Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_983":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_983","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"983","score":null,"sort":[1229731051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"snows-of-the-solar-system","title":"Snows of the Solar System","publishDate":1229731051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Snow is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills. Is snow so unusual for the rest of the solar system?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079439,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":514},"headData":{"title":"Snows of the Solar System | KQED","description":"Snow is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills. Is snow so unusual for the rest of the solar system?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Snows of the Solar System","datePublished":"2008-12-19T23:57:31.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:23:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"983 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=983","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/19/snows-of-the-solar-system/","disqusTitle":"Snows of the Solar System","path":"/quest/983/snows-of-the-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/983/snows-of-the-solar-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_6"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_546","quest_736","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1755","quest_1918","quest_2024","quest_2349","quest_2682","quest_2998"],"label":"quest"},"quest_551":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"551","score":null,"sort":[1209146735000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","publishDate":1209146735,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080549,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":648},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well | KQED","description":"Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus. Credit: David Seal.Back when I was young...okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, "…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…" But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","datePublished":"2008-04-25T18:05:35.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:42:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"551 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusTitle":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","path":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_546","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_2513","quest_2514","quest_2530","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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