Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty
Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation
Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge
Picturing Biodiversity: Cultivating an Eye for Conservation
Tracking Big Cats to Learn Their Secrets
Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure
Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy
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She was a 2013 recipient of the NYU Reporting Award, a 2013 Dennis Hunt Health Journalism fellow and a 2015 USC Data Journalism fellow.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Liza Gross | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1f7d36efc78088d63466cef5f10c4c7a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/lizagross"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_49346":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49346","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49346","score":null,"sort":[1360166438000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty","title":"Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty","publishDate":1360166438,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 724px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/sevencoyotepups/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49359\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SevenCoyotePups.jpg\" alt=\"coyote pups\" width=\"724\" height=\"407\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show that coyotes facing heavy hunting pressures respond by reproducing more--with alpha and older coyotes gone,\u003cbr>\nyounger animals reproduce, and have bigger litters. (Photo: John Harrison)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every once in a while you get a sobering reminder about what passes for civilized society. One day several years ago, my husband and I were staying at a vacation rental on the northern Sonoma Coast and decided to head inland to the Anderson Valley, driving east through picturesque oak-studded meadows and mixed conifer forests. With my husband at the wheel, I was free to scour the sky and grasslands for signs of wildlife. I spotted a red-tailed hawk soaring in the distance, a sight that always lifts my spirits. But as we rounded a bend in the road, my heart sank as I struggled to absorb the sight before me: coyotes, as far as the eye could see, strung up on fence posts like scarecrows, bodies contorted, frozen in a gruesome death pose, fur sticking out like straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the barbaric practice of hanging coyotes from fences disappeared with the bounty era, when the state paid hunters to exterminate all things carnivore, big or small, on wings or paws, to protect livestock. When the canine crucifixions, like the bounty, reinforced the notion that the only good predator was a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as I saw firsthand, the tradition is alive and well in ranching country. Some people say the carnage serves as a warning to other coyotes to avoid the area or suffer the same fate. Others say it assures nearby ranchers you’re doing your part to kill predators and safeguard livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49352\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotes_fence/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49352\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Coyotes_fence-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"coyotes hung on fences\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife photographer Steve Creek took this photo of dead coyotes tied to a fence last year in Oklahoma. They were \"on display near a major 4-lane highway,\" Creek says on his web site (http://stevecreek.com/coyote-hatred/). Photo: Steve Creek\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence to suggest that a dead coyote scares off the living. But there seems to be something to the idea of killing predators to impress your neighbors if this week’s three-day coyote killing contest is any indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/hunting_report.php?Hunting=6796\">\u003cstrong>Starting Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, hunters in the tiny town of Adin in Modoc County will pay $50 for the pleasure of killing as many coyotes as they can in the Pit River Rod and Gun Club’s Seventh Annual Coyote Drive. They’ll roam rifle in hand through four counties in the far northeastern corner of California to, as the sponsors promise, \"reduce the number of coyotes threatening wild game, livestock and pets in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, the gun club and Adin Supply Outfitters urged hunters to hurry and get their applications in “if you want to win prizes and help rid Northern California of coyotes.” This year, they’re encouraging junior hunters to participate because the “drive is a great time to teach quality ethics and outdoorsmanship to young hunters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entrants get a T-shirt (red paint on the logo drips like blood from the letters) and a chance to win a gun and other prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectcoyote.org/newsreleases/news_modoc_hunt.html\">launched their own drive\u003c/a> to stop the slaughter, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2402\">citing new legislation\u003c/a> that requires California’s Fish and Game Commission to use ecosystem-based management and “credible” science to manage the state’s wildlife. What’s more, they say, the hunt could end up killing OR7, the state’s only wolf—which, unlike its cousins in the Rocky Mountains, is still protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The chances of a hunter mistaking a wolf for a coyote are too high to risk, conservationists argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And given the anti-predator rhetoric behind a contest designed to exterminate coyotes, I worry that someone will shoot OR7 knowing full well he’s a wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adin, population 272, lies within an area called Big Valley, where ranchers raise mostly cattle. Nationwide, predators of all types account for just 5.5 percent of cattle and calf losses, according to data released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Sheep and lambs are more vulnerable to predators, which NASS says account for 39% of total losses across the country. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> last year, the federal agency called Wildilfe Services—a more apt name might be Hunter and Rancher Services—killed more than 83,000 coyotes in 2011 for eating big game and livestock. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2011_prog_data/PDR_G/Basic_Tables_PDR_G/Table%20G_ShortReport.pdf\">additional 453 pups were killed\u003c/a> in their dens or after they were removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4003765.pdf?acceptTC=true\">highly credible ones\u003c/a>, show that all the killing just gives you more coyotes. Comparing hunted versus unhunted coyote populations, researchers found that in heavily hunted populations adult survival rates drop, more yearlings reproduce and litter sizes increase. This could explain why the agency started tracking how many pups they killed in dens (386 in 2009 and 378 in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/komondor_westminster_dog_show_crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49386\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Komondor_Westminster_Dog_Show_crop-328x360.jpg\" alt=\"Komondor\" width=\"328\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife experts recommend that livestock producers use guardian dogs like the Komondor, a Hungarian breed that descended from Tibetan dogs. (Photo: Flickr user whartonds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildlife biologists\u003c/strong> know better. A booklet published by the Utah State University—in a state that just reintroduced a $50 bounty on coyotes—notes that although coyotes are more apt than other predators to feed on sheep, lambs and goats (which aren’t worth the energy for larger carnivores like lions and wolves), the vast majority of their diet consists of rodents and other small animals. A \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=coyotesw\">three-year study\u003c/a> in West Texas showed that reducing coyote abundance by nearly half led to a decline in the abundance and type of rodent species and a 320% increase in jackrabbit density—leading to increased competition with livestock for available forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Pugh, a predator control expert at Oklahoma State Extension Service, argues that lethal methods should be used only as a last resort if the problem is severe. Even then, he warns, it “typically does nothing to eliminate the problem animal or animals [and] can actually cause further problems.” Though any coyote has the potential to kill livestock, studies show many don’t. That’s because it’s a learned behavior. So if a coyote that doesn’t have a taste for sheep is indiscriminately killed, you may have removed your best protection against livestock-eating coyotes because your rodent-loving coyote can no longer defend his territory against other predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pugh and other wildlife managers promote a range of nonlethal methods to protect livestock (so-called “passive” as opposed to lethal methods), from putting goats and sheep in enclosed shelters at night and building coyote-proof fences to removing carrion as soon as possible and using guardian dogs, like the Komondor and Maremma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren’t just practical reasons that a contest to kill as many coyotes as possible makes no sense. As we’ve killed wolves throughout the country, coyotes have moved in, becoming one of the most widely distributed predators in America. The reason, no doubt, they’re also the most targeted predator in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotedrive2013logo1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49356\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg\" alt=\"coyote drive 2013 logo\" width=\"480\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organizers of the coyote-killing contest will give out T-shirts with the event's logo (above) until supplies last.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I would like to think that as researchers uncover more and more evidence of the intelligence of animals—particularly of those with complex social behaviors like wolves, coyotes and dogs—that we humans might step back to reflect on how we treat wildlife that shares not just our environment but also, granted to a lesser degree, our cognitive abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve no doubt heard of Chaser, the \u003ca href=\"http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/05/chaser-the-border-collie-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world/\">bordie collie who can recognize 1,000 objects\u003c/a> by name? That’s a remarkable cognitive feat that requires learning and working memory—something it was long assumed only humans could manage. Not surprisingly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635711001598\">it turns out that coyotes,\u003c/a> our beloved companion’s evolutionary kin, can discriminate between large and small portions of food. This ability to approximate number, which appears in babies at around three months old, helps animals decide where to hunt, flee from predators or fight territorial intruders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers of the Coyote Drive tout the event as an opportunity to “teach quality ethics\u003cbr>\nand outdoorsmanship to our youth.” Surely, with all we’ve learned about the rich cognitive life of animals, “quality ethics” demands that we no longer treat wildlife like vermin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Project Coyote,\u003c/strong> which promotes carnivore coexistence and educates the public about coyote biology, ecology and behavior, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.change.org/petitions/ca-dept-of-fish-wildlife-f-g-commission-stop-coyote-killing-contest\">a petition to stop the hunt. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Coyotes, reviled for preying on sheep and goats, are the most targeted predator in the U.S. This week, hunters in the tiny Modoc County town of Adin will compete in a contest to kill the most coyotes to protect their livestock--even though research shows that killing coyotes results in higher reproductive rates.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367045867,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1445},"headData":{"title":"Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty | KQED","description":"Coyotes, reviled for preying on sheep and goats, are the most targeted predator in the U.S. This week, hunters in the tiny Modoc County town of Adin will compete in a contest to kill the most coyotes to protect their livestock--even though research shows that killing coyotes results in higher reproductive rates.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49346 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49346","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/","disqusTitle":"Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty","path":"/quest/49346/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 724px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/sevencoyotepups/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49359\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SevenCoyotePups.jpg\" alt=\"coyote pups\" width=\"724\" height=\"407\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show that coyotes facing heavy hunting pressures respond by reproducing more--with alpha and older coyotes gone,\u003cbr>\nyounger animals reproduce, and have bigger litters. (Photo: John Harrison)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every once in a while you get a sobering reminder about what passes for civilized society. One day several years ago, my husband and I were staying at a vacation rental on the northern Sonoma Coast and decided to head inland to the Anderson Valley, driving east through picturesque oak-studded meadows and mixed conifer forests. With my husband at the wheel, I was free to scour the sky and grasslands for signs of wildlife. I spotted a red-tailed hawk soaring in the distance, a sight that always lifts my spirits. But as we rounded a bend in the road, my heart sank as I struggled to absorb the sight before me: coyotes, as far as the eye could see, strung up on fence posts like scarecrows, bodies contorted, frozen in a gruesome death pose, fur sticking out like straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the barbaric practice of hanging coyotes from fences disappeared with the bounty era, when the state paid hunters to exterminate all things carnivore, big or small, on wings or paws, to protect livestock. When the canine crucifixions, like the bounty, reinforced the notion that the only good predator was a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as I saw firsthand, the tradition is alive and well in ranching country. Some people say the carnage serves as a warning to other coyotes to avoid the area or suffer the same fate. Others say it assures nearby ranchers you’re doing your part to kill predators and safeguard livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49352\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotes_fence/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49352\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Coyotes_fence-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"coyotes hung on fences\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife photographer Steve Creek took this photo of dead coyotes tied to a fence last year in Oklahoma. They were \"on display near a major 4-lane highway,\" Creek says on his web site (http://stevecreek.com/coyote-hatred/). Photo: Steve Creek\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence to suggest that a dead coyote scares off the living. But there seems to be something to the idea of killing predators to impress your neighbors if this week’s three-day coyote killing contest is any indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/hunting_report.php?Hunting=6796\">\u003cstrong>Starting Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, hunters in the tiny town of Adin in Modoc County will pay $50 for the pleasure of killing as many coyotes as they can in the Pit River Rod and Gun Club’s Seventh Annual Coyote Drive. They’ll roam rifle in hand through four counties in the far northeastern corner of California to, as the sponsors promise, \"reduce the number of coyotes threatening wild game, livestock and pets in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, the gun club and Adin Supply Outfitters urged hunters to hurry and get their applications in “if you want to win prizes and help rid Northern California of coyotes.” This year, they’re encouraging junior hunters to participate because the “drive is a great time to teach quality ethics and outdoorsmanship to young hunters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entrants get a T-shirt (red paint on the logo drips like blood from the letters) and a chance to win a gun and other prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectcoyote.org/newsreleases/news_modoc_hunt.html\">launched their own drive\u003c/a> to stop the slaughter, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2402\">citing new legislation\u003c/a> that requires California’s Fish and Game Commission to use ecosystem-based management and “credible” science to manage the state’s wildlife. What’s more, they say, the hunt could end up killing OR7, the state’s only wolf—which, unlike its cousins in the Rocky Mountains, is still protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The chances of a hunter mistaking a wolf for a coyote are too high to risk, conservationists argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And given the anti-predator rhetoric behind a contest designed to exterminate coyotes, I worry that someone will shoot OR7 knowing full well he’s a wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adin, population 272, lies within an area called Big Valley, where ranchers raise mostly cattle. Nationwide, predators of all types account for just 5.5 percent of cattle and calf losses, according to data released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Sheep and lambs are more vulnerable to predators, which NASS says account for 39% of total losses across the country. