Be Moved by "Earthquake": A New E-book and iTunes U Course
Tales from the Ghost Forests
Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically
Induced Seismicity: Man-Made Earthquakes
Sponsored
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They affect its surface, the evolution and distribution of our planet's species, and impact people’s lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the past century, scientists have gained significant knowledge about these processes and why earthquakes occur. They've learned that Earth’s surface, made up of plates, is constantly moving and that forces between these plates cause earthquakes, which produce energy released as seismic waves. They've also studied how this energy release affects our environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are part of the larger story of plate tectonics. The constant movement of Earth's plates builds mountains, moves continents, and creates the landscape in which life evolves or goes extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these processes, scientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but not when. Even if we don't know when earthquakes are coming, we can do our best to prepare for them. Knowing what to expect from and how to respond to an earthquake can mitigate its impact and save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KQED partnered to bring you this rich collection of resources about earthquakes. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13&ign-mpt=uo%3D4\">iBooks Textbook \u003c/a>in Apple’s iBookstore and as a course of \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U\u003c/a>. The media collection includes the following information about earthquakes:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is an Earthquake?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\">From Core to Crust: Defining Earth’s Layers \u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/educators/inside-the-earth-exploring-earths-layers\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth’s Layers\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and-transform\">Plate Boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/the-four-types-of-seismic-waves/\">What Are Seismic Waves\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/\">How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\">Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/\">Building for Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\">San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906\">The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Earthquake Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Educator Guide\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/\">Exploring Earthquakes: Educator Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Explore the science of earthquakes with the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1494362417,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":325},"headData":{"title":"Exploring Earthquakes | KQED","description":"Explore the science of earthquakes with the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exploring Earthquakes","datePublished":"2016-04-15T08:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2017-05-09T20:40:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"141523 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=141523","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/exploring-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Exploring Earthquakes","path":"/quest/141523/exploring-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Geological processes shape life on Earth. They affect its surface, the evolution and distribution of our planet's species, and impact people’s lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the past century, scientists have gained significant knowledge about these processes and why earthquakes occur. They've learned that Earth’s surface, made up of plates, is constantly moving and that forces between these plates cause earthquakes, which produce energy released as seismic waves. They've also studied how this energy release affects our environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are part of the larger story of plate tectonics. The constant movement of Earth's plates builds mountains, moves continents, and creates the landscape in which life evolves or goes extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By studying these processes, scientists can predict where earthquakes will occur, but not when. Even if we don't know when earthquakes are coming, we can do our best to prepare for them. Knowing what to expect from and how to respond to an earthquake can mitigate its impact and save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KQED partnered to bring you this rich collection of resources about earthquakes. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13&ign-mpt=uo%3D4\">iBooks Textbook \u003c/a>in Apple’s iBookstore and as a course of \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U\u003c/a>. The media collection includes the following information about earthquakes:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What is an Earthquake?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\">From Core to Crust: Defining Earth’s Layers \u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/educators/inside-the-earth-exploring-earths-layers\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth’s Layers\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-boundaries-divergent-convergent-and-transform\">Plate Boundaries: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/the-four-types-of-seismic-waves/\">What Are Seismic Waves\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/how-to-find-the-epicenter-of-an-earthquake/\">How to Find the Epicenter of an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\">Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/\">Building for Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\">San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes and Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-great-san-francisco-earthquake-of-1906\">The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Earthquake Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a> [CAS]\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Educator Guide\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/educator-guide-exploring-earthquakes/\">Exploring Earthquakes: Educator Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/141523/exploring-earthquakes","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_907","quest_909","quest_13373","quest_13461","quest_3706"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141524","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_136789":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_136789","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"136789","score":null,"sort":[1460707224000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude","title":"Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude","publishDate":1460707224,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Scientists measure both the energy released in an earthquake and its damage. In 1902, Italian scientist Giuseppe Mercalli introduced a scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake based on its effects on people and structures. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it causes. The higher the Mercalli number is, the more damage found in the area. The Modified Mercalli number assigned to a particular location varies based on factors such as the distance from the focus and the area’s geology. For example, houses built on softer sediments may receive greater damage than those built on bedrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of energy an earthquake releases is expressed in terms of its magnitude. Unlike intensity, which varies depending on how populated an area is, the magnitude of an earthquake is the same no matter where you are. To measure the magnitude of an earthquake, the American scientist Charles Richter developed a scale in 1935. Known as the Richter scale, it assigns a number based on the height of the waves on a seismogram (the visual output of a seismograph). Seismographs measure ground motion, including the energy released by an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, American scientist Thomas Hanks and Japanese scientist Hiroo Kanamori introduced a new and more precise scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes: the moment magnitude scale. This is the scale most scientists use today. Its ratings are based on physical evidence, particularly the geometry of the earthquake. To determine each earthquake’s assigned number, scientists compare the area of the rupture along a fault to the amount of energy released. Scientists prefer the moment magnitude scale over the Richter scale because it can more accurately compare various types of earthquakes—big or small, near or far—at the same scale. Even though earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 5 or 6 can cause damage, in general, only earthquakes with a moment magnitude of 7 or higher are classified as “major” earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Resources:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/IntensityMaps.html\">Earthquake Intensity Maps for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of Exploring Earthquakes, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learn about the different ways earthquakes are measured.