Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop
The Fungus Among Us Could Help Clean Oily Soil
Medicine from the Ocean Floor
Redesigning Life
It Came From Mono Lake
Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Expands Definition of Life
Producer's Notes: The Plastic Breakdown
Anti-bacterial Soap: is the Medicine Worse Than the Cure?
Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology
Sponsored
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She spends sunny days at her home in Santa Cruz either watching otters in the bay or tromping around the redwood forests.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Melissae Fellet | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/47ca62221ec1d28f17ff031462d02e0d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/melissaefellet"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_74286":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_74286","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"74286","score":null,"sort":[1438906059000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop","title":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop","publishDate":1438906059,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Poops\">Taro Gomi\u003c/a>, we all know that everybody poops. Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff, including all kinds of microbes. Learn what these microbes do and how they can spread disease.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444415984,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":502},"headData":{"title":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop | KQED","description":"Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff, including all kinds of microbes. Learn what these microbes do and how they can spread disease.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"74286 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=74286","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/08/06/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop/","disqusTitle":"Science Spotlight: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Poop","videoEmbed":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPDd1IXL0pg","source":"Health","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/health/","path":"/quest/74286/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thanks to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone_Poops\">Taro Gomi\u003c/a>, we all know that everybody poops. Poop contains a lot of interesting stuff including tons of microbes, like bacteria. Depending on our own health, our poop can harbor both helpful and harmful microbes. And as a result, poop can spread disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where do microbes in poop come from? Poop is a waste product formed in our intestines during digestion. Lots of different species of bacteria and other microscopic organisms like fungi and yeast live in our gut and they help our bodies break down food, make vitamins (like vitamin B and K), and fend off harmful bacteria. Some of these microbes living in our gut actually get passed in our poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re sick, our poop can also contain bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause illnesses. In fact there are a lot of diseases that are spread in poop. For example, in the United States every now and then you may hear of E.coli outbreaks. E.coli is a type of bacteria that has lots of different varieties. Most are harmless and live in the gut of healthy people and animals and are passed in our poop. However, there are a couple of types of E.coli that can make people sick and cause diarrhea and vomiting if you ingest them. In the U.S. people sometimes get E.coli by eating undercooked beef that’s been contaminated by E.coli from the gut of cows, or from raw fruits or veggies contaminated by cattle poop from runoff from cattle fields. If you get E.coli you could pass it to another person if you don’t properly wash your hands after going to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also get sick if poop contaminates drinking water. In the U.S. and other developed countries this doesn’t happen often because we have sewage treatment plants and water treatment processes set up to make sure our drinking water is clean and free of harmful microbes. However, many places throughout the world, particularly developing countries, don’t have sewage and water treatment so it’s really easy for bacteria and other microbes from poop to contaminate drinking water. Some common diseases spread this way include \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/\">cholera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/typhoid_fever/en/\">typhoid fever\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/basics/definition/con-20024686\">giardiasis\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/rotavirus_infections/en/\">rotavirus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But poop isn’t all bad. In fact, doctors are starting to use healthy poop to treat some types of intestinal diseases, such as a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/clostridium-difficile-colitis-overview\"> C.diff colitis\u003c/a>. Check out this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNU6hOwiGcs\"> Gross Science video \u003c/a> by our friends at NOVA that explains all about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This Science Spotlight video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://water.woop.ie/\" target=\"_blank\">Engineering Is: Cleaning Poop from Drinking Water\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind a device designed by scientists and engineers at Stanford University that purifies drinking water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The e-book includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find all of our e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/74286/science-spotlight-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-poop","authors":["6544"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_13187","quest_267","quest_13184","quest_12946","quest_898","quest_13181","quest_13185","quest_13182","quest_3351","quest_1812","quest_2261","quest_13183","quest_2349","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_13362"],"featImg":"quest_74296","label":"source_quest_74286"},"quest_38793":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38793","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38793","score":null,"sort":[1338994804000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil","title":"The Fungus Among Us Could Help Clean Oily