Chabot Space & Science CenterChabot Space & Science Center
When Should Animals Be Used for Research or Industry Testing?
Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space
The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down
Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System
Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come?
Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth
How Big is Your World?
Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot
Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!
Sponsored
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She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. 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She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"quest":{"type":"authors","id":"10216","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10216","found":true},"name":"QUEST Staff","firstName":"QUEST","lastName":"Staff","slug":"quest","email":"quest@kqed.orgx","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"QUEST, an Emmy Award-winning multimedia science series, has a new focus on the science of sustainability.The half-hour magazine style episodes are produced by a collaboration of six public broadcasters around the country and explore a wide variety of sustainability issues related to food, energy, water, climate and biodiversity. The story segments featured in each show are introduced by on-camera host, environmental journalist \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/pssethi/\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a>. The series also includes half-hour specials that focus on a single topic.\r\n \r\nAll 2013-2014 television programs can be viewed online in their entirety or as individual segments by clicking on the titles and images listed below. The programs are also broadcast in each of our six PBS partner regions including \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/north-carolina/\">North Carolina\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\">Ohio\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/nebraska/\">Nebraska\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northern-california/\">Northern California\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/stations/northwest/\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a>. Check local listings for broadcast dates and times.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"QUEST Staff | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d3874a881a1fe56a99098a4feea236c8?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/quest"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_73778":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_73778","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"73778","score":null,"sort":[1422991058000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing","title":"When Should Animals Be Used for Research or Industry Testing?","publishDate":1422991058,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"education"},"content":"\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/02/03/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"When Should Animals Be Used for Research or Industry Testing?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From KQED Education Do Now: Animal testing in scientific and commercial research has a long and controversial history. When should animals be used for research or industry testing, if ever? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1422991058,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":5},"headData":{"title":"When Should Animals Be Used for Research or Industry Testing? | KQED","description":"From KQED Education Do Now: Animal testing in scientific and commercial research has a long and controversial history. When should animals be used for research or industry testing, if ever? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"73778 http://science.kqed.org/quest?p=73778&preview_id=73778","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/02/03/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing/","disqusTitle":"When Should Animals Be Used for Research or Industry Testing?","redirect":{"type":"external","url":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/02/03/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing/"},"rssmiSourceLink":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/02/03/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing/","path":"/quest/73778/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/02/03/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"When Should Animals Be Used for Research or Industry Testing?\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2015/02/03/when-should-animals-be-used-for-research-or-industry-testing/","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_168","quest_13123","quest_170","quest_171","quest_13124","quest_544","quest_11069","quest_1024","quest_12269","quest_12289"],"featImg":"quest_73779","label":"quest"},"quest_21110":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21110","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21110","score":null,"sort":[1417014024000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","title":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space","publishDate":1417014024,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford is sending an experiment into space that could one day help travelers going to Mars and aging people here on Earth. She seeks to understand how a lack of gravity impacts our immune system.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442631729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":685},"headData":{"title":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"21110 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=21110","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/11/26/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space/","disqusTitle":"Millie Hughes-Fulford: Scientist in Space","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQ6OlOAtzR4?feature=player_detailpage","source":"Biology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/biology/","path":"/quest/21110/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21110/millie-hughes-fulford-scientist-in-space","authors":["6186"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_83","quest_544","quest_12269","quest_1451","quest_3620","quest_3351","quest_9909","quest_1918","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_12264","quest_13096","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_73276","label":"source_quest_21110"},"quest_53756":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53756","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53756","score":null,"sort":[1367593244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","publishDate":1367593244,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367972277,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":781},"headData":{"title":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down | KQED","description":"The European Space Agency's Planck mission has generated a map of the infant universe that refines our understanding of what it's all made of and has upped its age by 100 million years. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"53756 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53756","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/","disqusTitle":"The State of the Universe: Matter and Age Up, Dark Energy Down","path":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53757\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down/cobe-wmap-planck-maps/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53757\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53757\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg\" alt=\"Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/cobe-wmap-planck-maps-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smile, universe, for your baby picture! Maps of the early universe by the COBE, WMAP, and Planck missions. Image credit: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On news that the universe may be 100 million years older than previously estimated, cosmological markets have seen a reduction in the benchmark of universal expansion, the \u003ca title=\"The Hubble Constant\" href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_expansion.