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1645649953,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":425},"headData":{"title":"Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude - QUEST","description":"Learn about the different ways earthquakes are measured.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude","datePublished":"2016-04-15T08:00:24.000Z","dateModified":"2022-02-23T20:59:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"136789 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=136789","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/","disqusTitle":"Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/quest/136789/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists measure both the energy released in an earthquake and its damage. In 1902, Italian scientist Giuseppe Mercalli introduced a scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake based on its effects on people and structures. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it causes. The higher the Mercalli number is, the more damage found in the area. The Modified Mercalli number assigned to a particular location varies based on factors such as the distance from the focus and the area’s geology. For example, houses built on softer sediments may receive greater damage than those built on bedrock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of energy an earthquake releases is expressed in terms of its magnitude. Unlike intensity, which varies depending on how populated an area is, the magnitude of an earthquake is the same no matter where you are. To measure the magnitude of an earthquake, the American scientist Charles Richter developed a scale in 1935. Known as the Richter scale, it assigns a number based on the height of the waves on a seismogram (the visual output of a seismograph). Seismographs measure ground motion, including the energy released by an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1979, American scientist Thomas Hanks and Japanese scientist Hiroo Kanamori introduced a new and more precise scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes: the moment magnitude scale. This is the scale most scientists use today. Its ratings are based on physical evidence, particularly the geometry of the earthquake. To determine each earthquake’s assigned number, scientists compare the area of the rupture along a fault to the amount of energy released. Scientists prefer the moment magnitude scale over the Richter scale because it can more accurately compare various types of earthquakes—big or small, near or far—at the same scale. Even though earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 5 or 6 can cause damage, in general, only earthquakes with a moment magnitude of 7 or higher are classified as “major” earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Resources:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/IntensityMaps.html\">Earthquake Intensity Maps for the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of Exploring Earthquakes, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/136789/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_13460","quest_13459","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_142234","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_136791":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_136791","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"136791","score":null,"sort":[1460707222000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"building-for-earthquakes","title":"Building for Earthquakes","publishDate":1460707222,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">An earthquake forecast\u003c/a> for the State of California was released by USGS, Southern California Earthquake Center and the California Geological Survey in 2008. It states that there is a greater than 99% probability that one or more earthquakes of at least a 6.7 magnitude will occur in California over the next 30 years. California has experienced many damaging earthquakes in its history. Scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand future earthquakes. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers have dedicated their careers to studying how to make the buildings we live and work in safer and better able to withstand damage from future earthquakes. Computer simulations help scientists test possible scenarios and see the impact of a future earthquake on the Bay Area. Information such as the proximity of mountains, type of soil, and other factors are used to calculate shaking intensity. This information allows engineers to design safer structures for earthquake prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hoSqazNmfY&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real-world tests on building materials are conducted on large tables that simulate ground shaking using accurate seismic data. The shaking table at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center at UC Berkeley is the largest multi-directional shaking table in the U.S. and has been the site of important research. Because the shaking table can move vertically and horizontally—and because it includes three rotational components—it can be programmed to simulate seismic waves with various forces, velocities and frequencies. This allows engineers to test how building materials will stand up under different earthquake scenarios. Engineering designs, such as the isolation bearings found below a building, enable engineers to strengthen buildings like San Francisco’s City Hall and the iconic Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu9WpKxfByc&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was built in 1936. During its first year, nine million vehicles crossed the bridge. That number has now increased to more than 102 million vehicles per year. The bridge consists of two major crossings—the West Span and the East Span, with Yerba Buena Island situated in between. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake caused a portion of the East Span of the bridge to fail, resulting in a decision to retrofit the West Span of the bridge and build a new self-anchored suspension bridge to replace the vulnerable East Span. The new East Span of the Bay Bridge has been designed to withstand the largest earthquake expected to occur at a nearby fault in the next 1,500 years. Instead of having two cables holding up the deck like most other self-anchored suspension bridges, it has one huge cable that loops under the bridge, acting like a sling. The tower in the East Span is made up of four separate legs that are connected by “shear link beams.” These steel beams are designed to move separately and will function like fuses in an electrical circuit during an earthquake, absorbing most of the energy and leaving the bridge intact. One of the piles of the tower’s foundation even contains seismic monitoring equipment to collect data about ground motion during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOQqTP2JvDs&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is hard at work on a $4.6 billion, decade-long construction project to overhaul the Hetch Hetchy water system, which delivers water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park and five local reservoirs to 2.5 million residents in the Bay Area. