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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_5414":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5414","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5414","score":null,"sort":[1269878448000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"finding-fifth-cousins","title":"Finding Fifth Cousins","publishDate":1269878448,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cousin21.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/cousin2.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> It may not look like much, but the two bits of shared DNA shown in blue show that I am at least this person's fifth cousin. (Click the image for a larger version).\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My latest dive into my DNA began with an email. Someone contacted me via 23andMe and said that we may be fifth cousins and asked if I would like to compare genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok I thought, why not? And so I contacted them. We compared our genomes and this is how much DNA we had in common. Not exactly awe-inspiring is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it looks pretty wimpy, it is actually a couple of good sized chunks of DNA we share. Odds are that I am indeed related to this person. To understand why, we need to step back a bit and remember how DNA is passed from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you undoubtedly know, we get half our DNA from our moms and half from our dads. This DNA is passed down in the form of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What you may not know is that except for the Y chromosome, we don’t inherit an exact copy of our parents’ chromosome. Instead we inherit a mix of each of their pair of chromosomes. Clear as mud as usual, Dr. Starr…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all have two copies of each of our chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad. So we have two copies of chromosome 1, two copies of chromosome 2 and so on up to chromosome 22. The chromosome 1 we get from mom is actually a mix of her two chromosome 1’s. Same thing with our chromosome 2 and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mixing happens with each generation. I have tried a couple of times to explain this in words but I got tired of writing chromosome over and over. So instead here is an image that I think explains things a bit better than words:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/GrandParentYou-1.gif\" alt=\"grandparent\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image focuses on a single pair of chromosomes. It starts out with the chromosomes of your four grandparents (G1-G4). G1 and G2 pass a chromosome down to mom and G3 and G4 pass one down to dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, the chromosome that was passed down didn’t exist before. It is a unique mix of each grandparent’s pair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same process then happens with mom and dad. More mixing and matching happens leading to your unique pair of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that the chunks of DNA from your grandparents get smaller as they head down the family tree. Your children would inherit even smaller chunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the generations, some chunks would become so small that they could no longer be easily linked to the originals. And eventually, some ancestors’ DNA would disappear entirely from the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why the fact that this woman and I share a couple of chunks of DNA is so significant. The DNA of fifth cousins needs to travel down two different branches of the family tree from great, great, great, great grandparents. The only reason we have any chance of seeing the relationship at all after all this traveling is because we have 23 pairs of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of analysis is brand spanking new and wouldn’t have been possible even a few years ago. Back then, we could only look at little snippets of our DNA. These old school tests have trouble telling if two people are cousins let alone fifth cousins!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we can find a bunch of folks related to us. We each have 64 great, great, great, great grandparents which means we have tons of fifth cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now I run into a common problem I have with genetic tests like this…so what? I can find lots of relatives but is there anything I can do with that information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I certainly don’t know who any of my 64 great, great, great, great grandparents were. If my grandfather was born in 1906, my great, great, great, great grandparents were born around 1800 or so. I don’t know anything about my family tree from way back when and I am not sure knowing I am related to Jane Doe from Poughkeepsie helps me figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I suppose that as more and more of us plumb the depths of our DNA we’ll be able to better trace these sorts of relationships. But in the meantime, this is probably only useful for the real genealogy hounds out there. Since I’m not one of these folks, I wonder how useful it is even to them…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KtILuJuysDs&hl=en_US&fs=1&\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KtILuJuysDs&hl=en_US&fs=1&\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Someone contacted me via 23andMe and said that we may be fifth cousins and asked if I would like to compare genomes. Ok I thought, why not?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1269878448,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":783},"headData":{"title":"Finding Fifth Cousins | KQED","description":"Someone contacted me via 23andMe and said that we may be fifth cousins and asked if I would like to compare genomes. Ok I thought, why not?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5414 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/03/29/finding-fifth-cousins/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/29/finding-fifth-cousins/","disqusTitle":"Finding Fifth Cousins","path":"/quest/5414/finding-fifth-cousins","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cousin21.gif\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/cousin2.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> It may not look like much, but the two bits of shared DNA shown in blue show that I am at least this person's fifth cousin. (Click the image for a larger version).