During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break
Dry and Salted
Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills
Geologic Context and History of the San Joaquin River
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Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As California's drought gets worse, farmers and conservationists are teaming up to create temporary wetlands for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442607140,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break | KQED","description":"As California's drought gets worse, farmers and conservationists are teaming up to create temporary wetlands for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break","datePublished":"2014-01-27T14:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-18T20:12:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64598 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64598","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/27/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break/","disqusTitle":"During Drought, Pop-Up Wetlands Give Birds a Break","path":"/quest/64598/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Stream/Pop_up_wetlands_Jan_27_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\">severe drought\u003c/a> is taking a toll on wildlife around the state. Millions of birds migrate through this time of year, but the waterways and wetlands they rely on are largely dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Sacramento Valley, one environmental group is working with farmers and citizen scientists to provide some help by creating temporary “pop-up” wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter is always a busy bird season at Douglas Thomas’s rice farm in Olivehurst, California, about 40 miles north of Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those fields behind there will fill with geese,” he says. “It’s just so loud. You can’t sleep at night. The first couple nights are pretty rough and I’m actually cussing them even though I love them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent winter morning, Thomas watches as a young bald eagle dives at some 3,000 snow geese floating in the rice fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As soon as they start getting here, this is what I sit and do,” he says “I keep my binoculars in my truck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 314px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/TNC-map.jpg\" alt=\"The orange areas show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science observations from eBird. The blue shows available waterways and wetlands. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\" width=\"314\" height=\"465\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \u003cstrong>orange areas\u003c/strong> show where migratory birds are likely to be on March 17 in the Central Valley, based on citizen science data from eBird. The \u003cstrong>blue\u003c/strong> shows available water. Scientists used a series of these maps to look for areas where wetlands are lacking. (Source: Cornell eBird, Point Blue Conservation Science, The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The birds come here because Thomas keeps his rice fields flooded in December and January. The water decomposes the rice straw leftover from last year’s harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, at the end of January, “we would let our water go and start trying to dry our fields out because the lake that’s in front of us has to be dry enough to drive a tractor in it and then we’ve got to seed it,” he says\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not this year. Thomas is leaving water on his fields a little longer as part of an experimental project with \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, designed to provide extra habitat for the birds when they need it most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas’s farm is in the middle of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-migration/\">Pacific Flyway\u003c/a>, a vast migration route that stretches from the Arctic to South America. The Central Valley is a key pit stop for millions of birds along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway,” says Nature Conservancy scientist Mark Reynolds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of these species breed in the high Arctic and are coming down to spend the wintertime in southern latitudes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some birds, like snow geese, spend the winter in California. Others only stop briefly before continuing hundreds of miles south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like stopping on a road trip so anywhere that they can find habitat and find things to eat to put on fat for their journey, they’ll stop,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But wetlands aren’t as abundant as they once were. Ninety percent of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Central Valley’s historic wetlands\u003c/a> have been filled in and dry years like this one make it even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"California is really the linchpin of the Pacific Flyway\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Many of these water bird species on the flyway have had long-term declining population trends,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds wanted to know where and when the birds need wetlands, so he turned to an \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">app called e-Bird\u003c/a>. Birders have used it to report tens of thousands of bird sightings, creating a detailed data set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What it gives us that we’ve not really had before is for many, many species, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">we now can look week-by-week\u003c/a> at arrival patterns in California,” Reynolds says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In places that lack wetlands, the Nature Conservancy asked rice farmers to put up bids, pricing out how much it would cost to keep their fields flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is paying farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.conserveca.org/blog_multimedia/precision-conservation.xml\">to create about 10,000 acres\u003c/a> of these temporary wetlands in February and March. The bidding process is secret, but bids came in both above and below $45 per acre, the payments some farmers get from federal conservation programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66368\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-66368\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg\" alt=\"Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"309\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Thomas1-400x368.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 309px) 100vw, 309px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rice farmer Douglas Thomas watches thousands of snow geese take flight. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thomas says his cost is largely labor. “It’ll push back our planting cycle,” he says. “We can’t get into our fields earlier. So we’re putting harder, longer hours on our tractor and our crew. We’re taking a greater risk doing this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas will keep two-to-four inches of water on his fields for four weeks. The water level is tailored for shorebirds, like long-billed dowitchers, sandpipers, and godwits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Conservancy economist Eric Hallstein says the payments help offset the farmers’ risks and are a cost-effective way to create habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traditional model in conservation – it’s actually to permanently buy a piece of property or an easement,” Hallstein says. “It’s very expensive, prohibitively expensive. And also, we don’t want to displace farmers from that property.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Douglas Thomas sees a more personal upside. “Northern pintail is my favorite bird,” he says. “It’s such a graceful, amazing creature. And that we’re part of that annual cycle, that’s a neat, special thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By April, his fields will be dry and the birds will be on their way back north.