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHbAHUTQX9I&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and engineers are constantly exploring how to make buildings, bridges and dams earthquake safe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1460744804,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":724},"headData":{"title":"Building for Earthquakes | KQED","description":"Scientists and engineers are constantly exploring how to make buildings, bridges and dams earthquake safe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Building for Earthquakes","datePublished":"2016-04-15T08:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2016-04-15T18:26:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"136791 http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?p=136791","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/building-for-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Building for Earthquakes","path":"/quest/136791/building-for-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">An earthquake forecast\u003c/a> for the State of California was released by USGS, Southern California Earthquake Center and the California Geological Survey in 2008. It states that there is a greater than 99% probability that one or more earthquakes of at least a 6.7 magnitude will occur in California over the next 30 years. California has experienced many damaging earthquakes in its history. Scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand future earthquakes. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers have dedicated their careers to studying how to make the buildings we live and work in safer and better able to withstand damage from future earthquakes. Computer simulations help scientists test possible scenarios and see the impact of a future earthquake on the Bay Area. Information such as the proximity of mountains, type of soil, and other factors are used to calculate shaking intensity. This information allows engineers to design safer structures for earthquake prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7hoSqazNmfY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7hoSqazNmfY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real-world tests on building materials are conducted on large tables that simulate ground shaking using accurate seismic data. The shaking table at the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center at UC Berkeley is the largest multi-directional shaking table in the U.S. and has been the site of important research. Because the shaking table can move vertically and horizontally—and because it includes three rotational components—it can be programmed to simulate seismic waves with various forces, velocities and frequencies. This allows engineers to test how building materials will stand up under different earthquake scenarios. Engineering designs, such as the isolation bearings found below a building, enable engineers to strengthen buildings like San Francisco’s City Hall and the iconic Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cu9WpKxfByc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cu9WpKxfByc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was built in 1936. During its first year, nine million vehicles crossed the bridge. That number has now increased to more than 102 million vehicles per year. The bridge consists of two major crossings—the West Span and the East Span, with Yerba Buena Island situated in between. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake caused a portion of the East Span of the bridge to fail, resulting in a decision to retrofit the West Span of the bridge and build a new self-anchored suspension bridge to replace the vulnerable East Span. The new East Span of the Bay Bridge has been designed to withstand the largest earthquake expected to occur at a nearby fault in the next 1,500 years. Instead of having two cables holding up the deck like most other self-anchored suspension bridges, it has one huge cable that loops under the bridge, acting like a sling. The tower in the East Span is made up of four separate legs that are connected by “shear link beams.” These steel beams are designed to move separately and will function like fuses in an electrical circuit during an earthquake, absorbing most of the energy and leaving the bridge intact. One of the piles of the tower’s foundation even contains seismic monitoring equipment to collect data about ground motion during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/nOQqTP2JvDs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/nOQqTP2JvDs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is hard at work on a $4.6 billion, decade-long construction project to overhaul the Hetch Hetchy water system, which delivers water from the Hetch Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park and five local reservoirs to 2.5 million residents in the Bay Area. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WHbAHUTQX9I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WHbAHUTQX9I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/136791/building-for-earthquakes","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_287","quest_439","quest_907","quest_13458","quest_909","quest_13197","quest_13461","quest_13446","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_141963","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_74353":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74353","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74353","score":null,"sort":[1448546426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam","title":"A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam","publishDate":1448546426,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Since July 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work on one of the biggest engineering projects in the nation, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. At a cost of nearly five billion dollars, the program will seismically upgrade and replace aging infrastructure that brings water from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/featurecontent/yose/anniversary/yosemite125th.com/index.html\">Hetchy Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, 167 miles away, to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal of the voter-approved program, which is scheduled to run through 2018, is to make sure that the taps can keep flowing within 24 hours of a major earthquake for the system’s 2.6 million customers who live in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\" alt=\"Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have the Calaveras fault, the Hayward fault in the East Bay, and then of course the San Andreas fault on the Peninsula,” said Dan Wade, Director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program. “And our water system crosses all three of those major faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, there is a greater than 60 percent chance of a major earthquake taking place in the Bay Area in the next 20 years. The Hetch Hetchy water system has been operating for more than 80 years, and much of its infrastructure – including pipes, local reservoirs and a 90-year-old rock and earth-filled dam – is in need of a makeover to shield it from earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the construction projects are also intended to provide redundancy and a back-up to structures that are critical to transporting water from the Sierra Nevada watershed to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015, transports millions of gallons of water each day alongside the original Irvington Tunnel in Sunol Valley, a few miles east of Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older Irvington Tunnel, which has not been taken out of service since 1966, when it was last inspected, lies between the Calaveras and San Andreas faults. The new tunnel, however, is steel-lined and encased with concrete to help it withstand a magnitude 7.1 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both tunnels carry water not only from Hetch Hetchy but also from the nearby San Antonio and Calaveras reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\" alt=\"The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir, which is the largest of the system’s five local reservoirs, is also in need of a seismic makeover. Its 90-year-old earth and rock-filled dam, which forms the reservoir, is located on the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, and is located only 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault. Since 2001, state dam regulators have only allowed the reservoir to be filled to 40 percent of its capacity because the dam is prone to liquefaction, which happens when waterlogged loose soil behaves like a liquid during the violent shaking generated by a big earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, construction crews are building a new, 220-foot-tall seismically safe dam a few hundred yards downstream from the original dam in the hills southeast of Fremont. At a cost of $720 million, replacing the Calaveras Dam is the biggest, most expensive and last remaining major project under the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it will also be made of earth and rock – roughly 10 million cubic yards’ worth – cement grouting is being sprayed between spaces within the rock to create a more water-tight foundation. The reservoir will then be able to fill to capacity – 100,000 acre-feet or 31 billion gallons – when construction on the new dam finishes in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\" alt=\"Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dan Wade, filling Calaveras reservoir to full capacity will not only boost water storage but help the regional water system cope with multi-year droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the third year of a major drought,” he said. “We need this reservoir for drought carryover storage.