\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My latest dive into my DNA began with an email. Someone contacted me via 23andMe and said that we may be fifth cousins and asked if I would like to compare genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok I thought, why not? And so I contacted them. We compared our genomes and this is how much DNA we had in common. Not exactly awe-inspiring is it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it looks pretty wimpy, it is actually a couple of good sized chunks of DNA we share. Odds are that I am indeed related to this person. To understand why, we need to step back a bit and remember how DNA is passed from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you undoubtedly know, we get half our DNA from our moms and half from our dads. This DNA is passed down in the form of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What you may not know is that except for the Y chromosome, we don’t inherit an exact copy of our parents’ chromosome. Instead we inherit a mix of each of their pair of chromosomes. Clear as mud as usual, Dr. Starr…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all have two copies of each of our chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad. So we have two copies of chromosome 1, two copies of chromosome 2 and so on up to chromosome 22. The chromosome 1 we get from mom is actually a mix of her two chromosome 1’s. Same thing with our chromosome 2 and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This mixing happens with each generation. I have tried a couple of times to explain this in words but I got tired of writing chromosome over and over. So instead here is an image that I think explains things a bit better than words:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/GrandParentYou-1.gif\" alt=\"grandparent\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The image focuses on a single pair of chromosomes. It starts out with the chromosomes of your four grandparents (G1-G4). G1 and G2 pass a chromosome down to mom and G3 and G4 pass one down to dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, the chromosome that was passed down didn’t exist before. It is a unique mix of each grandparent’s pair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same process then happens with mom and dad. More mixing and matching happens leading to your unique pair of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that the chunks of DNA from your grandparents get smaller as they head down the family tree. Your children would inherit even smaller chunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the generations, some chunks would become so small that they could no longer be easily linked to the originals. And eventually, some ancestors’ DNA would disappear entirely from the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why the fact that this woman and I share a couple of chunks of DNA is so significant. The DNA of fifth cousins needs to travel down two different branches of the family tree from great, great, great, great grandparents. The only reason we have any chance of seeing the relationship at all after all this traveling is because we have 23 pairs of chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of analysis is brand spanking new and wouldn’t have been possible even a few years ago. Back then, we could only look at little snippets of our DNA. These old school tests have trouble telling if two people are cousins let alone fifth cousins!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we can find a bunch of folks related to us. We each have 64 great, great, great, great grandparents which means we have tons of fifth cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now I run into a common problem I have with genetic tests like this…so what? I can find lots of relatives but is there anything I can do with that information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I certainly don’t know who any of my 64 great, great, great, great grandparents were. If my grandfather was born in 1906, my great, great, great, great grandparents were born around 1800 or so. I don’t know anything about my family tree from way back when and I am not sure knowing I am related to Jane Doe from Poughkeepsie helps me figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I suppose that as more and more of us plumb the depths of our DNA we’ll be able to better trace these sorts of relationships. But in the meantime, this is probably only useful for the real genealogy hounds out there. Since I’m not one of these folks, I wonder how useful it is even to them…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KtILuJuysDs&hl=en_US&fs=1&\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"480\" height=\"385\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/KtILuJuysDs&hl=en_US&fs=1&\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5414/finding-fifth-cousins","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_43","quest_597","quest_848","quest_1188","quest_1193","quest_1195"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5325":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5325","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5325","score":null,"sort":[1268670626000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"23andme-not-just-for-fun-anymore","title":"23andMe: Not Just for Fun Anymore","publishDate":1268670626,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/LawrenceDNA1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>23andMe's DNA testing was always fun. Now it is more useful as well.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who follows this blog knows, I had my DNA tested awhile back by a company called 23andMe. I wrote about what I learned and didn’t learn from their testing in a bunch of blog entries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my mind 23andMe has always been a sort of recreational genetics testing company. You can find out about your earwax, whether you are likely to have blue eyes or be lactose intolerant and lots of other minor sorts of traits. This is stuff you probably already know but for geeks it is pretty cool to see them written out in their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company always offered some health data too but it wasn’t that strong. For example, they could tell you if you carried the most common DNA difference that could lead to cystic fibrosis (CF) but not about the less common ones. In fact, I gave them an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/26/an-incomplete-for-23andme%E2%80%99s-carrier-testing/\">incomplete