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Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scripts—to calibrate their alphabets—opened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layers—varves—representing about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains—\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A long core of sediment from a Japanese lake is a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1351578647,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":771},"headData":{"title":"A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan | KQED","description":"A long core of sediment from a Japanese lake is a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan","datePublished":"2012-10-18T19:21:49.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-30T06:30:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46193 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46193","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/","disqusTitle":"A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan","path":"/quest/46193/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46194\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/suigetsutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46194\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"suigetsutop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46194\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pristine leaf fossils from Lake Suigetsu allowed radiocarbon dates to be calibrated against absolute dates from annual sediment layers. Photo courtesy Richard Staff\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every historian knows about the Rosetta Stone, which had an ancient Egyptian text carved on it in three different scripts, two of which had long resisted translation. The ability to cross-correlate the scripts—to calibrate their alphabets—opened up a huge body of knowledge to scholars. Climate researchers, as well as archaeologists and geologists, look for similar natural records that allow us to calibrate different yardsticks of time. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6105/337\">A paper published today in the journal \u003ci>Science\u003c/i>\u003c/a> unveils a superb \"document\" of conditions during the last 53,000 years in a single place: Japan's remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/embed.php?File=\" target=\"_blank\">Lake Suigetsu\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, researchers drilled into the mud at the center of Lake Suigetsu and carefully extracted four long cores of sediment. They found that the top part of this sedimentary record consisted of thin annual layers—varves—representing about 60,000 years of time. Varves are close to the ideal time record, but the conditions that favor them are rare. And this record also contained abundant plant remains, allowing three different timekeeping \"scripts\" to be calibrated against each other: varves, tree rings, and radiocarbon. The first two are considered the most nearly perfect measure of absolute time, but radiocarbon is a much more important yardstick, although the stick is not quite straight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is a wonderful tool for determining the age of recent organic remains—\"recent\" to a geologist, that is, meaning the last few tens of thousands of years. Radiocarbon is an unstable isotope of carbon that is formed by cosmic radiation at the edge of space and rains down upon us constantly, becoming incorporated in every living thing. The minute a living thing dies, it stops replenishing its radiocarbon and the radiocarbon slowly fades away with a half-life of 5730 years. Radiocarbon dating, then, is simple in principle: you sort out the carbon atoms and see how many carbon-14 atoms there are among the common carbon-12 atoms. The carbon in living matter contains about one part per trillion carbon-14, and after \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-10-19T02:36:10+00:00\">eight \u003c/del> ten half-lives there would be 1/1024th of it left, or one part in a quadrillion. With the errors and uncertainties of measurements at this level, one or two more half-lives is as far as physics can take us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiocarbon is complicated by factors on Earth and in heaven. Its formation in the upper atmosphere changes with the balance in cosmic radiation from the sun and from the galaxy at large. Also, global warming and cooling puts different amounts of air at the altitude where radiocarbon is made. So radiocarbon production is not constant. And on Earth, radiocarbon circulates differently in the air, on land and in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The record in Lake Suigetsu is so promising because of the varves and the perfectly preserved fossil leaves. The varves march nicely right through the whole time span of radiocarbon, and the fossils can then give us a really accurate description of the bends and warps in the radiocarbon yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used tree rings as the gold standard; their record here extends back to about 12,000 years ago. Tree rings were carefully matched against the varves, enabling the count to continue further into the Pleistocene based on varves alone. But Lake Suigetsu was not perfectly still all that time. The record of varves was interrupted by landslides from shore (perhaps caused by earthquakes), volcanic ash beds, and occasional fadeouts where no layers were visible. As a result even the varve record was about 6 percent uncertain by 40,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point the researchers brought in a more accurate yardstick: cavestone formations from China and the Bahamas, which were securely dated by both the radiocarbon and the uranium-thorium methods. This step pinned the Lake Suigetsu record to the very long uranium record, in principle knitting the varve record into the entire tapestry of geochronology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the oldest part of the Lake Suigetsu