Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well
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So, did it land on ice? Huh? Did it?","credit":null,"description":"\u003cp class=\"attachment\">\u003ca href='http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1.jpg' title='under_phoenix'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium\" alt=\"under_phoenix\" title=\"under_phoenix\" />\u003c/a>\u003c/p>","imgSizes":{"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2008/06/under_phoenix1.jpg","width":300,"height":200}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"},"jennifer-skene":{"type":"authors","id":"10200","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10200","found":true},"name":"Jennifer Skene","firstName":"Jennifer","lastName":"Skene","slug":"jennifer-skene","email":"jen@skene.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jennifer Skene develops curriculum on climate change and ocean sciences at the Lawrence Hall of Science and teaches biology and science communication at Mills College and the University of California Berkeley. She has a degree in biology from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology from UC Berkeley. She started working with QUEST in 2008 as an intern. She has written for the Berkeley Science Review and the UC Museum of Paleontology’s Understanding Evolution and Understanding Science websites.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jennifer Skene | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/aef770c1852a70b094a8f4ef2c3107e6?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jennifer-skene"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_983":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_983","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"983","score":null,"sort":[1229731051000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"snows-of-the-solar-system","title":"Snows of the Solar System","publishDate":1229731051,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Snow is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills. Is snow so unusual for the rest of the solar system?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079439,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":514},"headData":{"title":"Snows of the Solar System | KQED","description":"Snow is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills. Is snow so unusual for the rest of the solar system?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Snows of the Solar System","datePublished":"2008-12-19T23:57:31.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:23:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"983 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=983","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/19/snows-of-the-solar-system/","disqusTitle":"Snows of the Solar System","path":"/quest/983/snows-of-the-solar-system","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/snow_domes.jpg\">\u003cem>Terrestrial snow at Chabot on December 16, 2008\u003cbr>\nPhoto by Craig Coryell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Driving to work today, I was amused to notice that the raindrops falling on my windshield were a bit grainy--and getting more so the higher up the hill I drove. I starting to think, is it starting to sleet? By the time I reached Chabot--at 1500 feet elevation--the precipitation had turned to bona fide snow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is quite unusual for the Oakland Hills, of course. In the ten years I've worked here, this is the second, maybe third, dusting I've witnessed. I recall the great freeze of '74, when it actually snowed in Oakland close to sea level---that's the year all the eucalyptus in the hills froze and died. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My mind wandered---pretty far out in space (an occupational hazard at Chabot). I started thinking about all the recent news and discoveries from around the Solar System, my thoughts guided by the fat white flakes drifting down all around the observatory domes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander detected \u003ca href=\"http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=080930172328.49u1qw9x&show_article=1\">snow falling high in the atmosphere\u003c/a>--about 4 kilometers high. This Martian snow, however, quickly evaporated in Mars' thin, dry air, never reaching the ground. Phoenix used a laser probe to make the detection--so we don't actually have picture to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snows of the Solar System may also fall out of the plumes of \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-cryovolcano.htm\">\"cryovolcanoes\"\u003c/a>--the frigid outer Solar System's version of volcanism (may it live long and prosper). On moons such as Saturn's Enceladus and Neptune's Triton, plumes of material have been detected spouting from fissures and cracks--probably fueled by heat generated by tidal forces from their parent planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/15/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a>, the geyser plumes contain water vapor and ice crystals, and are believed to come from subsurface lakes of \"warm\" water (32 degrees Fahrenheit--in other words, ice water… but that's a veritable hot spring, or magma chamber, on a cold moon like Enceladus!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ice crystals in the geysers' plumes mostly fall back to Enceladus--maybe in a diffuse fall of \"snow\" across the globe? I'm waiting for those pictures…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn's large moon Titan is speculated to possibly have a form of \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050610.html\">cryvolcanism\u003c/a>, though no direct detection has yet been made. Still, any water vapor that might erupt from a Titanian cryovolcano might be expected to fall in a form of snow….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solarviews.com/eng/triton.htm\">Triton\u003c/a>, much farther from the Sun than Saturn, is even colder than Enceladus. In fact, it's been called the coldest measured surface in the Solar System, at -391 degrees Fahrenheit. Here, nitrogen freezes solid. Triton cryovolcanoes, or geysers, may be partially solar-heated, but tidal heating within Triton is probably dominant. Triton's geysers spout nitrogen gas and dark material, which falls across the landscape in dark streaks and lighter deposits of frozen nitrogen--a form of extreme cryo-snow, to my imagination! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, are you as cold as I am just thinking about it? Time for a cup of cocoa…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/983/snows-of-the-solar-system","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_6"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_546","quest_736","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1755","quest_1918","quest_2024","quest_2349","quest_2682","quest_2998"],"label":"quest"},"quest_950":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_950","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"950","score":null,"sort":[1226708865000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"exoplanet-snapshots","title":"Exoplanet Snapshots","publishDate":1226708865,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/fomalhaut-b.jpg\">\u003cem>Image: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite\u003cbr>\n(University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard\u003cbr>\nSpace Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National\u003cbr>\nLaboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion\u003cbr>\nLaboratory)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Loch Ness Monster. Sasquatch. The exoplanet Fomalhaut b. We have clear photographic evidence of only one of these - and yes, it's the exoplanet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanets are planets in other solar systems. Though astronomers have detected over 300 exoplanets since 1995, we only have visible-light images of one of them. These photos of the planet Fomalhaut b, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, have just been published in Science magazine by UC Berkeley astronomer Paul Kalas. The exoplanet Fomalhaut b orbits the star \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut\">Fomalhaut\u003c/a> (pronounced \"foam-a-lot\"), and at 25 light years away is the closest exoplanet that we know of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until now, astronomers could only detect exoplanets using indirect methods. To learn more about the star wobbles and dips in starlight that indicate other planets are out there, check out QUEST's radio story, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">Exoplanets\u003c/a>, and QUEST's television story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/502\">Planet Hunters\u003c/a>. These exoplanets are trillions of miles away, but the research happens close to home at the \u003ca href=\"http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a> near San Jose, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few years, astronomers will likely detect additional exoplanets, and will learn much more about them. In 2009, NASA will launch the satellite telescope \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler\u003c/a>, which will be able to detect smallish Earth-sized planets. And in 2013, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will go into orbit. As stated in \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/11/13_exoplanet.shtml\">this press release\u003c/a>, astronomer Paul Kalas hopes the James Webb Space Telescope will tell us whether there are other planets orbiting Fomalhaut - and whether those planets might be able to sustain life. Who knows - maybe on one of those planets, aliens are collecting snapshots of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Exoplanets are planets in other solar systems. Though astronomers have detected over 300 exoplanets since 1995, we only have visible-light images of one of them.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1226708865,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":319},"headData":{"title":"Exoplanet Snapshots | KQED","description":"Exoplanets are planets in other solar systems. Though astronomers have detected over 300 exoplanets since 1995, we only have visible-light images of one of them.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Exoplanet Snapshots","datePublished":"2008-11-15T00:27:45.000Z","dateModified":"2008-11-15T00:27:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"950 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=950","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/14/exoplanet-snapshots/","disqusTitle":"Exoplanet Snapshots","path":"/quest/950/exoplanet-snapshots","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/fomalhaut-b.jpg\">\u003cem>Image: NASA, ESA, P. Kalas, J. Graham, E. Chiang, E. Kite\u003cbr>\n(University of California, Berkeley), M. Clampin (NASA Goddard\u003cbr>\nSpace Flight Center), M. Fitzgerald (Lawrence Livermore National\u003cbr>\nLaboratory), and K. Stapelfeldt and J. Krist (NASA Jet Propulsion\u003cbr>\nLaboratory)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Loch Ness Monster. Sasquatch. The exoplanet Fomalhaut b. We have clear photographic evidence of only one of these - and yes, it's the exoplanet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exoplanets are planets in other solar systems. Though astronomers have detected over 300 exoplanets since 1995, we only have visible-light images of one of them. These photos of the planet Fomalhaut b, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, have just been published in Science magazine by UC Berkeley astronomer Paul Kalas. The exoplanet Fomalhaut b orbits the star \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut\">Fomalhaut\u003c/a> (pronounced \"foam-a-lot\"), and at 25 light years away is the closest exoplanet that we know of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until now, astronomers could only detect exoplanets using indirect methods. To learn more about the star wobbles and dips in starlight that indicate other planets are out there, check out QUEST's radio story, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/exoplanets\">Exoplanets\u003c/a>, and QUEST's television story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/502\">Planet Hunters\u003c/a>. These exoplanets are trillions of miles away, but the research happens close to home at the \u003ca href=\"http://mthamilton.ucolick.org/\">Lick Observatory\u003c/a> near San Jose, and at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/\">Chabot Space and Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next few years, astronomers will likely detect additional exoplanets, and will learn much more about them. In 2009, NASA will launch the satellite telescope \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler\u003c/a>, which will be able to detect smallish Earth-sized planets. And in 2013, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a> will go into orbit. As stated in \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/11/13_exoplanet.shtml\">this press release\u003c/a>, astronomer Paul Kalas hopes the James Webb Space Telescope will tell us whether there are other planets orbiting Fomalhaut - and whether those planets might be able to sustain life. Who knows - maybe on one of those planets, aliens are collecting snapshots of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/950/exoplanet-snapshots","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_546","quest_1038","quest_1406","quest_3351","quest_1655","quest_2349","quest_2892"],"label":"quest"},"quest_639":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_639","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"639","score":null,"sort":[1213036689000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phoenix-on-ice","title":"Phoenix on Ice?","publishDate":1213036689,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457836103,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":561},"headData":{"title":"Phoenix on Ice? | KQED","description":"The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Phoenix on Ice?","datePublished":"2008-06-09T18:38:09.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T02:28:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"639 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=639","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/09/phoenix-on-ice/","disqusTitle":"Phoenix on Ice?","path":"/quest/639/phoenix-on-ice","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two blogs ago I wrote about the then upcoming landing of the Phoenix spacecraft on Mars, near the Northern polar ice cap (\u003ca title=\"KQED - Probing the Martian Pole\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/05/09/probing-the-martian-pole/\" target=\"_self\">Probing the Martian Pole\u003c/a>). The entire point of landing on Mars' extreme northern plains was to find and examine ice-ice we know is up there in great abundance, as detected by orbiting spacecraft (\u003ca title=\"NASA - Mars Odyssey\" href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/28may_marsice.