for their carrier testing\u003c/a> a few months back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the company has gone away from being a place where you get your DNA tested for coolness’ sake to one with a focus on health and/or ancestry. With this change has come a much-improved product for people interested in what their DNA tells them about their carrier status for a variety of genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrier status is important if you are considering having a child. If you and your partner both carry the broken versions of a gene that could lead to a disease, then your child would be at an increased risk for getting that disease. For example, if both you and your partner have a nonworking copy of the CFTR gene, then, depending on the exact DNA you each have, your child could have up to a 25% chance of ending up with CF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why the first iteration of 23andMe carrier testing wasn’t as useful as I would have liked. They tested only one of the 100’s of different DNA variants in the CFTR gene that can lead to CF. Since this DNA variant only accounts for about half the cases of CF, there was a good chance that something would get missed. This is no longer true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the refocusing, 23andMe looks for 31 different variants in the CFTR gene that are known to cause CF. Now this isn’t hundreds but is more than the 23 recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics. And in fact 23andMe includes these 23 in the 31 it tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course the testing still isn’t perfect but no testing is. Some of the tests are only useful for certain ethnic groups. And there is no upfront genetic counseling to help you decide whether or not genetic testing would be useful in your situation anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bottom line is that 23andMe’s testing for genetic diseases that you might be carrying is much stronger than it was before. So much so that it can even give you some piece of mind for many of these diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways I’ll miss the more whimsical look at DNA that 23andMe used to represent. But this obviously wasn’t a good business model for anyone except those enamored of DNA. And 23andMe does need to make a profit…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"23andMe has gone away from being a place where you get your DNA tested for coolness’ sake to one with a focus on health and/or ancestry. With this change has come a much-improved product for people interested in what their DNA tells them about their carrier status for a variety of genetic diseases.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1268670626,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":594},"headData":{"title":"23andMe: Not Just for Fun Anymore | KQED","description":"23andMe has gone away from being a place where you get your DNA tested for coolness’ sake to one with a focus on health and/or ancestry. With this change has come a much-improved product for people interested in what their DNA tells them about their carrier status for a variety of genetic diseases.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5325 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/03/15/23andme-not-just-for-fun-anymore/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/15/23andme-not-just-for-fun-anymore/","disqusTitle":"23andMe: Not Just for Fun Anymore","path":"/quest/5325/23andme-not-just-for-fun-anymore","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/LawrenceDNA1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>23andMe's DNA testing was always fun. Now it is more useful as well.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As anyone who follows this blog knows, I had my DNA tested awhile back by a company called 23andMe. I wrote about what I learned and didn’t learn from their testing in a bunch of blog entries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my mind 23andMe has always been a sort of recreational genetics testing company. You can find out about your earwax, whether you are likely to have blue eyes or be lactose intolerant and lots of other minor sorts of traits. This is stuff you probably already know but for geeks it is pretty cool to see them written out in their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company always offered some health data too but it wasn’t that strong. For example, they could tell you if you carried the most common DNA difference that could lead to cystic fibrosis (CF) but not about the less common ones. In fact, I gave them an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/26/an-incomplete-for-23andme%E2%80%99s-carrier-testing/\">incomplete for their carrier testing\u003c/a> a few months back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the company has gone away from being a place where you get your DNA tested for coolness’ sake to one with a focus on health and/or ancestry. With this change has come a much-improved product for people interested in what their DNA tells them about their carrier status for a variety of genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carrier status is important if you are considering having a child. If you and your partner both carry the broken versions of a gene that could lead to a disease, then your child would be at an increased risk for getting that disease. For example, if both you and your partner have a nonworking copy of the CFTR gene, then, depending on the exact DNA you each have, your child could have up to a 25% chance of ending up with CF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why the first iteration of 23andMe carrier testing wasn’t as useful as I would have liked. They tested only one of the 100’s of different DNA variants in the CFTR gene that can lead to CF. Since this DNA variant only accounts for about half the cases of CF, there was a good chance that something would get missed. This is no longer true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the refocusing, 23andMe looks for 31 different variants in the CFTR gene that are known to cause CF. Now this isn’t hundreds but is more than the 23 recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics. And in fact 23andMe includes these 23 in the 31 it tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course the testing still isn’t perfect but no testing is. Some of the tests are only useful for certain ethnic groups. And there is no upfront genetic counseling to help you decide whether or not genetic testing would be useful in your situation anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bottom line is that 23andMe’s testing for genetic diseases that you might be carrying is much stronger than it was before. So much so that it can even give you some piece of mind for many of these diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways I’ll miss the more whimsical look at DNA that 23andMe used to represent. But this obviously wasn’t a good business model for anyone except those enamored of DNA. And 23andMe does need to make a profit…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5325/23andme-not-just-for-fun-anymore","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_43","quest_497","quest_541","quest_597","quest_848","quest_1188","quest_1193","quest_1195"],"label":"quest"},"quest_5239":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5239","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5239","score":null,"sort":[1267459254000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"and-then-there-were-44","title":"22andHim","publishDate":1267459254,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/blog_karyotype.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Missing two chromosomes but doing fine. A partial karyotype of a man with 44 chromosomes.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A doctor from China contacted me through this blog with some exciting news. He had found a patient with 44 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. And the patient was perfectly normal as far as anyone could tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The doctor contacted me because the story of how this patient ended up with 44 chromosomes mirrored my story of how humans may have gone from 48 to 46 chromosomes a million or so years ago. The idea that human chromosome reduction could happen this way was theoretical when I wrote about it. Now we have living proof that it can and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/\">does happen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>Sticking Two Chromosomes Together\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">At first it might seem weird that losing a couple of chromosomes had no real effect on the patient since losing even one is usually fatal. But his case is different because he didn’t really lose two chromosomes (and all of their essential genes). Instead the chromosomes ended up stuck to two other chromosomes. So he has the same genes…they are just packaged differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">When this happens with a single chromosome, it is called a balanced translocation. These are more common that you might think with about 1 in 1000 people having one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The way to end up with 44 chromosomes like our patient requires that both parents have the same balanced translocation. The only way this is at all probable is if the parents are closely related. In this case, they are cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">I won’t go into the details (click \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=124\">here\u003c/a> to learn more) but these parents had a 1 in 36 chance of having a child with a double balanced translocation. And this is our patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>From 48 to 46 to 44?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As I said before, a big reason why this is all so interesting is because it provides confirmation of one way that humans may have gone from 48 to 46 chromosomes so many years ago. The first step might have been similar to what happened to our patient. Two closely related parents with the same translocation have a child together that has fewer chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Back then, chromosomes 12 and 13 fused together to create what we now call human chromosome 2. The fused chromosome then slowly spread through the community. And then, for some reason, the group of humans with 46 chromosomes eventually supplanted the group with 48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">We can’t know for sure, but this may have happened through some random event where the 48 chromosome humans were mostly wiped out and the humans with 46 chromosomes were spared. Humanity has nearly been wiped our before with the most recent case being a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\">volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">If something similar happens in the future, I wonder if people will be questioning our close relationship to chimpanzees. “How could chimpanzees be our closest relatives,” these future folks might ask, “when we have four fewer chromosomes than they do?” This assumes, of course, that the number of chromosomes has not changed in chimpanzees by then…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A doctor from China contacted me through this blog with some exciting news. He had found a patient with 44 chromosomes instead of the usual 46","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1267459254,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":545},"headData":{"title":"22andHim | KQED","description":"A doctor from China contacted me through this blog with some exciting news. He had found a patient with 44 chromosomes instead of the usual 46","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5239 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/","disqusTitle":"22andHim","path":"/quest/5239/and-then-there-were-44","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/blog_karyotype.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Missing two chromosomes but doing fine. A partial karyotype of a man with 44 chromosomes.