has increased approximately 1.4°F. How do we balance protecting species with human interests in dealing with and adapting to climate change? What do we prioritize?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"72141 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=72141&preview_id=72141","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/","path":"/quest/72141/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_621","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_12289"],"featImg":"quest_72142","label":"quest"},"quest_68684":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_68684","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"68684","score":null,"sort":[1395842405000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-cost-of-water","title":"The Cost of Water","publishDate":1395842405,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/cost_of_water_slideshow/vertical\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This slideshow is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Does water seem like a free resource to you? How many ways can you think of that water actually has costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion Question\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the different costs of tap water and bottled water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Make a table with two columns, one for Benefits and one for Challenges. How many of each can you think of for using bottled water?\u003cbr>\nHow much responsibility do we owe future generations to keep our planet clean?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Business Insider article on Bottled Water Costs\" href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/bottled-water-costs-2000x-more-than-tap-2013-7\" target=\"_blank\">Bottled Water Costs 2000x More Than Tap\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Business Insider \u003c/strong>- A summary of facts about bottled water consumption and what it costs consumers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Choice Online article on the high price of water\" href=\"http://www.choice.com.au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/food-and-drink/beverages/bottled-water.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The High Costs of Bottled Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Choice Online - \u003c/strong>Drop for drop, bottled water costs about 2000 times more than tap water, so what are we paying for? This article provides an Australian perspective on bottled water vs. tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"City of Lincoln, Nebraska Water Quality website\" href=\"https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/pworks/water/quality.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Water Quality: The Lincoln, Nebraska Water System\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>City of Lincoln, Nebraska: Water Quality - \u003c/strong>A short article on how a typical municipality attempts to insure high quality for our drinking water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"American Water Works Association, drinking water regulations\" href=\"http://www.awwa.org/legislation-regulation/regulations/drinking-water-regulation.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The American Water Works Association: Drinking Water Regulations\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>American Water Works Association - \u003c/strong>An overview of how tap water is regulated.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Tapped the Movie from Atlas Films\" href=\"http://www.tappedthemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tapped: The Movie\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> Atlas Films - \u003c/strong>This documentary answers the question, “Is access to clean drinking water a basic human right, or a commodity that should be bought and sold like any other article of commerce?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth’s systems. MS - ESS.3, Earth and Human Activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Engaging in Argument from Evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Bottled water costs more than you think! Click through the slideshow to see a comparison of costs. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1485196864,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://imgdev.unl.edu/cost_of_water_slideshow/vertical"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":334},"headData":{"title":"The Cost of Water | KQED","description":"Bottled water costs more than you think! Click through the slideshow to see a comparison of costs. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"68684 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=68684","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/03/26/the-cost-of-water/","disqusTitle":"The Cost of Water","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/68684/the-cost-of-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://imgdev.unl.edu/cost_of_water_slideshow/vertical\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This slideshow is part of a four-part educational series on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\">\u003cstrong>Ground Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-Discussion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Does water seem like a free resource to you? How many ways can you think of that water actually has costs?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Focus Discussion Question\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the different costs of tap water and bottled water?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Make a table with two columns, one for Benefits and one for Challenges. How many of each can you think of for using bottled water?\u003cbr>\nHow much responsibility do we owe future generations to keep our planet clean?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Business Insider article on Bottled Water Costs\" href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/bottled-water-costs-2000x-more-than-tap-2013-7\" target=\"_blank\">Bottled Water Costs 2000x More Than Tap\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Business Insider \u003c/strong>- A summary of facts about bottled water consumption and what it costs consumers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Choice Online article on the high price of water\" href=\"http://www.choice.com.au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/food-and-drink/beverages/bottled-water.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The High Costs of Bottled Water\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Choice Online - \u003c/strong>Drop for drop, bottled water costs about 2000 times more than tap water, so what are we paying for? This article provides an Australian perspective on bottled water vs. tap water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"City of Lincoln, Nebraska Water Quality website\" href=\"https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/city/pworks/water/quality.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Water Quality: The Lincoln, Nebraska Water System\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>City of Lincoln, Nebraska: Water Quality - \u003c/strong>A short article on how a typical municipality attempts to insure high quality for our drinking water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"American Water Works Association, drinking water regulations\" href=\"http://www.awwa.org/legislation-regulation/regulations/drinking-water-regulation.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">The American Water Works Association: Drinking Water Regulations\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>American Water Works Association - \u003c/strong>An overview of how tap water is regulated.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Tapped the Movie from Atlas Films\" href=\"http://www.tappedthemovie.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tapped: The Movie\u003c/a>,\u003cstrong> Atlas Films - \u003c/strong>This documentary answers the question, “Is access to clean drinking water a basic human right, or a commodity that should be bought and sold like any other article of commerce?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth’s systems. MS - ESS.3, Earth and Human Activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: Humans depend on Earth’s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. ESS3.A, Natural Resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science & Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Engaging in Argument from Evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/68684/the-cost-of-water","authors":["10399"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_13198","quest_12768","quest_1278","quest_12065","quest_12063","quest_12354","quest_2408","quest_12756","quest_12020"],"collections":["quest_12824"],"featImg":"quest_68771","label":"source_quest_68684"},"quest_63664":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_63664","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"63664","score":null,"sort":[1389103239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"prairie-grasses-biofuel-power","title":"Prairie Power","publishDate":1389103239,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>As sunlight streams into the lobby at the\u003ca title=\"Aldo Leopold Nature Center\" href=\"http://aldoleopoldnaturecenter.org/\"> Aldo Leopold Nature Center \u003c/a>outside of Madison, Wisconsin, visitors pull on their hats and gloves. Wind nipping at their faces, they venture out to the trail to learn about prairies, climate, and biofuels from John Greenler, who directs educational programs at the \u003ca title=\"Wisconsin Energy Institute\" href=\"http://energy.wisc.edu/\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few steps down the trail Greenler asked, “What makes a prairie?