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(Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WjAWDVaYcA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's newest space telescope, NuStar, will soon begin its hunt for black holes. Scientists are hoping to learn more about how they grow and why they're such messy eaters.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1341603456,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1121},"headData":{"title":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes | KQED","description":"NASA's newest space telescope, NuStar, will soon begin its hunt for black holes. Scientists are hoping to learn more about how they grow and why they're such messy eaters.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40314 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=40314","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/29/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes/","disqusTitle":"Space Telescope to Begin Search for Black Holes","path":"/quest/40314/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40314/space-telescope-to-begin-search-for-black-holes","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_252","quest_11252","quest_10280","quest_1918","quest_13203","quest_13205","quest_13202","quest_10282","quest_2739","quest_2891","quest_3021"],"featImg":"quest_40317","label":"quest"},"quest_26063":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_26063","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"26063","score":null,"sort":[1319211933000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached","title":"Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached!","publishDate":1319211933,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse plate\" title=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26065\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Burckhalter's 1900 solar eclipse image with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elevendy-one years ago (that's a hundred and eleven to the non-Shireborne), \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">Chabot Observatory\u003c/a> Director Charles Burckhalter set forth on an expedition across the plains of India, risking bandits, tigers, famine, and plague, on a hunt for big game: a rare meeting of the Sun and the migrating Moon in a total solar eclipse. Little could he know, years later his then-world-class astrophotographs of the event would be used in an effort to prove or disprove the General Theory of Relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1916. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein's \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring98/ast3033/Relativity/GeneralRelativity.htm\">General Theory of Relativity\u003c/a> is the one that describes gravity, that attractive force between objects, not as some kind of invisible bungee cord but as a distortion, or warping, of space (and time) by matter. Other objects within the warped, \"curved\" space accelerate \"downhill\" along the curve, toward the mass producing the distortion. Likewise, objects moving through the gravity field are deflected, their trajectories curved toward the mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick was how to prove this theory with observational evidence. That gravity is a fact is easily demonstrated by holding up an object and then letting go of it. Gravity, whatever gravity is, accelerates it \"downward\"—in our case, toward the center of Earth's mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how to demonstrate that gravity, as Einstein theorized, is the effect of space-time warped by matter causing objects to slide down the \"uneven ground,\" (yeah, using a lot of quotation marks, I know) was a bit like trying to prove that gnomes are responsible for missing keys (as we all know they are, but just can't prove!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, an experiment was proposed to try to sort out the culprit of gravity as curved space-time, or \"merely\" an invisible bungee cord. If space-time is in fact warped around a massive object, then not only other material objects, but non-material forms of energy should follow along the contours of the warp and also be deflected. Light was the handiest observable, non-material form of energy available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the deflection, and the Sun was by far the most massive nearby object available. If the stars behind the Sun's vicinity could be observed to shift their apparent position—as a consequence of their light rays being deflected as they flew past the Sun on their way to Earth—then General Relativity could be observationally confirmed. And there were astronomers in both camps—pro-Relativity and pro-Invisible-Bungee-Cords—trying to observe the effect, or the lack thereof. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse in 1919 made itself available only three years after Einstein published, and so became a very important eclipse to science. (And, coincidentally, occurred on almost the same day of the year, May 29, as the May 28, 1900 eclipse captured by Burckhalter--which meant that the stars whose positions were being measured, the Hyades cluster in Taurus, were the same in both cases.) In the early 20th century, before space-based satellite observatories existed, stars could not be observed close to the Sun's disk, the Sun being so bright as to drown them out completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during a total solar eclipse, the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun's bright disk, briefly giving astronomers a glimpse of the starry background surrounding the Sun. Photographs of the stars' positions taken during the eclipse could be compared to those of the same stars taken at a different time of the year, when the Sun wasn't present in that location, and so the space-time distortions of gravity (if there were any) might be observed in the deflection of the stars' apparent positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Burckhalter's expedition photos from the 1900 eclipse were accessed as part of the observational experiment—including by those on the bungee-advocacy side of the aisle. His innovations in a technique for photographing solar eclipses made his image plates quite valuable among the 1900 sets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, General Relativity was, in fact, demonstrated observationally, by \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_index_0.html\">Arthur Eddington\u003c/a> and others, which opened up a whole new universe of astounding possibilities, including the origin of the universe in the Big Bang, and the existence of the mind-bending, light-devouring objects called Black Holes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, back in the day, Burckhalter was probably more concerned by the sounds of tigers creeping through the bush and reports of the surrounding plague epidemic as he snapped his shots of the darkened Sun above….