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A doctor from China contacted me through this blog with some exciting news. He had found a patient with 44 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. And the patient was perfectly normal as far as anyone could tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The doctor contacted me because the story of how this patient ended up with 44 chromosomes mirrored my story of how humans may have gone from 48 to 46 chromosomes a million or so years ago. The idea that human chromosome reduction could happen this way was theoretical when I wrote about it. Now we have living proof that it can and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/\">does happen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>Sticking Two Chromosomes Together\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">At first it might seem weird that losing a couple of chromosomes had no real effect on the patient since losing even one is usually fatal. But his case is different because he didn’t really lose two chromosomes (and all of their essential genes). Instead the chromosomes ended up stuck to two other chromosomes. So he has the same genes…they are just packaged differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">When this happens with a single chromosome, it is called a balanced translocation. These are more common that you might think with about 1 in 1000 people having one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The way to end up with 44 chromosomes like our patient requires that both parents have the same balanced translocation. The only way this is at all probable is if the parents are closely related. In this case, they are cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">I won’t go into the details (click \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=124\">here\u003c/a> to learn more) but these parents had a 1 in 36 chance of having a child with a double balanced translocation. And this is our patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>From 48 to 46 to 44?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">As I said before, a big reason why this is all so interesting is because it provides confirmation of one way that humans may have gone from 48 to 46 chromosomes so many years ago. The first step might have been similar to what happened to our patient. Two closely related parents with the same translocation have a child together that has fewer chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Back then, chromosomes 12 and 13 fused together to create what we now call human chromosome 2. The fused chromosome then slowly spread through the community. And then, for some reason, the group of humans with 46 chromosomes eventually supplanted the group with 48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">We can’t know for sure, but this may have happened through some random event where the 48 chromosome humans were mostly wiped out and the humans with 46 chromosomes were spared. Humanity has nearly been wiped our before with the most recent case being a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\">volcanic eruption 75,000 years ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">If something similar happens in the future, I wonder if people will be questioning our close relationship to chimpanzees. “How could chimpanzees be our closest relatives,” these future folks might ask, “when we have four fewer chromosomes than they do?” This assumes, of course, that the number of chromosomes has not changed in chimpanzees by then…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5239/and-then-there-were-44","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_270","quest_597","quest_1197"],"label":"quest"},"quest_586":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_586","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"586","score":null,"sort":[1210616816000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design","title":"Chromosome Fusion: Chance or Design?","publishDate":1210616816,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/hum-chimpchromosomes.gif\" width=\"287\" height=\"488\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very similar. Note that human chromosome 2 is very similar to a fusion of two chimpanzee chromosomes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the last few weeks I have been corresponding with someone about intelligent design (ID). More specifically, we have been chatting about why humans have 46 chromosomes and most of the great apes have 48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, this is great evidence for evolution. Why? Because if you look at the chromosomes closely, you can see that human chromosome 2 is really just a fusion of two great ape chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that a few million years ago, a common human-chimpanzee ancestor of ours had two of his or her chromosomes fused together. This sort of thing happens all the time even today. Around 1 in 1000 live births has one of these kinds of fusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, probably through chance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=229\">this ancestor with the fused chromosomes went on to found the human race\u003c/a>. Now people have 46 chromosomes and chimpanzees have 48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative explanation is that the designers fused the two chromosomes together when they created humans. The idea would be that the designer wouldn't create every plant, animal, bacteria, and virus from scratch--why reinvent the wheel every time? Instead the designers would mix and match parts that worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as part of the process of designing a human, the designer fused two ape chromosomes together. This would presumably be simpler than creating a human chromosome 2 the way the other chromosomes were made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difficulty with this idea is that there is no obvious advantage to having 46 chromosomes instead of 48. What matters is our DNA, not how it happens \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=257\">to be packaged\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is possible that there was some advantage to fusing the chromosomes together. For example, maybe a new gene was created at the fusion point. Or maybe genes that were shut off before were now turned on in the new fused chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn't any evidence of these kinds of things. And even if there were, a designer who can easily put in the 60 million or so differences between humans and chimpanzees should be able to accomplish whatever results a chromosome fusion gives more elegantly than sticking two ape chromosomes together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, when you look at the fusion point, you can see that the DNA isn't exactly what you would expect if a fusion happened in the last 10,000 or even 100,000 years. The results look more like an event that happened millions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ends of a chromosome have a defined sequence of DNA repeats called a telomere. The DNA at the fusion point looks \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=264\">very similar to a string of telomeres\u003c/a> (as we would expect from a fusion) but it isn't perfect. This is just what you would expect if the fusion happened millions of years ago. Because our DNA gets changed a little all