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heads turned left and right, but no one volunteered a guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fire,\" Greenler responded. \"You can plant a wide array of prairie species hoping to restore the habitat, but until the land has been burned, a true prairie will not emerge. Fire is mission critical for a prairie.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111853.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111853-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"John Greenler from the Wisconsin Energy Institute. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Greenler from the Wisconsin Energy Institute. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prairie restoration experts and land managers are working to bring back the prairies and the benefits they bring to the landscape. One of the most successful techniques is the use of controlled burns to eradicate invasive plants and encourage new growth, Greenler explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you've ever been close to a prairie fire, you know that it’s really hot.” Greenler said. “A lot of energy is being released when you burn prairie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The release of heat during natural or managed prairie burns is evidence of the latent energy in these plants. The source of that energy is in the chemical bonds associated with the carbon that the plants remove from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centuries ago, a patchwork of prairie grasses and flowers dominated the Midwestern landscape. Each week of the growing season marked the arrival of nearly a dozen different species of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them were big bluestem and switchgrass. These tough, resilient grasses can stretch to almost ten feet high, while also sending their roots nearly twice as deep into the soils. Not only did these grassland communities create excellent habitats for wildlife but the deep roots of prairie plants also reduced erosion, contributed to clean water by pulling nutrients out of the soil, and stored carbon. Every year that prairie plants grow they store more carbon in their extensive root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65384\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/800px-Switchgrass_roots-640x154.jpg\" alt=\" Switchgrass roots are nearly twice as deep below ground as the grass is above ground. Photo Credit: © 2008 Steve Renich. Use per Creative Commons license.\" width=\"640\" height=\"154\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switchgrass roots are nearly twice as deep below ground as the grass grows above ground. Photo Credit: © 2008 Steve Renich. Use per \u003ca title=\"Switchgrass roots\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switchgrass_roots.jpg\">Creative Commons license\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, over the last 150 years, 85 percent of tallgrass prairies have been destroyed to make way for development and agriculture, making prairies one of the \u003ca title=\"Ecosystem threatened\" href=\"http://www.globalrestorationnetwork.org/database/case-study/?id=110\">most threatened ecosystem\u003c/a>s in the Midwest United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, scientists and engineers at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) are working to turn these energy-dense grasses into a renewable fuel source; prairie restoration efforts offer the promise of creating both ecological and economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To capture the energy within these grasses for biofuels, the scientists must first identify what kinds of plants are best suited for this purpose and what strategies are most effective for converting that plant power into liquid fuel that can power trucks, ships, or jets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Prairie_big_bluestem.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Prairie_big_bluestem-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Big Bluestem prairie grasses.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Big Bluestem prairie grasses.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way that the GLBRC experts do this is by monitoring plots of corn, switchgrass, and mixed prairie at agricultural research stations in Wisconsin and Michigan. They collect data on crop growth, water use, and ability to store greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. With this information they can construct models that can be used to configure agricultural landscapes to grow both food and fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65337\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111751-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors to the Aldo Leopold Nature Center learn about Prairie Grasses. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Aldo Leopold Nature Center learn about Prairie Grasses. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But critics have questioned the feasibility of ramping up biofuel production, claiming it is too energy intensive or would threaten food supplies. Visitors to the Aldo LeopoldNature Center questioned whether the concepts of environmental stewardship and renewable fuels are mutually exclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenler doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at a point where we can think about new energy systems and how these systems can utilize land resources while providing other benefits, such as reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and simultaneously producing fuels from biomass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since perennial plants like those growing at the nature center can potentially \u003ca title=\"Carbon Dioxide Sequestration\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ccs/index.html\">pull more carbon out of the air \u003c/a>than they put in, adding these types of crops to the landscape could create a new source of fuel that also combats climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This strategy helps us develop an energy resource and also work on healing the environment at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists investigate the ecological and economic benefits of turning Midwestern prairie grasses into a renewable fuel source.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442707036,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":742},"headData":{"title":"Prairie Power | KQED","description":"Scientists investigate the ecological and economic benefits of turning Midwestern prairie grasses into a renewable fuel source.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"63664 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=63664","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/07/prairie-grasses-biofuel-power/","disqusTitle":"Prairie Power","path":"/quest/63664/prairie-grasses-biofuel-power","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As sunlight streams into the lobby at the\u003ca title=\"Aldo Leopold Nature Center\" href=\"http://aldoleopoldnaturecenter.org/\"> Aldo Leopold Nature Center \u003c/a>outside of Madison, Wisconsin, visitors pull on their hats and gloves. Wind nipping at their faces, they venture out to the trail to learn about prairies, climate, and biofuels from John Greenler, who directs educational programs at the \u003ca title=\"Wisconsin Energy Institute\" href=\"http://energy.wisc.edu/\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few steps down the trail Greenler asked, “What makes a prairie?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heads turned left and right, but no one volunteered a guess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fire,\" Greenler responded. \"You can plant a wide array of prairie species hoping to restore the habitat, but until the land has been burned, a true prairie will not emerge. Fire is mission critical for a prairie.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111853.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65339\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111853-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"John Greenler from the Wisconsin Energy Institute. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Greenler from the Wisconsin Energy Institute. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prairie restoration experts and land managers are working to bring back the prairies and the benefits they bring to the landscape. One of the most successful techniques is the use of controlled burns to eradicate invasive plants and encourage new growth, Greenler explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you've ever been close to a prairie fire, you know that it’s really hot.” Greenler said. “A lot of energy is being released when you burn prairie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The release of heat during natural or managed prairie burns is evidence of the latent energy in these plants. The source of that energy is in the chemical bonds associated with the carbon that the plants remove from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Centuries ago, a patchwork of prairie grasses and flowers dominated the Midwestern landscape. Each week of the growing season marked the arrival of nearly a dozen different species of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them were big bluestem and switchgrass. These tough, resilient grasses can stretch to almost ten feet high, while also sending their roots nearly twice as deep into the soils. Not only did these grassland communities create excellent habitats for wildlife but the deep roots of prairie plants also reduced erosion, contributed to clean water by pulling nutrients out of the soil, and stored carbon. Every year that prairie plants grow they store more carbon in their extensive root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65384\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/800px-Switchgrass_roots-640x154.jpg\" alt=\" Switchgrass roots are nearly twice as deep below ground as the grass is above ground. Photo Credit: © 2008 Steve Renich. Use per Creative Commons license.