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Constant\u003c/a>, down to a new low of 67.15 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This has led to a drop in the dark energy market, down from initial estimates by 3.1% to 68.3% of the total universal mass/energy inventory. On the brighter side, stocks of the highly sought-after dark matter commodities are up to 26.8%, and good-old reliable normal matter fundamentals have inched upward to 4.9%, up from the previous 4.6%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"NASA Science News\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/21mar_cmb/\" target=\"_blank\">news \u003c/a>comes not from Wall Street but from cosmological observations by the European Space Agency's Planck mission, and analysis of those measurements by European, NASA and Canadian scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do the numbers mean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That the age of the universe is 100 million years greater than previously calculated is interesting, but it won't force the Barenaked Ladies to change the lyrics in the Big Bang Theory's opening theme song; \"…nearly 14 billion years ago…\" works whether the number is 13.7 or the more recent 13.8 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small refinements in the percentages of the universe composed of normal matter, \u003ca title=\"Dark Matter and Dark Energy\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter and dark energy\u003c/a> are probably more interesting to scientists as far as the absolute numbers go. But the mere fact that a quarter of the universe is made of stuff we can't see (dark matter) and over two-thirds of the universe is made of stuff we can neither see nor at present understand (dark energy) is a stupefying fact. It means that what we can see in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies—normal matter) is only about 5% of what's actually there. Stupefying!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planck's mission is to measure minute differences in the brightness of the \u003ca title=\"Cosmic Microwave Background\" href=\"http://www.space.com/20330-cosmic-microwave-background-explained-infographic.html\" target=\"_blank\">Cosmic Microwave Background\u003c/a> (CMB) radiation, the faint glow of microwaves coming from every direction in the sky. Originally discovered by accident in 1964, CMB radiation comes from the greatest observable distances in the universe, and from the earliest time that light became able to travel freely through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers became very interested in these cosmic microwave emissions, for in collecting and measuring those photons they were essentially taking a picture of the very early universe, not long after the Big Bang (the theory, not the TV show). The CMB is the \"afterglow of creation,\" and for astronomers to discover and study it was something akin to when anthropologists first found fossils of the earliest hominids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you look out at distant galaxies you are seeing the light that left them in the distant past—how far in the past depends on how far away the galaxy is. The most distant galaxy that we have seen is a portal back in time over 13 billion years, a time when the universe was barely past infancy. But look a bit farther into space, a bit further backward in time, and you are looking at a time before galaxies had formed from the expanding gaseous universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limit of our ability to peer backward is met at the time before which the hot gases of the Big Bang aftermath were too dense for light to travel freely, and instead bounced around within the hot dense soup (those lyrics also need no adjustment) of atomic nuclei and electrons--similar to how light bounces between water droplets in a cloud. We see this far, but no farther because we are looking into an opaque cloud that existed before the universe was 370,000 years young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our picture-taking of the earliest face of the universe became more refined, a more detailed map of the CMB's variations in brightness was resolved, starting with the relatively blurry blotch-map brought by the \u003ca title=\"COBE mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/cobe/\" target=\"_blank\">COBE \u003c/a>mission, to a more detailed all-sky image by the \u003ca title=\"WMAP mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/wmap/\" target=\"_blank\">WMAP \u003c/a>mission, and now the clearest picture yet by \u003ca title=\"Planck mission\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/planck/\" target=\"_blank\">Planck\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The color variations in the map represent minute differences in the temperature and density of the gases of the early universe—subtle variations that eventually snowballed (so to speak) to become denser concentrations of matter, and the seeds of the earliest galaxies and galaxy clusters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in comparing the blotchy facial features of this infant shot to photos of the universe taken at later times we have assembled a more complete life picture of how the cosmos has grown and developed. And no one had to change the lyrics of their song either!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53756/the-state-of-the-universe-matter-and-age-up-dark-energy-down","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11956","quest_11518","quest_11955","quest_2739","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_53757","label":"quest"},"quest_52516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52516","score":null,"sort":[1366385063000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","title":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","publishDate":1366385063,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/vikingandsagan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52520\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, evidence of past human civilization and habitation can be gleaned from the rocks, soil and some still-standing monuments of architecture large and small, but the effects over time of weathering and over longer periods of the geologic cycle tend to erode, erase and eradicate those past efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system on planets, moons, asteroids and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries and defunct electronic devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are we trashing our solar system? Well, on the big scale of things, not much -- and at present unavoidably. It’s a big solar system and the number of expended rockets, ejected parachutes, crumpled heat shields, empty fuel tanks and just plain expired or lost robots is quite small. And there’s no economically feasible means at present to clean them up. Besides, whose backyard are they littering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our surveillance of the reaches of our solar system grows more sophisticated, we are beginning to run across bits of “junk”. Don’t get me wrong, these are once important and highly useful equipment of exploration that we’ve left behind over the years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the discerning eye on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (the HiRISE camera) has spotted a couple bits of extra-Terran detritus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check this out: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-121&cid=release_2013-121\" title=\"Curiosity's Parachute Spotted by MRO\" target=\"_blank\">discarded parachute of the Curiosity lander\u003c/a>, flapping in the Martian breeze. I wondered where that ended up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.moonzoo.org/2012/09/03/a-mystery-in-mare-crisium/\" title=\"Luna 24 found by LRO\" target=\"_blank\">Luna 24\u003c/a>, a robotic lunar lander from the 1970s, has been located through images by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. You can search for junk, too, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/how_to_take_part\" title=\"Moon Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how about this Antiques Skyshow find: The possible last resting place of one of the first robots to land on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-132&cid=release_2013-132\" title=\"Soviet Mars 3 Lander?