Soil","publishDate":1338994804,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil/mycelium-fungus-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38794\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/mycelium-fungus-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"oyster mushroom growing on coffee grounds\" title=\"mycelium fungus resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38794\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear fungi, I think of mushrooms – both delectable and deadly. But there’s another world of fungi buried in the soil. These fibrous microbes might be able to help clean up polluted soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve always thought of bacteria as nature’s decontamination crew. Bacteria already munching on oil from natural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico flourished after the 2010 Macondo well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gulf-oil-eating-microbes-slide-show\">Several different groups of microbes \u003c/a>ate their way through \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203436904577150910025591788.html\">much of the hydrocarbons in the oil\u003c/a> within a few months of the well being capped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-eating bacteria live in the soil too, but they have a harder time reaching food than their aquatic relatives. Soil is packed with air pockets that bacteria and chemicals must detour around as they move through the soil. That means natural microbial degradation of oil takes a long time. To speed the process, people often plough oil-contaminated soil to mix pollutants and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi sprout thin shoots called hyphae as they grow through the soil. These fibers intertwine in a network called a mycelium. The mycelium of the largest fungi covers more than 1000 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=13567\">Lukas Wick\u003c/a>, of the Helmholtz Center for the Environment in Germany, and his colleagues think \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2519\">fungi might be able to help clean up contaminated soil\u003c/a>. Fungi can eat metals, medicines, and ingredients in plastic. Bacteria struggle to digest the complicated structures of these molecules. And even when bacteria can degrade a pollutant, they require a contaminant buffet. Fungi, however, can process a steady stream of pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi have another green cleaning benefit hidden in their structure. Contaminants and bacteria can travel along their mycelial networks, effectively mingling as if the soil had been ploughed. These networks are made of thin fibers called hyphae, which filamentous microbes use to transport nutrients through their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A filamentous microbe related to fungi can pump oily hydrocarbons \u003ca href=\"http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/web/2012/05/Microbe-Transports-Contaminants-Through-Fibers.html\"> through its hyphae\u003c/a>. And bacteria can float through the watery film covering the hyphae, using the fungal network as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=10837\">a highway through soil\u003c/a> to find new patches of pollutant food. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a fungal environmental clean up crew may be exciting, but it’s not ready for real world action yet. Scientists are still learning how to encourage the growth of fungi and their hungry bacterial neighbors, especially in contaminated places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick hopes to eventually encourage both microbes to grow in contaminated soils so that oily contaminants might degrade faster than if bacteria alone were stuck with the job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time I see a fungus in the woods, I'll still stop to admire the colors of its mushroom. But I'll think about what's underneath the soil too.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There’s more to fungi than just mushrooms. Buried in the soil live large fiber networks of fungi. And these fibrous microbes might be able to help clean up polluted soil.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1338355416,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":457},"headData":{"title":"The Fungus Among Us Could Help Clean Oily Soil | KQED","description":"There’s more to fungi than just mushrooms. Buried in the soil live large fiber networks of fungi. And these fibrous microbes might be able to help clean up polluted soil.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"38793 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38793","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil/","disqusTitle":"The Fungus Among Us Could Help Clean Oily Soil","path":"/quest/38793/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil/mycelium-fungus-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38794\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/mycelium-fungus-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"oyster mushroom growing on coffee grounds\" title=\"mycelium fungus resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38794\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I hear fungi, I think of mushrooms – both delectable and deadly. But there’s another world of fungi buried in the soil. These fibrous microbes might be able to help clean up polluted soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve always thought of bacteria as nature’s decontamination crew. Bacteria already munching on oil from natural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico flourished after the 2010 Macondo well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gulf-oil-eating-microbes-slide-show\">Several different groups of microbes \u003c/a>ate their way through \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203436904577150910025591788.html\">much of the hydrocarbons in the oil\u003c/a> within a few months of the well being capped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oil-eating bacteria live in the soil too, but they have a harder time reaching food than their aquatic relatives. Soil is packed with air pockets that bacteria and chemicals must detour around as they move through the soil. That means natural microbial degradation of oil takes a long time. To speed the process, people often plough oil-contaminated soil to mix pollutants and bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi sprout thin shoots called hyphae as they grow through the soil. These fibers intertwine in a network called a mycelium. The mycelium of