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> last year, the federal agency called Wildilfe Services—a more apt name might be Hunter and Rancher Services—killed more than 83,000 coyotes in 2011 for eating big game and livestock. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2011_prog_data/PDR_G/Basic_Tables_PDR_G/Table%20G_ShortReport.pdf\">additional 453 pups were killed\u003c/a> in their dens or after they were removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4003765.pdf?acceptTC=true\">highly credible ones\u003c/a>, show that all the killing just gives you more coyotes. Comparing hunted versus unhunted coyote populations, researchers found that in heavily hunted populations adult survival rates drop, more yearlings reproduce and litter sizes increase. This could explain why the agency started tracking how many pups they killed in dens (386 in 2009 and 378 in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/komondor_westminster_dog_show_crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49386\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Komondor_Westminster_Dog_Show_crop-328x360.jpg\" alt=\"Komondor\" width=\"328\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife experts recommend that livestock producers use guardian dogs like the Komondor, a Hungarian breed that descended from Tibetan dogs. (Photo: Flickr user whartonds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildlife biologists\u003c/strong> know better. A booklet published by the Utah State University—in a state that just reintroduced a $50 bounty on coyotes—notes that although coyotes are more apt than other predators to feed on sheep, lambs and goats (which aren’t worth the energy for larger carnivores like lions and wolves), the vast majority of their diet consists of rodents and other small animals. A \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=coyotesw\">three-year study\u003c/a> in West Texas showed that reducing coyote abundance by nearly half led to a decline in the abundance and type of rodent species and a 320% increase in jackrabbit density—leading to increased competition with livestock for available forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Pugh, a predator control expert at Oklahoma State Extension Service, argues that lethal methods should be used only as a last resort if the problem is severe. Even then, he warns, it “typically does nothing to eliminate the problem animal or animals [and] can actually cause further problems.” Though any coyote has the potential to kill livestock, studies show many don’t. That’s because it’s a learned behavior. So if a coyote that doesn’t have a taste for sheep is indiscriminately killed, you may have removed your best protection against livestock-eating coyotes because your rodent-loving coyote can no longer defend his territory against other predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pugh and other wildlife managers promote a range of nonlethal methods to protect livestock (so-called “passive” as opposed to lethal methods), from putting goats and sheep in enclosed shelters at night and building coyote-proof fences to removing carrion as soon as possible and using guardian dogs, like the Komondor and Maremma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren’t just practical reasons that a contest to kill as many coyotes as possible makes no sense. As we’ve killed wolves throughout the country, coyotes have moved in, becoming one of the most widely distributed predators in America. The reason, no doubt, they’re also the most targeted predator in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotedrive2013logo1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49356\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg\" alt=\"coyote drive 2013 logo\" width=\"480\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organizers of the coyote-killing contest will give out T-shirts with the event's logo (above) until supplies last.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I would like to think that as researchers uncover more and more evidence of the intelligence of animals—particularly of those with complex social behaviors like wolves, coyotes and dogs—that we humans might step back to reflect on how we treat wildlife that shares not just our environment but also, granted to a lesser degree, our cognitive abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve no doubt heard of Chaser, the \u003ca href=\"http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/05/chaser-the-border-collie-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world/\">bordie collie who can recognize 1,000 objects\u003c/a> by name? That’s a remarkable cognitive feat that requires learning and working memory—something it was long assumed only humans could manage. Not surprisingly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635711001598\">it turns out that coyotes,\u003c/a> our beloved companion’s evolutionary kin, can discriminate between large and small portions of food. This ability to approximate number, which appears in babies at around three months old, helps animals decide where to hunt, flee from predators or fight territorial intruders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers of the Coyote Drive tout the event as an opportunity to “teach quality ethics\u003cbr>\nand outdoorsmanship to our youth.” Surely, with all we’ve learned about the rich cognitive life of animals, “quality ethics” demands that we no longer treat wildlife like vermin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Project Coyote,\u003c/strong> which promotes carnivore coexistence and educates the public about coyote biology, ecology and behavior, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.change.org/petitions/ca-dept-of-fish-wildlife-f-g-commission-stop-coyote-killing-contest\">a petition to stop the hunt. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49346/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_11719","quest_684","quest_10936","quest_11483","quest_921","quest_11718","quest_13202","quest_3178"],"featImg":"quest_49359","label":"quest"},"quest_44107":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44107","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44107","score":null,"sort":[1348066826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation","title":"Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation","publishDate":1348066826,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/kumatongue/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44120\" title=\"kuma\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/kumatongue.jpg\" alt=\"domestic house cat\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Domestic bliss: Born under a bush in Guerneville, this once feral cat now enjoys the comforts of home. Patience, dedication, and gentle handling can transform a frightened, suspicious feral cat into a trusting, loving companion. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We humans have an uneasy relationship with nature. Lest you doubt it, consider that the 1964 Wilderness Act defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion that people live apart from nature might explain our sometimes skewed views of wildlife—Americans keep as many as \u003ca href=\"http://bigcatrescue.org/2012/big-cats-and-public-safety-protection-hr-4122\">20,000 tigers, cheetahs, and other big cats\u003c/a> as pets—and our seemingly unique capacity for \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/too_many_people_too_much_consumption/2041/\">destroying natural resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recent estimates, we’re using resources 50 percent faster than they can recover. Despite mounting evidence linking human well-being to healthy ecosystems, we seem constitutionally \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000330\">incapable of changing our behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation biologists try to inspire people to act in environmentally-friendly ways, but often inspire emotional confrontations instead. That’s why some biologists are looking to social psychologists for advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation Psychology\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s no surprise that conflicts arise when two groups view the facts of a situation through a different lens. But the hope is that understanding the social roots of conservation conflicts—how people’s values and beliefs shape their behavior—will suggest strategies for resolving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044616\">study published earlier this month\u003c/a> researchers led by Nils Peterson at North Carolina State University applied this approach to a particularly contentious issue: feral cats and their impacts on birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feral cats are simply house cats that, without the care and love of an owner, behave like a wild animal. And it’s hard to imagine a group more emotionally invested in an issue than the women who take care of feral cats. (I should know. I once looked after a mini-colony in the backyard of my Sunset District rental.) As several studies show, cat colony caretakers tend to be women, many of whom also have tame cats at home, see their feral charges as pets, and often cite sympathy, ethical concerns, and \u003ca href=\"http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1627?journalCode=javma\">love of animals as their main motivators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/rsgranne_-_cats_cats_cats_arrow_rock_missouri_20050703_03_by-sa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44296\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44296\" title=\"Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats!_(Arrow_Rock,_Missouri,_20050703)_03_(by-sa)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats_Arrow_Rock_Missouri_20050703_03_by-sa-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"feral cat colony\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This feral cat colony lives in an Arrow Rock, Missouri, backyard and neighboring grounds. (Photo: Scott Granneman, St. Louis, MO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No one knows how many feral cats live in the U.S., though the American Veterinary Medical Association suspects the number rivals that of cats living as pets, estimated at 86 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, feral cats face a miserable life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1399.pdf\">One study looking at reproductive rates\u003c/a> in feral cats found that 75% of kittens died or disappeared within six months. Most were either run over by cars or killed by stray dogs. Feral cats have twice the rate of FIV of house cats and significantly higher rates of bacterial and parasitic infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s understandable why kind-hearted people take care of cats left to fend for themselves. Unfortunately, these natural-born killers are doing what comes naturally. And wildlife populations, including species common and rare, are paying for our good intentions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study documents the toll feral cats take on wildlife. Most experts think the \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1377.pdf\">cats kill hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of native birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in the U.S. each year. Wildlife rehabilitation specialists at Walnut Creek’s Lindsey Museum handled more than 1,000 birds with cat-related injuries in 2003 alone. Of course, no one knows how many birds died in backyards or wound up in cats’ bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates say feeding cats controls their predatory instincts, but the evidence suggests otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tws-west.org/transactions/Hawkins%20Grant%20Longnecker.pdf\">A 1999 study of two East Bay parks\u003c/a> found that in sites with regularly fed cat colonies, “native birds were markedly less abundant and less likely to nest, and ground-foraging species such as California quail and thrasher were entirely absent.” Feral cats also endanger native raptors by depleting their prey base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polarized Views\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAgainst this background, Peterson and his team polled 338 cat colony caretakers and 239 bird conservation professionals (from the Audubon Society, American Bird Conservancy, and similar groups) about their views of feral felines, the cats’ impacts on wildlife, and strategies to control their populations. Many feral cat advocates promote the use of trap-neuter-and-return programs to control colonies, though studies fail to support their effectiveness. That’s probably partly because people abandon their animals faster than caretakers can sterilize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the two groups held opposite views on nearly every question. “Bird people” viewed feral cats as “pests” and considered “euthanasia” an appropriate management strategy. Just 20% of “cat people” thought feral cats endanger native birds and just 6% thought feral cats carry disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/africanwildcat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44109\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44109\" title=\"AfricanWildCat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/AfricanWildCat-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"African wildcat\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetic studies trace the origins of the house cat to at least five wildcat species (\u003cem>Felis silvestris\u003c/em>), originating in the Near East. The African Wild Cat (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), above, is the house cat's most recent ancestor in the history of domestication. (Photo: Sonelle, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the record, feral cats can transmit rabies and numerous other diseases to wildlife, either indirectly—for example, when feces-borne parasites enter the watershed and infect otters and other marine life—or directly, by spreading FIV to mountain lions and critically endangered Florida panthers who prey on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surprising 59% of caretakers thought feral cats play a natural role as predators. That was true \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.1/9971.full\">for their progenitors, Near East wildcats\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), which started hanging around farmers and their rodent-infested grain silos in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago. (Experts think, given the cat's notorious independent nature, domestication happened as cats adopted people rather than vice versa.) But domestication released these felines from the constraints of natural selection and paved the way for a new species, \u003cem>Felis catus\u003c/em>, thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Path to Compromise\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith little common ground between bird people and cat lovers, whose positions are so tied to personal views of the problem, public education campaigns probably won’t work, the researchers say. Feral cat advocates care passionately about the welfare of individual cats while bird conservation workers (and wildlife biologists) care about the long-term prospects of wildlife populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/injuredphoebe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44135\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44135\" title=\"injuredphoebe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/injuredphoebe-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"kitty cam and injured bird\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"kitty cam\" outfitted on a house cat as part of a research project shows an injured phoebe. Sixty pet cats in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, wore cameras for 7 to 10 days on their outdoor adventures. The research is a joint project of the University of Georgia and National Geographic. (Photo: University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What might help is engaging cat caretakers in research on feral cat behavior—it’s hard to deny what you see with our own eyes—as well as in programs to protect wildlife. Plus, as other studies show, the best solutions will likely be site specific. Where birds and other wildlife populations are in decline, a more aggressive control strategy might be called for. But in healthier ecosystems or areas that harbor smaller colonies, trap-neuter-and-return might be a reasonable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think an even better solution might be housing cats in enclosed sanctuaries, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.belleglensanctuary.com/\">Belleglen Sanctuary in Chico\u003c/a>, which protects wildlife while keeping feral cats safe from disease and injury. But such shelters \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=54039&root=54039\">quickly fill to capacity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the survey found highly polarized opinions, it also showed that both groups share a love of animals—many “bird people” owned cats and many “cat people” said they love birds too. What’s more, caretakers were optimistic that they could work with biologists to find better ways to manage feral cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/state\">one in eight bird species threatened with extinction\u003c/a>, this is an opportunity for collaboration we can’t afford to squander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one thing no one disputes. The kind souls who take care of feral cats didn’t create the problem. People who abandon the animals that depend on them did. It’s illegal to abandon your pet in most states, including California, but enforcement is notoriously difficult. Clearly, we need new strategies to stop this cruel and inhumane behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the cats I’ve ever adopted were once stray or feral. It takes time, effort, and patience to socialize a feral cat, but there’s nothing like watching mistrust turn to affection. I love to watch the vestigial gestures of wild felids in my house cats, but I know they didn’t evolve as natural predators on the American landscape. They depend on us for food, shelter, and safety. Animal shelters take in 6 million to 8 million cats and dogs each year and euthanize about half of them. We have an ethical duty to take better care of our animals—domesticated and wild—and learn to tell the difference.