\" target=\"_blank\">the Soviet Mars 3 lander\u003c/a>? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some day in the future, when travel about the solar system is a routine vacationing activity, some of the sightseeing historical points of interest may be today’s space junk. I can imagine raised walkways and interpretive signs encircling the dust and wind scoured remains the long lost \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3344693.stm\" title=\"Beagle II\" target=\"_blank\">Beagle II lander\u003c/a> on Mars, or the descent module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the Moon, or the Huygens lander half sunken in the super-frigid methane muds of Titan or the thoroughly scorched hulk of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html\" title=\"Venera 13 Lander\" target=\"_blank\">Soviet Venera lander\u003c/a> on Venus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And imagine the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"The Voyager Mission\" target=\"_blank\">Voyager \u003c/a>and Pioneer spacecraft, coasting outward into interstellar space, one day serving as archaeological finds by alien species living in distant star systems, in the distant future, telling them that we are here—at least, were here, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system, on planets, moons, asteroids, and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries, and defunct electronic devices. Are we trashing our solar system?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367424392,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":472},"headData":{"title":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System | KQED","description":"As a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system, on planets, moons, asteroids, and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries, and defunct electronic devices. Are we trashing our solar system?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"52516 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=52516","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/","disqusTitle":"Antiques Roadshow of the Solar System","path":"/quest/52516/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52520\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/19/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system/vikingandsagan/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-52520\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg\" alt=\"Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-52520\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/vikingandsagan-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Sagan Poses with Model of Viking Lander\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Earth, evidence of past human civilization and habitation can be gleaned from the rocks, soil and some still-standing monuments of architecture large and small, but the effects over time of weathering and over longer periods of the geologic cycle tend to erode, erase and eradicate those past efforts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as a space-faring culture, we have now left our marks across the solar system on planets, moons, asteroids and in the empty space between them. Some of these “marks” are yet-functioning robotic spacecraft. Some are litter, scattered about the place like so many discarded soda cans, plastic grocery bags, depleted batteries and defunct electronic devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are we trashing our solar system? Well, on the big scale of things, not much -- and at present unavoidably. It’s a big solar system and the number of expended rockets, ejected parachutes, crumpled heat shields, empty fuel tanks and just plain expired or lost robots is quite small. And there’s no economically feasible means at present to clean them up. Besides, whose backyard are they littering?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As our surveillance of the reaches of our solar system grows more sophisticated, we are beginning to run across bits of “junk”. Don’t get me wrong, these are once important and highly useful equipment of exploration that we’ve left behind over the years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the discerning eye on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (the HiRISE camera) has spotted a couple bits of extra-Terran detritus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check this out: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-121&cid=release_2013-121\" title=\"Curiosity's Parachute Spotted by MRO\" target=\"_blank\">discarded parachute of the Curiosity lander\u003c/a>, flapping in the Martian breeze. I wondered where that ended up!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.moonzoo.org/2012/09/03/a-mystery-in-mare-crisium/\" title=\"Luna 24 found by LRO\" target=\"_blank\">Luna 24\u003c/a>, a robotic lunar lander from the 1970s, has been located through images by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. You can search for junk, too, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.moonzoo.org/how_to_take_part\" title=\"Moon Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Moon Zoo\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And how about this Antiques Skyshow find: The possible last resting place of one of the first robots to land on Mars, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-132&cid=release_2013-132\" title=\"Soviet Mars 3 Lander?\" target=\"_blank\">the Soviet Mars 3 lander\u003c/a>? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some day in the future, when travel about the solar system is a routine vacationing activity, some of the sightseeing historical points of interest may be today’s space junk. I can imagine raised walkways and interpretive signs encircling the dust and wind scoured remains the long lost \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3344693.stm\" title=\"Beagle II\" target=\"_blank\">Beagle II lander\u003c/a> on Mars, or the descent module of the Apollo 11 spacecraft on the Moon, or the Huygens lander half sunken in the super-frigid methane muds of Titan or the thoroughly scorched hulk of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/18551-venera-13.html\" title=\"Venera 13 Lander\" target=\"_blank\">Soviet Venera lander\u003c/a> on Venus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And imagine the \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"The Voyager Mission\" target=\"_blank\">Voyager \u003c/a>and Pioneer spacecraft, coasting outward into interstellar space, one day serving as archaeological finds by alien species living in distant star systems, in the distant future, telling them that we are here—at least, were here, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52516/antiques-roadshow-of-the-solar-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_11919","quest_11518","quest_2739","quest_2986"],"featImg":"quest_52520","label":"quest"},"quest_51979":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51979","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51979","score":null,"sort":[1365174011000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come","title":"Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come?","publishDate":1365174011,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51981\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/05/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51981\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Sun through a Sunspotter telescope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of sun through a Sunspotter Telescope\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thinking back through my life, I recall four times when I took notice of sunspots one way or another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 1980 when I was in the 12th grade, I remember seeing them in solar images I projected from my 4-inch Astroscan telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1991, when I worked in an aircraft hangar at NASA/Ames Research Center, I remember walking by a disk of light on the floor and realizing that it was an image of the sun projected from a hole in the hangar roof—making the entire hangar a giant pinhole camera. The disk was several inches across, and in it I saw sunspots once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, around the time that I started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, I made a regular activity of sharing the spotty sun with visitors, teachers, and summer camp kids alike, using Sunspotter Telescopes, pinhole projectors, and filtered telescopes. Again, the spotty sun was raised in my awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now in 2013, we have spots once again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern was always there for me to notice: 1980, 1991, 2002, 2013. \u003ca title=\"Solar Cycle\" href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/scycle.html\" target=\"_blank\">See it?