the largest fungi covers more than 1000 football fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=13567\">Lukas Wick\u003c/a>, of the Helmholtz Center for the Environment in Germany, and his colleagues think \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2519\">fungi might be able to help clean up contaminated soil\u003c/a>. Fungi can eat metals, medicines, and ingredients in plastic. Bacteria struggle to digest the complicated structures of these molecules. And even when bacteria can degrade a pollutant, they require a contaminant buffet. Fungi, however, can process a steady stream of pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fungi have another green cleaning benefit hidden in their structure. Contaminants and bacteria can travel along their mycelial networks, effectively mingling as if the soil had been ploughed. These networks are made of thin fibers called hyphae, which filamentous microbes use to transport nutrients through their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A filamentous microbe related to fungi can pump oily hydrocarbons \u003ca href=\"http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/web/2012/05/Microbe-Transports-Contaminants-Through-Fibers.html\"> through its hyphae\u003c/a>. And bacteria can float through the watery film covering the hyphae, using the fungal network as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=10837\">a highway through soil\u003c/a> to find new patches of pollutant food. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a fungal environmental clean up crew may be exciting, but it’s not ready for real world action yet. Scientists are still learning how to encourage the growth of fungi and their hungry bacterial neighbors, especially in contaminated places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wick hopes to eventually encourage both microbes to grow in contaminated soils so that oily contaminants might degrade faster than if bacteria alone were stuck with the job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time I see a fungus in the woods, I'll still stop to admire the colors of its mushroom. But I'll think about what's underneath the soil too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38793/the-fungus-among-us-could-help-clean-oily-soil","authors":["10331"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_267","quest_1154","quest_3351","quest_2057","quest_2257","quest_2349","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_38794","label":"quest"},"quest_38549":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38549","score":null,"sort":[1316829171000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"24353-revision-2","title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor","publishDate":1316829171,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. ","status":"publish","parent":24353,"modified":1684973923,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":43},"headData":{"title":"Medicine from the Ocean Floor | KQED","description":"Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"WpOldSlug":"24353-revision","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/38549/24353-revision-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever thought about using medicine from the ocean floor? Well, scientists are using robots to sort through millions of marine chemicals in hopes of finding a cure to all kinds of diseases from cholera to breast cancer. Amy Standen has more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38549/24353-revision-2","authors":["6219"],"categories":["quest_1"],"tags":["quest_267","quest_838","quest_13201","quest_3351","quest_1783","quest_11132","quest_2034","quest_2349","quest_2576"],"label":"quest"},"quest_22140":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_22140","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"22140","score":null,"sort":[1313429863000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"redesigning-life","title":"Redesigning Life","publishDate":1313429863,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22143\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/coloredbacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ColoredBacteria\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22143\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are redesigning bacteria like these to “speak” a new language. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=144\">Scientists in Boston\u003c/a> are close to teaching a strain of bacteria a new dialect of the genetic code. In combination with some work done by a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">group in 2010\u003c/a>, we are now getting to the point where we can actually think about (re)designing life. Which is a big step from what we have been able to do up until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering we have done in the past has been pretty crude. We have mostly added pre-existing genes to cells to give the cells new properties or to have the cells make something for us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we add a human gene to bacteria so they will make insulin for us. Or we add a gene from bacteria to a plant to make the plant resistant to an herbicide like Round Up. Or we even add two genes to cause rice to make vitamin A like in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=334\">golden rice\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we aren’t always this unsophisticated. We have managed to do some \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=63\">pretty elegant things with genes in mice\u003c/a>. There we have tinkered with mouse genes to slightly change how they work or to control how they are expressed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these new experiments are different. This is changing the language of life so we can make a living thing do things nothing living has yet been able to do. Maybe this is even the start of intelligent design…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason this is all possible is because nature has given us a very simple template to work with. Not only does the genetic code have just four letters and 64, three letter words, but many of its words also have the same meaning. It is this last point that has allowed researchers to futz with the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to teach bacteria a new language by co-opting one of the words in the genetic code and giving it a new meaning. There are two things scientists need to do to make this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is to replace all instances of one word in the bacteria’s genes with an equivalent word. Now the