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64598/during-drought-pop-up-wetlands-give-birds-a-break","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_326","quest_340","quest_438","quest_533","quest_684","quest_1073","quest_12269","quest_1819","quest_2102","quest_13","quest_3108","quest_3155"],"featImg":"quest_66367","label":"quest"},"quest_45029":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45029","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45029","score":null,"sort":[1348732818000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dry-and-salted","title":"Dry and Salted","publishDate":1348732818,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted\u003c/strong> examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted \u003c/strong>is one of the three stories in \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>is a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and airs on KQED channel 9 on Friday Sept. 28 and Monday Oct. 1 at 7:30 pm. The film also airs on PBS stations around California in September and October. Check local listings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>Volatile weather creates dramatic changes for California farmers\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBy Mark Schapiro\u003cbr>\nCenter for Investigative Reporting\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is part 1 of a two-part series published in newspapers across California on Thurs. Sept. 27.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten miles outside of Modesto, in the farming town of Hughson just off Highway 99, the \u003ca title=\"Duarte Nursery\" href=\"http://duartenursery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Duarte Nursery\u003c/a> is at the front line of dramatic changes now under way in California’s immense agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45068\" title=\"John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The family-run nursery, founded in 1976, is one of the largest in the United States, and there’s a good chance the berries, nuts and citrus fruits eaten across the West began their journey to market as seedlings in Duarte’s 30 acres of greenhouses, labs and breeding stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nursery’s owners have built a thriving business using state-of-the-art techniques to develop varieties adapted to the particular conditions and pests California farmers face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, according to John Duarte, president of the nursery, that means breeding for elevated levels of heat and salt, which researchers say are symptoms of climate change – even if Duarte doesn’t necessarily see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s carbon built up in the atmosphere or just friggin’ bad luck,” he said, “the conditions are straining us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of Duarte’s woes might be in dispute among farmers in California’s $31 billion agriculture industry. But the symptoms are clear. From the vast fields of fruits and nuts in the Central Valley to the wineries of Napa and Sonoma, the increasingly volatile weather is altering the fundamental conditions for growing food, California’s largest industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers are in many ways at the front line of climate change. They conjure food from soil, sunlight and water – all of which are profoundly affected, scientists say, by climate change. Stresses have emerged across the state as water supplies tighten. Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the nurseries and colleges in what Duarte calls “the Silicon Valley of agricultural innovation,” these changing conditions have forced botanists to look for varieties of almond, pepper, citrus, cherry and other crops resistant to drought and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other interests also are bracing for dramatic change. The crop insurance industry is calculating potential billion-dollar losses from extreme weather conditions, as well as the floods and fires that occur in their wake. Climate change could join the ranks of earthquake and hurricane insurance as a special – and hugely expensive – problem for insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45066\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45066\" title=\"Plant clone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery, holds a plant that he's breeding to be more tolerant to heat and salt. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, there has been more than $500 million in crop losses from heat waves, floods and ill-timed rainstorms in the heavily agricultural counties of San Joaquin, Merced, Kings, Kern, Napa and Sonoma, according to a study last year by a team of Stanford University researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to 20 or 30 years ago, farmers are recognizing a lot more risk factors in climate events,” said Jeff Yasui, director of the \u003ca title=\"USDA Risk Management Agency\" href=\"http://www.rma.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency office\u003c/a> in California, which handles crop insurance in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate and agriculture scientists predicted much of this. \u003ca title=\"Charles Kolstad bio\" href=\"http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~kolstad/HmPg/\" target=\"_blank\">Charles Kolstad\u003c/a>, an environmental economist at UC Santa Barbara, said California agriculture is being hit with a trifecta of converging forces prompted by climate change: longer seasons of extreme heat, shorter cold seasons and dwindling water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yields of key crops are expected to drop significantly over the coming decades as climate change alters these growing conditions, according to a report Kolstad co-wrote for the state Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Commission and published last fall in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists believe the Earth’s average temperature will rise at least 2 degrees in the next four decades – their most conservative estimate. Along the way, the yields of citrus crops in the San Joaquin Valley are expected to drop about 18 percent, grapes about 6 percent, and cherries and other orchard crops about 9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those crops – accustomed to the cooler edges of California’s climate – are showing declining yields already, according to the \u003ca title=\"National Agricultural Statistics Service\" href=\"http://www.nass.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service\u003c/a>. That could mean higher prices for consumers as the supply shrinks. This summer’s record droughts in the Midwest also prompted the USDA to predict a similar rise in prices driven by devastated yields for corn and soybeans, the primary food for chicken and cattle nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolstad and other scientists have focused on tree-based perennial crops because they are fixed in 25- to 30-year cycles and cannot easily be adapted to changing conditions. Switching a tree orchard from cherries, for example, to more heat-tolerant pistachios, avocados or tangerines can cost millions of dollars before the trees start bearing marketable fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California’s water crisis persists, seasonal vegetables and fruits also will be dramatically affected. Some already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Much of the southern Central Valley, spreading along either side of Interstate 5, is now a patchwork of fallow fields, according to Gayle Holman with the \u003ca title=\"Westlands Water District\" href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1280\" target=\"_blank\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> in Fresno. Thousands of acres that once grew onions, tomatoes, melons and other crops have been set aside by farmers because they can no longer obtain, or afford, water – a scarcity, scientists say, that is significantly due to the dramatic shifts in the timing of rainfalls in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grower cutbacks are felt most acutely in Central Valley towns like Mendota, where farm workers can no longer find the seasonal fieldwork upon which they once relied. Official unemployment in the area ranges between 15 and 20 percent. Studies by the state’s Employment Development Department show an inverse correlation between water allocations and unemployment in the valley: The water supply goes down, and the unemployment rate goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One problem, then another\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like just about everything having to do with climate change, the consequences unfold like a sequence of trapdoors. First, there’s the temperature, a jagged progression over the past decade of unusual highs and lows occurring at times of the year that can debilitate growing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45073\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45073\" title=\"California Aqueduct\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists warn that less water is coming into the system. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the water. California’s water sources are caught in a pincer: More water is needed at a time when less water is being delivered into the network of canals carrying it from the north to the agricultural regions in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A precipitous drop in snowfall has led to declining water runoff in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers in the spring and summer months, when it’s central to irrigation in the valley. Over the past century, the state \u003ca title=\"Department of Water Resources\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> has measured a steady 10 percent decline in runoff from April to July. In recent years, however, the rate has accelerated to as much as 20 percent during those critical months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the three years between 2006 and 2009, the runoff amounted to the equivalent of two “normal” years, according to John Leahigh, chief of operations planning for the \u003ca title=\"California State Water Project\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, such calculations appear to be the new normal. This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Department of Water Resources cut the delivery of water to valley farmers from 60 to 50 percent of their allotment – a practically unprecedented reduction that late in the growing season, according to Leahigh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the valley supplied by the federal water project have been cut even more severely, to 30 percent of their normal allotment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the valley generally blame the drop-off in water on the 2007 state Supreme Court decision affirming the need for water to preserve Pacific smelt and other endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the \u003ca title=\"Public Policy Institute of California\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, however, concludes that the roughly 300,000 acre-feet of water diverted to comply with the Endangered Species Act constitutes no more than 15 to 20 percent of the reduced water flow to the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, the overall pool of water is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s less water coming into the system,” said \u003ca title=\"Francis Chung bio\" href=\"http://baydeltaoffice.water.ca.gov/modeling/keypersonnel.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Francis Chung\u003c/a>, chief of the Modeling Support Branch for the Department of Water Resources. “The water that used to exist is now coming earlier in the year. So there’s less water to distribute (to the valley) during the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising sea levels threaten water supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another growing problem has been rising sea levels associated with climate change. The San Francisco Bay, according to a recent assessment by the \u003ca title=\"National Research Council\" href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/nrc/\" target=\"_blank\">National Research Council\u003c/a>, is projected to rise by as much as 18 inches, and potentially triple that by the end of the century. Those inches translate into waves of new salt sources lapping into the delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less water channeled into the delta from the Sierra means less available freshwater to dilute the onrush of salt, which has been pushing steadily eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For each foot in sea level, 200,000 acre-feet of freshwater, known as “carriage water,” is needed to hold the line on the saltwater. That amounts to one-fifth the volume of Folsom Lake each year, according to Chung, and the diversions will only increase as the sea level rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by UC Davis estimates that if salinity continues to rise at the current rate, by 2030, the financial costs to the Central Valley could be huge: as much as $1 billion to $1.5 billion a year in decreased agricultural activity, amounting to some 27,000 to 53,000 jobs lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45064\" title=\"Almond leaves burned by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt in the groundwater burns almond leaves and reduces a tree's yield. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next 40 years, salinity is expected to increase by 4 to 26 percent, depending on the time of year, at the two water-pumping stations outside of Tracy. From there, most of the water destined for the valley is sent southward, according to a study by the Public Policy Institute of California and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Watershed Sciences\" href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ellen Hanak bio\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=72\" target=\"_blank\">Ellen Hanak\u003c/a>, senior policy fellow at the institute, explained that inside the delta, the network of waterways helps to dilute the salt content. But in the Central Valley, she said, there’s not enough freshwater to reduce the salt’s impact. That’s partly the result of farmers using more targeted irrigation to reduce waste; they no longer have the excess spillover to mix with the salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no drainage,” she said. “They can’t get rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As freshwater supplies decrease, the decisions over how to use it are likely to become even more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water used to push the ocean back is water not used for agriculture,” said Tara Smith, an analyst and water modeling expert for the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the liquid barricade needed to hold back the ocean is drawn from a dwindling amount of freshwater. The reduction in allocations issued by the water board in February means that more water is necessary to hold back the advancing Pacific Ocean and push the saltwater intrusion westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have to keep reducing the volume of exports from the delta because of the increased volume needed of carriage water,” said Chung at the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003cbr>\nDaniel Cozad, executive director, Central Valley Salinity Coalition \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, 40 railroad cars’ worth of salt – about 500,000 tons a year – flow daily out of the delta into the fields of the Central Valley. That adds extra salt to valley soils already made salty by the intensive pumping of groundwater from what millions of years ago was the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Cozad, executive director of the \u003ca title=\"Central Valley Salinity Coalition\" href=\"http://cvsalinity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Central Valley Salinity Coalition\u003c/a>, a group of local farmers, businessmen and government officials, said some farmers in the western valley are being forced to adapt by switching from salt-sensitive crops like strawberries and avocados to less sensitive – and less profitable – crops like alfalfa and wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” Cozad said, “the higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by the nonprofit \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, the country’s largest investigative reporting team, in collaboration with KQED. Mark Schapiro can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mschapiro@cironline.org\">mschapiro@cironline.