of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environment or even our own cells can cause the wrong letter to end up in our DNA. Our cells are pretty good at fixing these mistakes but they don't catch them all. What this means is that our DNA builds up mutations over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an unfixed change happens in a sperm or egg, then it is passed down to the next generation. If the changes that aren't fixed happen somewhere important, then they are selected for or against. But if they're neutral, then they just build up over time. Scientists can even use these sorts of errors to predict how long ago something happened. Or to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">trace human migration patterns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These DNA changes at the fusion point do not fit with ID if they don't serve a purpose. Otherwise, why put them there? It will be interesting to see the results of experiments that might show if these sequences matter or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1478827825,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":673},"headData":{"title":"Chromosome Fusion: Chance or Design? | KQED","description":"For the last few weeks I have been corresponding with someone about intelligent design (ID). More specifically, we have been chatting about why humans have 46 chromosomes and most of the great apes have 48. To me, this is great evidence for evolution. Why? Because if you look at the chromosomes closely, you can see","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"586 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/12/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design/","disqusTitle":"Chromosome Fusion: Chance or Design?","path":"/quest/586/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/hum-chimpchromosomes.gif\" width=\"287\" height=\"488\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very similar. Note that human chromosome 2 is very similar to a fusion of two chimpanzee chromosomes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the last few weeks I have been corresponding with someone about intelligent design (ID). More specifically, we have been chatting about why humans have 46 chromosomes and most of the great apes have 48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, this is great evidence for evolution. Why? Because if you look at the chromosomes closely, you can see that human chromosome 2 is really just a fusion of two great ape chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that a few million years ago, a common human-chimpanzee ancestor of ours had two of his or her chromosomes fused together. This sort of thing happens all the time even today. Around 1 in 1000 live births has one of these kinds of fusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, probably through chance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=229\">this ancestor with the fused chromosomes went on to found the human race\u003c/a>. Now people have 46 chromosomes and chimpanzees have 48.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An alternative explanation is that the designers fused the two chromosomes together when they created humans. The idea would be that the designer wouldn't create every plant, animal, bacteria, and virus from scratch--why reinvent the wheel every time? Instead the designers would mix and match parts that worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as part of the process of designing a human, the designer fused two ape chromosomes together. This would presumably be simpler than creating a human chromosome 2 the way the other chromosomes were made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difficulty with this idea is that there is no obvious advantage to having 46 chromosomes instead of 48. What matters is our DNA, not how it happens \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=257\">to be packaged\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is possible that there was some advantage to fusing the chromosomes together. For example, maybe a new gene was created at the fusion point. Or maybe genes that were shut off before were now turned on in the new fused chromosomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn't any evidence of these kinds of things. And even if there were, a designer who can easily put in the 60 million or so differences between humans and chimpanzees should be able to accomplish whatever results a chromosome fusion gives more elegantly than sticking two ape chromosomes together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, when you look at the fusion point, you can see that the DNA isn't exactly what you would expect if a fusion happened in the last 10,000 or even 100,000 years. The results look more like an event that happened millions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ends of a chromosome have a defined sequence of DNA repeats called a telomere. The DNA at the fusion point looks \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=264\">very similar to a string of telomeres\u003c/a> (as we would expect from a fusion) but it isn't perfect. This is just what you would expect if the fusion happened millions of years ago. Because our DNA gets changed a little all of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The environment or even our own cells can cause the wrong letter to end up in our DNA. Our cells are pretty good at fixing these mistakes but they don't catch them all. What this means is that our DNA builds up mutations over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an unfixed change happens in a sperm or egg, then it is passed down to the next generation. If the changes that aren't fixed happen somewhere important, then they are selected for or against. But if they're neutral, then they just build up over time. Scientists can even use these sorts of errors to predict how long ago something happened. Or to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">trace human migration patterns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These DNA changes at the fusion point do not fit with ID if they don't serve a purpose. Otherwise, why put them there? It will be interesting to see the results of experiments that might show if these sequences matter or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/586/chromosome-fusion-chance-or-design","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_580","quest_597","quest_848","quest_1197","quest_1479","quest_3351","quest_1901","quest_2530"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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