record is in establishing a radiocarbon yardstick for the continents during this time. Until now, most radiocarbon dates of that vintage have been from deep-sea organisms. So for ice age climate researchers, Suigetsu is their newest Rosetta stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Clear Lake is also a very old lake, and this year researchers took new sediment cores there. Today's \u003ci>Science\u003c/i> paper will surely give them clearer sight into Clear Lake's deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Info:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.suigetsu.org/\">Suigetsu Varves 2006\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/\">Radiocarbon Web-Info\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46193/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3516","quest_11544","quest_2114","quest_13202","quest_11543","quest_2576","quest_11542"],"featImg":"quest_46194","label":"quest"},"quest_36850":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_36850","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"36850","score":null,"sort":[1336070125000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","title":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","publishDate":1336070125,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Volcanoes release a lot of gas, including carbon dioxide. Can we blame them for climate change instead of us?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1336151632,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":429},"headData":{"title":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans? | KQED","description":"Volcanoes release a lot of gas, including carbon dioxide. Can we blame them for climate change instead of us?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","datePublished":"2012-05-03T18:35:25.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-04T17:13:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"36850 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=36850","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/","disqusTitle":"Which Are Gassier, Volcanoes or Humans?","WpOldSlug":"which-is-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","path":"/quest/36850/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/36850/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_485","quest_3516","quest_637","quest_1273","quest_3403","quest_3706","quest_13202","quest_3404"],"featImg":"quest_36851","label":"quest"},"quest_35632":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_35632","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"35632","score":null,"sort":[1334847180000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake","title":"The Switching Outlets of Clear Lake","publishDate":1334847180,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35637\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekcut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35637\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekcut-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekcut\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recently accelerated erosion in the bed of Cache Creek testifies to a big change upstream: a switch in the drainage of Clear Lake. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rainy, dynamic terrain of the northern Coast Range features many rivers, but very few natural lakes. Any basins that may form by tectonic activity have short lives. Either they fill up with sediment, or rivers erode into them and they drain dry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear Lake, by far the largest lake in the Coast Range, has sediments in it dating back some half a million years. The lake's basin never seems to fill with mud, although Clear Lake has always been shallow. Apparently something builds up the basin's sides whenever the lake outlet threatens to cut downward far enough to drain the lake dry. In recent geologic time, Clear Lake has drained eastward and westward at different times as one exit or the other has been plugged. You can visit both exits and glimpse the geologic evidence yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Clear Lake drains east to the Central Valley down Cache Creek through a rugged canyon with high, steep walls. But biologists tell us that the fish of Clear Lake come from both the Russian River and the Central Valley. Without that clue, we might not make much of the straight little valley northwest of Clear Lake, just a few meters above the present lake level. Created by slow faulting, the valley holds some bits of water called Blue Lakes. What could have made Clear Lake drain in this direction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/clearlakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35633\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"clearlakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35633\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clear Lake shows signs of having drained northwest, through Blue Lakes, as well as southeast through Cache Creek, its current outlet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The east side of Clear Lake is full of young volcanoes ranging in size from Mount Konocti down to a dozen little cones a few tens of thousands of years old. With that in mind it's easy to picture a large lava flow, or the emergence of a small cone, blocking Cache Creek and causing the lake to rise until it spilled through the valley of Blue Lakes to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can drive up state route 20 from the north side of Clear Lake into this valley, and it's easy to picture it holding a river. Then the road hits a large bump, a hill right in the middle of the valley, and that seems to be the end of the line. But geologic mapping has shown that this is an ancient landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakeslide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35635\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakeslide\" width=\"600\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35635\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bare-topped