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Salty groundwater is ruining almond crops in the Central Valley, and scientists expect sea level rise to worsen the problem. This video is part of the Heat and Harvest series, co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566998,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":56,"wordCount":2448},"headData":{"title":"Dry and Salted | KQED","description":"Salty groundwater is ruining almond crops in the Central Valley, and scientists expect sea level rise to worsen the problem. This video is part of the Heat and Harvest series, co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dry and Salted","datePublished":"2012-09-27T08:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:43:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45029 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=45029","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/dry-and-salted/","disqusTitle":"Dry and Salted","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5qlmcD7ceY","path":"/quest/45029/dry-and-salted","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted\u003c/strong> examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted \u003c/strong>is one of the three stories in \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>is a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and airs on KQED channel 9 on Friday Sept. 28 and Monday Oct. 1 at 7:30 pm. The film also airs on PBS stations around California in September and October. Check local listings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>Volatile weather creates dramatic changes for California farmers\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBy Mark Schapiro\u003cbr>\nCenter for Investigative Reporting\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is part 1 of a two-part series published in newspapers across California on Thurs. Sept. 27.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten miles outside of Modesto, in the farming town of Hughson just off Highway 99, the \u003ca title=\"Duarte Nursery\" href=\"http://duartenursery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Duarte Nursery\u003c/a> is at the front line of dramatic changes now under way in California’s immense agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45068\" title=\"John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The family-run nursery, founded in 1976, is one of the largest in the United States, and there’s a good chance the berries, nuts and citrus fruits eaten across the West began their journey to market as seedlings in Duarte’s 30 acres of greenhouses, labs and breeding stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nursery’s owners have built a thriving business using state-of-the-art techniques to develop varieties adapted to the particular conditions and pests California farmers face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, according to John Duarte, president of the nursery, that means breeding for elevated levels of heat and salt, which researchers say are symptoms of climate change – even if Duarte doesn’t necessarily see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s carbon built up in the atmosphere or just friggin’ bad luck,” he said, “the conditions are straining us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of Duarte’s woes might be in dispute among farmers in California’s $31 billion agriculture industry. But the symptoms are clear. From the vast fields of fruits and nuts in the Central Valley to the wineries of Napa and Sonoma, the increasingly volatile weather is altering the fundamental conditions for growing food, California’s largest industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers are in many ways at the front line of climate change. They conjure food from soil, sunlight and water – all of which are profoundly affected, scientists say, by climate change. Stresses have emerged across the state as water supplies tighten. Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the nurseries and colleges in what Duarte calls “the Silicon Valley of agricultural innovation,” these changing conditions have forced botanists to look for varieties of almond, pepper, citrus, cherry and other crops resistant to drought and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other interests also are bracing for dramatic change. The crop insurance industry is calculating potential billion-dollar losses from extreme weather conditions, as well as the floods and fires that occur in their wake. Climate change could join the ranks of earthquake and hurricane insurance as a special – and hugely expensive – problem for insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45066\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45066\" title=\"Plant clone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery, holds a plant that he's breeding to be more tolerant to heat and salt. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, there has been more than $500 million in crop losses from heat waves, floods and ill-timed rainstorms in the heavily agricultural counties of San Joaquin, Merced, Kings, Kern, Napa and Sonoma, according to a study last year by a team of Stanford University researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to 20 or 30 years ago, farmers are recognizing a lot more risk factors in climate events,” said Jeff Yasui, director of the \u003ca title=\"USDA Risk Management Agency\" href=\"http://www.rma.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency office\u003c/a> in California, which handles crop insurance in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate and agriculture scientists predicted much of this. \u003ca title=\"Charles Kolstad bio\" href=\"http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~kolstad/HmPg/\" target=\"_blank\">Charles Kolstad\u003c/a>, an environmental economist at UC Santa Barbara, said California agriculture is being hit with a trifecta of converging forces prompted by climate change: longer seasons of extreme heat, shorter cold seasons and dwindling water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yields of key crops are expected to drop significantly over the coming decades as climate change alters these growing conditions, according to a report Kolstad co-wrote for the state Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Commission and published last fall in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists believe the Earth’s average temperature will rise at least 2 degrees in the next four decades – their most conservative estimate. Along the way, the yields of citrus crops in the San Joaquin Valley are expected to drop about 18 percent, grapes about 6 percent, and cherries and other orchard crops about 9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those crops – accustomed to the cooler edges of California’s climate – are showing declining yields already, according to the \u003ca title=\"National Agricultural Statistics Service\" href=\"http://www.nass.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service\u003c/a>. That could mean higher prices for consumers as the supply shrinks. This summer’s record droughts in the Midwest also prompted the USDA to predict a similar rise in prices driven by devastated yields for corn and soybeans, the primary food for chicken and cattle nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolstad and other scientists have focused on tree-based perennial crops because they are fixed in 25- to 30-year cycles and cannot easily be adapted to changing conditions. Switching a tree orchard from cherries, for example, to more heat-tolerant pistachios, avocados or tangerines can cost millions of dollars before the trees start bearing marketable fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California’s water crisis persists, seasonal vegetables and fruits also will be dramatically affected. Some already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Much of the southern Central Valley, spreading along either side of Interstate 5, is now a patchwork of fallow fields, according to Gayle Holman with the \u003ca title=\"Westlands Water District\" href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1280\" target=\"_blank\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> in Fresno. Thousands of acres that once grew onions, tomatoes, melons and other crops have been set aside by farmers because they can no longer obtain, or afford, water – a scarcity, scientists say, that is significantly due to the dramatic shifts in the timing of rainfalls in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grower cutbacks are felt most acutely in Central Valley towns like Mendota, where farm workers can no longer find the seasonal fieldwork upon which they once relied. Official unemployment in the area ranges between 15 and 20 percent. Studies by the state’s Employment Development Department show an inverse correlation between water allocations and unemployment in the valley: The water supply goes down, and the unemployment rate goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One problem, then another\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like just about everything having to do with climate change, the consequences unfold like a sequence of trapdoors. First, there’s the temperature, a jagged progression over the past decade of unusual highs and lows occurring at times of the year that can debilitate growing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45073\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45073\" title=\"California Aqueduct\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists warn that less water is coming into the system. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the water. California’s water sources are caught in a pincer: More water is needed at a time when less water is being delivered into the network of canals carrying it from the north to the agricultural regions in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A precipitous drop in snowfall has led to declining water runoff in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers in the spring and summer months, when it’s central to irrigation in the valley. Over the past century, the state \u003ca title=\"Department of Water Resources\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> has measured a steady 10 percent decline in runoff from April to July. In recent years, however, the rate has accelerated to as much as 20 percent during those critical months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the three years between 2006 and 2009, the runoff amounted to the equivalent of two “normal” years, according to John Leahigh, chief of operations planning for the \u003ca title=\"California State Water Project\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, such calculations appear to be the new normal. This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Department of Water Resources cut the delivery of water to valley farmers from 60 to 50 percent of their allotment – a practically unprecedented reduction that late in the growing season, according to Leahigh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the valley supplied by the federal water project have been cut even more severely, to 30 percent of their normal allotment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the valley generally blame the drop-off in water on the 2007 state Supreme Court decision affirming the need for water to preserve Pacific smelt and other endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the \u003ca title=\"Public Policy Institute of California\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, however, concludes that the roughly 300,000 acre-feet of water diverted to comply with the Endangered Species Act constitutes no more than 15 to 20 percent of the reduced water flow to the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, the overall pool of water is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s less water coming into the system,” said \u003ca title=\"Francis Chung bio\" href=\"http://baydeltaoffice.water.ca.gov/modeling/keypersonnel.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Francis Chung\u003c/a>, chief of the Modeling Support Branch for the Department of Water Resources. “The water that used to exist is now coming earlier in the year. So there’s less water to distribute (to the valley) during the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising sea levels threaten water supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another growing problem has been rising sea levels associated with climate change. The San Francisco Bay, according to a recent assessment by the \u003ca title=\"National Research Council\" href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/nrc/\" target=\"_blank\">National Research Council\u003c/a>, is projected to rise by as much as 18 inches, and potentially triple that by the end of the century. Those inches translate into waves of new salt sources lapping into the delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less water channeled into the delta from the Sierra means less available freshwater to dilute the onrush of salt, which has been pushing steadily eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For each foot in sea level, 200,000 acre-feet of freshwater, known as “carriage water,” is needed to hold the line on the saltwater. That amounts to one-fifth the volume of Folsom Lake each year, according to Chung, and the diversions will only increase as the sea level rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by UC Davis estimates that if salinity continues to rise at the current rate, by 2030, the financial costs to the Central Valley could be huge: as much as $1 billion to $1.5 billion a year in decreased agricultural activity, amounting to some 27,000 to 53,000 jobs lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45064\" title=\"Almond leaves burned by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt in the groundwater burns almond leaves and reduces a tree's yield. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next 40 years, salinity is expected to increase by 4 to 26 percent, depending on the time of year, at the two water-pumping stations outside of Tracy. From there, most of the water destined for the valley is sent southward, according to a study by the Public Policy Institute of California and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Watershed Sciences\" href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ellen Hanak bio\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=72\" target=\"_blank\">Ellen Hanak\u003c/a>, senior policy fellow at the institute, explained that inside the delta, the network of waterways helps to dilute the salt content. But in the Central Valley, she said, there’s not enough freshwater to reduce the salt’s impact. That’s partly the result of farmers using more targeted irrigation to reduce waste; they no longer have the excess spillover to mix with the salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no drainage,” she said. “They can’t get rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As freshwater supplies decrease, the decisions over how to use it are likely to become even more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water used to push the ocean back is water not used for agriculture,” said Tara Smith, an analyst and water modeling expert for the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the liquid barricade needed to hold back the ocean is drawn from a dwindling amount of freshwater. The reduction in allocations issued by the water board in February means that more water is necessary to hold back the advancing Pacific Ocean and push the saltwater intrusion westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have to keep reducing the volume of exports from the delta because of the increased volume needed of carriage water,” said Chung at the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003cbr>\nDaniel Cozad, executive director, Central Valley Salinity Coalition \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, 40 railroad cars’ worth of salt – about 500,000 tons a year – flow daily out of the delta into the fields of the Central Valley. That adds extra salt to valley soils already made salty by the intensive pumping of groundwater from what millions of years ago was the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Cozad, executive director of the \u003ca title=\"Central Valley Salinity Coalition\" href=\"http://cvsalinity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Central Valley Salinity Coalition\u003c/a>, a group of local farmers, businessmen and government officials, said some farmers in the western valley are being forced to adapt by switching from salt-sensitive crops like strawberries and avocados to less sensitive – and less profitable – crops like alfalfa and wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” Cozad said, “the higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by the nonprofit \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, the country’s largest investigative reporting team, in collaboration with KQED. Mark Schapiro can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mschapiro@cironline.org\">mschapiro@cironline.