\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One hundred eleven years ago, Chabot Director Charles Burckhalter photographed a solar eclipse. What he couldn't know is that, almost two decades later, his pictures would be caught up in a race, to prove or disprove, one of the great Universe-changing theories in history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371060081,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":775},"headData":{"title":"Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached! | KQED","description":"One hundred eleven years ago, Chabot Director Charles Burckhalter photographed a solar eclipse. What he couldn't know is that, almost two decades later, his pictures would be caught up in a race, to prove or disprove, one of the great Universe-changing theories in history.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"26063 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=26063","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/","disqusTitle":"Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached!","path":"/quest/26063/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse plate\" title=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26065\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Burckhalter's 1900 solar eclipse image with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elevendy-one years ago (that's a hundred and eleven to the non-Shireborne), \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">Chabot Observatory\u003c/a> Director Charles Burckhalter set forth on an expedition across the plains of India, risking bandits, tigers, famine, and plague, on a hunt for big game: a rare meeting of the Sun and the migrating Moon in a total solar eclipse. Little could he know, years later his then-world-class astrophotographs of the event would be used in an effort to prove or disprove the General Theory of Relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1916. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein's \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring98/ast3033/Relativity/GeneralRelativity.htm\">General Theory of Relativity\u003c/a> is the one that describes gravity, that attractive force between objects, not as some kind of invisible bungee cord but as a distortion, or warping, of space (and time) by matter. Other objects within the warped, \"curved\" space accelerate \"downhill\" along the curve, toward the mass producing the distortion. Likewise, objects moving through the gravity field are deflected, their trajectories curved toward the mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick was how to prove this theory with observational evidence. That gravity is a fact is easily demonstrated by holding up an object and then letting go of it. Gravity, whatever gravity is, accelerates it \"downward\"—in our case, toward the center of Earth's mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how to demonstrate that gravity, as Einstein theorized, is the effect of space-time warped by matter causing objects to slide down the \"uneven ground,\" (yeah, using a lot of quotation marks, I know) was a bit like trying to prove that gnomes are responsible for missing keys (as we all know they are, but just can't prove!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, an experiment was proposed to try to sort out the culprit of gravity as curved space-time, or \"merely\" an invisible bungee cord. If space-time is in fact warped around a massive object, then not only other material objects, but non-material forms of energy should follow along the contours of the warp and also be deflected. Light was the handiest observable, non-material form of energy available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the deflection, and the Sun was by far the most massive nearby object available. If the stars behind the Sun's vicinity could be observed to shift their apparent position—as a consequence of their light rays being deflected as they flew past the Sun on their way to Earth—then General Relativity could be observationally confirmed. And there were astronomers in both camps—pro-Relativity and pro-Invisible-Bungee-Cords—trying to observe the effect, or the lack thereof. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse in 1919 made itself available only three years after Einstein published, and so became a very important eclipse to science. (And, coincidentally, occurred on almost the same day of the year, May 29, as the May 28, 1900 eclipse captured by Burckhalter--which meant that the stars whose positions were being measured, the Hyades cluster in Taurus, were the same in both cases.) In the early 20th century, before space-based satellite observatories existed, stars could not be observed close to the Sun's disk, the Sun being so bright as to drown them out completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during a total solar eclipse, the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun's bright disk, briefly giving astronomers a glimpse of the starry background surrounding the Sun. Photographs of the stars' positions taken during the eclipse could be compared to those of the same stars taken at a different time of the year, when the Sun wasn't present in that location, and so the space-time distortions of gravity (if there were any) might be observed in the deflection of the stars' apparent positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Burckhalter's expedition photos from the 1900 eclipse were accessed as part of the observational experiment—including by those on the bungee-advocacy side of the aisle. His innovations in a technique for photographing solar eclipses made his image plates quite valuable among the 1900 sets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, General Relativity was, in fact, demonstrated observationally, by \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_index_0.html\">Arthur Eddington\u003c/a> and others, which opened up a whole new universe of astounding possibilities, including the origin of the universe in the Big Bang, and the existence of the mind-bending, light-devouring objects called Black Holes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, back in the day, Burckhalter was probably more concerned by the sounds of tigers creeping through the bush and reports of the surrounding plague epidemic as he snapped his shots of the darkened Sun above….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/26063/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_16"],"tags":["quest_10281","quest_543","quest_544","quest_916","quest_10280","quest_13202","quest_10282"],"featImg":"quest_26065","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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