\u003c/a> I didn't, until in recent years, because noticing the regular pattern of the appearance of sunspots over time requires that you notice the times when the sun isn't so spotty. During those times, the sun simply fell from my attention because there wasn't much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've been following the sun lately, you're aware that we're somewhere in the midst of Solar Maximum: that season in the solar cycle of greatest magnetic activity when sunspots and other related magnetic events like solar flares and coronal mass ejections are frequent and pronounced. On average, Solar Maximum comes every 11 years, reaching a singular high in magnetic activity and then relaxing toward Solar Minimum. By the original predictions, Solar Maximum was expected to peak around May of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, except for a sharp spike in activity in late 2011, all of 2012 fell below par, appearing on graphs as if Solar Maximum climaxed a year early and is now on the way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it fizzle, ending unexpectedly early -- and after a performance that fell short of the anticipated mark?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or perhaps...with a light drum roll...is the drop in activity we've observed lately only a brief calm before a spectacular resurgence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some have suggested that we have experienced a tepid Solar Maximum that simply didn't meet market expectations, \u003ca title=\"Solar Maximum Double Peak\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/01mar_twinpeaks/\" target=\"_blank\">another explanation is afoot\u003c/a>: the sun is getting ready to deal out a \"double peak\" Solarmax, with the second peak getting ready to ramp up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is the case, Solarmax has yet to give us its finale fireworks display, which we could expect later this year and perhaps crackling on into 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A double-peak Solar Maximum isn't a novelty, as it turns out. In fact, the last two of them (back in 2001/2002, and before that in 1990/1991) exhibited similar behavior. Why? We're still working on the answer to that, but the double-tap maximum may be a result of the sun's two hemispheres, north and south, reaching Solar Maximum at slightly different times. Currently, it appears that the sun's southern hemisphere is lagging behind the north in activity—and maybe getting ready to make up for lost time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're wondering what all this magnetic activity on the sun actually looks like, come up to Chabot Space & Science Center and see for yourself. Our new exhibition, \u003ca title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Touch the Sun\"\u003c/a> features fully interactive movies of solar activity on a 90-inch color television.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Has the sun's predicted Solar Maximum in magnetic activity ended early and after a disappointing performance--or is it getting ready to delivery a spectacular finale and a double-peak Solarmax?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366389104,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":616},"headData":{"title":"Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come? | KQED","description":"Has the sun's predicted Solar Maximum in magnetic activity ended early and after a disappointing performance--or is it getting ready to delivery a spectacular finale and a double-peak Solarmax?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51979 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51979","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/05/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come/","disqusTitle":"Solar Maximum: Fizzle, or Finale Yet to Come?","path":"/quest/51979/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51981\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/05/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51981\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg\" alt=\"Image of Sun through a Sunspotter telescope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/solarmax-fizzle-or-finale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image of sun through a Sunspotter Telescope\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thinking back through my life, I recall four times when I took notice of sunspots one way or another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 1980 when I was in the 12th grade, I remember seeing them in solar images I projected from my 4-inch Astroscan telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1991, when I worked in an aircraft hangar at NASA/Ames Research Center, I remember walking by a disk of light on the floor and realizing that it was an image of the sun projected from a hole in the hangar roof—making the entire hangar a giant pinhole camera. The disk was several inches across, and in it I saw sunspots once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, around the time that I started working at Chabot Space & Science Center, I made a regular activity of sharing the spotty sun with visitors, teachers, and summer camp kids alike, using Sunspotter Telescopes, pinhole projectors, and filtered telescopes. Again, the spotty sun was raised in my awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now in 2013, we have spots once again!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pattern was always there for me to notice: 1980, 1991, 2002, 2013. \u003ca title=\"Solar Cycle\" href=\"http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/scycle.html\" target=\"_blank\">See it?\u003c/a> I didn't, until in recent years, because noticing the regular pattern of the appearance of sunspots over time requires that you notice the times when the sun isn't so spotty. During those times, the sun simply fell from my attention because there wasn't much to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've been following the sun lately, you're aware that we're somewhere in the midst of Solar Maximum: that season in the solar cycle of greatest magnetic activity when sunspots and other related magnetic events like solar flares and coronal mass ejections are frequent and pronounced. On average, Solar Maximum comes every 11 years, reaching a singular high in magnetic activity and then relaxing toward Solar Minimum. By the original predictions, Solar Maximum was expected to peak around May of 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, except for a sharp spike in activity in late 2011, all of 2012 fell below par, appearing on graphs as if Solar Maximum climaxed a year early and is now on the way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did it fizzle, ending unexpectedly early -- and after a performance that fell short of the anticipated mark?