hill blocking the valley past Upper Blue Lake is a landslide. The forested land in front is a younger delta fan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A look at the topography here is instructive, and Google Maps' \"terrain\" setting is an excellent way to do that. The photo above was taken from the middle \"20\" symbol and the hill is marked with an asterisk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35634\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35634\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annotations: V symbols are delta-forming drainages, S marks landslides or possible landslides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Notice how well-organized the stream drainages are leading down to the lakes. Each of the larger streams has built out a delta of sediment. But west of the lakes is an area of poorly organized, hummocky terrain that closely resembles \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">the body of a landslide\u003c/a>. It appears to me that the landslide nearest to Blue Lakes is the smallest and possibly the latest of a whole series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native tribes around Clear Lake have old stories of just such a landslide here. If we take them literally, that would place the event within the last few thousand years. The next thing to happen in this scenario is that Clear Lake would rise still further until it overcame the natural dam on Cache Creek and resumed its interrupted eastward drainage. In fact, there's no reason this should have happened only once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I mentioned visiting both exits of Clear Lake. Cache Creek goes into roadless country but on the other side, right where it meets state route 16, you can pull over at \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolocounty.org/index.aspx?page=379\">Cache Creek Regional Park\u003c/a> and see this beautiful exposure, about 5 meters high, across the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekbank/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35636\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekbank\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35636\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank-400x314.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From top to bottom its features are plain as day: a nice flat abandoned floodplain, a layer of coarse river rocks and gravel, the rugged profile of a former streambed, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">tilted bedrock of the Great Valley Sequence\u003c/a>. In the typical river, the streambed is cut downward so slowly, only in the largest \"hundred-year\" storm events, that an exposure like this is never seen. But today's newly invigorated Cache Creek has cut through all this in one clean chop in just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why has Clear Lake drained two different ways in recent geologic time? Volcanoes and landslides made it happen.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1335901285,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":768},"headData":{"title":"The Switching Outlets of Clear Lake | KQED","description":"Why has Clear Lake drained two different ways in recent geologic time? Volcanoes and landslides made it happen.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Switching Outlets of Clear Lake","datePublished":"2012-04-19T14:53:00.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-01T19:41:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"35632 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=35632","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/","disqusTitle":"The Switching Outlets of Clear Lake","path":"/quest/35632/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35637\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekcut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35637\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekcut-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekcut\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35637\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recently accelerated erosion in the bed of Cache Creek testifies to a big change upstream: a switch in the drainage of Clear Lake. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rainy, dynamic terrain of the northern Coast Range features many rivers, but very few natural lakes. Any basins that may form by tectonic activity have short lives. Either they fill up with sediment, or rivers erode into them and they drain dry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clear Lake, by far the largest lake in the Coast Range, has sediments in it dating back some half a million years. The lake's basin never seems to fill with mud, although Clear Lake has always been shallow. Apparently something builds up the basin's sides whenever the lake outlet threatens to cut downward far enough to drain the lake dry. In recent geologic time, Clear Lake has drained eastward and westward at different times as one exit or the other has been plugged. You can visit both exits and glimpse the geologic evidence yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Clear Lake drains east to the Central Valley down Cache Creek through a rugged canyon with high, steep walls. But biologists tell us that the fish of Clear Lake come from both the Russian River and the Central Valley. Without that clue, we might not make much of the straight little valley northwest of Clear Lake, just a few meters above the present lake level. Created by slow faulting, the valley holds some bits of water called Blue Lakes. What could have made Clear Lake drain in this direction?