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Feral cats threaten native wildlife, from reptiles to birds, and often lead a miserable life. By better understanding the concerns of cat colony caretakers, wildlife biologists hope to find enough common ground to benefit both cats and wildlife.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366739915,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1508},"headData":{"title":"Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation | KQED","description":"Feral cats threaten native wildlife, from reptiles to birds, and often lead a miserable life. By better understanding the concerns of cat colony caretakers, wildlife biologists hope to find enough common ground to benefit both cats and wildlife.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"44107 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=44107","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/","disqusTitle":"Culture Clash: Of Cats, Birds and Conservation","path":"/quest/44107/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/kumatongue/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44120\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-44120\" title=\"kuma\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/kumatongue.jpg\" alt=\"domestic house cat\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Domestic bliss: Born under a bush in Guerneville, this once feral cat now enjoys the comforts of home. Patience, dedication, and gentle handling can transform a frightened, suspicious feral cat into a trusting, loving companion. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We humans have an uneasy relationship with nature. Lest you doubt it, consider that the 1964 Wilderness Act defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion that people live apart from nature might explain our sometimes skewed views of wildlife—Americans keep as many as \u003ca href=\"http://bigcatrescue.org/2012/big-cats-and-public-safety-protection-hr-4122\">20,000 tigers, cheetahs, and other big cats\u003c/a> as pets—and our seemingly unique capacity for \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/too_many_people_too_much_consumption/2041/\">destroying natural resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By recent estimates, we’re using resources 50 percent faster than they can recover. Despite mounting evidence linking human well-being to healthy ecosystems, we seem constitutionally \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000330\">incapable of changing our behavior\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation biologists try to inspire people to act in environmentally-friendly ways, but often inspire emotional confrontations instead. That’s why some biologists are looking to social psychologists for advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conservation Psychology\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt’s no surprise that conflicts arise when two groups view the facts of a situation through a different lens. But the hope is that understanding the social roots of conservation conflicts—how people’s values and beliefs shape their behavior—will suggest strategies for resolving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044616\">study published earlier this month\u003c/a> researchers led by Nils Peterson at North Carolina State University applied this approach to a particularly contentious issue: feral cats and their impacts on birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feral cats are simply house cats that, without the care and love of an owner, behave like a wild animal. And it’s hard to imagine a group more emotionally invested in an issue than the women who take care of feral cats. (I should know. I once looked after a mini-colony in the backyard of my Sunset District rental.) As several studies show, cat colony caretakers tend to be women, many of whom also have tame cats at home, see their feral charges as pets, and often cite sympathy, ethical concerns, and \u003ca href=\"http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1627?journalCode=javma\">love of animals as their main motivators\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44296\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/rsgranne_-_cats_cats_cats_arrow_rock_missouri_20050703_03_by-sa/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44296\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44296\" title=\"Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats!_(Arrow_Rock,_Missouri,_20050703)_03_(by-sa)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Rsgranne_-_Cats_cats_cats_Arrow_Rock_Missouri_20050703_03_by-sa-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"feral cat colony\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This feral cat colony lives in an Arrow Rock, Missouri, backyard and neighboring grounds. (Photo: Scott Granneman, St. Louis, MO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No one knows how many feral cats live in the U.S., though the American Veterinary Medical Association suspects the number rivals that of cats living as pets, estimated at 86 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, feral cats face a miserable life. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1399.pdf\">One study looking at reproductive rates\u003c/a> in feral cats found that 75% of kittens died or disappeared within six months. Most were either run over by cars or killed by stray dogs. Feral cats have twice the rate of FIV of house cats and significantly higher rates of bacterial and parasitic infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s understandable why kind-hearted people take care of cats left to fend for themselves. Unfortunately, these natural-born killers are doing what comes naturally. And wildlife populations, including species common and rare, are paying for our good intentions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study after study documents the toll feral cats take on wildlife. Most experts think the \u003ca href=\"https://www.avma.org/News/Journals/Collections/Documents/javma_225_9_1377.pdf\">cats kill hundreds of millions\u003c/a> of native birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish in the U.S. each year. Wildlife rehabilitation specialists at Walnut Creek’s Lindsey Museum handled more than 1,000 birds with cat-related injuries in 2003 alone. Of course, no one knows how many birds died in backyards or wound up in cats’ bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some advocates say feeding cats controls their predatory instincts, but the evidence suggests otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.tws-west.org/transactions/Hawkins%20Grant%20Longnecker.pdf\">A 1999 study of two East Bay parks\u003c/a> found that in sites with regularly fed cat colonies, “native birds were markedly less abundant and less likely to nest, and ground-foraging species such as California quail and thrasher were entirely absent.” Feral cats also endanger native raptors by depleting their prey base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Polarized Views\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAgainst this background, Peterson and his team polled 338 cat colony caretakers and 239 bird conservation professionals (from the Audubon Society, American Bird Conservancy, and similar groups) about their views of feral felines, the cats’ impacts on wildlife, and strategies to control their populations. Many feral cat advocates promote the use of trap-neuter-and-return programs to control colonies, though studies fail to support their effectiveness. That’s probably partly because people abandon their animals faster than caretakers can sterilize them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the two groups held opposite views on nearly every question. “Bird people” viewed feral cats as “pests” and considered “euthanasia” an appropriate management strategy. Just 20% of “cat people” thought feral cats endanger native birds and just 6% thought feral cats carry disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44109\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/africanwildcat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44109\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44109\" title=\"AfricanWildCat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/AfricanWildCat-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"African wildcat\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetic studies trace the origins of the house cat to at least five wildcat species (\u003cem>Felis silvestris\u003c/em>), originating in the Near East. The African Wild Cat (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), above, is the house cat's most recent ancestor in the history of domestication. (Photo: Sonelle, Johannesburg Zoo, South Africa)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the record, feral cats can transmit rabies and numerous other diseases to wildlife, either indirectly—for example, when feces-borne parasites enter the watershed and infect otters and other marine life—or directly, by spreading FIV to mountain lions and critically endangered Florida panthers who prey on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A surprising 59% of caretakers thought feral cats play a natural role as predators. That was true \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/suppl.1/9971.full\">for their progenitors, Near East wildcats\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Felis silvestris lybica\u003c/em>), which started hanging around farmers and their rodent-infested grain silos in the Fertile Crescent some 10,000 years ago. (Experts think, given the cat's notorious independent nature, domestication happened as cats adopted people rather than vice versa.) But domestication released these felines from the constraints of natural selection and paved the way for a new species, \u003cem>Felis catus\u003c/em>, thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Path to Compromise\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWith little common ground between bird people and cat lovers, whose positions are so tied to personal views of the problem, public education campaigns probably won’t work, the researchers say. Feral cat advocates care passionately about the welfare of individual cats while bird conservation workers (and wildlife biologists) care about the long-term prospects of wildlife populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44135\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/19/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation/injuredphoebe/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44135\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-44135\" title=\"injuredphoebe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/injuredphoebe-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"kitty cam and injured bird\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"kitty cam\" outfitted on a house cat as part of a research project shows an injured phoebe. Sixty pet cats in Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, wore cameras for 7 to 10 days on their outdoor adventures. The research is a joint project of the University of Georgia and National Geographic. (Photo: University of Georgia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What might help is engaging cat caretakers in research on feral cat behavior—it’s hard to deny what you see with our own eyes—as well as in programs to protect wildlife. Plus, as other studies show, the best solutions will likely be site specific. Where birds and other wildlife populations are in decline, a more aggressive control strategy might be called for. But in healthier ecosystems or areas that harbor smaller colonies, trap-neuter-and-return might be a reasonable solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some think an even better solution might be housing cats in enclosed sanctuaries, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.belleglensanctuary.com/\">Belleglen Sanctuary in Chico\u003c/a>, which protects wildlife while keeping feral cats safe from disease and injury. But such shelters \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=54039&root=54039\">quickly fill to capacity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the survey found highly polarized opinions, it also showed that both groups share a love of animals—many “bird people” owned cats and many “cat people” said they love birds too. What’s more, caretakers were optimistic that they could work with biologists to find better ways to manage feral cats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/state\">one in eight bird species threatened with extinction\u003c/a>, this is an opportunity for collaboration we can’t afford to squander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one thing no one disputes. The kind souls who take care of feral cats didn’t create the problem. People who abandon the animals that depend on them did. It’s illegal to abandon your pet in most states, including California, but enforcement is notoriously difficult. Clearly, we need new strategies to stop this cruel and inhumane behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the cats I’ve ever adopted were once stray or feral. It takes time, effort, and patience to socialize a feral cat, but there’s nothing like watching mistrust turn to affection. I love to watch the vestigial gestures of wild felids in my house cats, but I know they didn’t evolve as natural predators on the American landscape. They depend on us for food, shelter, and safety. Animal shelters take in 6 million to 8 million cats and dogs each year and euthanize about half of them. We have an ethical duty to take better care of our animals—domesticated and wild—and learn to tell the difference.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44107/culture-clash-of-cats-birds-and-conservation","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_340","quest_10936","quest_3529","quest_11452","quest_11277","quest_11453","quest_11454","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_44120","label":"quest"},"quest_43418":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43418","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43418","score":null,"sort":[1346857257000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge","title":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge","publishDate":1346857257,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-approaching-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43424\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43424\" title=\"Ohlone tiger beetle \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-approaching.carousel-640x358.jpg\" alt=\"Ohlone tiger beetle\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, sports a forbidding set of mandibles, befitting this top insect predator. (Image: Tara Cornelisse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife biologists joke that they chose biology because they liked animals more than people, but now spend more time dealing with humans than wildlife. As biodiversity loss proceeds at an unprecedented rate—25% of all mammals alone are at risk of extinction—it’s not surprising that biologists increasingly focus on finding ways to protect what’s left. And protection strategies inevitably involve managing human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf experts typically spend a disproportionate chunk of their time trying to convince people why taking even minor steps to coexist with carnivores—like mounting \u003ca href=\"http://sciencetrio.wordpress.com/2011/04/05/electrifying-deterrents-wolves-and-fladry/\">fladry\u003c/a> (usually red flags attached to twine) along fences or placing livestock inside at night to thwart opportunistic predation—can benefit both wolves and humans. Lion biologists do much the same, while also reassuring anxious park visitors that lions really would prefer to make a meal of deer over people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have one thing in their favor when doing public outreach for such charismatic carnivores. If people don’t have time to learn the ecological benefits of keeping lions and wolves on the landscape, they can easily appreciate the aesthetic value of having them around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit tougher for biologists like Tara Cornelisse to count on \u003ca href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/#EnvAesEnv\">conservation aesthetics\u003c/a> when making her case to protect another fearsome carnivore: \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzpl.org/endangered/species/16/\">the Ohlone tiger beetle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ambush predator like its namesake, the tiger beetle relies on agility and keen eyesight to find, stalk, and pounce on potential prey, which includes ants, spiders, smaller beetles, flies, and whatever else it can catch. Tiger beetle larvae pop from their burrow like a mini jack-in-the-box to nab invertebrate passersby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-head-shot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43441\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43441\" title=\"beetle head shot\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-head-shot-440x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"440\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prey caught in the beetle’s powerful, sickle-shaped toothy jaws have little chance of escaping. (Image: Maycee Hash)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse’s endangered study subject, discovered in 1987, now lives in just five isolated grassland parcels in Santa Cruz County. Though Cornelisse, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, sees nothing but beauty in the “gorgeous\" little iridescent green beetle, it’s not likely to make the cover of \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> anytime soon. And then there’s the human problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor recreation is a leading cause of declines in endangered and threatened species on public lands. When Cornelisse started studying the tiger beetle, hikers and mountain bikers were viewed as their biggest threat, especially after a \u003ca href=\"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/04.24.02/beetles-0217.html\">2002 news story\u003c/a> blamed bikers for making mincemeat out of the endangered arthropods as they blasted down trails in sensitive beetle habitat. As a result, trails were closed to protect the beetles, pitting humans against endangered species once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiger beetles love disturbed landscapes, once a major feature of their coastal prairie habitat thanks to now extinct vegetation-trampling woolly mammoths, elk, and other ungulates, and to seasonal fires managed by Native Americans. The loss of grazers and the spread of invasive species means beetles increasingly struggle to find the bare ground they need to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cornelisse sees a potential path toward tiger beetle recovery with help from some unlikely allies. Recreational trails appear to be replacing habitat lost to invasive grasses. And that means the species’ greatest hope of survival may rest with the very people who accidentally squash individuals on trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, trail closures lasted only a few years after anecdotal reports that spreading vegetation had reclaimed coveted bare-ground habitat. Since beetles appear to depend on recreational trails to hunt and find mates, Cornelisse is trying to figure out how to keep trails open while reducing beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, she worked with Watsonville high school science teacher Bill Callahan to interview hikers and bikers alongside trails. She wanted to know if people would change their habits if they knew that doing so would benefit an endangered insect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/ohlonetigerbeetle-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43451\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43451\" title=\"ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS_-449x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"449\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohlone tiger beetles need bare ground to hunt, find mates, and regulate their body temperature. Recreational trails may help replace habitat lost to invasive grasses and the absence of natural landscape disturbance and fires--as long as bikers follow posted rules aimed at reducing beetle casualties. (Image: US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using cookies and water to lure folks away from their recreational activities long enough for the survey, Cornelisse and Callahan asked them a set of questions to determine their knowledge of the beetle and recreational impacts, and whether they valued its conservation and would comply with management strategies to conserve habitat and reduce beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strategies include slowing down, dismounting and walking, avoiding closed trails, using alternate routes, and helping to make new trails in grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse discovered, as social science theory predicts, that education can affect attitudes and ultimately behavior. And people were delighted when they learned that their actions can have positive impacts on an endangered species, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cyclists fly through tiger beetle territory at high speeds, the insects in turn fly off to nearby tall grasses, wasting precious energy needed to hunt and maintain body temperature. Bikers can cut their negative impacts in half simply by slowing down to speeds of 5 to 7 miles an hour in beetle habitat, Cornelisse’s research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because younger respondents tended not to know about the beetle, and those aware of the beetle and its plight were more likely to comply with conservation strategies, Cornelisse thinks educational outreach programs should target younger hikers and bikers, particularly high school mountain biking groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she hopes nature lovers beyond Santa Cruz County who haven’t heard of the beautiful little predator might consider lending a hand to create more beetle-friendly trails. It’s not every day mountain bikers—sometimes referred to as “wheeled locusts”—get a chance to show they respect and value public lands just as much as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, depends on disturbed landscapes to hunt and breed. Migrating woolly mammoths and more recently grazing elk helped maintain that habitat. Recreational trails might prove a good replacement--as long as mountain bikers follow rules to reduce beetle casualties.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830611,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge | KQED","description":"The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, depends on disturbed landscapes to hunt and breed. Migrating woolly mammoths and more recently grazing elk helped maintain that habitat. Recreational trails might prove a good replacement--as long as mountain bikers follow rules to reduce beetle casualties.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"43418 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43418","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/","disqusTitle":"Braking for Beetles: When Recreation and Conservation Converge","path":"/quest/43418/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-approaching-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43424\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43424\" title=\"Ohlone tiger beetle \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-approaching.carousel-640x358.jpg\" alt=\"Ohlone tiger beetle\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The endangered Ohlone tiger beetle, found only in Santa Cruz County, sports a forbidding set of mandibles, befitting this top insect predator. (Image: Tara Cornelisse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wildlife biologists joke that they chose biology because they liked animals more than people, but now spend more time dealing with humans than wildlife. As biodiversity loss proceeds at an unprecedented rate—25% of all mammals alone are at risk of extinction—it’s not surprising that biologists increasingly focus on finding ways to protect what’s left. And protection strategies inevitably involve managing human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf experts typically spend a disproportionate chunk of their time trying to convince people why taking even minor steps to coexist with carnivores—like mounting \u003ca href=\"http://sciencetrio.wordpress.com/2011/04/05/electrifying-deterrents-wolves-and-fladry/\">fladry\u003c/a> (usually red flags attached to twine) along fences or placing livestock inside at night to thwart opportunistic predation—can benefit both wolves and humans. Lion biologists do much the same, while also reassuring anxious park visitors that lions really would prefer to make a meal of deer over people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have one thing in their favor when doing public outreach for such charismatic carnivores. If people don’t have time to learn the ecological benefits of keeping lions and wolves on the landscape, they can easily appreciate the aesthetic value of having them around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a bit tougher for biologists like Tara Cornelisse to count on \u003ca href=\"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/#EnvAesEnv\">conservation aesthetics\u003c/a> when making her case to protect another fearsome carnivore: \u003ca href=\"http://www.santacruzpl.org/endangered/species/16/\">the Ohlone tiger beetle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An ambush predator like its namesake, the tiger beetle relies on agility and keen eyesight to find, stalk, and pounce on potential prey, which includes ants, spiders, smaller beetles, flies, and whatever else it can catch. Tiger beetle larvae pop from their burrow like a mini jack-in-the-box to nab invertebrate passersby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/beetle-head-shot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43441\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43441\" title=\"beetle head shot\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/beetle-head-shot-440x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"440\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prey caught in the beetle’s powerful, sickle-shaped toothy jaws have little chance of escaping. (Image: Maycee Hash)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse’s endangered study subject, discovered in 1987, now lives in just five isolated grassland parcels in Santa Cruz County. Though Cornelisse, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, sees nothing but beauty in the “gorgeous\" little iridescent green beetle, it’s not likely to make the cover of \u003cem>National Geographic\u003c/em> anytime soon. And then there’s the human problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor recreation is a leading cause of declines in endangered and threatened species on public lands. When Cornelisse started studying the tiger beetle, hikers and mountain bikers were viewed as their biggest threat, especially after a \u003ca href=\"http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/04.24.02/beetles-0217.html\">2002 news story\u003c/a> blamed bikers for making mincemeat out of the endangered arthropods as they blasted down trails in sensitive beetle habitat. As a result, trails were closed to protect the beetles, pitting humans against endangered species once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiger beetles love disturbed landscapes, once a major feature of their coastal prairie habitat thanks to now extinct vegetation-trampling woolly mammoths, elk, and other ungulates, and to seasonal fires managed by Native Americans. The loss of grazers and the spread of invasive species means beetles increasingly struggle to find the bare ground they need to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cornelisse sees a potential path toward tiger beetle recovery with help from some unlikely allies. Recreational trails appear to be replacing habitat lost to invasive grasses. And that means the species’ greatest hope of survival may rest with the very people who accidentally squash individuals on trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, trail closures lasted only a few years after anecdotal reports that spreading vegetation had reclaimed coveted bare-ground habitat. Since beetles appear to depend on recreational trails to hunt and find mates, Cornelisse is trying to figure out how to keep trails open while reducing beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toward that end, she worked with Watsonville high school science teacher Bill Callahan to interview hikers and bikers alongside trails. She wanted to know if people would change their habits if they knew that doing so would benefit an endangered insect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 449px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/05/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge/ohlonetigerbeetle-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43451\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-43451\" title=\"ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ohlonetigerbeetle.FWS_-449x360.jpg\" alt=\"ohlone tiger beetle \" width=\"449\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ohlone tiger beetles need bare ground to hunt, find mates, and regulate their body temperature. Recreational trails may help replace habitat lost to invasive grasses and the absence of natural landscape disturbance and fires--as long as bikers follow posted rules aimed at reducing beetle casualties. (Image: US Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Using cookies and water to lure folks away from their recreational activities long enough for the survey, Cornelisse and Callahan asked them a set of questions to determine their knowledge of the beetle and recreational impacts, and whether they valued its conservation and would comply with management strategies to conserve habitat and reduce beetle mortality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strategies include slowing down, dismounting and walking, avoiding closed trails, using alternate routes, and helping to make new trails in grasslands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornelisse discovered, as social science theory predicts, that education can affect attitudes and ultimately behavior. And people were delighted when they learned that their actions can have positive impacts on an endangered species, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cyclists fly through tiger beetle territory at high speeds, the insects in turn fly off to nearby tall grasses, wasting precious energy needed to hunt and maintain body temperature. Bikers can cut their negative impacts in half simply by slowing down to speeds of 5 to 7 miles an hour in beetle habitat, Cornelisse’s research shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because younger respondents tended not to know about the beetle, and those aware of the beetle and its plight were more likely to comply with conservation strategies, Cornelisse thinks educational outreach programs should target younger hikers and bikers, particularly high school mountain biking groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she hopes nature lovers beyond Santa Cruz County who haven’t heard of the beautiful little predator might consider lending a hand to create more beetle-friendly trails. It’s not every day mountain bikers—sometimes referred to as “wheeled locusts”—get a chance to show they respect and value public lands just as much as the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43418/braking-for-beetles-when-recreation-and-conservation-converge","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_11413","quest_326","quest_10936","quest_3529","quest_980","quest_1472","quest_11412","quest_13","quest_2507","quest_3808"],"featImg":"quest_43424","label":"quest"},"quest_41340":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_41340","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"41340","score":null,"sort":[1343228422000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation","title":"Picturing Biodiversity: Cultivating an Eye for Conservation","publishDate":1343228422,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 383px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/heermanns-gull-larus-heermanni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41354\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41354\" title=\"Heermann`s Gull, Larus heermanni\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.herrman.carousel.GES020927_640pixels-383x253.jpg\" alt=\"heerman's gull\" width=\"383\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ninety percent of the Heermann`s gull (Larus heermanni) population lives on Isla Rasa in the Gulf of California. The biggest threat to its survival is the yellow-footed gull, which feeds on its eggs and chicks. (Photo: © Hans Christoph Kappel /naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Sierra Club’s David Brower first brought pristine wilderness into the living rooms of armchair hikers in the 1960s with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/library/lists/lists_exhibit.asp\">Exhibit Format series\u003c/a>, conservationists have enlisted the power of photography to argue their cause. From the beginning, the books struck a chord. The Club made $10 million in just nine years from the series. As John McPhee reported in his classic portrait of Brower, \u003cem>Encounters with the Archdruid, \u003c/em> even Brower was “surprised to find that people were willing to pay that much for beauty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brower, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/history/brower.aspx\">who died in 2000\u003c/a>, believed that if you wanted people to support wilderness conservation, you had to show them what it was like. \u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/\">ARKive\u003c/a>, a digital multimedia repository initiative launched in 2003 by the nonprofit charity \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildscreen.org.uk/\">Wildscreen\u003c/a>, applies the same rationale to wildlife conservation with a goal that would have impressed even David Brower: create a multimedia record of all life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using audio, photos, and film, the project brings species iconic and obscure to the public eye, and includes details about habitat, biology, range, threats, and more based on recent research. Their mission--to use the power of wildlife imagery to promote conservation of the world's threatened species--takes on even more urgency, as most scientists agree we've entered the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/07/06/1017352108.full.pdf\">Sixth Great Extinction. \u003c/a> In keeping with their mission, curators started with species most at risk of extinction. Unfortunately, that’s a depressingly long list: close to 20,000 species are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_1_RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf\">Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curators hope their digital archive will help educators, researchers, and anyone who cares about biodiversity raise awareness about the nature and value of conserving threatened plants and animals and the habitat they need to survive. Most any of these materials can be used without restriction in classrooms or at home, though copyright and licensing restrictions limit broader use. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/about/contact.html\">Contact ARKive\u003c/a> for more information.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find a number of species that live in the Bay Area, as well as farther afield in California in the ARKive database. Here’s a brief roundup:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-condor/gymnogyps-californianus/#text=Threats\">\u003cstrong>The California Condor\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/californian-condor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41342\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41342\" title=\"CALIFORNIAN CONDOR\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.condor.GES113713_640pixels.jpg\" alt=\"california condor\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.condor.GES113713_640pixels.