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or perhaps...with a light drum roll...is the drop in activity we've observed lately only a brief calm before a spectacular resurgence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some have suggested that we have experienced a tepid Solar Maximum that simply didn't meet market expectations, \u003ca title=\"Solar Maximum Double Peak\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/01mar_twinpeaks/\" target=\"_blank\">another explanation is afoot\u003c/a>: the sun is getting ready to deal out a \"double peak\" Solarmax, with the second peak getting ready to ramp up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this is the case, Solarmax has yet to give us its finale fireworks display, which we could expect later this year and perhaps crackling on into 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A double-peak Solar Maximum isn't a novelty, as it turns out. In fact, the last two of them (back in 2001/2002, and before that in 1990/1991) exhibited similar behavior. Why? We're still working on the answer to that, but the double-tap maximum may be a result of the sun's two hemispheres, north and south, reaching Solar Maximum at slightly different times. Currently, it appears that the sun's southern hemisphere is lagging behind the north in activity—and maybe getting ready to make up for lost time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're wondering what all this magnetic activity on the sun actually looks like, come up to Chabot Space & Science Center and see for yourself. Our new exhibition, \u003ca title=\"Touch the Sun at Chabot Space & Science Center\" href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/touch-the-sun.htm\" target=\"_blank\">\"Touch the Sun\"\u003c/a> features fully interactive movies of solar activity on a 90-inch color television.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51979/solar-maximum-fizzle-finale-or-yet-to-come","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_544","quest_11518","quest_2705","quest_2827","quest_11878"],"featImg":"quest_51981","label":"quest"},"quest_51156":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51156","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51156","score":null,"sort":[1363966401000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","publishDate":1363966401,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442787406,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":808},"headData":{"title":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth | KQED","description":"Since the first extra-solar planet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be zeroing in on that "other Earth." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"51156 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51156","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth/","disqusTitle":"Gliese 667 Cc: Musing the Possibilities of Another Earth","path":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Welcome to Gliese 667 Cc. We hope you enjoy your vacation stay on this amazing planet. You have traveled 23 light years from Earth, but the wonders you will witness are well worth the trip.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could happen, sometime in the future. Maybe. In the meantime, let's read the travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Discovered long ago, in 2009, Gliese 667 Cc, as it was originally named, is a model of how un-Earth-like an Earth-like planet can be. First, you may notice that you've put on a few pounds under this super-Earth's greater gravity. You may also think you're losing your sight, since this planet's dim red dwarf sun shines only a fraction of the visible light Earth's Sun does. Finally, as promised, your vacation here will last an entire year and hopefully you read the fine print that this planet's year is only four weeks long. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, back to reality. It's 2013, we do not (yet) have luxury cruisers warping people to other worlds, and we still haven't set foot on another planet. In fact, it's been less than two decades since we detected the first actual extrasolar planet (aka, exoplanet; planets orbiting stars other than our sun). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, since that first exoplanet was found in 1992, we've made some decent progress in exploring other worlds out there, and may even be \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Planetquest Search for another Earth\" target=\"_blank\">zeroing in on that \"other Earth.\"\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the count of confirmed exoplanets stands somewhere around 867, with another 2900 or so \"candidates\" whose existence is waiting to be confirmed. And over 2700 of those candidates were brought to our attention within the past three years by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\" title=\"NASA Kepler Mission\" target=\"_blank\">NASA's Kepler mission\u003c/a>, whose goal is to find Earthlike planets—Earthlike, in terms of size and habitability potential. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that mix are seven planets currently touted as potentially habitable—habitable to life as we know it, at least, with conditions that are friendly to the presence of liquid water. It should be noted that this is what scientists mean by \u003ca href=\"http://phl.upr.edu/\" title=\"Planet Habitability Laboratory\" target=\"_blank\">habitability\u003c/a>: conditions such that liquid water could exist, given an adequate atmosphere and an abundance of water molecules. This definition does not require that a human being could survive in that environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Gliese 667 Cc. One of three exoplanets (two confirmed, one candidate) orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C (one of three stars in a triple star system), this one rates highly on the habitability scale (meaning we can imagine there being oceans, a water cycle, and potentially life), but at the same time is strikingly different in several ways to that prototype of Earthlike planets, Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a \"super-Earth\", meaning, as you might expect, bigger than Earth: estimated at 4.8 times the mass of Earth. Depending on its diameter, that could mean surface gravity notably greater than what we're used to: things weigh more, rain falls faster, landscapes are sculpted with a heavier hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It orbits within its star's habitable zone—the proper distance so that water can be in liquid form—but since that star is a red dwarf, and much fainter than the Sun, that proper distance is much closer, about a tenth the Earth-Sun distance. Being so close to its star, Gliese 667 Cc only takes about 28 days to complete an orbit and mark its own year. Imagine a birthday party every month! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has also been suggested that, since this super-Earth is so close to its star, it is probably tidally locked, rotating only once per revolution and keeping the same face toward its star at all times. This would give Gliese 667 Cc a \"day\" hemisphere and a \"night\" hemisphere, so you could choose the time of day you like and stick with it. It would also likely mean a perpetually hot side and a perpetually cold side—unless a thick, Venus-like atmosphere exists that might keep surface temperatures globally similar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between these extremes, in the twilight zone between day and night, perhaps would be a perpetually temperate ring bounded on one side by a cold dark vastness of hemi-global ice sheets and a vast realm of sweltering sauna lands and hot-tub oceans--something for every type of vacationer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one has to wonder what kind of weather patterns would develop on this schizoid super-Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such we can imagine. We don't know if Gliese 667 Cc has oceans, or what kind of an atmosphere—if any—it might possess. All we really know is its super-Earth status and location within its star's habitable zone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps we'll learn other details in the future that will help us paint a more realistic picture of this exoplanet and get working on that travel brochure. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51156/gliese-667-cc-musing-the-possibilities-of-another-earth","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11852","quest_11853","quest_544","quest_1037","quest_11854","quest_11851","quest_1564","quest_1918","quest_2216","quest_13","quest_11855"],"featImg":"quest_51157","label":"quest"},"quest_50517":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50517","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50517","score":null,"sort":[1362758440000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-big-is-your-world","title":"How Big is Your World?","publishDate":1362758440,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/bigorsmall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50525\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Is your world big or small?