bacteria’s genes all still code for all the same things but a word has been freed up so it can be given a new meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step is to redefine the replaced word. This will probably be done by mutating the cell’s reading machinery using some pretty well established genetic techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church’s group has nearly finished the first step. They managed to create four strains of bacteria each with ¼ of all 314 instances of TAG changed to TAA. They are now in the process of combining these four strains in such a way to generate a single strain with no functional TAG’s. After this first step is done (which should be soon), this group of researchers will be ready to teach these bacteria a new language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An easy first thing they can do is to change the definition of the TAG so it means the same thing as one of the other words. So the TAG will no longer mean STOP but instead will mean Met or Lys or some other amino acid. (The genetic words or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=118\">codons\u003c/a> really just tell a cell which amino acid to put where in a protein.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done correctly, this would probably make the bacteria immune to viral infection.* Which would be a boon for the biotech industry as it loses millions of dollars every year because of infected bacterial strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is pretty pedestrian stuff though. The cool thing will be when they redefine TAG as a word that isn’t already in the genetic code. Then we’ll be able to easily create different proteins with properties useful as medicines, industrial enzymes or who knows what else. At least that is the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is just one word. There are another 30-40 codons that may be able to be freed up and given new meanings as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are stepping into a whole new area of research. We are retraining life to do what we want. Let’s hope we know what we’re doing…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This is because viruses use a cell’s machinery to read its own genes. If the machinery changes, the virus will misread its own genes and die.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1314127050,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":762},"headData":{"title":"Redesigning Life | KQED","description":"All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"22140 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=22140","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/","disqusTitle":"Redesigning Life","path":"/quest/22140/redesigning-life","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22143\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/coloredbacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ColoredBacteria\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22143\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are redesigning bacteria like these to “speak” a new language. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=144\">Scientists in Boston\u003c/a> are close to teaching a strain of bacteria a new dialect of the genetic code. In combination with some work done by a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">group in 2010\u003c/a>, we are now getting to the point where we can actually think about (re)designing life. Which is a big step from what we have been able to do up until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering we have done in the past has been pretty crude. We have mostly added pre-existing genes to cells to give the cells new properties or to have the cells make something for us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we add a human gene to bacteria so they will make insulin for us. Or we add a gene from bacteria to a plant to make the plant resistant to an herbicide like Round Up. Or we even add two genes to cause rice to make vitamin A like in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=334\">golden rice\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we aren’t always this unsophisticated. We have managed to do some \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=63\">pretty elegant things with genes in mice\u003c/a>. There we have tinkered with mouse genes to slightly change how they work or to control how they are expressed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these new experiments are different. This is changing the language of life so we can make a living thing do things nothing living has yet been able to do. Maybe this is even the start of intelligent design…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason this is all possible is because nature has given us a very simple template to work with. Not only does the genetic code have just four letters and 64, three letter words, but many of its words also have the same meaning. It is this last point that has allowed researchers to futz with the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to teach bacteria a new language by co-opting one of the words in the genetic code and giving it a new meaning. There are two things scientists need to do to make this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is to replace all instances of one word in the bacteria’s genes with an equivalent word. Now the bacteria’s genes all still code for all the same things but a word has been freed up so it can be given a new meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step is to redefine the replaced word. This will probably be done by mutating the cell’s reading machinery using some pretty well established genetic techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church’s group has nearly finished the first step. They managed to create four strains of bacteria each with ¼ of all 314 instances of TAG changed to TAA. They are now in the process of combining these four strains in such a way to generate a single strain with no functional TAG’s. After this first step is done (which should be soon), this group of researchers will be ready to teach these bacteria a new language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An easy first thing they can do is to change the definition of the TAG so it means the same thing as one of the other words. So the TAG will no longer mean STOP but instead will mean Met or Lys or some other amino acid. (The genetic words or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=118\">codons\u003c/a> really just tell a cell which amino acid to put where in a protein.