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.condor.GES113713_640pixels-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critically endangered Californian condor (Gymnogyps californianus) flies high in Arizona. Researchers worry that North America's largest bird may not recover in the face of ongoing poisoning from eating carcasses killed with lead bullets. (Photo: © John Cancalosi/naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new study released last month found that the recovery of the critically endangered California condor, long thought to be one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/issues/43.10/back-to-the-future\">West’s greatest conservation successes\u003c/a>, may be at far greater risk from lead poisoning than previously thought. North America’s largest bird hovered at extinction’s door in 1982, when just 22 birds survived. As of 2010, the population numbered 400, but ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20934859/new-study-lead-poisoning-condors-at-epidemic-proportions\">poisoning from lead ammunition\u003c/a> raises serious questions about the species’ ability to survive in a landscape strewn with lead-tainted carcasses. As the authors noted in the study, “by any measure, the lead poisoning rates in condors are of epidemic proportions and require substantial effort to mitigate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/western-pond-turtle/actinemys-marmorata/#text=Threats\">\u003cstrong>Western Pond Turtle\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/nrptr-1249-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41377\" title=\"NRPTr-1249\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.pond_.turtle.GES017588_640pixels1.jpg\" alt=\"Western Pond turtle\" width=\"640\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.pond_.turtle.GES017588_640pixels1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.pond_.turtle.GES017588_640pixels1-400x271.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) hatching out of its egg in the Columbia River Gorge, Washington. The species, once collected for the pet trade, now faces the biggest threat from habitat loss. (Photo: © Michael Durham/naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/turtles/pages/a.marmorata.html\">Pacific Pond Turtle\u003c/a>, this medium-sized terrapin can live up to 40 years and ranges from Baja California to Washington State, where it’s listed as endangered. The species is most abundant between southern Oregon and Northern California. As the name implies, these turtles are found in ponds, as well as in rivers, streams, creeks, and marshes. I often see some basking on a log in Tilden’s Jewel Lake. Once poached for the pet trade, turtles now struggle to maintain viable populations in dwindling habitat as agriculture claims their wetlands and diverts water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-tiger-salamander/ambystoma-californiense/image-G36388.html#text=Threats\">\u003cstrong>California Tiger Salamander\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/ark-tiger-salamander-ges036388_640pixels/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41346\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41346\" title=\"ARK.tiger.salamander.GES036388_640pixels\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.tiger_.salamander.GES036388_640pixels.jpg\" alt=\"tiger salamander\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.tiger_.salamander.GES036388_640pixels.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.tiger_.salamander.GES036388_640pixels-400x268.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California tiger salamander, now threatened and endangered in its remaining California habitat, in larval stage in a pond. (Photo: © Doug Wechsler /naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A large, stocky salamander with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.evols.org/california-tiger-salamander\">built-in smile\u003c/a>, the California tiger salamander once lived throughout the San Francisco Peninsula, but now appears restricted to a \u003ca href=\"http://hcp.stanford.edu/salamander.html\">small population on the Stanford University campus.\u003c/a> Distinct populations of the species are listed as threatened in Santa Barbara and Central California and endangered in Sonoma. Juveniles live in vegetation around seasonal pools in savannah and grasslands while adults, not known for their digging skills, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/espp/factsheets/ca-tiger-salamander.pdf\">take advantage of burrows\u003c/a> excavated by ground squirrels and the Bota’s pocket gopher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-horn-shark/heterodontus-francisci/image-G56063.html#text=Status\">\u003cstrong>California Horn Shark\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41349\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41349\" title=\"HORN SHARK\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels.jpg\" alt=\"horn shark\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California hornshark ({Heterodontus francisci}, known as a \"sluggish species\" has pronounced ridges above its eyes and an unusual snout. This hornshark rests on a sandy seabed in the Channel Islands, California. (Photo: © Jeff Rotman/naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This slow-moving, cave-loving shark lives among rocky reefs and kelp forests off the shore of California, from Monterey south to Baja. Some say its \u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-horn-shark/heterodontus-francisci/image-G51306.html#text=Range\">oddly shaped muzzle\u003c/a> looks like a pig’s snout (my husband thinks it looks like Cecil the Sea-Sick Sea Serpent) but I think it looks more like a deformed cow’s nose. Horn sharks aren’t targeted by commercial fisheries but can end up in nets as \u003ca href=\"http://marinebio.org/oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries.asp\">incidental bycatch\u003c/a>. Not enough data exists for the IUCN to evaluate their conservation status.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Environmentalists have long relied on spectacular photography to show people why wilderness is worth preserving. The nonprofit ARKive builds on that tradition, using the power of wildlife imagery, from photos to film, to promote conservation of the world's threatened species, now approaching 17,000 plants and animals, based on the latest IUCN estimates. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366753543,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":951},"headData":{"title":"Picturing Biodiversity: Cultivating an Eye for Conservation | KQED","description":"Environmentalists have long relied on spectacular photography to show people why wilderness is worth preserving. The nonprofit ARKive builds on that tradition, using the power of wildlife imagery, from photos to film, to promote conservation of the world's threatened species, now approaching 17,000 plants and animals, based on the latest IUCN estimates. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"41340 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=41340","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/","disqusTitle":"Picturing Biodiversity: Cultivating an Eye for Conservation","path":"/quest/41340/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 383px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/heermanns-gull-larus-heermanni/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41354\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-41354\" title=\"Heermann`s Gull, Larus heermanni\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.herrman.carousel.GES020927_640pixels-383x253.jpg\" alt=\"heerman's gull\" width=\"383\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ninety percent of the Heermann`s gull (Larus heermanni) population lives on Isla Rasa in the Gulf of California. The biggest threat to its survival is the yellow-footed gull, which feeds on its eggs and chicks. (Photo: © Hans Christoph Kappel /naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ever since the Sierra Club’s David Brower first brought pristine wilderness into the living rooms of armchair hikers in the 1960s with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/library/lists/lists_exhibit.asp\">Exhibit Format series\u003c/a>, conservationists have enlisted the power of photography to argue their cause. From the beginning, the books struck a chord. The Club made $10 million in just nine years from the series. As John McPhee reported in his classic portrait of Brower, \u003cem>Encounters with the Archdruid, \u003c/em> even Brower was “surprised to find that people were willing to pay that much for beauty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brower, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/history/brower.aspx\">who died in 2000\u003c/a>, believed that if you wanted people to support wilderness conservation, you had to show them what it was like. \u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/\">ARKive\u003c/a>, a digital multimedia repository initiative launched in 2003 by the nonprofit charity \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildscreen.org.uk/\">Wildscreen\u003c/a>, applies the same rationale to wildlife conservation with a goal that would have impressed even David Brower: create a multimedia record of all life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using audio, photos, and film, the project brings species iconic and obscure to the public eye, and includes details about habitat, biology, range, threats, and more based on recent research. Their mission--to use the power of wildlife imagery to promote conservation of the world's threatened species--takes on even more urgency, as most scientists agree we've entered the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/07/06/1017352108.full.pdf\">Sixth Great Extinction. \u003c/a> In keeping with their mission, curators started with species most at risk of extinction. Unfortunately, that’s a depressingly long list: close to 20,000 species are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_1_RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf\">Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curators hope their digital archive will help educators, researchers, and anyone who cares about biodiversity raise awareness about the nature and value of conserving threatened plants and animals and the habitat they need to survive. Most any of these materials can be used without restriction in classrooms or at home, though copyright and licensing restrictions limit broader use. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/about/contact.html\">Contact ARKive\u003c/a> for more information.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can find a number of species that live in the Bay Area, as well as farther afield in California in the ARKive database. Here’s a brief roundup:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-condor/gymnogyps-californianus/#text=Threats\">\u003cstrong>The California Condor\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/californian-condor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41342\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41342\" title=\"CALIFORNIAN CONDOR\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.condor.GES113713_640pixels.jpg\" alt=\"california condor\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.condor.GES113713_640pixels.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.condor.GES113713_640pixels-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critically endangered Californian condor (Gymnogyps californianus) flies high in Arizona. Researchers worry that North America's largest bird may not recover in the face of ongoing poisoning from eating carcasses killed with lead bullets. (Photo: © John Cancalosi/naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new study released last month found that the recovery of the critically endangered California condor, long thought to be one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcn.org/issues/43.10/back-to-the-future\">West’s greatest conservation successes\u003c/a>, may be at far greater risk from lead poisoning than previously thought. North America’s largest bird hovered at extinction’s door in 1982, when just 22 birds survived. As of 2010, the population numbered 400, but ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20934859/new-study-lead-poisoning-condors-at-epidemic-proportions\">poisoning from lead ammunition\u003c/a> raises serious questions about the species’ ability to survive in a landscape strewn with lead-tainted carcasses. As the authors noted in the study, “by any measure, the lead poisoning rates in condors are of epidemic proportions and require substantial effort to mitigate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/western-pond-turtle/actinemys-marmorata/#text=Threats\">\u003cstrong>Western Pond Turtle\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/nrptr-1249-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41377\" title=\"NRPTr-1249\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.pond_.turtle.GES017588_640pixels1.jpg\" alt=\"Western Pond turtle\" width=\"640\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.pond_.turtle.GES017588_640pixels1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.pond_.turtle.GES017588_640pixels1-400x271.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) hatching out of its egg in the Columbia River Gorge, Washington. The species, once collected for the pet trade, now faces the biggest threat from habitat loss. (Photo: © Michael Durham/naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Also known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/turtles/pages/a.marmorata.html\">Pacific Pond Turtle\u003c/a>, this medium-sized terrapin can live up to 40 years and ranges from Baja California to Washington State, where it’s listed as endangered. The species is most abundant between southern Oregon and Northern California. As the name implies, these turtles are found in ponds, as well as in rivers, streams, creeks, and marshes. I often see some basking on a log in Tilden’s Jewel Lake. Once poached for the pet trade, turtles now struggle to maintain viable populations in dwindling habitat as agriculture claims their wetlands and diverts water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-tiger-salamander/ambystoma-californiense/image-G36388.html#text=Threats\">\u003cstrong>California Tiger Salamander\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41346\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/25/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation/ark-tiger-salamander-ges036388_640pixels/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-41346\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41346\" title=\"ARK.tiger.salamander.GES036388_640pixels\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.tiger_.salamander.GES036388_640pixels.jpg\" alt=\"tiger salamander\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.tiger_.salamander.GES036388_640pixels.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.tiger_.salamander.GES036388_640pixels-400x268.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A California tiger salamander, now threatened and endangered in its remaining California habitat, in larval stage in a pond. (Photo: © Doug Wechsler /naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A large, stocky salamander with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.evols.org/california-tiger-salamander\">built-in smile\u003c/a>, the California tiger salamander once lived throughout the San Francisco Peninsula, but now appears restricted to a \u003ca href=\"http://hcp.stanford.edu/salamander.html\">small population on the Stanford University campus.\u003c/a> Distinct populations of the species are listed as threatened in Santa Barbara and Central California and endangered in Sonoma. Juveniles live in vegetation around seasonal pools in savannah and grasslands while adults, not known for their digging skills, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/espp/factsheets/ca-tiger-salamander.pdf\">take advantage of burrows\u003c/a> excavated by ground squirrels and the Bota’s pocket gopher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-horn-shark/heterodontus-francisci/image-G56063.html#text=Status\">\u003cstrong>California Horn Shark\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41349\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41349\" title=\"HORN SHARK\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels.jpg\" alt=\"horn shark\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/ARK.hornshark.GES055631_640pixels-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California hornshark ({Heterodontus francisci}, known as a \"sluggish species\" has pronounced ridges above its eyes and an unusual snout. This hornshark rests on a sandy seabed in the Channel Islands, California. (Photo: © Jeff Rotman/naturepl.com)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This slow-moving, cave-loving shark lives among rocky reefs and kelp forests off the shore of California, from Monterey south to Baja. Some say its \u003ca href=\"http://www.arkive.org/california-horn-shark/heterodontus-francisci/image-G51306.html#text=Range\">oddly shaped muzzle\u003c/a> looks like a pig’s snout (my husband thinks it looks like Cecil the Sea-Sick Sea Serpent) but I think it looks more like a deformed cow’s nose. Horn sharks aren’t targeted by commercial fisheries but can end up in nets as \u003ca href=\"http://marinebio.org/oceans/conservation/sustainable-fisheries.asp\">incidental bycatch\u003c/a>. Not enough data exists for the IUCN to evaluate their conservation status.