\" width=\"640\" height=\"154\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Switchgrass roots are nearly twice as deep below ground as the grass grows above ground. Photo Credit: © 2008 Steve Renich. Use per \u003ca title=\"Switchgrass roots\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Switchgrass_roots.jpg\">Creative Commons license\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, over the last 150 years, 85 percent of tallgrass prairies have been destroyed to make way for development and agriculture, making prairies one of the \u003ca title=\"Ecosystem threatened\" href=\"http://www.globalrestorationnetwork.org/database/case-study/?id=110\">most threatened ecosystem\u003c/a>s in the Midwest United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, scientists and engineers at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) are working to turn these energy-dense grasses into a renewable fuel source; prairie restoration efforts offer the promise of creating both ecological and economic benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To capture the energy within these grasses for biofuels, the scientists must first identify what kinds of plants are best suited for this purpose and what strategies are most effective for converting that plant power into liquid fuel that can power trucks, ships, or jets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Prairie_big_bluestem.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Prairie_big_bluestem-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Big Bluestem prairie grasses.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Big Bluestem prairie grasses.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way that the GLBRC experts do this is by monitoring plots of corn, switchgrass, and mixed prairie at agricultural research stations in Wisconsin and Michigan. They collect data on crop growth, water use, and ability to store greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. With this information they can construct models that can be used to configure agricultural landscapes to grow both food and fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65337\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-65337\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/20131123_111751-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors to the Aldo Leopold Nature Center learn about Prairie Grasses. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors to the Aldo Leopold Nature Center learn about Prairie Grasses. Photo courtesy of Margaret Broeren.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But critics have questioned the feasibility of ramping up biofuel production, claiming it is too energy intensive or would threaten food supplies. Visitors to the Aldo LeopoldNature Center questioned whether the concepts of environmental stewardship and renewable fuels are mutually exclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenler doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are at a point where we can think about new energy systems and how these systems can utilize land resources while providing other benefits, such as reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and simultaneously producing fuels from biomass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since perennial plants like those growing at the nature center can potentially \u003ca title=\"Carbon Dioxide Sequestration\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ccs/index.html\">pull more carbon out of the air \u003c/a>than they put in, adding these types of crops to the landscape could create a new source of fuel that also combats climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This strategy helps us develop an energy resource and also work on healing the environment at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/63664/prairie-grasses-biofuel-power","authors":["10530"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11765","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_12120","quest_12420","quest_326","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_12419","quest_2349","quest_12355"],"featImg":"quest_65443","label":"quest"},"quest_64428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64428","score":null,"sort":[1389016826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","title":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","publishDate":1389016826,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442706879,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding | KQED","description":"There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"64428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/06/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding/","disqusTitle":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/64428/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64428/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12536","quest_252","quest_621","quest_12540","quest_12538","quest_12537","quest_886","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_10174","quest_13","quest_12535","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_19","quest_12539"],"featImg":"quest_65559","label":"source_quest_64428"},"quest_60342":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60342","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60342","score":null,"sort":[1382018427000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"biodiesel-power","title":"Biodiesel Power","publishDate":1382018427,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Honk if you know the person who brewed your car's fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pose that question in Pittsboro, North Carolina, and you’re likely to hear a symphony of Volkswagens and Mercedes proudly tooting their local laborers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsboro, “Drive Local” has become the new “Eat Local.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61806\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Piedmont Biofuels co-founders with Willie Nelson. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willie Nelson poses with Piedmont Biofuels co-founders while filling his tour bus with biodiesel. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all started about a decade ago when Lyle Estill, Rachel Burton and Leif Forer began making biodiesel in Lyle’s backyard. Their goal was simple: make enough fuel so they no longer had to fill up at gas stations. Their DIY spirit -- coupled with a genuine desire to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels -- inspired the threesome to launch Piedmont Biofuels, a small-scale biodiesel manufacturing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in bucolic North Carolina, about 30 minutes outside of Raleigh, the company offered a novel product: clean, local, and sustainable fuel for Pittsboro’s diesel-powered vehicles. Ten years (and a few exploded reactors) later, Piedmont Biofuels manufactures a million gallons of B-100, or 100 percent biodiesel, annually for its more than 300 members.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can It Work for You?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRight now you may be wondering what biodiesel is and if you can use it in your new Jetta TDI. Forer explained, “Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel made from vegetable oil instead of crude petroleum oil. Biodiesel can be used wherever conventional petroleum diesel is used.” Estill, who hasn’t been to a gas station since 2002, says any diesel engine can run on biodiesel without any modification. “You simply fill up and go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease-280x253.jpg\" alt=\"yellow_grease\" width=\"280\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Used vegetable oil is turned into 100% Biodiesel through a process called transesterification. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPiedmont’s biodiesel is made with a chemical process called \u003cstrong>transesterification\u003c/strong>. The process begins when feedstocks -- anything from soybeans to turkey fat to used vegetable oil -- are mixed with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. The result is \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html\">clean-burning fuel\u003c/a> made from mostly locally sourced byproducts. No need to extract petroleum from Earth’s crust, no offshore oil tankers, and no refineries in the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main feedstock in Piedmont’s blend comes in the form of used cooking oil from the deep fryers in local restaurants. This “yellow grease,” as it’s called, is in high demand and functions as a relatively clean, stable base for biodiesel. But it’s expensive, and Piedmont is constantly on the lookout for cheaper sustainable feedstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Grease Traps to Greased Lightning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Walk around Piedmont’s sprawling farm-meets-lab campus and pretty soon you realize that you’re surrounded by innovators. From seed-saving farmers to enzyme-incubating scientists, everyone is looking to make a big difference using low-impact techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61800 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"RB_LE_earlybrew\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burton and Estill working on an early batch of home-brewed biodiesel in Estill's backyard. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One thing that has the whole place jumping is the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.biofuels.coop/enzymatic-biodiesel\">enzymatic reactor\u003c/a>. Burton, who helped design the one-of-a-kind reactor, says the new technology will enable biodiesel manufacturers to utilize a wider range of feedstocks, such as brown grease (think sludgy grease traps). Under the current workflow, brown grease is too contaminated to turn into biodiesel. Manufactures pay a premium for high-quality yellow grease, and the cost is reflected in their fuel’s price (Piedmont’s fuel usually sells around 10 cents above the petroleum average). The price point is why the enzymatic reactor has the potential to be a game changer. By using lower quality (and cheaper) grease, biodiesel manufacturers may soon see costs drop to the point where they can consistently compete with their petroleum counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Estill says, his hope is not necessarily to outsell big oil in small towns throughout North Carolina. The Piedmont Biofuels project is “demonstrative,” proving that communities can power themselves with a few local ingredients, and a lot of ingenuity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 496px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21-496x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lyle_grease_2\" width=\"496\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estill, who's official title is VP of Stuff, collects used vegetable oil from Carolina Brewery in Pittsboro, NC. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From the deep fryer to the fuel tank, how one North Carolina company is using cooking grease to power a community.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457564977,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":711},"headData":{"title":"Biodiesel Power | KQED","description":"From the deep fryer to the fuel tank, how one North Carolina company is using cooking grease to power a community.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60342 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60342","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/17/biodiesel-power/","disqusTitle":"Biodiesel Power","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5bGCkakxW4","path":"/quest/60342/biodiesel-power","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Honk if you know the person who brewed your car's fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pose that question in Pittsboro, North Carolina, and you’re likely to hear a symphony of Volkswagens and Mercedes proudly tooting their local laborers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Pittsboro, “Drive Local” has become the new “Eat Local.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61806\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/willie_lyle_leif_rachel1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Piedmont Biofuels co-founders with Willie Nelson. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willie Nelson poses with Piedmont Biofuels co-founders while filling his tour bus with biodiesel. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It all started about a decade ago when Lyle Estill, Rachel Burton and Leif Forer began making biodiesel in Lyle’s backyard. Their goal was simple: make enough fuel so they no longer had to fill up at gas stations. Their DIY spirit -- coupled with a genuine desire to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels -- inspired the threesome to launch Piedmont Biofuels, a small-scale biodiesel manufacturing company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in bucolic North Carolina, about 30 minutes outside of Raleigh, the company offered a novel product: clean, local, and sustainable fuel for Pittsboro’s diesel-powered vehicles. Ten years (and a few exploded reactors) later, Piedmont Biofuels manufactures a million gallons of B-100, or 100 percent biodiesel, annually for its more than 300 members.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can It Work for You?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRight now you may be wondering what biodiesel is and if you can use it in your new Jetta TDI. Forer explained, “Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel made from vegetable oil instead of crude petroleum oil. Biodiesel can be used wherever conventional petroleum diesel is used.” Estill, who hasn’t been to a gas station since 2002, says any diesel engine can run on biodiesel without any modification. “You simply fill up and go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/yellow_grease-280x253.jpg\" alt=\"yellow_grease\" width=\"280\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Used vegetable oil is turned into 100% Biodiesel through a process called transesterification. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Green Chemistry\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPiedmont’s biodiesel is made with a chemical process called \u003cstrong>transesterification\u003c/strong>. The process begins when feedstocks -- anything from soybeans to turkey fat to used vegetable oil -- are mixed with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. The result is \u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html\">clean-burning fuel\u003c/a> made from mostly locally sourced byproducts. No need to extract petroleum from Earth’s crust, no offshore oil tankers, and no refineries in the Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main feedstock in Piedmont’s blend comes in the form of used cooking oil from the deep fryers in local restaurants. This “yellow grease,” as it’s called, is in high demand and functions as a relatively clean, stable base for biodiesel. But it’s expensive, and Piedmont is constantly on the lookout for cheaper sustainable feedstocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Grease Traps to Greased Lightning\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Walk around Piedmont’s sprawling farm-meets-lab campus and pretty soon you realize that you’re surrounded by innovators. From seed-saving farmers to enzyme-incubating scientists, everyone is looking to make a big difference using low-impact techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61800\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61800 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/RB_LE_earlybrew1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"RB_LE_earlybrew\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burton and Estill working on an early batch of home-brewed biodiesel in Estill's backyard. Photo courtesy Tami Schwerin\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One thing that has the whole place jumping is the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.biofuels.coop/enzymatic-biodiesel\">enzymatic reactor\u003c/a>. Burton, who helped design the one-of-a-kind reactor, says the new technology will enable biodiesel manufacturers to utilize a wider range of feedstocks, such as brown grease (think sludgy grease traps). Under the current workflow, brown grease is too contaminated to turn into biodiesel. Manufactures pay a premium for high-quality yellow grease, and the cost is reflected in their fuel’s price (Piedmont’s fuel usually sells around 10 cents above the petroleum average). The price point is why the enzymatic reactor has the potential to be a game changer. By using lower quality (and cheaper) grease, biodiesel manufacturers may soon see costs drop to the point where they can consistently compete with their petroleum counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Estill says, his hope is not necessarily to outsell big oil in small towns throughout North Carolina. The Piedmont Biofuels project is “demonstrative,” proving that communities can power themselves with a few local ingredients, and a lot of ingenuity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 496px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Lyle_grease_21-496x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lyle_grease_2\" width=\"496\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estill, who's official title is VP of Stuff, collects used vegetable oil from Carolina Brewery in Pittsboro, NC. Photo by David Huppert\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60342/biodiesel-power","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_10995","quest_329","quest_482","quest_499","quest_637","quest_13198","quest_1023","quest_12269","quest_12308","quest_2057","quest_2141","quest_12307","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_2983","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_61975","label":"quest"},"quest_60734":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_60734","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"60734","score":null,"sort":[1381413627000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cementing-a-more-sustainable-future","title":"Cementing a More Sustainable Future","publishDate":1381413627,"format":"video","headTitle":"Future Home: Designing for Efficiency | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":12345,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Clarke Snell is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Building-Green-New-Edition-Alternative/dp/1600595340\">builder\u003c/a>, a dreamer, and a 50 year-old student bent on saving the planet -- one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an architecture graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Snell is tackling what he sees as the greatest challenge of our time: climate change. Armed with a firm belief that sustainable design can help slow the warming trend, he and his fellow students have set their sights on tackling a major climate change culprit: concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"wheel_cement\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The geopolymer cement mix developed at UNC Charlotte uses recycled fly ash from coal plants. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concrete accounts for somewhere between 5-8% of the world’s \u003cem>total\u003c/em> carbon dioxide emissions. It’s the most widely used building material on the planet. We produce nearly three tons of the stuff, per person, every year. From buildings, to bridges, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=concrete+bathroom&client=firefox-a&hs=JtE&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LjlPUuGkJILg8ASd6oCgAw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1015&bih=613&dpr=1.5\">bathroom countertops\u003c/a>, concrete is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One answer is eco-friendly geopolymer cement, which can reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete by \u003ca href=\"http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/house/highlights/geopolymer-concrete\">up to 90%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, but they are actually two separate products. For starters, cement is an ingredient used to make concrete. You can’t make traditional concrete without cement. Conventional cement (also known as Portland cement) is a very fine powder typically made by burning limestone and other minerals at temperatures over 2,500°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concrete is the mixture of aggregate (a combination of sand, gravel or crushed stone), and a paste material comprised of water and cement. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden with the aggregate, binding the mixture into a rocklike mass that can be shaped and set as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As history can attest (see, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Secrets-of-Ancient-Romes-Buildings.html\">Roman empire\u003c/a>) concrete is strong, durable, and relatively easy to transport. But there’s a caveat: making one ton of concrete \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/\">releases a ton of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> into the atmosphere. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3251\" width=\"265\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden's concrete walls help keep the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: There is a viable alternative-- and Snell and his team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte are already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">A \u003cem>\u003c/em>biennial competition \u003c/a>sponsored by the Department of Energy challenges schools from around the world to design and build energy efficient, solar powered homes. The UNC Charlotte team wanted to use concrete for its durability and strong insulation properties, but they didn't like the carbon emissions associated with producing Portland cement - the glue that holds concrete together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they used \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.tumblr.com/http://\">a geopolymer composite material \u003c/a>made from fly ash to replace the conventional Portland cement. Fly ash, or flash, is a recyclable by-product from coal power plants that is both strong and durable. The flash creates a binding material that, when combined with certain activating chemicals, can be used to make concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new material looks and performs like conventional concrete but doesn’t have to be burned at 2,500°F, thereby skirting most of the associated carbon dioxide emissions. As student Project Manager Clarke Snell says, “If emulated in all building projects, this small, essentially plug and play substitute, would be world changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61779 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/DoE-pic.jpg\" alt=\"UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional information about use of geopolymer based cement developed by Dr. Brett Tempest at UNC-Charlotte - \u003ca title=\"Cementing a More Sustainable Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/\">(Link)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A team of innovative students at UNC Charlotte develop a game-changing material poised to improve the way we build our cities and our homes. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457564701,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":602},"headData":{"title":"Cementing a More Sustainable Future | KQED","description":"A team of innovative students at UNC Charlotte develop a game-changing material poised to improve the way we build our cities and our homes. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"60734 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=60734","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/10/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/","disqusTitle":"Cementing a More Sustainable Future","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJp8_W0C0G4","path":"/quest/60734/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Clarke Snell is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Building-Green-New-Edition-Alternative/dp/1600595340\">builder\u003c/a>, a dreamer, and a 50 year-old student bent on saving the planet -- one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an architecture graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Snell is tackling what he sees as the greatest challenge of our time: climate change. Armed with a firm belief that sustainable design can help slow the warming trend, he and his fellow students have set their sights on tackling a major climate change culprit: concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"wheel_cement\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The geopolymer cement mix developed at UNC Charlotte uses recycled fly ash from coal plants. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concrete accounts for somewhere between 5-8% of the world’s \u003cem>total\u003c/em> carbon dioxide emissions. It’s the most widely used building material on the planet. We produce nearly three tons of the stuff, per person, every year. From buildings, to bridges, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=concrete+bathroom&client=firefox-a&hs=JtE&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LjlPUuGkJILg8ASd6oCgAw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1015&bih=613&dpr=1.5\">bathroom countertops\u003c/a>, concrete is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One answer is eco-friendly geopolymer cement, which can reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete by \u003ca href=\"http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/house/highlights/geopolymer-concrete\">up to 90%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, but they are actually two separate products. For starters, cement is an ingredient used to make concrete. You can’t make traditional concrete without cement. Conventional cement (also known as Portland cement) is a very fine powder typically made by burning limestone and other minerals at temperatures over 2,500°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concrete is the mixture of aggregate (a combination of sand, gravel or crushed stone), and a paste material comprised of water and cement. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden with the aggregate, binding the mixture into a rocklike mass that can be shaped and set as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As history can attest (see, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Secrets-of-Ancient-Romes-Buildings.html\">Roman empire\u003c/a>) concrete is strong, durable, and relatively easy to transport. But there’s a caveat: making one ton of concrete \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/\">releases a ton of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> into the atmosphere. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3251\" width=\"265\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden's concrete walls help keep the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: There is a viable alternative-- and Snell and his team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte are already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">A \u003cem>\u003c/em>biennial competition \u003c/a>sponsored by the Department of Energy challenges schools from around the world to design and build energy efficient, solar powered homes. The UNC Charlotte team wanted to use concrete for its durability and strong insulation properties, but they didn't like the carbon emissions associated with producing Portland cement - the glue that holds concrete together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they used \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.tumblr.com/http://\">a geopolymer composite material \u003c/a>made from fly ash to replace the conventional Portland cement. Fly ash, or flash, is a recyclable by-product from coal power plants that is both strong and durable. The flash creates a binding material that, when combined with certain activating chemicals, can be used to make concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new material looks and performs like conventional concrete but doesn’t have to be burned at 2,500°F, thereby skirting most of the associated carbon dioxide emissions. As student Project Manager Clarke Snell says, “If emulated in all building projects, this small, essentially plug and play substitute, would be world changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61779 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/DoE-pic.jpg\" alt=\"UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional information about use of geopolymer based cement developed by Dr. Brett Tempest at UNC-Charlotte - \u003ca title=\"Cementing a More Sustainable Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/\">(Link)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/60734/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future","authors":["10296"],"series":["quest_12345"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_202","quest_530","quest_637","quest_12314","quest_12310","quest_814","quest_12312","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_2141","quest_13205","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2693","quest_2698","quest_12309","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_3041","quest_12313","quest_12311","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_61964","label":"quest_12345"},"quest_52343":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52343","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52343","score":null,"sort":[1367602413000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip","title":"Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip","publishDate":1367602413,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, Solar Impulse, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffet Field this morning in a cross country voyage. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367616414,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":456},"headData":{"title":"Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip | KQED","description":"Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, Solar Impulse, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffet Field this morning in a cross country voyage. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52343 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52343","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip/","disqusTitle":"Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip","path":"/quest/52343/solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52343/solar-plane-takes-off-on-historic-cross-country-trip","authors":["5432"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_11957","quest_13195","quest_984","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_13202","quest_11954"],"featImg":"quest_53840","label":"quest"},"quest_53672":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53672","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53672","score":null,"sort":[1367423639000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture","title":"Top Cats: How Pumas and Other Apex Predators' Populations Affect The Big Biodiversity Picture","publishDate":1367423639,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/01/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture/kumalion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53676\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53676\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/kumalion-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The cat of many names--mountain lion, puma, cougar, catamount, panther, to name a few--speaks to the once widespread distribution of Puma concolor across the continent. The wide-ranging carnivore can adapt to nearly any landscape. It remains to be seen whether it can adapt to the expansive activities of the human being.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cat of many names--mountain lion, puma, cougar, catamount, panther, to name a few--speaks to the once widespread distribution of Puma concolor across the continent. The wide-ranging carnivore can adapt to nearly any landscape. It remains to be seen whether it can adapt to the expansive activities of the human being. Photo: Liza Gross\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a stellar cast of ecologists changed the way conservation scientists think about biodiversity. As we tumble headlong into the sixth great extinction, biologists have focused largely on protecting regions with the highest number of species. By saving the most species, the thinking goes, you’ll conserve the greatest number of ecological interactions and so the greatest biodiversity. But in \u003ca href=\"http://media.longnow.org/files/2/REVIVE/Estes%20et%20al%20(w%20Berger)%20Trophic%20Downgrading%20%20-%20Science%202011.pdf\">a study that drew on ecological theory\u003c/a> and contemporary studies of apex predators like wolves and pumas, the all-star team of ecologists found that some species matter more than others. Losing top predators, they argued, can have far-reaching, irreversible effects on the structure, function and biodiversity of ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecological theory predicts that changes in the abundance and distribution of top predators can cause substantial shifts in ecosystems. And recent studies—many published in the new millennium—have shown how theoretical predictions play out on the landscape. The collapse of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sefs.washington.edu/classes.esrm.450/Anthony.pdf\">sea otter populations\u003c/a> on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands decimated kelp forests by allowing unfettered expansion of sea urchins, the otters’ main food. The loss of wolves in Yellowstone’s Lamar River Valley famously allowed elk to forage with abandon, arresting the development of streamside willows and other riparian vegetation. In Venezuela, forests without jaguars, pumas and eagles had almost no vegetative underbrush compared to the lush understory in forests where predators kept ungulate herbivores in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, according to the study, the loss of large top predators can also lead to soaring rates of wildfires, infectious disease and carbon emissions, and degrade water quality and nutrient cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “top down” trophic cascades, which the ecologists dubbed “trophic downgrading,” have been documented from the poles to the equators and every major biome in between, making the loss of top predators, they wrote, “arguably humankind’s most pervasive influence on the natural world.\" Earth has weathered five mass extinctions but never before at the hands of one species—human beings. And we humans seem hell bent on clearing the Earth of larger bodied apex predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I considered all this as I read a new paper from \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.ucsc.edu/\">wildlife ecologist Chris Wilmer’s lab\u003c/a> (\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060590\">published last week in PLOS ONE\u003c/a>) that looks at how human development affects pumas. Like most large carnivores, pumas need vast territories to hunt, find mates and raise young. Pumas living in the San Francisco Bay Area have no such luck. Wilmers, an associate professor of environmental studies at the University of California-Santa Cruz, has been studying the effects of habitat fragmentation on the behavior, ecology and even the physiology of \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">pumas around the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/a> He develops cutting-edge GPS collars to track both the location and behavior of his animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fragmented landscapes often pave the way to extinction for wide-ranging large carnivores like pumas, with cascading effects. Freed from the threat of top predators, smaller carnivores like foxes increase in number, driving declines in birds and small mammals. But habitat fragmentation can produce effects similar to extinction because large predators tend to avoid small fragmented parcels. Given the heterogeneous patterns of human developments—with houses and other structures interspersed among natural areas—predicting how animals might respond, and with what consequences, presents a serious challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since pumas make risk-benefit calculations just like the rest of us and typically avoid humans—\u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/programs/mountain_lions/humans.cfm\">their biggest cause of death, aside from roads\u003c/a>—Wilmers wanted to know what factors govern their decisions. He and his team figured the cats would steer clear of neighborhoods, where they’d risk seeing their nemesis in various activities, more than roads, where traffic can be sporadic. And they predicted the cats would respond differently depending on their reproductive status. If running into humans meant losing a meal, that would prove less costly from an evolutionary perspective, than if it meant losing a chance to mate or raise young—since, as any evolutionary biologist will tell you, we exist primarily to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team combined their GPS data with field visits to determine whether cats were simply going about their business—that is, feeding (based on the analysis of GPS data and confirmed by finding prey remains) or moving about the landscape (GPS readings not linked to kill or den sites)—or engaged in reproductive behavior—denning (indicated by a female staying within a spot and making repeated return visits) or communicating (indicated by \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=A348t8_I8d4\">“scrapes,”\u003c/a> urine-soaked leaves and debris mounded with the hind feet, the puma version of “here’s my number”).