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work to replace and upgrade aging infrastructure and reservoirs that make up the 80-year-old Hetch Hetchy water system. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1448917515,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":744},"headData":{"title":"A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam | KQED","description":"The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work to replace and upgrade aging infrastructure and reservoirs that make up the 80-year-old Hetch Hetchy water system. The most expensive and biggest of the jobs is replacing a 90-year-old earth and rock-filled Calaveras dam.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam","datePublished":"2015-11-26T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2015-11-30T21:05:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"74353 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=74353","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/26/a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam/","disqusTitle":"A New Earthquake-Proof Calaveras Dam","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/WHbAHUTQX9I","path":"/quest/74353/a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Since July 2010, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been hard at work on one of the biggest engineering projects in the nation, the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. At a cost of nearly five billion dollars, the program will seismically upgrade and replace aging infrastructure that brings water from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/featurecontent/yose/anniversary/yosemite125th.com/index.html\">Hetchy Hetchy reservoir in Yosemite National Park\u003c/a>, 167 miles away, to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key goal of the voter-approved program, which is scheduled to run through 2018, is to make sure that the taps can keep flowing within 24 hours of a major earthquake for the system’s 2.6 million customers who live in San Francisco, Alameda, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg\" alt=\"Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2013_0040-e1441243957197-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Workers with the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission inspect the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have the Calaveras fault, the Hayward fault in the East Bay, and then of course the San Andreas fault on the Peninsula,” said Dan Wade, Director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program. “And our water system crosses all three of those major faults.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/ucerf/\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>, there is a greater than 60 percent chance of a major earthquake taking place in the Bay Area in the next 20 years. The Hetch Hetchy water system has been operating for more than 80 years, and much of its infrastructure – including pipes, local reservoirs and a 90-year-old rock and earth-filled dam – is in need of a makeover to shield it from earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the construction projects are also intended to provide redundancy and a back-up to structures that are critical to transporting water from the Sierra Nevada watershed to the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the New Irvington Tunnel, which opened in March 2015, transports millions of gallons of water each day alongside the original Irvington Tunnel in Sunol Valley, a few miles east of Fremont.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older Irvington Tunnel, which has not been taken out of service since 1966, when it was last inspected, lies between the Calaveras and San Andreas faults. The new tunnel, however, is steel-lined and encased with concrete to help it withstand a magnitude 7.1 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both tunnels carry water not only from Hetch Hetchy but also from the nearby San Antonio and Calaveras reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg\" alt=\"The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2015_0145-e1441243887764-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>The Calaveras Reservoir is located just 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault, one of three active faults the Hetch Hetchy water system crosses in the Bay Area. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Calaveras Reservoir, which is the largest of the system’s five local reservoirs, is also in need of a seismic makeover. Its 90-year-old earth and rock-filled dam, which forms the reservoir, is located on the Santa Clara-Alameda county line, and is located only 1,500 feet from the Calaveras fault. Since 2001, state dam regulators have only allowed the reservoir to be filled to 40 percent of its capacity because the dam is prone to liquefaction, which happens when waterlogged loose soil behaves like a liquid during the violent shaking generated by a big earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, construction crews are building a new, 220-foot-tall seismically safe dam a few hundred yards downstream from the original dam in the hills southeast of Fremont. At a cost of $720 million, replacing the Calaveras Dam is the biggest, most expensive and last remaining major project under the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it will also be made of earth and rock – roughly 10 million cubic yards’ worth – cement grouting is being sprayed between spaces within the rock to create a more water-tight foundation. The reservoir will then be able to fill to capacity – 100,000 acre-feet or 31 billion gallons – when construction on the new dam finishes in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_74357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-74357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg\" alt=\"Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell for KQED Science\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/09/NR_2014_0074-e1441243992873-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Ten million cubic yards of earth and rock will need to be excavated for the construction of the new Calaveras Dam, located at the Alameda-Santa Clara county line. Image by Owen Bissell \u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Dan Wade, filling Calaveras reservoir to full capacity will not only boost water storage but help the regional water system cope with multi-year droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in the third year of a major drought,” he said. “We need this reservoir for drought carryover storage.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74353/a-new-earthquake-proof-calaveras-dam","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_1325","quest_3608","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_10708"],"featImg":"quest_81278","label":"quest"},"quest_17441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17441","score":null,"sort":[1444827600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","publishDate":1444827600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475551,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1139},"headData":{"title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster | KQED","description":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","datePublished":"2015-10-14T13:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:12:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17441 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusTitle":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/GhFMtCmHc9c","path":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_13386","quest_13200","quest_1325","quest_13387","quest_2530","quest_3048","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81281","label":"quest"},"quest_43136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43136","score":null,"sort":[1347388186000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"be-moved-by-earthquake","title":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course","publishDate":1347388186,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":10627,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What are earthquakes? Gain a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with an e-book and iTunes U course co-produced by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824884,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":776},"headData":{"title":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course | KQED","description":"What are earthquakes? Gain a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with an e-book and iTunes U course co-produced by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course","datePublished":"2012-09-11T18:29:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:28:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43136 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/","disqusTitle":"Be Moved by \"Earthquake\": A New E-book and iTunes U Course","path":"/quest/43136/be-moved-by-earthquake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-book-logo-640x380/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Book logo 640x380\" width=\"640\" height=\"380\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-43175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Book-logo-640x380-400x238.