H2-Whoa: Computing With Water Instead of Electrons
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Credit: Indoloony/{link url=” http://www.flickr.com/photos/indoloony/7561498510/”}Flickr{/link} ","credit":null,"description":null,"imgSizes":{"thumbnail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-400x225.jpg","width":400,"height":225,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-32":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-32x32.jpg","width":32,"height":32,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-64":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-64x64.jpg","width":64,"height":64,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-96":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-96x96.jpg","width":96,"height":96,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"guest-author-128":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-128x128.jpg","width":128,"height":128,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"detail":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-75x75.jpg","width":75,"height":75,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"kqedFullSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize.jpg","width":640,"height":360}},"fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"melissaefellet":{"type":"authors","id":"10331","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10331","found":true},"name":"Melissae Fellet","firstName":"Melissae","lastName":"Fellet","slug":"melissaefellet","email":"melissae.fellet@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Melissae Fellet is a freelance science writer obsessed with electrons, atoms and molecules. Writing about chemistry, physics and technology, she hopes to reveal how the invisible building blocks of matter influence things like plastics, perfumed shampoos and the speedy computer chips we use everyday. She holds a BS in biochemistry and microbiology from the University of Florida and a PhD in chemistry from Washington University in St. Louis. She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_43774":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43774","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43774","score":null,"sort":[1347462022000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons","title":"H2-Whoa: Computing With Water Instead of Electrons","publishDate":1347462022,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43775\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/12/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons/lotus-leaf-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lotus leaf resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43775\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water repellency of a lotus leaf inspired scientists to recreate this kind of surface in the lab. Credit: Indoloony/{link url=” http://www.flickr.com/photos/indoloony/7561498510/”}Flickr{/link} \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water and computers usually don’t mix, as anyone who has spilled a coffee on a laptop knows. Now researchers in Finland have used water to do computing tasks. They’ve stored information visually, as on a CD, by writing with water and recreated computer logic using water droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Information storage and logic require bits of information with two states: presence and absence. Lasers read CDs based on the presence or absence of a reflection due to pits in the surface of the disk. Logic depends on the presence or absence of electrons running through circuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for water-based computers, the researchers need to create two “states” of water. They do this using special superhydrophobic surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lotus leaves are the quintessential superhydrophobic surface, repelling water so effectively that droplets cleanly roll off a leaf, even when muddy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kP11A-KK5Gs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that to a hydrophobic surface like the non-stick coating on a skillet. Water forms neat droplets on a freshly rinsed non-stick pan, but some of those droplets still stick to the pan when you hang it up to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Materials scientists look to recreate superhydrophobic coatings in the lab, as potential coatings for waterproof clothing, reflective street signs and self-cleaning solar cells. Current coatings are not strong enough to be used commercially yet. Despite a variety of fabrication techniques, these surfaces share two common features: Superhydrophobic surfaces must be rough and slippery (meaning it’s covered with a hydrophobic coating).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Robin Ras, at Aalto University in Finland, and colleagues appear to have more computer-related plans for superhydrophobic surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the researchers wrote letters atop a superhydrophobic surface covered with water, mimicking optical data stored on a CD. They designed the surface to have two superhydrophobic “states.” Switching between the states erased the letters, wiping the visual data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the two superhydrophobic states, the researchers looked to the hairy legs of water striders, insects that skate and jump across ponds. Layers of thin hairs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/12/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons/\">trap a layer of air\u003c/a> between the hair and the water, preventing the legs from getting wet and helping the insect float on top of the water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mimic this structure, the researchers built a silicon surface with two sizes of fibers. First they etched relatively large cylinders (10 micrometers wide, or one-tenth the width of a human hair) into the wafer. Then they covered these cylinders with tiny nanoscale silicon fibers. A slippery hydrophobic coating covered these nanofibers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To write the watery memory, the researchers submerged the patterned silicon wafer in water. The water first floats on a cushion of air surrounding the large cylinders. Then a specially designed narrow nozzle pushes the water between the posts. This compresses the layer of air so it hugs the tiny fibers rather than the large cylinders. This new superhydrophobic state changes reflectance of surface, allowing the researchers to read what they’ve written. They erase the data by tugging on the water with the nozzle so it floats on top of the large cylinders again (\u003cem>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204328109\">10.1073/pnas.1204328109\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEWPIjLbrSE]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Ras and his colleagues demonstrated another kind of water-based memory, called flip-flop memory, using water droplets zipping along superhydrophobic channels carved in a copper plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flip-flop memory changes state every time it’s addressed. In this water example, a water droplet sits at the end of a superhydrophobic channel. Under the right conditions, an incoming water droplet bounces into the resting drop, sending it zipping down another channel (\u003cem>Adv. Mater.\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202980\">10.1002/adma.201202980\u003c/a>). The collisions resemble that of billiard balls, if the cue ball stopped rolling when it hit a new rack of balls. And the water memory can flip 100 times without a mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTnVwyWaVQw]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also patterned the channels to create logic gates, where droplet collisions affect their output path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an example:\u003cbr>\n[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ckytxq0OWc]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These water devices are only one way that the natural world influences technology design. To learn more about biomimicry influences concrete, solar cell design and train aerodynamics, check out these articles:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html\">Janine Benyus: The promise of biomimicry\u003c/a>, TED talk, 2005\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"//www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/08/biomimicry-gallery/?pid=1785%E2%80%9D\">\u003cbr>\nMother Nature as Engineer: 9 Design Tricks Borrowed From Biology\u003c/a>, wired.com\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15480620%E2%80%9C\">Biomimicry: Beaks on trains and flipper-like turbines\u003c/a>, BBC\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Superhydrophobic surfaces enable simple water-based data storage and logic. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443832035,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":784},"headData":{"title":"H2-Whoa: Computing With Water Instead of Electrons | KQED","description":"Superhydrophobic surfaces enable simple water-based data storage and logic. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"H2-Whoa: Computing With Water Instead of Electrons","datePublished":"2012-09-12T15:00:22.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:27:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43774 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43774","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/12/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons/","disqusTitle":"H2-Whoa: Computing With Water Instead of Electrons","path":"/quest/43774/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43775\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/12/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons/lotus-leaf-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/lotus-leaf-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lotus leaf resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-43775\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water repellency of a lotus leaf inspired scientists to recreate this kind of surface in the lab. Credit: Indoloony/{link url=” http://www.flickr.com/photos/indoloony/7561498510/”}Flickr{/link} \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water and computers usually don’t mix, as anyone who has spilled a coffee on a laptop knows. Now researchers in Finland have used water to do computing tasks. They’ve stored information visually, as on a CD, by writing with water and recreated computer logic using water droplets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Information storage and logic require bits of information with two states: presence and absence. Lasers read CDs based on the presence or absence of a reflection due to pits in the surface of the disk. Logic depends on the presence or absence of electrons running through circuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So for water-based computers, the researchers need to create two “states” of water. They do this using special superhydrophobic surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lotus leaves are the quintessential superhydrophobic surface, repelling water so effectively that droplets cleanly roll off a leaf, even when muddy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/kP11A-KK5Gs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/kP11A-KK5Gs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that to a hydrophobic surface like the non-stick coating on a skillet. Water forms neat droplets on a freshly rinsed non-stick pan, but some of those droplets still stick to the pan when you hang it up to dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Materials scientists look to recreate superhydrophobic coatings in the lab, as potential coatings for waterproof clothing, reflective street signs and self-cleaning solar cells. Current coatings are not strong enough to be used commercially yet. Despite a variety of fabrication techniques, these surfaces share two common features: Superhydrophobic surfaces must be rough and slippery (meaning it’s covered with a hydrophobic coating).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Robin Ras, at Aalto University in Finland, and colleagues appear to have more computer-related plans for superhydrophobic surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the researchers wrote letters atop a superhydrophobic surface covered with water, mimicking optical data stored on a CD. They designed the surface to have two superhydrophobic “states.” Switching between the states erased the letters, wiping the visual data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create the two superhydrophobic states, the researchers looked to the hairy legs of water striders, insects that skate and jump across ponds. Layers of thin hairs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/12/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons/\">trap a layer of air\u003c/a> between the hair and the water, preventing the legs from getting wet and helping the insect float on top of the water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To mimic this structure, the researchers built a silicon surface with two sizes of fibers. First they etched relatively large cylinders (10 micrometers wide, or one-tenth the width of a human hair) into the wafer. Then they covered these cylinders with tiny nanoscale silicon fibers. A slippery hydrophobic coating covered these nanofibers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To write the watery memory, the researchers submerged the patterned silicon wafer in water. The water first floats on a cushion of air surrounding the large cylinders. Then a specially designed narrow nozzle pushes the water between the posts. This compresses the layer of air so it hugs the tiny fibers rather than the large cylinders. This new superhydrophobic state changes reflectance of surface, allowing the researchers to read what they’ve written. They erase the data by tugging on the water with the nozzle so it floats on top of the large cylinders again (\u003cem>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204328109\">10.1073/pnas.1204328109\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/AEWPIjLbrSE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/AEWPIjLbrSE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, Ras and his colleagues demonstrated another kind of water-based memory, called flip-flop memory, using water droplets zipping along superhydrophobic channels carved in a copper plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flip-flop memory changes state every time it’s addressed. In this water example, a water droplet sits at the end of a superhydrophobic channel. Under the right conditions, an incoming water droplet bounces into the resting drop, sending it zipping down another channel (\u003cem>Adv. Mater.\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202980\">10.1002/adma.201202980\u003c/a>). The collisions resemble that of billiard balls, if the cue ball stopped rolling when it hit a new rack of balls. And the water memory can flip 100 times without a mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GTnVwyWaVQw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GTnVwyWaVQw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also patterned the channels to create logic gates, where droplet collisions affect their output path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s an example:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2Ckytxq0OWc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2Ckytxq0OWc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These water devices are only one way that the natural world influences technology design. To learn more about biomimicry influences concrete, solar cell design and train aerodynamics, check out these articles:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_shares_nature_s_designs.html\">Janine Benyus: The promise of biomimicry\u003c/a>, TED talk, 2005\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"//www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/08/biomimicry-gallery/?pid=1785%E2%80%9D\">\u003cbr>\nMother Nature as Engineer: 9 Design Tricks Borrowed From Biology\u003c/a>, wired.com\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15480620%E2%80%9C\">Biomimicry: Beaks on trains and flipper-like turbines\u003c/a>, BBC\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43774/h2-whoa-computing-with-water-instead-of-electrons","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_8"],"tags":["quest_332","quest_11435","quest_11436","quest_3351","quest_11434","quest_2349","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_43775","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.","airtime":"MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.marketplace.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"American Public Media"},"link":"/radio/program/marketplace","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/","rss":"https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"}},"mindshift":{"id":"mindshift","title":"MindShift","tagline":"A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids","info":"The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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