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is your world big or small?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I admit it, this is a question I've toyed with for a very long time—since sometime back in childhood. It all started around the time I had my first exposure to the idea of scale, and the vastly different scales between the cosmological and the subatomic, with us humans fitting in somewhere between. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we're indigenous to the realm of scale we developed in, naturally things in our immediate experience are regarded as \"normal\" in size. But take a short journey into the realms of scale above and below our own, and things start to seem very, very—well, mind-bending. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cosmic side we find galaxies: structures that contain hundreds of billions of stars and measure so far across that light traveling at its almost unimaginably zippy velocity of 300,000 kilometers per second take tens of thousands of years to span. Our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subatomic side we have atomic nuclei, where most of an atom's mass is packed away. An atomic nucleus is so small that even if the entire atom (nucleus, orbiting electrons, and all the empty space between—about 1 ten-billionth of a meter) were upscaled to the size of a basketball, the nucleus would still be too small for the human eye to perceive. An atomic nucleus is roughly 1 million-billionth of a meter across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy: 100,000 light years or almost a billion trillion meters. Atomic nucleus: one million-billionth of a meter. Human being: one or two meters. Here we exist in a vast universe that is much larger than us, and we—and the vast universe, for that matter—are composed of particles that much smaller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why are these numbers important to me? Apart from the revelation in these numbers that we humans, as objects that take up space, exist betwixt these realms of scale, the entire notion that something like a galaxy ultimately owes tribute for its physical and dynamic properties to such ultimately miniscule bits is…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dazzling. Stupefying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though in our everyday awareness we do not perceive atoms and galaxies, we do spend our lives dealing with things that are either much smaller or much larger than we are—the broken dishwasher or those few people who are truly our own size notwithstanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are sustained by a planet-sized life support system, on which we stand. We are aided, and afflicted, by microorganisms (some of which depend on us for life support). Some of us worry about asteroids crashing into the Earth (I don't personally), while others look to them as a possible source of needed natural resources. And did you know that statistically, you're never more than a few feet away from a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the planet we stand on or a microorganism we depend on still don't figure much into our immediate awareness, each being slightly beyond the thresholds of scale we most readily perceive. The day-to-day universe that we perceive—that we functionally live in—is a lot smaller than the big one…and a heck of a lot larger than what it is built on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the size of your universe?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998001,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":574},"headData":{"title":"How Big is Your World? | KQED","description":"Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"50517 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50517","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/","disqusTitle":"How Big is Your World?","path":"/quest/50517/how-big-is-your-world","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/bigorsmall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50525\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Is your world big or small?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is your world big or small?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I admit it, this is a question I've toyed with for a very long time—since sometime back in childhood. It all started around the time I had my first exposure to the idea of scale, and the vastly different scales between the cosmological and the subatomic, with us humans fitting in somewhere between. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we're indigenous to the realm of scale we developed in, naturally things in our immediate experience are regarded as \"normal\" in size. But take a short journey into the realms of scale above and below our own, and things start to seem very, very—well, mind-bending. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cosmic side we find galaxies: structures that contain hundreds of billions of stars and measure so far across that light traveling at its almost unimaginably zippy velocity of 300,000 kilometers per second take tens of thousands of years to span. Our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subatomic side we have atomic nuclei, where most of an atom's mass is packed away. An atomic nucleus is so small that even if the entire atom (nucleus, orbiting electrons, and all the empty space between—about 1 ten-billionth of a meter) were upscaled to the size of a basketball, the nucleus would still be too small for the human eye to perceive. An atomic nucleus is roughly 1 million-billionth of a meter across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy: 100,000 light years or almost a billion trillion meters. Atomic nucleus: one million-billionth of a meter. Human being: one or two meters. Here we exist in a vast universe that is much larger than us, and we—and the vast universe, for that matter—are composed of particles that much smaller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why are these numbers important to me? Apart from the revelation in these numbers that we humans, as objects that take up space, exist betwixt these realms of scale, the entire notion that something like a galaxy ultimately owes tribute for its physical and dynamic properties to such ultimately miniscule bits is…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dazzling. Stupefying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though in our everyday awareness we do not perceive atoms and galaxies, we do spend our lives dealing with things that are either much smaller or much larger than we are—the broken dishwasher or those few people who are truly our own size notwithstanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are sustained by a planet-sized life support system, on which we stand. We are aided, and afflicted, by microorganisms (some of which depend on us for life support). Some of us worry about asteroids crashing into the Earth (I don't personally), while others look to them as a possible source of needed natural resources. And did you know that statistically, you're never more than a few feet away from a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the planet we stand on or a microorganism we depend on still don't figure much into our immediate awareness, each being slightly beyond the thresholds of scale we most readily perceive. The day-to-day universe that we perceive—that we functionally live in—is a lot smaller than the big one…and a heck of a lot larger than what it is built on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the size of your universe?