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45029/dry-and-salted","authors":["10385"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_11496","quest_11484","quest_533","quest_11498","quest_621","quest_11500","quest_11463","quest_11499","quest_11497","quest_11495","quest_2559","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_45066","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_32484":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_32484","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"32484","score":null,"sort":[1331237263000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills","title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills","publishDate":1331237263,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoche-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoche\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Panoche Hills provide a splendid overlook to the Great Valley on good days. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people, it's probably fair to say, loathe Interstate 5 between Redding and Bakersfield. If all you want to do is get from point A to point B, I-5 enables that, but the road is so smooth and the route so straight that the typical driver resents the time spent on it, even at 80 mph and faster. Traffic can reach dangerous speeds, eyes get glazed, attention wavers, and tempers grow short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for me, I love the chance to enjoy I-5. I make it a full day's trip to get from the Bay Area to Southern California or the Shasta region, and that gives me a long enough leash to get off the freeway at least once during the day. So I'd like to share with you some of my favorite side trips, and they don't include Santa Nella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One that I've enjoyed several times goes past the Panoche and Tumey Hills, a big patch of wild land along the east side of the Coast Range managed by the Bureau of Land Management. It's a loop of backroad about halfway to Bakersfield, due west of Fresno. Its north end is Little Panoche Road and its south end is Panoche Road. It includes some dirt road and takes a good hour if you don't stop much. Its two notable landmarks are Mercey Hot Springs and the village of Panoche, in well-hidden Panoche Valley. I've never stopped at either place because it's the countryside that attracts me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the geologic map of the area, derived from the nice \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32500\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panochegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panochegeomap\" width=\"640\" height=\"529\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Significant map units: Ku, upper Cretaceous marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; E, Eocene marine rocks; QP, Pliocene-Pleistocene nonmarine rocks; Q, modern and recent sediment; Qoa, Quaternary river terraces; KJf, Franciscan complex; um, ultramafic rocks\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the hills consists of late Cretaceous mudstones, laid down in a shallow sea some 80 million years ago when the Sierra Nevada was a great chain of volcanoes like today's Cascade Range. This sea persisted past Cretaceous time into the succeeding Paleocene and Eocene epochs, perhaps 50 or 40 million years ago. There are rare plesiosaur and mosasaur fossils in the older section and lots of fossil wood throughout. But we don't have time to hunt fossils, although collecting for personal purposes is allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little Panoche Road runs up the valley of Little Panoche Creek, where at least two levels of stream terraces are visible that testify to different episodes of erosion. They in turn are undoubtedly related to the uplift history of these hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/littlepanoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"littlepanoche\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking across Little Panoche Creek to the north flank of the Panoche Hills.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The road turns south and runs through Little Panoche Valley, passing the low-key \u003ca href=\"https://merceyhotsprings.com/\">Mercey Hot Springs\u003c/a> resort. The entrance to the BLM's \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/panoche.html\">Panoche Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a> is here, too. At the head of the valley the road cuts through Glaucophane Ridge, an unexpected exposure of old Franciscan rocks, then goes straight south across the wide and gentle Panoche Valley and ends at Panoche Road. This pocket of farmland is one of Central California's hidden gems. The south side of the valley presents a striking set of terraces. These are mapped as river terraces but might be lake beds; I haven't looked into the literature. In either case they, too, attest to ancient episodes of accelerated erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32503\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheterraces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheterraces\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buck Peak, in the Griswold Hills, and river terraces of the Panoche Valley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Panoche Road west eventually gets you to Paicines, south of Hollister. The road east gets you back to I-5, but all of the crooked part is decent dirt. In wet weather, turn back here, or maybe go a little ways on the paved part and daydream about taking New Idria Road south to the remote ghost town of Idria. The eastern end of the valley has good views of the Panoche Hills from the south, but eventually the road crosses the creek without benefit of a bridge and then turns to dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoches/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoches\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fine weather, ford the stream and proceed across some splendid and scenic country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheroad/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheroad\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, you are in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/tumey.html\">Tumey Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a>. These hills are lower and drier than the Panoches, and the rocks along the road are quite different. They are young sandstones and conglomerates formed as the Coast Range began to rise, just a few million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeycgl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32504\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeycgl\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the road as well as the rocks, but don't miss the landscape. All photos in this post were taken in late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeys/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32506\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeys\" width=\"600\" height=\"473\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys-400x315.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you reach I-5, you'll have a choice of eating places to get you ready to roll again. Maybe, like me, you prefer to think of it as the place where the iron dinosaur used to be. It was the creation of the late Carmon Neff of Chowchilla, and I don't know where it went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeydino/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeydino\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Interstate 5 doesn't have to be a dreary drive. Take a geological side trip on the way, for instance to the hidden Coast Range treasures due west of Fresno.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332966031,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":848},"headData":{"title":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills | KQED","description":"Interstate 5 doesn't have to be a dreary drive. Take a geological side trip on the way, for instance to the hidden Coast Range treasures due west of Fresno.