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/41340/picturing-biodiversity-cultivating-an-eye-for-conservation","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_442","quest_11314","quest_11316","quest_10936","quest_921","quest_11277","quest_1049","quest_11315","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_41354","label":"quest"},"quest_40681":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_40681","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"40681","score":null,"sort":[1342018854000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets","title":"Tracking Big Cats to Learn Their Secrets","publishDate":1342018854,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40683\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/bobcat-catscapes-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40683\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/bobcat-catscapes.carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bobcat in marin\" title=\"bobcat catscapes.carousel\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bobcat was captured by a motion-sensitive camera in Marin County. (Photo: Felidae Conservation Fund)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re a bobcat resting on a warm rock when suddenly you hear voices, then spy a horde of humans heading your way. You might bolt toward a steep, rocky ledge to monitor the intruders from a safe distance, or slink into the nearest thicket to hide from prying eyes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the world through the eyes of a wild carnivore, the province of expert trackers, takes training and patience. Reading the landscape for evidence of animals once helped our ancestors survive by distinguishing signs that could lead to a meal from those that could prove fatal. Now, the skill is increasingly enlisted to help wildlife survive in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trackers infer the presence, behavior and interactions of animals by piecing together clues in the form of footprints, trails, beds, scrapes, hair, scat and other visible traces known as spoor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent Saturday morning, I rose early to take a crash course on spoor detection from local trackers John Brossard and Scott Davidson. We met along a ridge in Marin County overlooking Stinson Beach, along with 13 other mostly local hardy souls willing to brave the swirling, dense morning fog that stubbornly shrouds the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since March, Brossard and Davidson have led similar outings for \u003ca href=\"http://catscapes.com/\">Catscapes\u003c/a>, sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.felidaefund.org/\">Felidae Conservation Fund. \u003c/a>“The focus of the classes is to increase awareness of the cats’ ecology and presence, and to cultivate empathy for them,” Brossard tells us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He invites us to use all our senses to assess the living landscape, listen for avian alarm calls, watch for signs of prey activity, and note where vegetation might provide cover for prey or predator. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobcats, like mountain lions, are opportunistic ambush predators. They take cover, waiting patiently for their favorite food to appear—deer, in the case of lions, rabbits and rodents for bobcats (though they’ll settle for raccoons, turkeys, really anything within reason).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scanning the steep hillside just east of the trail where our group stops for instructions, I notice triangular tufts of grass emerging from the hillside. Could be rodent residences. Just to the left of the tufts, a long run stretches from the base of the hill to its crest. If I were a bobcat, that’s where I’d settle in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40682\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/elbroch_bobcattracks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40682\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Elbroch_BobcatTracks-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"bobcat tracks \" title=\"Elbroch_BobcatTracks\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two front paws of a bobcat. Bobcats, like lions, tend to move slowly and stealthily, often pausing to look for prey, taking care not to betray their presence. (Photo: Courtesy Mark Elbroch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen lots and lots of signs of bobcats,” Davidson says. “They didn’t disappear. They’re resting in bushes somewhere with good cover. Listen to the birds. They might have something to say about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the birds are telling me something, I don’t know what it is. I start scaling the steep hillside, slipping on the parched golden grasses to reach the tufted rises. Sure enough, the tufts cover little dugouts, carved out of the dirt. Could be burrows for voles, pocket gophers or ground squirrels. I head toward the run skirting Rodent Central, looking for footprints and scat, but see nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearing the crest of the hill, I spot a well-worn run ringing a dense stand of firs and large boulders, which cats big and small use for cover. At the top of the hill, I see a rather large scat on top of a rock. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, though scat is easy to spot, it’s notoriously difficult to tell who left it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence-Based Tracking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEcologist and master tracker Mark Elbroch says \"there's nothing esoteric\" about what he does. \"It's really just looking for signs that betray the passage of an animal. And knowing where to look.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's looked at scat “for years and years and years,” and still comes across specimens he just can’t identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/516/#sec8\">2011 population survey\u003c/a> of snow leopards in Nepal, genetic analysis showed that 52 of 71 scats identified as snow leopard in the field came from another carnivore (probably fox, dog, wolf, or lynx), even though the highly trained field team followed an exacting protocol. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly every project that relies on scat to study the diet of felids ends up mixing felid and canid scat, says Elbroch, who’s studied lions in California, Colorado, Patagonia, and now, as leader of the Teton Cougar Project, in Wyoming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet some general rules apply, he says. Bobcats and coyotes both mark trails, so you’ll likely encounter them on a hiking trail, deer run, or along a ridge path. But mountain lions almost always hide their scat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After killing a deer, mountain lions drag it into cover, if they can, and usually cache it or cover it with debris, Elbroch explains. And they’ll form a latrine close by, from 15 feet to a quarter mile away, where they’ll defecate time and again over the course of feeding on the carcass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40689\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 273px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/elbroch_lionscrape/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Elbroch_LionScrape-273x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lion scrape in Patagonia\" title=\"Elbroch_LionScrape\" width=\"273\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-40689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lions leave deep impressions in dirt made with their hind feet to mark their territory or signal their presence to females and other males. Multiple lions may use the scrape site like a community bulletin board. Juan Carlos Bravo sits next to a scrape in Patagonia. (Photo: Courtesy Mark Elbroch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Elbroch looks for lions, he relies more on footprints and scrapes, depressions made with the hind feet, than on scat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions use scrapes as community bulletin boards, Elbroch says, a behavior documented on video cameras. “You’ll see females coming in to check the males. They smell the site and start yowling, going into heat.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chris Wilmers has great footage of a male coming in and scraping, another male coming in, smelling the scrape, then walking through, then a female coming in and smelling the scrape.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since all the lions are collared, Wilmers, a UC Santa Cruz biologist who leads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a>, could tell that the female and male in the footage spent three days together—typical for a romantic interlude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Spoils\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThanks to video cameras and advances in GPS technology, the hidden life of mountain lions is slowly emerging. In a recent study from his work in Patagonia, at the southern tip of South America, \u003ca href=\"http://www.switzernetwork.org/news/featured-fellows/mark-elbroch-teton-cougar-project-ecological-role-pumas\">Elbroch used GPS collars to show that lions help feed their neighbors\u003c/a>. Often, the big cats lose their hard-earned meals to other hungry animals. In California, a black bear may scare a cat off a carcass. In Patagonia, Elbroch found, lions supplied more than 500 pounds of meat per 38 square miles to a diverse community of scavengers, including the increasingly rare Andean condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cougar kills something in the open then retreats to cover, because it doesn’t want to sit in the middle of a big grassland all day,” he explains. “But it doesn’t go back, because it knows it’s already gone.” The Andean condor, cousin to the California condor, makes fast work of the remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means lions have to kill more prey to avoid starvation. It also means lions function as a wilderness grocer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elbroch's videos show everything from weasels and martins to foxes, coyotes, and wolves to grizzlies and black bears feeding on a kill. “And the insect life on top of carcasses is crazy. That draws in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wyoming, he adds, “we got this amazing footage of a flycatcher sitting above the kill and just zipping down in little dives right over the carcass, just cleaning up on all the flies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Humans Aren’t on the Menu\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSpecialist hunters, lions focus on large ungulates like deer and elk, which provide enough meat to offset the energy spent hunting, even with all the food lost to scavengers. Lions, as every expert will tell you, prefer to avoid humans. So how to explain the recent attack on a 63-year-old Marin County man camping near Nevada City?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well it’s total speculation,” Elbroch says. “It happens so rarely, the sample size is so low, it’s hard even to guess.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the first thing Elbroch wondered was whether the lion was attracted by a wheezing snore, which can sound like a dying animal. “Cats don’t just walk up to people and bite them. But if they were to walk by and hear rustling movement and this weird snoring wheeze, you bet they’re going to come up and check it out. They are \u003cem>incredibly\u003c/em> curious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Elbroch uses tapes of whining foxes or rabbits—whines being universal signs of distress—to attract lions to pit snares, so he can outfit them with a GPS collar or check on them during a study. “It's the easiest way to pull in a lion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two lion attacks in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park near San Diego in the 1990s, researchers got funding to study the behavior of 10 collared lions who used the park. Even as the number of people using the park increased, with close to 600,000 visitors in 2002, cats and humans rarely had occasion to meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40686\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/elbroch_cougartrack_mytrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40686\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Elbroch_Cougartrack_mytrack-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cougar track\" title=\"Elbroch_Cougartrack_mytrack\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-40686\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracks of an adult female lion, taken in Los Padres National Forest, California, next to Mark Elbroch's footprint. (Photo: Courtesy Mark Elbroch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"They're sleeping right next to the trail, and using the trail all the time, but generally at night,” Elbroch says. “The lights go out, the lions start using the trail. The lights come on in the morning, the lions just walk 50 to 100 feet off the trail and lie down for the day. Horses and people go by them all day, every day. And there’s never an encounter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lions, like wolves, play beneficial, essential roles in maintaining healthy ecosystems, Elbroch says. “We shouldn’t just consider them vermin or competition or threats to our children and livestock, which is how we looked at wolves forever. Now people are starting to talk about the ecological benefits of wolves. It would be great to get there for mountain lions, too.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help Bay Area residents appreciate these benefits, the Felidae Conservation Fund has outfitted the hills we’re exploring with motion-sensitive cameras. The “camera traps” don’t just produce compelling images of wildlife, they collect data, preparing for the day when the Bay Area Puma Project reaches Marin. (The \u003ca href=\"http://catscapes.com/\">next Catscapes outing\u003c/a> is Saturday, July 21.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before heading back down the hill to rejoin the group, I take a quick detour to see what lies beyond a nearby ridge. When cats hunt, they often travel just below the ridgeline, out of sight, but close enough to pop up and peer over into the next drainage, looking for deer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I pop up over the ridge, I see houses about a mile or so below. Just a few minutes before, I imagined every snapping twig, every moaning breeze to be a lion in the brush. Now, looking down on the populated shore, I realize how little space we’ve left these wide-ranging cats—and wonder how they’ve managed to survive.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Learning to see the landscape through the eyes of a wild carnivore helps Bay Area residents appreciate the essential ecological roles bobcats, mountain lions, and other predators play in ecosystems. New research shows that lion leftovers feed a surprising diversity of other species.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1342628967,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1915},"headData":{"title":"Tracking Big Cats to Learn Their Secrets | KQED","description":"Learning to see the landscape through the eyes of a wild carnivore helps Bay Area residents appreciate the essential ecological roles bobcats, mountain lions, and other predators play in ecosystems. New research shows that lion leftovers feed a surprising diversity of other species.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"40681 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=40681","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/","disqusTitle":"Tracking Big Cats to Learn Their Secrets","path":"/quest/40681/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40683\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/bobcat-catscapes-carousel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40683\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/bobcat-catscapes.carousel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"bobcat in marin\" title=\"bobcat catscapes.carousel\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bobcat was captured by a motion-sensitive camera in Marin County. (Photo: Felidae Conservation Fund)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re a bobcat resting on a warm rock when suddenly you hear voices, then spy a horde of humans heading your way. You might bolt toward a steep, rocky ledge to monitor the intruders from a safe distance, or slink into the nearest thicket to hide from prying eyes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the world through the eyes of a wild carnivore, the province of expert trackers, takes training and patience. Reading the landscape for evidence of animals once helped our ancestors survive by distinguishing signs that could lead to a meal from those that could prove fatal. Now, the skill is increasingly enlisted to help wildlife survive in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trackers infer the presence, behavior and interactions of animals by piecing together clues in the form of footprints, trails, beds, scrapes, hair, scat and other visible traces known as spoor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent Saturday morning, I rose early to take a crash course on spoor detection from local trackers John Brossard and Scott Davidson. We met along a ridge in Marin County overlooking Stinson Beach, along with 13 other mostly local hardy souls willing to brave the swirling, dense morning fog that stubbornly shrouds the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since March, Brossard and Davidson have led similar outings for \u003ca href=\"http://catscapes.com/\">Catscapes\u003c/a>, sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.felidaefund.org/\">Felidae Conservation Fund. \u003c/a>“The focus of the classes is to increase awareness of the cats’ ecology and presence, and to cultivate empathy for them,” Brossard tells us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He invites us to use all our senses to assess the living landscape, listen for avian alarm calls, watch for signs of prey activity, and note where vegetation might provide cover for prey or predator. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobcats, like mountain lions, are opportunistic ambush predators. They take cover, waiting patiently for their favorite food to appear—deer, in the case of lions, rabbits and rodents for bobcats (though they’ll settle for raccoons, turkeys, really anything within reason).