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He has \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/\">written on geology for About.com\u003c/a> since its founding in 1997. In 2007, he started the Oakland Geology blog, which won recognition as \"Best of the East Bay\" from the \u003ci>East Bay Express\u003c/i> in 2010. In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_48762":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48762","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48762","score":null,"sort":[1358454143000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","title":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","publishDate":1358454143,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1360963968,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":760},"headData":{"title":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars | KQED","description":"As Curiosity gets ready to use its rock drill for the first time, we can hypothesize on what it will find.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","datePublished":"2013-01-17T20:22:23.000Z","dateModified":"2013-02-15T21:32:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48762 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48762","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/","disqusTitle":"Placing a Bet on the Surface of Mars","path":"/quest/48762/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mars has been on my radar for a very long time, since the astonishing day back in 1965 when Mariner 10 first sent back a picture of craters on its surface. So I'm not a Johnny-come-lately to the red planet. I've followed the news from every Mars mission, orbiters and landers alike. But Curiosity, the most recent robot rover, has especially piqued my curiosity as a geologist. I think there are two reasons: the darn thing has finally become a decent field assistant, and NASA is sending it to some of Mars' most Earthlike places. So let me channel the late Huell Howser here and share some of what makes me go, \"That's amazing!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike most previous landers, Curiosity has decent vision, about as good as my pocket camera. Its pictures actually look good on my desktop display, no longer like a frame grab from an old videocassette. Curiosity is a lot sturdier too—big, quick on its feet—and smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's got a nice hand lens, better than mine, that offers almost-microscopic closeups. It has a shovel, like lots of its predecessors did. One of my worst frustrations in watching Mars robots over the years was wishing I could lean in and just blow the dust off of things. Lo and behold, this rover packs a broom! \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-broom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48765\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-broom\" width=\"600\" height=\"425\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48765\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-broom-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars images courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And while previous rovers had little grinding tools to function like the hammer and chisel in my field pack, Curiosity has a proper rock drill. They'll be testing it for the first time in coming weeks, somewhere in this car-sized piece of landscape named John Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48767\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48767\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-400x304.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until they can send a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/\">Gigapan\u003c/a> outfit to Mars for a really huge, zoomable picture, the \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16567.jpg\">full-size version of this image on the NASA website\u003c/a> at 3483 by 2651 pixels will be the state of the art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rocks in this part of Mars, on the floor of Gale crater, are full of minerals and features that testify to the chemical action of water. Here's a closeup from an outcrop called Sheepbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-sheepbed/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48763\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-sheepbed\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-sheepbed-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To all appearances it's a fine-grained sandstone, shot with veins of gypsum (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/\">like those I showed you last year\u003c/a>) and tiny \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/\">concretions\u003c/a> of hematite, a hydrated iron oxide. Larger concretions lie in the surrounding dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the rover has shown us clear examples of crossbedding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-crossbeds/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48766\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-crossbeds\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48766\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-crossbeds-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossbeds testify to not just the presence of water, but its physical action—rushing rivulets that sent large ripples of sand down their streambeds. Each crossbed represents the root of a ripple, spared from erosion in a setting where sediment was brought in faster than it was taken away. (Wind-blown sand dunes also make crossbeds, but the particles involved are much smaller.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back to the drilling site at John Klein. I look at this detail and have several questions about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/mars-drillsite-veins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48769\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mars-drillsite-veins\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48769\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/mars-drillsite-veins-400x285.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I see curving veins cropping out of the surface. The Curiosity team claims that \"some of the veins have two walls and an eroded interior.\" I think they look more like double veins, but the rover will help us decide. Why are they protruding, and why is the surface around them so flat? The whole surface gives the impression of having been gently swept for a very long time—not strongly enough to streamline anything, but enough to winnow away the finest material as it works loose under Mars' 100°C daily temperature swings. What do the veins consist of, and why do they curve so tantalizingly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity's camera is too far away to confirm or deny that curvature, and its x-ray instrument cannot yet tell us whether the veins are gypsum. So for now I can indulge in the hypothesis that we may be seeing the curving forms of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/ss/Pseudofossils_5.htm\">liesegang structures\u003c/a>, which you've probably noticed many times without knowing their name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/17/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars/liesegangs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48764\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"liesegangs\" width=\"600\" height=\"465\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48764\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/liesegangs-400x310.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liesegang bands in an Oakland street rock. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liesegang (LEEZ-gahng) structures are thin waves of iron-oxide minerals found in porous rocks where chemically active groundwater has come and gone. In Earth rocks they may or may not affect a stone's strength, or the difference may not matter in the abrasive environment of a riverbed, like this example. But we already know that the right minerals exist on Mars, making up the concretions. Perhaps, under the utterly different conditions of Mars, these homely features can emerge to display their thin, curving, multiple form to Curiosity's eyes and toolkit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48762/placing-a-bet-on-the-surface-of-mars","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10617","quest_742","quest_10609","quest_11685","quest_1751","quest_9996","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_48768","label":"quest"},"quest_29217":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29217","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29217","score":null,"sort":[1326387546000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"confounding-concretions","title":"Confounding Concretions","publishDate":1326387546,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329183725,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":554},"headData":{"title":"Confounding Concretions | KQED","description":"Not crystals, not meteorites and not fossils, concretions puzzle people who find them. Geologists find them only slightly less puzzling than the general public.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Confounding Concretions","datePublished":"2012-01-12T16:59:06.000Z","dateModified":"2012-02-14T01:42:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"29217 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29217","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/","disqusTitle":"Confounding Concretions","path":"/quest/29217/confounding-concretions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29217/confounding-concretions","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10617","quest_3405","quest_13202","quest_2577"],"featImg":"quest_29218","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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