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills","datePublished":"2012-03-08T20:07:43.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-28T20:20:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"32484 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=32484","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/","disqusTitle":"Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills","path":"/quest/32484/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoche-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoche\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Panoche Hills provide a splendid overlook to the Great Valley on good days. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people, it's probably fair to say, loathe Interstate 5 between Redding and Bakersfield. If all you want to do is get from point A to point B, I-5 enables that, but the road is so smooth and the route so straight that the typical driver resents the time spent on it, even at 80 mph and faster. Traffic can reach dangerous speeds, eyes get glazed, attention wavers, and tempers grow short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for me, I love the chance to enjoy I-5. I make it a full day's trip to get from the Bay Area to Southern California or the Shasta region, and that gives me a long enough leash to get off the freeway at least once during the day. So I'd like to share with you some of my favorite side trips, and they don't include Santa Nella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One that I've enjoyed several times goes past the Panoche and Tumey Hills, a big patch of wild land along the east side of the Coast Range managed by the Bureau of Land Management. It's a loop of backroad about halfway to Bakersfield, due west of Fresno. Its north end is Little Panoche Road and its south end is Panoche Road. It includes some dirt road and takes a good hour if you don't stop much. Its two notable landmarks are Mercey Hot Springs and the village of Panoche, in well-hidden Panoche Valley. I've never stopped at either place because it's the countryside that attracts me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the geologic map of the area, derived from the nice \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32500\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panochegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panochegeomap\" width=\"640\" height=\"529\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Significant map units: Ku, upper Cretaceous marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; E, Eocene marine rocks; QP, Pliocene-Pleistocene nonmarine rocks; Q, modern and recent sediment; Qoa, Quaternary river terraces; KJf, Franciscan complex; um, ultramafic rocks\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the hills consists of late Cretaceous mudstones, laid down in a shallow sea some 80 million years ago when the Sierra Nevada was a great chain of volcanoes like today's Cascade Range. This sea persisted past Cretaceous time into the succeeding Paleocene and Eocene epochs, perhaps 50 or 40 million years ago. There are rare plesiosaur and mosasaur fossils in the older section and lots of fossil wood throughout. But we don't have time to hunt fossils, although collecting for personal purposes is allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little Panoche Road runs up the valley of Little Panoche Creek, where at least two levels of stream terraces are visible that testify to different episodes of erosion. They in turn are undoubtedly related to the uplift history of these hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/littlepanoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"littlepanoche\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking across Little Panoche Creek to the north flank of the Panoche Hills.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The road turns south and runs through Little Panoche Valley, passing the low-key \u003ca href=\"https://merceyhotsprings.com/\">Mercey Hot Springs\u003c/a> resort. The entrance to the BLM's \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/panoche.html\">Panoche Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a> is here, too. At the head of the valley the road cuts through Glaucophane Ridge, an unexpected exposure of old Franciscan rocks, then goes straight south across the wide and gentle Panoche Valley and ends at Panoche Road. This pocket of farmland is one of Central California's hidden gems. The south side of the valley presents a striking set of terraces. These are mapped as river terraces but might be lake beds; I haven't looked into the literature. In either case they, too, attest to ancient episodes of accelerated erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32503\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheterraces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheterraces\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buck Peak, in the Griswold Hills, and river terraces of the Panoche Valley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Panoche Road west eventually gets you to Paicines, south of Hollister. The road east gets you back to I-5, but all of the crooked part is decent dirt. In wet weather, turn back here, or maybe go a little ways on the paved part and daydream about taking New Idria Road south to the remote ghost town of Idria. The eastern end of the valley has good views of the Panoche Hills from the south, but eventually the road crosses the creek without benefit of a bridge and then turns to dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoches/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoches\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fine weather, ford the stream and proceed across some splendid and scenic country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheroad/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheroad\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, you are in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/tumey.html\">Tumey Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a>. These hills are lower and drier than the Panoches, and the rocks along the road are quite different. They are young sandstones and conglomerates formed as the Coast Range began to rise, just a few million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeycgl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32504\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeycgl\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the road as well as the rocks, but don't miss the landscape. All photos in this post were taken in late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeys/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32506\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeys\" width=\"600\" height=\"473\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys-400x315.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you reach I-5, you'll have a choice of eating places to get you ready to roll again. Maybe, like me, you prefer to think of it as the place where the iron dinosaur used to be. It was the creation of the late Carmon Neff of Chowchilla, and I don't know where it went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeydino/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeydino\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/32484/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_533","quest_639","quest_3403","quest_10760","quest_2118","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_32499","label":"quest"},"quest_6759":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6759","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6759","score":null,"sort":[1281630620000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river","title":"Geologic Context and History of the San Joaquin River","publishDate":1281630620,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries drain a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the southern half of California’s Central valley. The San Joaquin River, along with its northern sibling, the Sacramento River, terminate at the delta of the same name. Significant human influence on the course and flow of the river started in the late 1800s to help divert water to developing agricultural regions in the Central Valley and continues to this day. The biggest river restoration project in California’s history, however, is now underway