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scanning the steep hillside just east of the trail where our group stops for instructions, I notice triangular tufts of grass emerging from the hillside. Could be rodent residences. Just to the left of the tufts, a long run stretches from the base of the hill to its crest. If I were a bobcat, that’s where I’d settle in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40682\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/elbroch_bobcattracks/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40682\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Elbroch_BobcatTracks-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"bobcat tracks \" title=\"Elbroch_BobcatTracks\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-40682\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two front paws of a bobcat. Bobcats, like lions, tend to move slowly and stealthily, often pausing to look for prey, taking care not to betray their presence. (Photo: Courtesy Mark Elbroch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’ve seen lots and lots of signs of bobcats,” Davidson says. “They didn’t disappear. They’re resting in bushes somewhere with good cover. Listen to the birds. They might have something to say about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the birds are telling me something, I don’t know what it is. I start scaling the steep hillside, slipping on the parched golden grasses to reach the tufted rises. Sure enough, the tufts cover little dugouts, carved out of the dirt. Could be burrows for voles, pocket gophers or ground squirrels. I head toward the run skirting Rodent Central, looking for footprints and scat, but see nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearing the crest of the hill, I spot a well-worn run ringing a dense stand of firs and large boulders, which cats big and small use for cover. At the top of the hill, I see a rather large scat on top of a rock. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, though scat is easy to spot, it’s notoriously difficult to tell who left it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence-Based Tracking\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEcologist and master tracker Mark Elbroch says \"there's nothing esoteric\" about what he does. \"It's really just looking for signs that betray the passage of an animal. And knowing where to look.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's looked at scat “for years and years and years,” and still comes across specimens he just can’t identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/4/516/#sec8\">2011 population survey\u003c/a> of snow leopards in Nepal, genetic analysis showed that 52 of 71 scats identified as snow leopard in the field came from another carnivore (probably fox, dog, wolf, or lynx), even though the highly trained field team followed an exacting protocol. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly every project that relies on scat to study the diet of felids ends up mixing felid and canid scat, says Elbroch, who’s studied lions in California, Colorado, Patagonia, and now, as leader of the Teton Cougar Project, in Wyoming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet some general rules apply, he says. Bobcats and coyotes both mark trails, so you’ll likely encounter them on a hiking trail, deer run, or along a ridge path. But mountain lions almost always hide their scat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After killing a deer, mountain lions drag it into cover, if they can, and usually cache it or cover it with debris, Elbroch explains. And they’ll form a latrine close by, from 15 feet to a quarter mile away, where they’ll defecate time and again over the course of feeding on the carcass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40689\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 273px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/elbroch_lionscrape/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40689\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Elbroch_LionScrape-273x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lion scrape in Patagonia\" title=\"Elbroch_LionScrape\" width=\"273\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-40689\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lions leave deep impressions in dirt made with their hind feet to mark their territory or signal their presence to females and other males. Multiple lions may use the scrape site like a community bulletin board. Juan Carlos Bravo sits next to a scrape in Patagonia. (Photo: Courtesy Mark Elbroch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When Elbroch looks for lions, he relies more on footprints and scrapes, depressions made with the hind feet, than on scat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions use scrapes as community bulletin boards, Elbroch says, a behavior documented on video cameras. “You’ll see females coming in to check the males. They smell the site and start yowling, going into heat.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chris Wilmers has great footage of a male coming in and scraping, another male coming in, smelling the scrape, then walking through, then a female coming in and smelling the scrape.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since all the lions are collared, Wilmers, a UC Santa Cruz biologist who leads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a>, could tell that the female and male in the footage spent three days together—typical for a romantic interlude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Spoils\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThanks to video cameras and advances in GPS technology, the hidden life of mountain lions is slowly emerging. In a recent study from his work in Patagonia, at the southern tip of South America, \u003ca href=\"http://www.switzernetwork.org/news/featured-fellows/mark-elbroch-teton-cougar-project-ecological-role-pumas\">Elbroch used GPS collars to show that lions help feed their neighbors\u003c/a>. Often, the big cats lose their hard-earned meals to other hungry animals. In California, a black bear may scare a cat off a carcass. In Patagonia, Elbroch found, lions supplied more than 500 pounds of meat per 38 square miles to a diverse community of scavengers, including the increasingly rare Andean condor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cougar kills something in the open then retreats to cover, because it doesn’t want to sit in the middle of a big grassland all day,” he explains. “But it doesn’t go back, because it knows it’s already gone.” The Andean condor, cousin to the California condor, makes fast work of the remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means lions have to kill more prey to avoid starvation. It also means lions function as a wilderness grocer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elbroch's videos show everything from weasels and martins to foxes, coyotes, and wolves to grizzlies and black bears feeding on a kill. “And the insect life on top of carcasses is crazy. That draws in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Wyoming, he adds, “we got this amazing footage of a flycatcher sitting above the kill and just zipping down in little dives right over the carcass, just cleaning up on all the flies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Humans Aren’t on the Menu\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSpecialist hunters, lions focus on large ungulates like deer and elk, which provide enough meat to offset the energy spent hunting, even with all the food lost to scavengers. Lions, as every expert will tell you, prefer to avoid humans. So how to explain the recent attack on a 63-year-old Marin County man camping near Nevada City?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well it’s total speculation,” Elbroch says. “It happens so rarely, the sample size is so low, it’s hard even to guess.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the first thing Elbroch wondered was whether the lion was attracted by a wheezing snore, which can sound like a dying animal. “Cats don’t just walk up to people and bite them. But if they were to walk by and hear rustling movement and this weird snoring wheeze, you bet they’re going to come up and check it out. They are \u003cem>incredibly\u003c/em> curious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Elbroch uses tapes of whining foxes or rabbits—whines being universal signs of distress—to attract lions to pit snares, so he can outfit them with a GPS collar or check on them during a study. “It's the easiest way to pull in a lion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two lion attacks in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park near San Diego in the 1990s, researchers got funding to study the behavior of 10 collared lions who used the park. Even as the number of people using the park increased, with close to 600,000 visitors in 2002, cats and humans rarely had occasion to meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40686\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 239px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/11/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets/elbroch_cougartrack_mytrack/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40686\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/Elbroch_Cougartrack_mytrack-239x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cougar track\" title=\"Elbroch_Cougartrack_mytrack\" width=\"239\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-40686\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracks of an adult female lion, taken in Los Padres National Forest, California, next to Mark Elbroch's footprint. (Photo: Courtesy Mark Elbroch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"They're sleeping right next to the trail, and using the trail all the time, but generally at night,” Elbroch says. “The lights go out, the lions start using the trail. The lights come on in the morning, the lions just walk 50 to 100 feet off the trail and lie down for the day. Horses and people go by them all day, every day. And there’s never an encounter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lions, like wolves, play beneficial, essential roles in maintaining healthy ecosystems, Elbroch says. “We shouldn’t just consider them vermin or competition or threats to our children and livestock, which is how we looked at wolves forever. Now people are starting to talk about the ecological benefits of wolves. It would be great to get there for mountain lions, too.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help Bay Area residents appreciate these benefits, the Felidae Conservation Fund has outfitted the hills we’re exploring with motion-sensitive cameras. The “camera traps” don’t just produce compelling images of wildlife, they collect data, preparing for the day when the Bay Area Puma Project reaches Marin. (The \u003ca href=\"http://catscapes.com/\">next Catscapes outing\u003c/a> is Saturday, July 21.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before heading back down the hill to rejoin the group, I take a quick detour to see what lies beyond a nearby ridge. When cats hunt, they often travel just below the ridgeline, out of sight, but close enough to pop up and peer over into the next drainage, looking for deer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I pop up over the ridge, I see houses about a mile or so below. Just a few minutes before, I imagined every snapping twig, every moaning breeze to be a lion in the brush. Now, looking down on the populated shore, I realize how little space we’ve left these wide-ranging cats—and wonder how they’ve managed to survive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/40681/tracking-big-cats-to-learn-their-secrets","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_318","quest_11276","quest_11278","quest_10936","quest_13198","quest_11277","quest_1880","quest_13202","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_40683","label":"quest"},"quest_36705":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36705","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36705","score":null,"sort":[1335970850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","title":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","publishDate":1335970850,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366754060,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1189},"headData":{"title":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure | KQED","description":"Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"36705 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36705","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/","disqusTitle":"Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ","path":"/quest/36705/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36705/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_10936","quest_10557","quest_11055","quest_1812","quest_11054","quest_11056","quest_3307","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_36715","label":"quest"},"quest_34410":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34410","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34410","score":null,"sort":[1333523771000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy","title":"Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy","publishDate":1333523771,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/puma640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34463\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34463\" title=\"mountain lion\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/puma6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kyla, a female mountain lion rescued as a kitten afterpoachers killed her mother, now lives at Sonoma CountyWildlife Rescue in Petaluma. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Should the head of an agency charged with regulating California’s natural resources stay on after flaunting his delight in killing one of the state’s most iconic species? That’s the question on many minds since a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4q9FA\">photo surfaced\u003c/a> showing California Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards grinning ear to ear, clutching a massive, lifeless mountain lion against his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the hunt itself was illegal. Hunting mountain lions, or cougars as they’re commonly known, is legal in Idaho, where Richards bagged his trophy, as it is in every other state where they're found—except California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards killed the lion, a 115-pound, three-year-old male, after an eight-hour hound hunt left the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4Elfh\">weary animal stranded\u003c/a>, an easy target, in the tall reaches of a Douglas fir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunt happened on the Flying B Ranch, which charges $6,800 for the privilege. But Richards didn’t pay $6,800. A manager on the ranch told the \u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/H6ywTc\">Associated Press\u003c/a> that the commissioner paid $3,200 to hunt birds. California law bars officials from accepting gifts exceeding $420 in one year, and now Richards faces an ethics complaint, filed with the Fair Political Practices Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting aside the question of how shooting a trapped animal constitutes “sport,” lions are “a specially protected mammal” in California. It’s illegal to “take, injure, possess, transport, import, or sell any mountain lion,” unless you can prove possession on June 6, 1990, the day after voters prohibited lion hunting. That means Richards couldn’t legally bring the carcass back into the state. A moot point, anyway, since he says he ate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of lions in California follows the sorry story of large carnivores across the country. Early (non-indigenous) residents considered predators unacceptable threats to livestock and game and, in 1907, the state hired bounty hunters to exterminate them. There’s no doubt extermination was the goal: Females commanded a higher price. By the time the bounty ended in 1963, more than \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=vpc8\">25,000 lions were dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As public attitudes softened, the state reclassified the lion, first as a non-protected mammal in 1963, and then again as a game animal in 1969. But it wasn’t until the early ’70s, when Napa Democrat John Dunlap, backed by 52 conservation groups and thousands of concerned voters, managed to pass a four-year moratorium on trophy hunting, with the goal of conservation, not killing, in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap’s moratorium was extended until 1986, when then-Gov. Deukmejian vetoed reauthorization, placing lions legally in hunters’ sights once again. But public outcry, followed by legal action, upheld the moratorium, which became permanent in 1990, when voters approved Prop. 117, the California Wildlife Protection Act. (It’s still legal to kill lions considered a threat to life or livestock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last major push to repeal the ban was rejected in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/mountain-lion-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34423\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34423\" title=\"mountain lion FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/mountain-lion-FWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lions are notoriously shy and prefer to avoid humans if possible. (Photo: US FWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, campaigns to reinstate hunting continue, most recently led by farmers and ranchers in San Benito County asserting (\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wwksyA\">without basis\u003c/a>) that a growing lion population places residents and livestock in jeopardy. Wildlife biologists, meanwhile, worry that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wyMP7Q\">humans pose the bigger threat\u003c/a>, by developing prime lion habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s against this backdrop that Richards, a San Bernardino County commercial real estate developer and National Rifle Association life member, traveled to Idaho, killed the young lion, sent his celebratory photo to a hunting web site, and then fired off a defiant \u003ca href=\"http://sd28.