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predicted, the cats’ response to developments varied with their reproductive status. The data collected on their 20 collared pumas (12 females and 8 males) showed that the animals give human developments a wider berth when engaged in reproductive behaviors. Given how frequently human run-ins result in death for pumas around the Bay Area, it’s not surprising that evolutionary pressures selected against placing the next generation at risk. Similarly, the cats seem to have learned that placing their calling card near trails leaves them vulnerable to destruction by hikers and bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it appears that taking care of large cubs makes mom willing to take more risks. The team found that females with dependent young showed higher tolerance for residential developments than males, possibly because they can’t afford to be choosy about where they find prey. Still, one male in the study did go near developments—a young male seeking new territory—an extremely risky behavior that the sexually \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Mountain-lions-straying-into-more-urban-areas-3164598.php\">immature male shot in Berkeley’s Gourmet Ghetto\u003c/a> learned too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that our behavior influences the big cats’ behavior. If you live on the edge of puma habitat and plant lush gardens, you’ll attract deer—and likely their ancient predator. If you don’t safeguard your goats and sheep in enclosed pens at night, you’re just asking for trouble. An astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/blog/\">eight of the 11 adult pumas\u003c/a> the team studied were shot for attacking livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By understanding where, when and how pumas use their increasingly fragmented habitat, Wilmers and his team can predict how they might respond as development continues. They can also predict, and hopefully mitigate, likely conflicts between humans and the increasingly boxed-in carnivores. But ecologists, even the best ecologists, can do only so much. They need the rest of us to decide whether we’re ready to reverse the trophic downgrading of the planet before it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Apex predators exert far-reaching effects on ecosystems that surface just decades after their disappearance. Santa Cruz researchers hope to understand how human activities and development affect how pumas use the landscape to help mitigate conflicts and plan for the species' long-term survival.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443826227,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":1167},"headData":{"title":"Top Cats: How Pumas and Other Apex Predators' Populations Affect The Big Biodiversity Picture | KQED","description":"Apex predators exert far-reaching effects on ecosystems that surface just decades after their disappearance. Santa Cruz researchers hope to understand how human activities and development affect how pumas use the landscape to help mitigate conflicts and plan for the species' long-term survival.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53672 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53672","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/01/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture/","disqusTitle":"Top Cats: How Pumas and Other Apex Predators' Populations Affect The Big Biodiversity Picture","path":"/quest/53672/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/01/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture/kumalion/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53676\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-53676\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/kumalion-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The cat of many names--mountain lion, puma, cougar, catamount, panther, to name a few--speaks to the once widespread distribution of Puma concolor across the continent. The wide-ranging carnivore can adapt to nearly any landscape. It remains to be seen whether it can adapt to the expansive activities of the human being.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cat of many names--mountain lion, puma, cougar, catamount, panther, to name a few--speaks to the once widespread distribution of Puma concolor across the continent. The wide-ranging carnivore can adapt to nearly any landscape. It remains to be seen whether it can adapt to the expansive activities of the human being. Photo: Liza Gross\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a stellar cast of ecologists changed the way conservation scientists think about biodiversity. As we tumble headlong into the sixth great extinction, biologists have focused largely on protecting regions with the highest number of species. By saving the most species, the thinking goes, you’ll conserve the greatest number of ecological interactions and so the greatest biodiversity. But in \u003ca href=\"http://media.longnow.org/files/2/REVIVE/Estes%20et%20al%20(w%20Berger)%20Trophic%20Downgrading%20%20-%20Science%202011.pdf\">a study that drew on ecological theory\u003c/a> and contemporary studies of apex predators like wolves and pumas, the all-star team of ecologists found that some species matter more than others. Losing top predators, they argued, can have far-reaching, irreversible effects on the structure, function and biodiversity of ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecological theory predicts that changes in the abundance and distribution of top predators can cause substantial shifts in ecosystems. And recent studies—many published in the new millennium—have shown how theoretical predictions play out on the landscape. The collapse of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sefs.washington.edu/classes.esrm.450/Anthony.pdf\">sea otter populations\u003c/a> on Amchitka Island in the Aleutian Islands decimated kelp forests by allowing unfettered expansion of sea urchins, the otters’ main food. The loss of wolves in Yellowstone’s Lamar River Valley famously allowed elk to forage with abandon, arresting the development of streamside willows and other riparian vegetation. In Venezuela, forests without jaguars, pumas and eagles had almost no vegetative underbrush compared to the lush understory in forests where predators kept ungulate herbivores in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, according to the study, the loss of large top predators can also lead to soaring rates of wildfires, infectious disease and carbon emissions, and degrade water quality and nutrient cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “top down” trophic cascades, which the ecologists dubbed “trophic downgrading,” have been documented from the poles to the equators and every major biome in between, making the loss of top predators, they wrote, “arguably humankind’s most pervasive influence on the natural world.\" Earth has weathered five mass extinctions but never before at the hands of one species—human beings. And we humans seem hell bent on clearing the Earth of larger bodied apex predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I considered all this as I read a new paper from \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.ucsc.edu/\">wildlife ecologist Chris Wilmer’s lab\u003c/a> (\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060590\">published last week in PLOS ONE\u003c/a>) that looks at how human development affects pumas. Like most large carnivores, pumas need vast territories to hunt, find mates and raise young. Pumas living in the San Francisco Bay Area have no such luck. Wilmers, an associate professor of environmental studies at the University of California-Santa Cruz, has been studying the effects of habitat fragmentation on the behavior, ecology and even the physiology of \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/\">pumas around the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/a> He develops cutting-edge GPS collars to track both the location and behavior of his animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fragmented landscapes often pave the way to extinction for wide-ranging large carnivores like pumas, with cascading effects. Freed from the threat of top predators, smaller carnivores like foxes increase in number, driving declines in birds and small mammals. But habitat fragmentation can produce effects similar to extinction because large predators tend to avoid small fragmented parcels. Given the heterogeneous patterns of human developments—with houses and other structures interspersed among natural areas—predicting how animals might respond, and with what consequences, presents a serious challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since pumas make risk-benefit calculations just like the rest of us and typically avoid humans—\u003ca href=\"http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/programs/mountain_lions/humans.cfm\">their biggest cause of death, aside from roads\u003c/a>—Wilmers wanted to know what factors govern their decisions. He and his team figured the cats would steer clear of neighborhoods, where they’d risk seeing their nemesis in various activities, more than roads, where traffic can be sporadic. And they predicted the cats would respond differently depending on their reproductive status. If running into humans meant losing a meal, that would prove less costly from an evolutionary perspective, than if it meant losing a chance to mate or raise young—since, as any evolutionary biologist will tell you, we exist primarily to reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team combined their GPS data with field visits to determine whether cats were simply going about their business—that is, feeding (based on the analysis of GPS data and confirmed by finding prey remains) or moving about the landscape (GPS readings not linked to kill or den sites)—or engaged in reproductive behavior—denning (indicated by a female staying within a spot and making repeated return visits) or communicating (indicated by \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=A348t8_I8d4\">“scrapes,”\u003c/a> urine-soaked leaves and debris mounded with the hind feet, the puma version of “here’s my number”).