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50517/how-big-is-your-world","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_247","quest_11825","quest_544","quest_1163","quest_13202","quest_2517","quest_11823","quest_11824","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_50525","label":"quest"},"quest_49428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_49428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"49428","score":null,"sort":[1360964449000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot","title":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot","publishDate":1360964449,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/2012da14/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49430\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not End of the World Part 2. No, it's not a delayed reaction to the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar. In fact this asteroid is guaranteed to NOT hit us right now. Guaranteed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this is, in fact, is a reasonably sizeable rock passing reasonably close to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How big? Someone with a sense of proportions as well as a sense of humor has likened the asteroid's size to that of a Safeway (between 118 and 265 feet across) and about 130,000 metric tons (that's roughly the mass of about 60,000 SUVs—so if you imagine 60,000 SUVs in a parking lot next to a Safeway, you have an idea of the size and mass of this asteroid!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is a far cry from the larger asteroids we know of, mostly in the Main Asteroid Belt, that average a mile across and can be as big as a few hundred miles, it is significantly larger than some of the Earth-grazers we've seen whiz by in the last few years, which have typically been only a few meters wide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid 2012 DA14 is in the same size class as the rock responsible for blasting that mile-wide hole in the Arizona desert, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a> (a misnomer, as anyone who knows the difference between a meteor and a meteorite knows that meteors are pebbles that burn up in the atmosphere). If 2012 DA14 were to hit Earth, it would deliver a respectable wallop and leave a big hole or splash, but would not kill us all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How close is it passing? That's the more interesting part of the story. With a closest approach to Earth's center of 21,200 miles (about 17,200 miles from Earth's surface), this is the closest approach by an asteroid of this size since we really started giving these objects much attention. This is slightly within the distance of geosynchronous satellites that circle the Earth—effectively making this passage a successful rim-shot (and thankfully not a slam-dunk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So 2012 DA14 won't hit Earth, but will it hit any of the \u003ca href=\"http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/\" title=\"Geostationary satellites\" target=\"_blank\">geostationary satellites\u003c/a> that transmit Dish and TV satellite programming? We place those satellites in a ring at the geosynchronous distance—about 22,236 miles—so that their period of revolution around the Earth matches the Earth's rotation and they always remain at the same point in our sky, enabling constant line-of-sight transmission. So, will the asteroid cause a signal blackout while you're watching a football game? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, physics to the rescue again. This will be a rim-shot where the ball comes close to hitting the rim, but will swish right through without contact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, since this is the largest-closest rock to pass through these parts since we started looking for them, will we be able to see this asteroid? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/neo-grants/2012-da14-faq.html\" title=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14\" target=\"_blank\">2012 DA14\u003c/a> won't be visible to the unaided eye even at closest approach, but should be visible at least through a small telescope. Also, we are planning to offer the public a look through one or more of our telescopes at Chabot Space & Science Center that Friday evening (weather permitting). If conditions are right, we should be observing the passage from early evening (telescopes open at 7:30 PM) onward until closing at 10:30. So come on up for a Near-miss Celebration!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998075,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":642},"headData":{"title":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot | KQED","description":"Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"49428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=49428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/15/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/","disqusTitle":"Asteroid 2012 DA14: In Line For a Rim Shot","path":"/quest/49428/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49430\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/08/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot/2012da14/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49430\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49430\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/2012DA14-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2012 DA14 Flyby February 15 2013\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: A 150-foot asteroid hurtled through Earth's backyard Friday, coming within an incredible 17,150 miles and making the closest known flyby for a rock of its size. Get more info at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/15/watch-asteroid-flyby-live/\" target=\"_blank\">KQED News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duck! Here comes asteroid 2012 DA14, grazing close to where you live on February 15th! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not End of the World Part 2. No, it's not a delayed reaction to the end of the Mayan Long Count calendar. In fact this asteroid is guaranteed to NOT hit us right now. Guaranteed!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this is, in fact, is a reasonably sizeable rock passing reasonably close to the Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How big? Someone with a sense of proportions as well as a sense of humor has likened the asteroid's size to that of a Safeway (between 118 and 265 feet across) and about 130,000 metric tons (that's roughly the mass of about 60,000 SUVs—so if you imagine 60,000 SUVs in a parking lot next to a Safeway, you have an idea of the size and mass of this asteroid!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is a far cry from the larger asteroids we know of, mostly in the Main Asteroid Belt, that average a mile across and can be as big as a few hundred miles, it is significantly larger than some of the Earth-grazers we've seen whiz by in the last few years, which have typically been only a few meters wide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroid 2012 DA14 is in the same size class as the rock responsible for blasting that mile-wide hole in the Arizona desert, known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater\" target=\"_blank\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a> (a misnomer, as anyone who knows the difference between a meteor and a meteorite knows that meteors are pebbles that burn up in the atmosphere). If 2012 DA14 were to hit Earth, it would deliver a respectable wallop and leave a big hole or splash, but would not kill us all…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How close is it passing? That's the more interesting part of the story. With a closest approach to Earth's center of 21,200 miles (about 17,200 miles from Earth's surface), this is the closest approach by an asteroid of this size since we really started giving these objects much attention. This is slightly within the distance of geosynchronous satellites that circle the Earth—effectively making this passage a successful rim-shot (and thankfully not a slam-dunk). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So 2012 DA14 won't hit Earth, but will it hit any of the \u003ca href=\"http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/\" title=\"Geostationary satellites\" target=\"_blank\">geostationary satellites\u003c/a> that transmit Dish and TV satellite programming? We place those satellites in a ring at the geosynchronous distance—about 22,236 miles—so that their period of revolution around the Earth matches the Earth's rotation and they always remain at the same point in our sky, enabling constant line-of-sight transmission. So, will the asteroid cause a signal blackout while you're watching a football game? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thankfully, physics to the rescue again. This will be a rim-shot where the ball comes close to hitting the rim, but will swish right through without contact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, since this is the largest-closest rock to pass through these parts since we started looking for them, will we be able to see this asteroid? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/neo-grants/2012-da14-faq.html\" title=\"Asteroid 2012 DA14\" target=\"_blank\">2012 DA14\u003c/a> won't be visible to the unaided eye even at closest approach, but should be visible at least through a small telescope. Also, we are planning to offer the public a look through one or more of our telescopes at Chabot Space & Science Center that Friday evening (weather permitting). If conditions are right, we should be observing the passage from early evening (telescopes open at 7:30 PM) onward until closing at 10:30. So come on up for a Near-miss Celebration!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/49428/asteroid-2012-da14-in-line-for-a-rim-shot","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_11415","quest_233","quest_544","quest_1968","quest_13202","quest_2739"],"featImg":"quest_49430","label":"quest"},"quest_48937":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48937","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48937","score":null,"sort":[1359129640000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","title":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!","publishDate":1359129640,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998111,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":696},"headData":{"title":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup! | KQED","description":"The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: Last Climb, the story of the legendary Mount Everest expeditions of George Leigh Mallory. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"48937 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48937","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/","disqusTitle":"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup!","path":"/quest/48937/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/everest-sharp-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48939\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48939\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/everest-sharp-comparison-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of heights of Mars' Mount Sharp and some of Earth's tallest mountains\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ready for a real mash-up of explorer-history-science-mountaineering yack? A tale of two mountains on two planets? You have been forewarned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between Earth-side mountain exploration and the planned expedition by the Mars rover Curiosity came to my mind as I read a book my family got me over the holidays: \u003cem>Last Climb\u003c/em>, the story of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/lost/mystery/index.html\" title=\"George Mallory and Andrew Irvine\" target=\"_blank\">legendary Mount Everest expeditions\u003c/a> of George Leigh Mallory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that it is quite a physical feat to summit that 29,029 foot terrestrial rooftop, but the detailed narrative of the arduous climb by the earliest Everest-peak-seekers, with their 1920's technology and the fact that they were treading where in all likelihood no one had tread before, really put 1924 Everest onto another planet, in my mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/explore/curiosity/#286\" title=\"Explore Mars\" target=\"_blank\">first ever robot mountaineer\u003c/a> is poised to begin its uphill climb—if not summit bid—on Mount Sharp in Martian territory. NASA's Curiosity is still at the bottom of the mound of sediment that it is planned to explore, 16,000 feet below the summit. Since landing on Mars in August 2012, it has only \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\" title=\"Curiosity's Trek\" target=\"_blank\">traveled about half a mile\u003c/a>, taking its time checking out its systems and instruments and exploring the geology at the foot of the mountain. It's already revealed some intriguing geological features, including a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\">layer of gravely material\u003c/a> that shows all the hallmarks of having been laid down by running water in Mars' past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back to Everest in the early 1920s. At that time the Himalayan mountains -- and particularly Mount Everest -- were not unlike places on another planet, largely unexplored (by western explorers at least) and unknown territory. Satellite surveillance wouldn't exist for many decades yet, and armchair exploration with Google Earth was the better part of a century away. And, frankly, the first successful ascent to the summit was still two decades away through the icy mists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Step by painstaking step the expedition team members moved their way toward Everest, and then up its slopes, establishing supply lines and a string of support camps along the way. Not only was Everest then about as remote as Mars is today, it was also like another planet in terms of the environment: at Everest's lofty summit atmospheric pressure is about a third of that at sea level, temperatures dip far below freezing, solar radiation is harsh, and wind can cut like an icy knife. Another planet indeed, in some ways not unlike Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If only those explorers had been as well equipped as Curiosity: nuclear-powered, designed to withstand far more harsh conditions than even Everest and gripping the ground stably on six giant metal-treaded wheels. Makes me wonder if NASA, or anyone else, has ever considered an extended expedition of Everest using a robot like Curiosity, which would have far greater staying power to dwell at those heights, conduct geological experiments and maybe search for the frozen remains of dozens of unfortunate climbers who make up Everest's all-time fatality statistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently many of the bodies are still up there, it being too difficult a feat to bring them down, including George Mallory and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine. Mallory was found in 1999, and so far Irvine remains missing—along with the camera they took with them, which if ever found could shed some light onto these explorers' final hours on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you read all the way through this, thanks for indulging me. The other-worldness of that early Everest expedition just struck me as chilling and enthralling, just as the modern other-worldly investigation of distant Mount Sharp does, and the treasure trove of Martian geologic history that Curiosity will attempt to read as it climbs, wheel-turn by wheel-turn, up those mountain slopes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to make one final chilling comparison, Curiosity's ultimate fate, even after a successful mission, is similar to Mallory and Irvine's in one way: when it stops moving and communicating with Base Camp Earth, it will remain on that cold mountain forever.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48937/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_544","quest_742","quest_11689","quest_11691","quest_11690","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_13202","quest_2457","quest_11688"],"featImg":"quest_48939","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/possible-5gxfizEbKOJ-pbF5ASgxrs_.1400x1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/powerpress/1440_0017_BayCurious_iTunesTile_01.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2021/10/BBC_1400.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CodeSwitchLifeKit_StationGraphics_300x300EmailGraphic.png","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/07/commonwealthclub.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consider-This_3000_V3-copy-scaled-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/06/forum-logo-900x900tile-1.gif","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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