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>It was a series of fortunate events. The science team at KQED was just finishing up the pilot of our new education-focused \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/\" target=\"_blank\">Explainer series\u003c/a> about earthquakes. \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/earthquake/?p=51\" target=\"_blank\">Helena Carmena-Young\u003c/a>, Assistant Director of Teacher Professional Development at the California Academy of Sciences, was serving as an advisor for our Explainer project. The California Academy of Sciences was developing their now newly-opened exhibit, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Earthquake: Life on a Dynamic Planet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Apple released \u003ca href=\"http://www.apple.com/ibooks-author/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Author\u003c/a>, an app that allows anyone to create an interactive book for the iPad, which \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a>, Interactive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, immediately began investigating. And, not long after, Helena and Sue Ellen McCann, Executive Producer for KQED Science and Environment, found themselves sitting at the airport together waiting for a flight home from a conference. What resulted was a collaboration between KQED and the California Academy of Sciences on a new e-book and iTunes U Course about earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The KQED Education department is always interested in trying innovative ways to reach and serve educators and their students. As more schools and districts are bringing tablet computers into the classroom, creating an e-book and iTunes U course was an ideal opportunity to test out a new means for delivering KQED's content through mobile devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/ibookscreenshot3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43466\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/iBookscreenshot3-337x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"iBookscreenshot3\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43466\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A page from the Earthquake e-book, developed by KQED and the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake e-book\u003c/a> engages \"readers\" in learning about earthquakes through video, animations, interactive graphics and a quiz. It is also the digital textbook--or maybe we should call it a \u003cem>mediabook\u003c/em>--for the \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/a>. The goal of the course is to provide middle- and high-school science educators with a rich media experience to help them increase their own knowledge about earthquakes, while also providing a hands-on platform that they can use with their students. Activities, videos, chapters from the e-book and other materials make up the \"assignments\" within the course's five sections: The Earth's Structure, Plate Movement through Geologic Time, Earthquake 101, Bay Area Earthquakes, and Get Prepared. Helena and I had an easy time laying out the outline for the e-book and course. Since staff at the Academy were already working on educational resources to accompany their \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/academy/exhibits/earthquake/index.php?dc=\" target=\"_blank\">new exhibit\u003c/a> and we had just completed our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake explainer\u003c/a>--with input from earth science educators and teachers--the main ideas that we wanted to communicate were all there. We had a bountiful collection of media from which to tell the story of plate tectonics and seismic activity, and the content from both organizations wove together fairly seamlessly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/11/be-moved-by-earthquake/earthquake-student-pilot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43309\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/Earthquake-Student-Pilot-425x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Earthquake Student Pilot\" width=\"425\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-43309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A student views media from the Earthquake iTunes U course\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After we completed a draft of the course and the e-book, Helena and her education colleagues at the California Academy of Sciences piloted parts of the course with a ninth-grade earth science class. Students were first given a survey to assess their familiarity and comfort with media and technology. (Results showed that almost all of the students had daily or regular access to a smartphone or other mobile device.) During classroom visits, the students were asked to complete specific activities in the course either on their own or with a partner. And while there was the occasional visit to an iPad app not related to earthquakes, students spent most of the time interacting with the course and e-book, watching the videos, reading, taking notes and discussing the activities. In a post-course survey, 75 percent of the students said they would prefer learning from an iTunes U course than from a regular textbook and 82 percent said they would like to have more classes that use media content on iPads to teach material. One student commented, \"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This... allowed me to spend all the necessary time on any idea as I needed. The [iTunes] U course also helped me to see visual and auditory examples of what I was learning.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Both the Earthquake \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\" target=\"_blank\">e-book\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> are free to download. Check them out and let us know what you think! And in case you don't have an iPad, KQED-produced content from both the course and the book can be found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainers/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Explaining Earthquakes\u003c/a> on our website, along with \"In the Classroom\" ideas for using the media with students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was just the beginning--and we had so much fun! Eager for more science explainers and e-books from KQED? Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43136/be-moved-by-earthquake","authors":["6170"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_10189","quest_907","quest_13196","quest_13200","quest_13"],"collections":["quest_10627"],"featImg":"quest_43175","label":"quest_10627"},"quest_25809":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_25809","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"25809","score":null,"sort":[1318014395000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tales-from-the-ghost-forests","title":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","publishDate":1318014395,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1318014395,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":512},"headData":{"title":"Tales from the Ghost Forests | KQED","description":"When a megathrust earthquake strikes, scientists around the world know in seconds. But what about hundreds of years ago? How, exactly, do scientists know there was a megathrust quake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone on January 26, 1700 between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m.? The answer lies in a ghost forest discovered on the Washington coast that reveals the secrets of one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the planet. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","datePublished":"2011-10-07T19:06:35.000Z","dateModified":"2011-10-07T19:06:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"25809 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=25809","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/tales-from-the-ghost-forests/","disqusTitle":"Tales from the Ghost Forests","path":"/quest/25809/tales-from-the-ghost-forests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"black and white image of dead upright trees and water\" title=\"WilliamsDavid_KCTS_MarqueeImageOption1\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25811\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost forest on Washington state's Copalis River during a very high fair-weather tide in December 1997. Photo courtesy of the USGS public domain\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If a megathrust earthquake struck the modern world, most of us would know about it within seconds. Bill Steele, Director of Information Services at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Pacific Northwest Seismic Network\u003c/a>, would get a detailed account from an extensive array of seismometers located around the globe. Regular citizens would probably get an email, tweet, or Facebook note from a friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if the quake hit hundreds of years ago? How were scientists able to determine that a Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust trembler hit sometime between 9:00 and 10:00 p.m. on January 26, 1700?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts in the 1980s when geologist Brian Atwater, dendrochronologist David Yamaguchi, and others began to investigate the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington. Traveling by foot and boat through the region’s many bays and river mouths, the scientists examined thousands of dead western red cedar and Sitka spruce. The trees had not fallen to the ground but stuck upright out of the sand in great groves, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/bigone/detective.html\" target=\"_blank\">ghost forests\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Intriguingly, James Graham Cooper, a naturalist living on the Washington coast in 1853-1854, had noticed the dead trees, too. He thought they had died slowly, sinking into quicksand. Atwater, however, knew differently. When a magnitude 9.5 earthquake hit Chile in 1960, coastal marshes had dropped several feet, allowing sea water to flow in and quickly kill the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spruce and cedar still stood in place, Atwater and Yamaguchi realized they had a clock that would tell precisely when the trees died. All they had to do was look at the trees’ growth rings. Those rings would reveal how the trees had lived and when they had died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pnsn.org/HAZARDS/CASCADIA/tree_rings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tree ring analysis\u003c/a>, or dendrochonology, is based on the fact that trees add new material each year: early, lighter-colored cells followed by darker cells. Each set is known as a tree, annual, or growth ring. Width depends on the climatic conditions with wider rings in a good growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamaguchi found that the trees had wide rings right up until the time they died. This indicated that disease had not killed the trees. He and other researchers then compared the rings of the dead trees with those living nearby. These trees spanned nearly a thousand years of time, from 993 to 1986. Using this data, they tried to match the growth rings of the living trees with the growth ring of the dead trees. A match would tell when the ghost forest trees died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They had a problem, though. Erosion of the tree’s trunks had obliterated the final rings. Fortunately, in 1996, they dug up eight stumps whose roots had not decayed. In all but one case the rings showed the trees had died between August 1699 and May 1700. Narrowing the timing down to January 26 required another line of evidence, and the assistance of colleagues and documents from Japan.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/25809/tales-from-the-ghost-forests","authors":["10282"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10268","quest_10212","quest_10265","quest_907","quest_10266","quest_3623","quest_3933","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_10267","quest_3003"],"featImg":"quest_25811","label":"quest"},"quest_24915":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24915","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24915","score":null,"sort":[1316650715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","title":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","publishDate":1316650715,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316650715,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically | KQED","description":"Northwest disaster officials and communities propose new structures for people to get to safety when a killer tsunami wave is on the way, not by trying to outrun the wave, but by trying to out-climb it. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","datePublished":"2011-09-22T00:18:35.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-22T00:18:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24915 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24915","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/21/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically/","disqusTitle":"Up, Up and Away: Escaping a Tsunami Vertically","path":"/quest/24915/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300.jpg\" alt=\"sketch elevation of tower / berm\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-image-el300\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24958\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposed tower and berm structure by Ronald Kasprisin. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CAMP MURRAY, WASHINGTON- When natural disaster strikes, most of us instinctively run for the hills. But what if you live in the flats, and can't outrun or even out-drive a fast-approaching tsunami wave?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The low-lying coast on the west coast of Washington state is one such region. Residents face both the risk of a major earthquake from the Cascadia fault, and tsunami waves predicted to pummel the shore only 30-40 minutes after the quake. John Schelling, Earthquake Program Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/\">Washington State Emergency Management Division\u003c/a>, claims that when a tsunami is approaching, residents need to be prepared to evacuate—vertically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schelling worked with a team of engineers to plan a series of \u003ca href=\"https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/file/download/e466fc0f6a68c61dae189b1a0ab9d2b36c6c0502e30f0e6271fa76c56b903097?inline=1\">towers, buildings and berms\u003c/a> to provide a vertical escape option that is easily accessible and can withstand the massive force of a tsunami. The proposal, dubbed \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?ref=ts\">Project Safe Haven\u003c/a>,\" is well underway in Washington's coastal communities, including Ocean Shores and Westport where community members have come together to figure out what “heading for higher ground” will look like for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The community members themselves have been the drivers for a lot of the effort that’s gone on in the Safe Haven Project,” says Schelling. “We’ve tried to make sure all of these are multipurpose so that people interact with them on a daily basis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there will be much more physics and engineering going into these buildings than meets the eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24950\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/kcts-safe-haven-post-map300.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kcts-safe-haven-post-map300\" width=\"300\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24950\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Locations on Washington coast for proposed vertical evacuation structures. Image courtesy of the Washington Emergency Management Division. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The structures themselves have to be designed to withstand at least a magnitude 9 earthquake,” says Schelling. “You’re talking about a significant amount of geotechnical engineering and analysis to make sure the footings that are placed support the weight of the structure, as well as account for the forces that are coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a structure to withstand an earthquake of that size is a task in itself, but these buildings and towers will also then need to withstand the force of the approaching tsunami wave. The engineering answer to this challenge? “The ground floor would be sacrificial, the walls are designed to wash away, and allow water to flow in and out,” says Schelling. Meanwhile, the top floors, where the evacuees would be gathered, are left intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a different design concept than berms which are essentially small, hollow hills that can be easily accessed, including by those people who may have trouble quickly climbing to safety in towers or buildings. These structures will be strategically placed throughout the communities most vulnerable to a tsunami. The goal is not only to get as many people to safety as possible; it’s to get as many people to safety as quickly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the berms would have the largest foot print on the landscape, they will be able to hold anywhere from 100 to 10,000 people above the water. The outer mound will be constructed from soil to provide a natural slope that can easily be climbed. Schelling says the inside will be a “reinforced concrete core” to keep the berm from collapsing during an earthquake and steady as the tsunami waves hit the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other benefit to berms is that the mound of earth, similar to the one in Gasworks Park in Seattle, can provide safety without looking too man-made and disrupting the natural environment. “It’s designed to blend in and provide a nice aesthetic to the natural and built environment that people love about the coast,” says Schelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For these safe havens, the sky is the limit. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/ProjectSafeHaven?sk=info\">Project Safe Haven: Tsunami Vertical Evacuation on the Washington Coast on Facebook\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.emd.wa.gov/preparedness/prep_tsunami_evacuation.shtml\">Washington Military Department: Emergency Management Division's Tsunami Evacuation Tips\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Colette Kent\u003c/strong>, intern at KCTS 9 and student at George Washington University, contributed to this blog.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24915/up-up-and-away-escaping-a-tsunami-vertically","authors":["10240"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10213","quest_10212","quest_907","quest_10209","quest_3933","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_10211","quest_2349","quest_3288","quest_2963","quest_3003","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_24923","label":"quest"},"quest_23037":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_23037","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"23037","score":null,"sort":[1316545243000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"induced-seismicity-man-made-earthquakes","title":"Induced Seismicity: Man-Made Earthquakes","publishDate":1316545243,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3357,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In California, more renewable energy comes from geothermal energy than solar and wind, combined. Today, a new technology known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system\">Enhanced Geothermal Systems\u003c/a> has the potential to extract even more heat and consequently energy to power steam turbines, but it’s not without challenges, including man-made earthquakes which are a consequence of breaking up rock more than a mile below the earth’s surface. Such earthquake activity is referred to as \"induced seismicity\" and can occur in other fields of energy production, including oil and natural gas production and hydropower. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of these earthquake events are miniscule, registering less than a 2.0 in magnitude, occasionally, they can result in larger magnitude earthquakes, especially when the engineering activity which precipitates them occurs within the proximity of active fault zones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., the buzz over Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) started ratcheting up after the publication of a \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/future_geothermal.html\">2006 Department of Energy study\u003c/a> investigating its potential, spearheaded by researchers at M.I.T. Among their findings was that EGS could meet 10% of the U.S.' electricity supply by 2050. Ten percent doesn't seem to be that much but it would represent a 40-fold increase over the current amount of geothermal power being harnessed nationally and if realized, it could significantly boost the nation's efforts to wean itself off its carbon-heavy diet, with more than 60% of energy consumption in the U.S. currently coming from coal and petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Department of Energy is spending millions of dollars to fund seven demonstration EGS projects, including a grant of $5.5 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine's\u003c/a> to develop the EGS field featured in our QUEST story on induced seismicity. Calpine has invested $9.5 million of its own money on the project, an impressive sum it's willing to spend to demonstrate the success of this green, renewable technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is how Calpine Senior Vice President Mike Rogers described the project's energy potential to me: \"We expect to produce between 5 to 7 megawatts of additional steam (which is) enough for a small city, say, 6,000 people (and) depending on what we find, possibly up to 50 megawatts in that part of the field.\" Calpine has measured a temperature of 725 degrees Fahrenheit at a depth of 11,000 feet at their new enhanced geothermal project site. That's roughly 300 degrees warmer than their other geothermal fields at the Geysers, and with more heat comes more energy potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calpine is working with Ernie Majer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> to monitor the risk of induced seismicity with additional, around-the-clock seismic monitoring next to their EGS production and injection wells located in the northwestern region of the Geysers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is proud of their efforts to reach out to nearby communities such as the town of Anderson Springs that are impacted by the year-round geothermal activities at the Geysers. Not only has Calpine created a seismic monitoring committee comprised of representatives from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USGS and community members to review recent earthquake activity in the vicinity of the Geysers, they also have set up a hotline to report earthquake activity and an annual fund which communities can use to pay for repairs to buildings and homes possibly damaged by earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should also be noted that Calpine has the support of some prominent members of Anderson Springs for the development of their EGS demonstration project. Jeff Gospe, the President of \u003ca href=\"http://www.andersonsprings.org/\">Anderson Springs Community Alliance\u003c/a>, wrote a letter of support for the project in September 2010 to Sonoma County District Supervisor Paul Kelly. Although Jeff and other community members still have concerns about seismicity in the southern portion of the Geysers, Jeff maintains that the work on the EGS demonstration project is an example of \"pro-community geothermal development\" that is far enough away to pose little risk to residents of the town. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the course of my research on the story, I discovered several international EGS projects, including two that are online in France and Germany. Given the concern with nuclear energy in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan, and the phasing out of nuclear energy programs in Germany, Italy and Switzerland, the need for more renewable energy sources like geothermal power becomes more pressing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nuclear energy also reveals, no matter how green the energy source is, its exploitation must be safe for the public to get behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ernie Majer of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory told me, \"Over the past 20 years, it started out as the (geothermal energy) industry almost ignored induced seismicity. But as the recent issues have come up, the industry has finally said, 'Alright, we need to deal with this properly and we need to take it very seriously.'