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predicted, the cats’ response to developments varied with their reproductive status. The data collected on their 20 collared pumas (12 females and 8 males) showed that the animals give human developments a wider berth when engaged in reproductive behaviors. Given how frequently human run-ins result in death for pumas around the Bay Area, it’s not surprising that evolutionary pressures selected against placing the next generation at risk. Similarly, the cats seem to have learned that placing their calling card near trails leaves them vulnerable to destruction by hikers and bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it appears that taking care of large cubs makes mom willing to take more risks. The team found that females with dependent young showed higher tolerance for residential developments than males, possibly because they can’t afford to be choosy about where they find prey. Still, one male in the study did go near developments—a young male seeking new territory—an extremely risky behavior that the sexually \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Mountain-lions-straying-into-more-urban-areas-3164598.php\">immature male shot in Berkeley’s Gourmet Ghetto\u003c/a> learned too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no doubt that our behavior influences the big cats’ behavior. If you live on the edge of puma habitat and plant lush gardens, you’ll attract deer—and likely their ancient predator. If you don’t safeguard your goats and sheep in enclosed pens at night, you’re just asking for trouble. An astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://santacruzpumas.org/blog/\">eight of the 11 adult pumas\u003c/a> the team studied were shot for attacking livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By understanding where, when and how pumas use their increasingly fragmented habitat, Wilmers and his team can predict how they might respond as development continues. They can also predict, and hopefully mitigate, likely conflicts between humans and the increasingly boxed-in carnivores. But ecologists, even the best ecologists, can do only so much. They need the rest of us to decide whether we’re ready to reverse the trophic downgrading of the planet before it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53672/top-cats-how-pumas-and-other-apex-predators-populations-affect-the-big-biodiversity-picture","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_11719","quest_921","quest_11940","quest_925","quest_13198","quest_11194","quest_1880","quest_11941"],"featImg":"quest_53676","label":"quest"},"quest_52736":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52736","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52736","score":null,"sort":[1366654480000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"do-now-74-earth-day","title":"Do Now #74: Earth Day","publishDate":1366654480,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we're sharing an activity from our Science Education colleagues here at KQED. Pass this along to your teacher friends, and encourage them to participate in this activity for students to explore current issues using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\">original activity post over at Do Now\u003c/a> for more information.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do Now is a weekly activity for students to engage and respond to current issues using social media tools like Twitter. KQED aims to introduce 21st Century skills and add value to learning through the integration of relevant local content and new media tools and technologies. Do Now gives students a chance to practice civic engagement and digital citizenship skills while they explore ways to connect topics in their classes to the present day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\" style=\"max-width: 600px;max-width:600px;\" data-ajax=\"{'url':'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/','width':null,'words':null,'height':null,'embed':'<div class=\\"embedly\\" style=\\"max-width:nullpx;max-height:nullpx\\"><img src=\\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/files/2012/03/earth.jpg\\" class=\\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\\" /><a class=\\'embedly-title\\' href=\\'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\\'>Do Now #74: Earth Day | Edspace</a>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with @KQEDEdspace and end it with #KQEDDoNow For more info on how to use Twitter, click here. Do Now Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment?<div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div><span class=\\"embedly-powered\\" style=\\"float:right;display:block\\"><a target=\\"_blank\\" href=\\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\\" title=\\"Powered by Embedly\\"><img src=\\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\\" alt=\\"Embedly Powered\\" /></a></span><div class=\\"media-attribution\\"><span>via </span><a href=\\"http://education.kqed.org\\" class=\\"media-attribution-link\\" target=\\"_blank\\">Kqed</a></span></div><div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div></div>'}\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\" style=\"max-width:nullpx;max-height:nullpx\">\u003cimg src=\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/files/2012/03/earth.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\">Do Now #74: Earth Day | Edspace\u003c/a>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with @KQEDEdspace and end it with #KQEDDoNow For more info on how to use Twitter, click here. Do Now Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment?\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right;display:block\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://education.kqed.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Calling all students on this Earth Day: Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment? If so, what do you do? If not, why? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424364,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":189},"headData":{"title":"Do Now #74: Earth Day | KQED","description":"Calling all students on this Earth Day: Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment? If so, what do you do? If not, why? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52736 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52736","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/do-now-74-earth-day/","disqusTitle":"Do Now #74: Earth Day","path":"/quest/52736/do-now-74-earth-day","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we're sharing an activity from our Science Education colleagues here at KQED. Pass this along to your teacher friends, and encourage them to participate in this activity for students to explore current issues using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\">original activity post over at Do Now\u003c/a> for more information.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do Now is a weekly activity for students to engage and respond to current issues using social media tools like Twitter. KQED aims to introduce 21st Century skills and add value to learning through the integration of relevant local content and new media tools and technologies. Do Now gives students a chance to practice civic engagement and digital citizenship skills while they explore ways to connect topics in their classes to the present day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"mceItemEmbedly\" style=\"max-width: 600px;max-width:600px;\" data-ajax=\"{'url':'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/','width':null,'words':null,'height':null,'embed':'<div class=\\"embedly\\" style=\\"max-width:nullpx;max-height:nullpx\\"><img src=\\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/files/2012/03/earth.jpg\\" class=\\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\\" /><a class=\\'embedly-title\\' href=\\'http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\\'>Do Now #74: Earth Day | Edspace</a>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with @KQEDEdspace and end it with #KQEDDoNow For more info on how to use Twitter, click here. Do Now Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment?<div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div><span class=\\"embedly-powered\\" style=\\"float:right;display:block\\"><a target=\\"_blank\\" href=\\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\\" title=\\"Powered by Embedly\\"><img src=\\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\\" alt=\\"Embedly Powered\\" /></a></span><div class=\\"media-attribution\\"><span>via </span><a href=\\"http://education.kqed.org\\" class=\\"media-attribution-link\\" target=\\"_blank\\">Kqed</a></span></div><div class=\\"embedly-clear\\"></div></div>'}\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\" style=\"max-width:nullpx;max-height:nullpx\">\u003cimg src=\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/files/2012/03/earth.jpg\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2013/04/13/do-now-74-earth-day/\">Do Now #74: Earth Day | Edspace\u003c/a>To respond to the Do Now, you can comment below or tweet your response. Be sure to begin your tweet with @KQEDEdspace and end it with #KQEDDoNow For more info on how to use Twitter, click here. Do Now Do you make it a regular practice to care for the environment?\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float:right;display:block\">\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://embed.ly?src=anywhere\" title=\"Powered by Embedly\">\u003cimg src=\"//static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">\u003cspan>via \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://education.kqed.org\" class=\"media-attribution-link\" target=\"_blank\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52736/do-now-74-earth-day","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_9"],"tags":["quest_903","quest_13196","quest_13198","quest_13202","quest_2814"],"featImg":"quest_52738","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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