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Mars Odyssey 2001\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, frozen under the surface dust layers, is a vast deposit of ice-\"enough to fill Lake Michigan twice.\" So Phoenix was sent to actually land there and scrape up surface samples of the soil, and hopefully ice. The question was, would the layer of dust covering the ice be thin enough for Phoenix to reach the ice with its robotic arm and shovel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landing occurred on May 25th-a successful landing. NASA broadcast the drama live on NASA TV, which we shared with several hundred Chabot visitors via planetarium, theater, and closed-circuit TV. There were no actual images coming from Phoenix during the landing-after all, it was cooped up in its protective shell for much of the descent-but the excitement of the real-time drama and the nervous faces of NASA/JPL were enough to enthrall our audience. Pictures wouldn't come form Phoenix until later that night at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the pictures did come in over the days following. At first they looked much like images from other Mars landers (Viking, Pathfinder, Spirit, Opportunity), only flatter. Rusty red soil, low flat horizon, a scattering of \u003ca title=\"Space Reference\" href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=28113\" target=\"_blank\">pebbles and rocks\u003c/a>. The landscape itself appeared less interesting to me than other landing sites-but if you measure Phoenix's success by the beauty of the scenery, you're missing the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix is pretty much all about the ice, and what chemicals are frozen and preserved in it. The questions asked by the Phoenix mission are: did life ever arise on Mars, is the current climate on Mars suitable to support life, and what is Mars' geological makeup? If the vast ice deposits of the flat northern hemisphere lowlands are the frozen leftovers of what was once a liquid sea, then are there chemical clues of past conditions-even past life-locked up and preserved there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, do we have answers to these questions yet? Is there ice under Phoenix within reach of its scooper? At the time of my writing this the answer is: maybe. During the first week of testing Phoenix's systems to get it ready for full-on prospecting, a picture of the ground underneath the lander was taken using the camera attached to the \u003ca title=\"NASA - Phoenix\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080530.html\" target=\"_blank\">robotic arm\u003c/a>. This picture revealed a patch of solid substance that seems to have been exposed by the blast of Phoenix's landing rockets. It looks like it could be ice, but until a sample is analyzed we won't know for sure (because, it could be solid rock, too).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first sample scoop of soil dug up by Phoenix's shovel was placed in a bucket on board the lander and examined by camera, before being carefully dumped into a designated sample waste location (Mars' first land fill). The picture revealed some white substance in the reddish soil-which could be ice, or \u003ca title=\"NASA\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080602.html\" target=\"_blank\">possible salt.\u003c/a>...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stay tuned in the coming days and weeks for hot news from the ice as Phoenix conducts its investigations in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/639/phoenix-on-ice","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_3228"],"tags":["quest_545","quest_546","quest_1438","quest_3351","quest_1751","quest_1918","quest_2011","quest_2181","quest_2349","quest_2442","quest_2446","quest_2739","quest_2742","quest_2811","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_640","label":"quest"},"quest_551":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_551","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"551","score":null,"sort":[1209146735000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","publishDate":1209146735,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080549,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":648},"headData":{"title":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well | KQED","description":"Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus. Credit: David Seal.Back when I was young...okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, "…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…" But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","datePublished":"2008-04-25T18:05:35.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:42:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"551 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/25/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well/","disqusTitle":"Cassini Martini: Add Water, Ammonia, Methane; Mix Well","path":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/04/encel640-ben-blog1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.\u003cbr>\nCredit: David Seal.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cem>Back when I was young...\u003c/em>okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, \u003cem>\"…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…\"\u003c/em> But I'm not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the \u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html\">moons of Saturn\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the '70s and '80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth's own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and \u003cem>ice ice ice!\u003c/em> were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth--the \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm\">Cassini spacecraft\u003c/a>--arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/07/060728103452.htm\">surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan\u003c/a>, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane--the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene--but take a dip in those \"waters\" and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan's frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus' snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=827\">an enormous \"geyser.\"\u003c/a> Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus' surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors \"sniffed\" more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \"water find\" was that of a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=826\">possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan\u003c/a>--similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. Unexpected \"drift\" in the locations of landmarks on Titan's surface is what suggests a liquid ocean--water with perhaps some ammonia--that the frozen crust may be floating on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, \"lively…\"?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7631 -122.409\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/551/cassini-martini-add-water-ammonia-methane-mix-well","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_505","quest_546","quest_975","quest_3351","quest_2513","quest_2514","quest_2530","quest_2947"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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