for the San Joaquin River (watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river\">this segment\u003c/a> from a recent episode of QUEST to learn more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_6760\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-6760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"594\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Geologic map of central part of California (credit: California Geological Survey)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This brief post is meant to introduce some of the basic and fundamental geologic context for the river. The geologic map above, which shows a simplified distribution of the types and ages of rock at the surface, nicely illustrates the juxtaposition of the river with California’s geology. The full version of the map and an explanation of the colors can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/Pages/EdResCenter.aspx\">Educational Resources Center page of the California Geological Survey website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River traverses two geologic provinces in California that could not be more different — the high mountains and exposed granitic rock of the southern Sierra Nevada (the red and blue areas on the map above) and the topographically flat and sediment-filled Central Valley (the light yellow area in the map above). The headwaters for the San Joaquin River and it’s tributaries to the north are lined up along the 9,000-14,000 ft high spine of the Sierra cutting canyons and gorges from east to west across the mountains (including the Merced River in Yosemite Valley).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of the combination of high elevations, eroding granite, and rivers is a lot of sediment. Over hundreds of thousands to millions of years, the erosion and transport of sediment from the high country is balanced by deposition of that sediment in the adjacent low and flat Central Valley. In fact, the Central Valley is flat because of these processes. When the rivers naturally flood they overspill their banks and fine, muddy sediment is deposited across broad areas. Over geologic time, the rivers move around incrementally building up sediment and covering the entire valley. The result of these processes is a vast and soil-rich valley that is now one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Ranges on the western side of the Central Valley essentially force the San Joaquin and its tributaries to take a right-angle turn to the north towards the next available outlet to the sea — the San Francisco Bay. A somewhat similar pattern occurs in the north for the Sacramento River. The two rivers meet at sea level to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas. Some of the water and sediment carried by the San Joaquin River ultimately makes it way into the Pacific Ocean through the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months my blogging here at QUEST will explore more of the geologic background and history of the greater Bay Area. I will also be writing about some of the local “geo-attractions” where you can go see the rocks for yourself and learn more about the fascinating geologic stories of this region firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.0939 -118.738723\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The biggest river restoration project in California's history, however, is now underway for the San Joaquin River.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1281630620,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":585},"headData":{"title":"Geologic Context and History of the San Joaquin River | KQED","description":"The biggest river restoration project in California's history, however, is now underway for the San Joaquin River.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geologic Context and History of the San Joaquin River","datePublished":"2010-08-12T16:30:20.000Z","dateModified":"2010-08-12T16:30:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6759 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=6759","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/12/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river/","disqusTitle":"Geologic Context and History of the San Joaquin River","path":"/quest/6759/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries drain a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the southern half of California’s Central valley. The San Joaquin River, along with its northern sibling, the Sacramento River, terminate at the delta of the same name. Significant human influence on the course and flow of the river started in the late 1800s to help divert water to developing agricultural regions in the Central Valley and continues to this day. The biggest river restoration project in California’s history, however, is now underway for the San Joaquin River (watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river\">this segment\u003c/a> from a recent episode of QUEST to learn more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_6760\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-6760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"594\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Geologic map of central part of California (credit: California Geological Survey)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This brief post is meant to introduce some of the basic and fundamental geologic context for the river. The geologic map above, which shows a simplified distribution of the types and ages of rock at the surface, nicely illustrates the juxtaposition of the river with California’s geology. The full version of the map and an explanation of the colors can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/Pages/EdResCenter.aspx\">Educational Resources Center page of the California Geological Survey website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River traverses two geologic provinces in California that could not be more different — the high mountains and exposed granitic rock of the southern Sierra Nevada (the red and blue areas on the map above) and the topographically flat and sediment-filled Central Valley (the light yellow area in the map above). The headwaters for the San Joaquin River and it’s tributaries to the north are lined up along the 9,000-14,000 ft high spine of the Sierra cutting canyons and gorges from east to west across the mountains (including the Merced River in Yosemite Valley).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of the combination of high elevations, eroding granite, and rivers is a lot of sediment. Over hundreds of thousands to millions of years, the erosion and transport of sediment from the high country is balanced by deposition of that sediment in the adjacent low and flat Central Valley. In fact, the Central Valley is flat because of these processes. When the rivers naturally flood they overspill their banks and fine, muddy sediment is deposited across broad areas. Over geologic time, the rivers move around incrementally building up sediment and covering the entire valley. The result of these processes is a vast and soil-rich valley that is now one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Ranges on the western side of the Central Valley essentially force the San Joaquin and its tributaries to take a right-angle turn to the north towards the next available outlet to the sea — the San Francisco Bay. A somewhat similar pattern occurs in the north for the Sacramento River. The two rivers meet at sea level to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas. Some of the water and sediment carried by the San Joaquin River ultimately makes it way into the Pacific Ocean through the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months my blogging here at QUEST will explore more of the geologic background and history of the greater Bay Area. I will also be writing about some of the local “geo-attractions” where you can go see the rocks for yourself and learn more about the fascinating geologic stories of this region firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.0939 -118.738723\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6759/geologic-context-and-history-of-the-san-joaquin-river","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_533","quest_2472","quest_2473","quest_2487","quest_33","quest_2630"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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