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd28.senate.ca.gov/files/02-29-12%20RichardsF&Gltr.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> to California Assemblyman Ben Hueso, one of 40 legislators asking him to resign, essentially telling him to bug off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards then took his case to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kfiam640.com/pages/jk2010.html?article=9839787\">talk radio\u003c/a>, calling his critics “well-funded enviro terrorists” and “lawsuit machines,” singling out the Humane Society as the “primary culprit in this deal.” He charged the society, and environmental groups, with trying “to infiltrate the department” to stifle debate. “Not only do I challenge them on a daily basis,” Richards asserted, “but it’s more insidious than that, because if they can get a toehold in there…they have the long-term handle. We’ve just done some of that with this MLPA process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards was referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPoJhs\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a>, a landmark science-based initiative to conserve ocean life and habitat that some sport fishers view as a threat to jobs and fishing rights. The radio show host said the Legislature would be “pretty sick” to pursue Richards’ ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to prevent that, the NRA and Keep America Fishing urged their members to support their ally in Riverside when the Fish and Game Commission met on March 7. In a press release, Keep America Fishing thanked the commissioner for “being a voice of reason throughout the Marine Life Protection initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"reason,\" they meant Richards’ votes against implementing the MLPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards also voted against renewed efforts to protect California condors from lead ammunition, despite solid \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPytbq\">evidence\u003c/a> that it’s poisoning the critically endangered birds. In 2011 alone, Richards voted against moves to protect several native species, including the black-backed woodpecker, Cedars buckwheat, American pika, and steelhead salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/or11_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34414\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34414\" title=\"OR11_odfw\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/OR11_odfw-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"OR11 ODFW\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR-11, a male pup (born spring 2011) from the Walla Walla pack in Oregon, waking up from anesthesia after being radio-collared on Oct. 25, 2011. (Photo: ODFW )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I won’t guess how he’ll vote on a petition before the commission to list the gray wolf under the California Endangered Species Act, sparked by the appearance of OR-7, the dispersing male from Oregon. Gray wolves receive protection under the federal ESA, except in Idaho (and Montana) after a surprise move by Congress last year. When Idaho’s Fish and Game Commission met in March, its wolf management plan considered five ways to kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, Flying B Ranch offers wolf hunts, which you can learn about on the Idaho commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/HbyQwc\">web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given Richards’ background, his actions shouldn’t be surprising. Officials, says the commission’s web site, have “expertise in various wildlife-related fields,” though it’s unclear how real estate qualifies as a wildlife-related field. But then only one of the five commissioners, all political appointees, has a background in biology. All the rest have careers in business, labor and farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research over the past decade suggests that predators help maintain plant communities by regulating herbivores. Reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s, led to a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/Ha3ebV\">rebound of cottonwoods\u003c/a>, willows and other riparian species by keeping elk numbers down, and provided more habitat for songbirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions, it seems, offer a similar service. A \u003ca href=\"//1.usa.gov/Ha4X0S\">2008 study\u003c/a> showed that after lions disappeared from Yosemite in the 1920s, mule deer populations expanded only to decimate black oak stands by eating up all the tasty shoots before they could take hold, paving the way for other species like pines and firs to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are also finding evidence that hunting can drive \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4L5tw\">evolutionary changes \u003c/a>in target species, selecting for smaller body size and earlier sexual maturity. But it’s unlikely the current commission would care about these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder that hunters and sport fishers want the commission to protect their interests. Their license fees pay the bulk of state wildlife agency budgets. If the commission is serious about \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPHqkY\">deflecting charges\u003c/a> that it favors the interests of hunters and fishers and is concerned only with \u003cem>consuming\u003c/em> wildlife resources, why not appoint biologists, rather than businessmen, as wildlife officials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 117 allocated $30 million a year to protect, restore and acquire habitat for lions and other native species. If Californians really want to protect our wild heritage, we’ll have to do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Trophy hunting mountain lions is legal in every Western state except California. When the head of the state’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, a life member of the NRA, killed a young lion in Idaho, state legislators and environmental and animal welfare groups called for his resignation. What should Californians expect of state officials in charge of setting wildlife policy?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832282,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1363},"headData":{"title":"Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy | KQED","description":"Trophy hunting mountain lions is legal in every Western state except California. When the head of the state’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, a life member of the NRA, killed a young lion in Idaho, state legislators and environmental and animal welfare groups called for his resignation. What should Californians expect of state officials in charge of setting wildlife policy?\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"34410 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=34410","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/","disqusTitle":"Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy","path":"/quest/34410/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/puma640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34463\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34463\" title=\"mountain lion\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/puma6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kyla, a female mountain lion rescued as a kitten afterpoachers killed her mother, now lives at Sonoma CountyWildlife Rescue in Petaluma. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Should the head of an agency charged with regulating California’s natural resources stay on after flaunting his delight in killing one of the state’s most iconic species? That’s the question on many minds since a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4q9FA\">photo surfaced\u003c/a> showing California Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards grinning ear to ear, clutching a massive, lifeless mountain lion against his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the hunt itself was illegal. Hunting mountain lions, or cougars as they’re commonly known, is legal in Idaho, where Richards bagged his trophy, as it is in every other state where they're found—except California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards killed the lion, a 115-pound, three-year-old male, after an eight-hour hound hunt left the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4Elfh\">weary animal stranded\u003c/a>, an easy target, in the tall reaches of a Douglas fir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunt happened on the Flying B Ranch, which charges $6,800 for the privilege. But Richards didn’t pay $6,800. A manager on the ranch told the \u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/H6ywTc\">Associated Press\u003c/a> that the commissioner paid $3,200 to hunt birds. California law bars officials from accepting gifts exceeding $420 in one year, and now Richards faces an ethics complaint, filed with the Fair Political Practices Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting aside the question of how shooting a trapped animal constitutes “sport,” lions are “a specially protected mammal” in California. It’s illegal to “take, injure, possess, transport, import, or sell any mountain lion,” unless you can prove possession on June 6, 1990, the day after voters prohibited lion hunting. That means Richards couldn’t legally bring the carcass back into the state. A moot point, anyway, since he says he ate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of lions in California follows the sorry story of large carnivores across the country. Early (non-indigenous) residents considered predators unacceptable threats to livestock and game and, in 1907, the state hired bounty hunters to exterminate them. There’s no doubt extermination was the goal: Females commanded a higher price. By the time the bounty ended in 1963, more than \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=vpc8\">25,000 lions were dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As public attitudes softened, the state reclassified the lion, first as a non-protected mammal in 1963, and then again as a game animal in 1969. But it wasn’t until the early ’70s, when Napa Democrat John Dunlap, backed by 52 conservation groups and thousands of concerned voters, managed to pass a four-year moratorium on trophy hunting, with the goal of conservation, not killing, in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap’s moratorium was extended until 1986, when then-Gov. Deukmejian vetoed reauthorization, placing lions legally in hunters’ sights once again. But public outcry, followed by legal action, upheld the moratorium, which became permanent in 1990, when voters approved Prop. 117, the California Wildlife Protection Act. (It’s still legal to kill lions considered a threat to life or livestock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last major push to repeal the ban was rejected in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/mountain-lion-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34423\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34423\" title=\"mountain lion FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/mountain-lion-FWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lions are notoriously shy and prefer to avoid humans if possible. (Photo: US FWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, campaigns to reinstate hunting continue, most recently led by farmers and ranchers in San Benito County asserting (\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wwksyA\">without basis\u003c/a>) that a growing lion population places residents and livestock in jeopardy. Wildlife biologists, meanwhile, worry that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wyMP7Q\">humans pose the bigger threat\u003c/a>, by developing prime lion habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s against this backdrop that Richards, a San Bernardino County commercial real estate developer and National Rifle Association life member, traveled to Idaho, killed the young lion, sent his celebratory photo to a hunting web site, and then fired off a defiant \u003ca href=\"http://sd28.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd28.senate.ca.gov/files/02-29-12%20RichardsF&Gltr.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> to California Assemblyman Ben Hueso, one of 40 legislators asking him to resign, essentially telling him to bug off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards then took his case to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kfiam640.com/pages/jk2010.html?article=9839787\">talk radio\u003c/a>, calling his critics “well-funded enviro terrorists” and “lawsuit machines,” singling out the Humane Society as the “primary culprit in this deal.” He charged the society, and environmental groups, with trying “to infiltrate the department” to stifle debate. “Not only do I challenge them on a daily basis,” Richards asserted, “but it’s more insidious than that, because if they can get a toehold in there…they have the long-term handle. We’ve just done some of that with this MLPA process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards was referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPoJhs\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a>, a landmark science-based initiative to conserve ocean life and habitat that some sport fishers view as a threat to jobs and fishing rights. The radio show host said the Legislature would be “pretty sick” to pursue Richards’ ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to prevent that, the NRA and Keep America Fishing urged their members to support their ally in Riverside when the Fish and Game Commission met on March 7. In a press release, Keep America Fishing thanked the commissioner for “being a voice of reason throughout the Marine Life Protection initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"reason,\" they meant Richards’ votes against implementing the MLPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards also voted against renewed efforts to protect California condors from lead ammunition, despite solid \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPytbq\">evidence\u003c/a> that it’s poisoning the critically endangered birds. In 2011 alone, Richards voted against moves to protect several native species, including the black-backed woodpecker, Cedars buckwheat, American pika, and steelhead salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/or11_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34414\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34414\" title=\"OR11_odfw\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/OR11_odfw-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"OR11 ODFW\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR-11, a male pup (born spring 2011) from the Walla Walla pack in Oregon, waking up from anesthesia after being radio-collared on Oct. 25, 2011. (Photo: ODFW )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I won’t guess how he’ll vote on a petition before the commission to list the gray wolf under the California Endangered Species Act, sparked by the appearance of OR-7, the dispersing male from Oregon. Gray wolves receive protection under the federal ESA, except in Idaho (and Montana) after a surprise move by Congress last year. When Idaho’s Fish and Game Commission met in March, its wolf management plan considered five ways to kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, Flying B Ranch offers wolf hunts, which you can learn about on the Idaho commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/HbyQwc\">web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given Richards’ background, his actions shouldn’t be surprising. Officials, says the commission’s web site, have “expertise in various wildlife-related fields,” though it’s unclear how real estate qualifies as a wildlife-related field. But then only one of the five commissioners, all political appointees, has a background in biology. All the rest have careers in business, labor and farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research over the past decade suggests that predators help maintain plant communities by regulating herbivores. Reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s, led to a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/Ha3ebV\">rebound of cottonwoods\u003c/a>, willows and other riparian species by keeping elk numbers down, and provided more habitat for songbirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions, it seems, offer a similar service. A \u003ca href=\"//1.usa.gov/Ha4X0S\">2008 study\u003c/a> showed that after lions disappeared from Yosemite in the 1920s, mule deer populations expanded only to decimate black oak stands by eating up all the tasty shoots before they could take hold, paving the way for other species like pines and firs to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are also finding evidence that hunting can drive \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4L5tw\">evolutionary changes \u003c/a>in target species, selecting for smaller body size and earlier sexual maturity. But it’s unlikely the current commission would care about these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder that hunters and sport fishers want the commission to protect their interests. Their license fees pay the bulk of state wildlife agency budgets. If the commission is serious about \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPHqkY\">deflecting charges\u003c/a> that it favors the interests of hunters and fishers and is concerned only with \u003cem>consuming\u003c/em> wildlife resources, why not appoint biologists, rather than businessmen, as wildlife officials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 117 allocated $30 million a year to protect, restore and acquire habitat for lions and other native species. If Californians really want to protect our wild heritage, we’ll have to do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34410/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_326","quest_442","quest_9944","quest_10938","quest_684","quest_10936","quest_10937","quest_921","quest_10935","quest_1880","quest_13","quest_3178"],"featImg":"quest_34454","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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