\" \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In California, more renewable energy comes from geothermal energy than solar and wind, combined. Today, a new technology known as Enhanced Geothermal Systems has the potential to extract even more heat and consequently energy to power steam turbines, but it’s not without challenges.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457637992,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":806},"headData":{"title":"Induced Seismicity: Man-Made Earthquakes | KQED","description":"In California, more renewable energy comes from geothermal energy than solar and wind, combined. Today, a new technology known as Enhanced Geothermal Systems has the potential to extract even more heat and consequently energy to power steam turbines, but it’s not without challenges.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Induced Seismicity: Man-Made Earthquakes","datePublished":"2011-09-20T19:00:43.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-10T19:26:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"23037 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=23037","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/20/induced-seismicity-man-made-earthquakes/","disqusTitle":"Induced Seismicity: Man-Made Earthquakes","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDJ5ea6jNc4","path":"/quest/23037/induced-seismicity-man-made-earthquakes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In California, more renewable energy comes from geothermal energy than solar and wind, combined. Today, a new technology known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_geothermal_system\">Enhanced Geothermal Systems\u003c/a> has the potential to extract even more heat and consequently energy to power steam turbines, but it’s not without challenges, including man-made earthquakes which are a consequence of breaking up rock more than a mile below the earth’s surface. Such earthquake activity is referred to as \"induced seismicity\" and can occur in other fields of energy production, including oil and natural gas production and hydropower. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of these earthquake events are miniscule, registering less than a 2.0 in magnitude, occasionally, they can result in larger magnitude earthquakes, especially when the engineering activity which precipitates them occurs within the proximity of active fault zones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., the buzz over Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) started ratcheting up after the publication of a \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/future_geothermal.html\">2006 Department of Energy study\u003c/a> investigating its potential, spearheaded by researchers at M.I.T. Among their findings was that EGS could meet 10% of the U.S.' electricity supply by 2050. Ten percent doesn't seem to be that much but it would represent a 40-fold increase over the current amount of geothermal power being harnessed nationally and if realized, it could significantly boost the nation's efforts to wean itself off its carbon-heavy diet, with more than 60% of energy consumption in the U.S. currently coming from coal and petroleum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Department of Energy is spending millions of dollars to fund seven demonstration EGS projects, including a grant of $5.5 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpine.com/\">Calpine's\u003c/a> to develop the EGS field featured in our QUEST story on induced seismicity. Calpine has invested $9.5 million of its own money on the project, an impressive sum it's willing to spend to demonstrate the success of this green, renewable technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is how Calpine Senior Vice President Mike Rogers described the project's energy potential to me: \"We expect to produce between 5 to 7 megawatts of additional steam (which is) enough for a small city, say, 6,000 people (and) depending on what we find, possibly up to 50 megawatts in that part of the field.\" Calpine has measured a temperature of 725 degrees Fahrenheit at a depth of 11,000 feet at their new enhanced geothermal project site. That's roughly 300 degrees warmer than their other geothermal fields at the Geysers, and with more heat comes more energy potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calpine is working with Ernie Majer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> to monitor the risk of induced seismicity with additional, around-the-clock seismic monitoring next to their EGS production and injection wells located in the northwestern region of the Geysers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is proud of their efforts to reach out to nearby communities such as the town of Anderson Springs that are impacted by the year-round geothermal activities at the Geysers. Not only has Calpine created a seismic monitoring committee comprised of representatives from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USGS and community members to review recent earthquake activity in the vicinity of the Geysers, they also have set up a hotline to report earthquake activity and an annual fund which communities can use to pay for repairs to buildings and homes possibly damaged by earthquakes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should also be noted that Calpine has the support of some prominent members of Anderson Springs for the development of their EGS demonstration project. Jeff Gospe, the President of \u003ca href=\"http://www.andersonsprings.org/\">Anderson Springs Community Alliance\u003c/a>, wrote a letter of support for the project in September 2010 to Sonoma County District Supervisor Paul Kelly. Although Jeff and other community members still have concerns about seismicity in the southern portion of the Geysers, Jeff maintains that the work on the EGS demonstration project is an example of \"pro-community geothermal development\" that is far enough away to pose little risk to residents of the town. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the course of my research on the story, I discovered several international EGS projects, including two that are online in France and Germany. Given the concern with nuclear energy in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in Japan, and the phasing out of nuclear energy programs in Germany, Italy and Switzerland, the need for more renewable energy sources like geothermal power becomes more pressing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as nuclear energy also reveals, no matter how green the energy source is, its exploitation must be safe for the public to get behind it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Ernie Majer of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory told me, \"Over the past 20 years, it started out as the (geothermal energy) industry almost ignored induced seismicity. But as the recent issues have come up, the industry has finally said, 'Alright, we need to deal with this properly and we need to take it very seriously.'\" \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/23037/induced-seismicity-man-made-earthquakes","authors":["6176","10239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_10006","quest_907","quest_10008","quest_10009","quest_10007","quest_10010","quest_3594","quest_10004","quest_3351","quest_1626","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3321"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_23049","label":"quest_3357"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this","airtime":"SUN 7:30pm-8pm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/how-i-built-this","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"}},"inside-europe":{"id":"inside-europe","title":"Inside Europe","info":"Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.","airtime":"SAT 3am-4am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Deutsche Welle"},"link":"/radio/program/inside-europe","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Inside-Europe-p731/","rss":"https://partner.dw.com/xml/podcast_inside-europe"}},"latino-usa":{"id":"latino-usa","title":"Latino USA","airtime":"MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm","info":"Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://latinousa.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/latino-usa","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"}},"live-from-here-highlights":{"id":"live-from-here-highlights","title":"Live from Here Highlights","info":"Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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