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35633\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/clearlakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35633\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"clearlakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"441\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35633\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/clearlakemap-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clear Lake shows signs of having drained northwest, through Blue Lakes, as well as southeast through Cache Creek, its current outlet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The east side of Clear Lake is full of young volcanoes ranging in size from Mount Konocti down to a dozen little cones a few tens of thousands of years old. With that in mind it's easy to picture a large lava flow, or the emergence of a small cone, blocking Cache Creek and causing the lake to rise until it spilled through the valley of Blue Lakes to the Russian River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can drive up state route 20 from the north side of Clear Lake into this valley, and it's easy to picture it holding a river. Then the road hits a large bump, a hill right in the middle of the valley, and that seems to be the end of the line. But geologic mapping has shown that this is an ancient landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35635\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakeslide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35635\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakeslide\" width=\"600\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35635\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakeslide-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bare-topped hill blocking the valley past Upper Blue Lake is a landslide. The forested land in front is a younger delta fan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A look at the topography here is instructive, and Google Maps' \"terrain\" setting is an excellent way to do that. The photo above was taken from the middle \"20\" symbol and the hill is marked with an asterisk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/bluelakemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35634\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"bluelakemap\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" class=\"size-full wp-image-35634\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/bluelakemap-400x288.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Annotations: V symbols are delta-forming drainages, S marks landslides or possible landslides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Notice how well-organized the stream drainages are leading down to the lakes. Each of the larger streams has built out a delta of sediment. But west of the lakes is an area of poorly organized, hummocky terrain that closely resembles \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">the body of a landslide\u003c/a>. It appears to me that the landslide nearest to Blue Lakes is the smallest and possibly the latest of a whole series.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native tribes around Clear Lake have old stories of just such a landslide here. If we take them literally, that would place the event within the last few thousand years. The next thing to happen in this scenario is that Clear Lake would rise still further until it overcame the natural dam on Cache Creek and resumed its interrupted eastward drainage. In fact, there's no reason this should have happened only once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I mentioned visiting both exits of Clear Lake. Cache Creek goes into roadless country but on the other side, right where it meets state route 16, you can pull over at \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolocounty.org/index.aspx?page=379\">Cache Creek Regional Park\u003c/a> and see this beautiful exposure, about 5 meters high, across the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/19/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake/cachecreekbank/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35636\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cachecreekbank\" width=\"600\" height=\"471\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-35636\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/cachecreekbank-400x314.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From top to bottom its features are plain as day: a nice flat abandoned floodplain, a layer of coarse river rocks and gravel, the rugged profile of a former streambed, and the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/26/geological-outings-around-the-bay-mount-vaca-and-the-monticello-dam/\">tilted bedrock of the Great Valley Sequence\u003c/a>. In the typical river, the streambed is cut downward so slowly, only in the largest \"hundred-year\" storm events, that an exposure like this is never seen. But today's newly invigorated Cache Creek has cut through all this in one clean chop in just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/35632/the-switching-outlets-of-clear-lake","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11002","quest_3516","quest_639","quest_11003","quest_1608","quest_13202","quest_2465"],"featImg":"quest_35637","label":"quest"},"quest_20956":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20956","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20956","score":null,"sort":[1311275660000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-mercury","title":"Bay Area Mercury","publishDate":1311275660,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20958\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/cinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20958\" title=\"cinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/cinnabar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cinnabar from Lake County. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's widely known that California has a mercury problem unlike other parts of the world. We don't produce it and we don't emit much any more, but a lot of old mercury is still lying around from the mining days. How did that happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In undisturbed nature, mercury is no more than a very local and very temporary problem. Mercury occurs mostly in sulfide compounds that are concentrated where ore-forming fluids invade metal-rich rocks. Cinnabar and metacinnabar are both mercury sulfide, HgS. Metacinnabar forms at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20957\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20957\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/metacinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20957\" title=\"metacinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Metacinnabar from the Mt. Diablo Mine. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coast Range was a natural place for world-class mercury ore bodies to grow. First, the range has a large amount of metal-rich rocks in the form of serpentinite and its parent rock, peridotite, derived from ancient seafloor. Second, these rocks were cracked and tilted as the Coast Range was built. Third, volcanic activity worked over these rocks, adding heat and chemically active fluids. Thus the source rocks were repeatedly mobilized, attacked and disrupted, a natural refining sequence that at each step concentrated metals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite is a slippery rock that tends to attract faults, which in turn attract fluids. Hot deep fluids replaced the serpentinite with carbonate minerals like calcite, then again with silicate minerals like quartz. As veins of these minerals fan outward they carry mercury with them. Coast Range mercury was originally deposited at high temperatures deep underground, often associated with gold sitting a bit deeper. It remains for erosion to slowly uncover the ores. In coastal California, erosion is quite active as the Coast Range continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide zones of silica-carbonate alteration dot our mountains and host hundreds of mercury occurrences. The great New Almaden Mine, south of San Jose, exploited a deposit of this type. It was the largest mercury producer in North America, spawning the gold mining industry that followed the placer gold rush of 1849. Cheap, efficient mercury amalgamation was the key to gold production, and New Almaden mercury made it feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic heat also spawns hot-spring activity that can create mercury ore bodies, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/mcl/natural/geology/geo.htm\">McLaughlin Mine\u003c/a>, north of Lake Berryessa, exploited a hot-spring type deposit yielding gold as well as mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the mercury mines of the Bay Area are all closed and being remediated. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/\">New Almaden property\u003c/a> is now a county park and the McLaughlin Mine is being carefully restored to a working countryside. Fortunately, mercury can be well controlled if acid mine drainage can be prevented, because cinnabar is poorly soluble except in strongly acid waters. At Clear Lake, the large former \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mine\">Sulphur Bank Mine\u003c/a> is slowly getting under control. The privately owned \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpblog.com%2Fmtdiablo%2Fdownloads%2FMount%2520Diablo%2527s%2520mercury%2520mine...pdf&ei=ZW8oToKjFIvWtQP7wtDzCA&usg=AFQjCNHfcsM_OHK6kHauUROLyWpA4vVmRg&sig2=KMxH-RJgFPbVUP5sk2ZWBQ\">Mount Diablo Mine\u003c/a>, where my metacinnabar specimen was collected, is not a threat to spill into local streams although money is needed to fix it for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the overwhelmingly largest source of mercury pollution is from the burning of coal. A much smaller source is from oil and gas. Mercury appears to ride along with oil and gas as they trickle from their source rocks upward into the reservoirs we mine for energy. In oil, mercury lives in the tiny metal portion; in gas, mercury is a vapor. Levels in both are in the low parts-per-billion range, although California's oil tends to have relatively high levels. Mercury levels are highest in the dense fraction called petroleum coke, which is burned in place of coal. Even so, coal is far dirtier in terms of mercury, and the Bay Area is spared that insult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/toc/ecap/18/sp8\">Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake\u003c/a>, special issue of \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195J.pdf\">Mercury Geoenvironmental Models\u003c/a> by James Rytuba (US Geological Survey)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area's mercury problem arises from the special geology of the Coast Range that concentrates the metal in the mineral cinnabar.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362619511,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":632},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Mercury | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Mercury","datePublished":"2011-07-21T19:14:20.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-07T01:25:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20956 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=20956","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Mercury","path":"/quest/20956/bay-area-mercury","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20958\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/cinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20958\" title=\"cinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/cinnabar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cinnabar from Lake County. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's widely known that California has a mercury problem unlike other parts of the world. We don't produce it and we don't emit much any more, but a lot of old mercury is still lying around from the mining days. How did that happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In undisturbed nature, mercury is no more than a very local and very temporary problem. Mercury occurs mostly in sulfide compounds that are concentrated where ore-forming fluids invade metal-rich rocks. Cinnabar and metacinnabar are both mercury sulfide, HgS. Metacinnabar forms at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20957\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20957\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/metacinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20957\" title=\"metacinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Metacinnabar from the Mt. Diablo Mine. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coast Range was a natural place for world-class mercury ore bodies to grow. First, the range has a large amount of metal-rich rocks in the form of serpentinite and its parent rock, peridotite, derived from ancient seafloor. Second, these rocks were cracked and tilted as the Coast Range was built. Third, volcanic activity worked over these rocks, adding heat and chemically active fluids. Thus the source rocks were repeatedly mobilized, attacked and disrupted, a natural refining sequence that at each step concentrated metals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite is a slippery rock that tends to attract faults, which in turn attract fluids. Hot deep fluids replaced the serpentinite with carbonate minerals like calcite, then again with silicate minerals like quartz. As veins of these minerals fan outward they carry mercury with them. Coast Range mercury was originally deposited at high temperatures deep underground, often associated with gold sitting a bit deeper. It remains for erosion to slowly uncover the ores. In coastal California, erosion is quite active as the Coast Range continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide zones of silica-carbonate alteration dot our mountains and host hundreds of mercury occurrences. The great New Almaden Mine, south of San Jose, exploited a deposit of this type. It was the largest mercury producer in North America, spawning the gold mining industry that followed the placer gold rush of 1849. Cheap, efficient mercury amalgamation was the key to gold production, and New Almaden mercury made it feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic heat also spawns hot-spring activity that can create mercury ore bodies, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/mcl/natural/geology/geo.htm\">McLaughlin Mine\u003c/a>, north of Lake Berryessa, exploited a hot-spring type deposit yielding gold as well as mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the mercury mines of the Bay Area are all closed and being remediated. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/\">New Almaden property\u003c/a> is now a county park and the McLaughlin Mine is being carefully restored to a working countryside. Fortunately, mercury can be well controlled if acid mine drainage can be prevented, because cinnabar is poorly soluble except in strongly acid waters. At Clear Lake, the large former \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mine\">Sulphur Bank Mine\u003c/a> is slowly getting under control. The privately owned \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpblog.com%2Fmtdiablo%2Fdownloads%2FMount%2520Diablo%2527s%2520mercury%2520mine...pdf&ei=ZW8oToKjFIvWtQP7wtDzCA&usg=AFQjCNHfcsM_OHK6kHauUROLyWpA4vVmRg&sig2=KMxH-RJgFPbVUP5sk2ZWBQ\">Mount Diablo Mine\u003c/a>, where my metacinnabar specimen was collected, is not a threat to spill into local streams although money is needed to fix it for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the overwhelmingly largest source of mercury pollution is from the burning of coal. A much smaller source is from oil and gas. Mercury appears to ride along with oil and gas as they trickle from their source rocks upward into the reservoirs we mine for energy. In oil, mercury lives in the tiny metal portion; in gas, mercury is a vapor. Levels in both are in the low parts-per-billion range, although California's oil tends to have relatively high levels. Mercury levels are highest in the dense fraction called petroleum coke, which is burned in place of coal. Even so, coal is far dirtier in terms of mercury, and the Bay Area is spared that insult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/toc/ecap/18/sp8\">Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake\u003c/a>, special issue of \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195J.pdf\">Mercury Geoenvironmental Models\u003c/a> by James Rytuba (US Geological Survey)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20956/bay-area-mercury","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9891","quest_3516","quest_1233","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_2257","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_20958","label":"quest"},"quest_14117":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_14117","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"14117","score":null,"sort":[1304025174000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-volcanoes","title":"Bay Area Volcanoes","publishDate":1304025174,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. Indeed, volcanism helps you read this story.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316922971,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":796},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Volcanoes | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Volcanoes","datePublished":"2011-04-28T21:12:54.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-25T03:56:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"14117 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=14117","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Volcanoes","path":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-konocti2.jpg\" alt=\"bay area volcanoes\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>Former volcano Mount Konocti overlooks Clear Lake. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/snakphotography/\">Stephen Nakatami\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license; all other photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has been very familiar with earthquakes for at least 20 million years. Volcanoes might seem more remote, but their traces can be seen in many places. Lava flows and ashfall beds are widespread in our rocks, marking the progress of an ancient volcanic center through the area. And while the nearest active volcanoes are beyond the Sierra Nevada, they're close enough to keep an eye on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has three major sources of volcanism and one minor one. The minor one is what we have in the Bay Area, but let me mention the others first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The classic type of California volcanism arises from subduction. This diagram shows how it looks for northernmost California today, with an oceanic plate traveling beneath North America. Water and sediment on top of the downgoing plate acts like a flux, promoting melting in the overlying plate. That's how volcanoes are produced all around the Pacific \"ring of fire,\" and all of California used to look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/CAsubduction2.gif\" alt=\"subduction\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Cross-section from US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Cascade Range volcanoes are produced by this mechanism. California members of the Cascades include Mount Lassen, which last erupted in 1917, and Mount Shasta, which may have erupted in the 1700s. South of that, this system was interrupted when the San Andreas fault system formed and began extending northward (now the boundary between the two tectonic regimes is a triple junction at Cape Mendocino). An example of Cascade volcanic deposits crops out south of Ocean Beach near San Francisco, a prominent ash bed in the seacliffs of the Merced Formation. It's known as the Rockland ash and came from an ancestor of Lassen volcano, called Mount Tehama, about 600,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-OBeachash2.jpg\" alt=\"ash bed\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second major kind of California volcanism is beyond the Sierra, in the Mammoth Lakes area and points south. The last \"supervolcano\" eruption from that area was about 700,000 years ago, and ash from it (the Bishop Tuff) fell here although I don't know where to point you to it. That volcanism is related to stretching of the crust in the Basin and Range province, which basically includes all of Nevada and surrounding counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third type of volcanism is related to Yellowstone, of all places. The geysers and lava flows of Yellowstone are the current location of an eruptive center that began about 16 million years ago in Oregon and slowly burned its way eastward across Idaho, leaving enormous plains of solid lava behind. Northeastern California has a lot of it. One of the first eruptions in that series came from California, sending a glowing flood of basalt lava our way. It flowed more than 200 kilometers as far as Vacaville, where it's mapped as the Putnam Peak Basalt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-putnam2.jpg\" alt=\"putnam peak basalt\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Boulders of basalt akin to that in Yellowstone and Idaho lie west of Winters.\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can inspect this rock at leisure \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop6blackrocks.htm\">on Route 128 west of Winters\u003c/a>, about 2 miles west of Pleasants Valley Road. It's the location given at the top of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, on to our own local volcanism. As the San Andreas fault system cut northward through our region, it cut off the preexisting subducting plate like a letter opener slicing across an envelope. The plate continued to descend, leaving behind it a traveling \"slab window\" that briefly allowed the hot underlying rocks of the Earth's mantle to send up magma. In the Bay Area, slab-window volcanic rocks came in three pulses. The first pulse dates from 11 to 8.5 million years ago. Its lavas have been dismembered by motion along the San Andreas and related faults, and now it occurs east of Hollister (the Quien Sabe Volcanics), in the East Bay Hills (well exposed in \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/sibley-volcanic-regional-preserve-exploration\">Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/a>), at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bahiker.com/northbayhikes/burdell.html\">Burdell Mountain\u003c/a> in Marin County, and the Tolay Volcanics between Petaluma and Santa Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-sibley2.jpg\" alt=\"sibley lava\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Mineral-filled bubbles in lava beds at Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next pulse of slab-window volcanism produced the large Sonoma Volcanics between 8 and 2.5 million years ago. A good place to see these is at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a> park west of Calistoga, where whole redwood trunks have been fossilized in the silica-rich ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/volc-petforest2.jpg\" alt=\"petrified forest\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, slab-window volcanism has migrated north to the Clear Lake/Geysers region. Mount Konocti, overlooking the lake, is a recent volcanic construction. The famous hot springs get their heat from this volcanism. And the huge geothermal power complex at \u003ca href=\"http://www.geysers.com/\">The Geysers\u003c/a>, based on natural steam heated by underlying magma, supplies electricity to the Bay Area, helping you read this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.5175 -122.0561\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/14117/bay-area-volcanoes","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_3479","quest_3516","quest_1206","quest_3594","quest_3635","quest_2447","quest_2484","quest_2817","quest_3820","quest_3088","quest_3832"],"featImg":"quest_14119","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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