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done correctly, this would probably make the bacteria immune to viral infection.* Which would be a boon for the biotech industry as it loses millions of dollars every year because of infected bacterial strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is pretty pedestrian stuff though. The cool thing will be when they redefine TAG as a word that isn’t already in the genetic code. Then we’ll be able to easily create different proteins with properties useful as medicines, industrial enzymes or who knows what else. At least that is the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is just one word. There are another 30-40 codons that may be able to be freed up and given new meanings as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are stepping into a whole new area of research. We are retraining life to do what we want. Let’s hope we know what we’re doing…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This is because viruses use a cell’s machinery to read its own genes. If the machinery changes, the virus will misread its own genes and die.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/22140/redesigning-life","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_267","quest_9951","quest_9949","quest_1032","quest_1188","quest_1193","quest_9948","quest_9950","quest_1479","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_22143","label":"quest"},"quest_11004":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11004","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11004","score":null,"sort":[1291660635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"it-came-from-mono-lake","title":"It Came From Mono Lake","publishDate":1291660635,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The world is buzzing about the bacteria from Mono Lake, a strain of bacteria that can substitute the element arsenic for phosphorus into the backbone of its DNA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366918952,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"It Came From Mono Lake | KQED","description":"The world is buzzing about the bacteria from Mono Lake, a strain of bacteria that can substitute the element arsenic for phosphorus into the backbone of its DNA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"11004 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11004","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/06/it-came-from-mono-lake/","disqusTitle":"It Came From Mono Lake","path":"/quest/11004/it-came-from-mono-lake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11004/it-came-from-mono-lake","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_215","quest_237","quest_267","quest_1293","quest_1861","quest_2423"],"featImg":"quest_11007","label":"quest"},"quest_10941":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10941","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10941","score":null,"sort":[1291337444000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"arsenic-bacteria","title":"Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Expands Definition of Life","publishDate":1291337444,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon1HR-22.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Scanning electron microscope image of the arsenic-loving bacteria GFAJ-1. (Credit: AAAS/Science) \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area biochemist has found a new strain of bacteria living in the briny shores of Mono Lake that can eat and thrive on arsenic, a substance highly toxic to most organisms. The discovery may lead to a significant shift in how scientists search for extraterrestrial life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All life that we know of requires carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus,” said Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the lead author of the study and a NASA Astrobiology Research Fellow in residence at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “We discovered an organism that can substitute one element for another,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those six major elements comprise the building blocks of key components of living cells, such as DNA, RNA and proteins – the molecular switches which power the cells and instruct them to perform tasks critical for cellular growth and survival. Researchers know of no other microbe that can consume arsenic let alone substitute it for phosphorus, thereby expanding the definition of what constitutes life on Earth and elsewhere in the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As someone who regularly gives lectures in which I state, ‘every living thing uses phosphorus to build its DNA’, the idea that I’m sitting here today discussing the possibility that that’s not true is quite shocking,” said James Elser, a professor at Arizona State University who participated in a NASA teleconference convened today to discuss the findings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of the arsenic-loving microbe also “opens new doors” to explore what life may look like in other reaches of the solar system, on environments such as Mars or the moons of Jupiter and Saturn that have previously been thought to be too cold and harsh to support life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon4HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Felicia Wolfe-Simon of the NASA Ames Research Center and USGS collects samples from a sediment core extracted from the shores of Mono Lake in eastern California. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still don’t know everything there is to know about what might make a habitable environment on another planet or a satellite of another planet,” said Pamela Conrad, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Perhaps arsenic is not an essential component for habitability or life but it may be one that can be tolerated and it opens our perspective to try and understand what other potential components may be tolerated or perhaps even essential that we presently haven’t thought of,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper describing the finding appears in this week’s edition of the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2010/12/01/science.1197258\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the embargo on the paper was lifted on Thursday, a flurry of speculation was set off earlier in the week that NASA had discovered proof of alien life, fueled by an ambiguous press release issued by NASA on Monday which trumpeted “an astrobiology finding that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life.” In fact, the embargo was lifted roughly two hours earlier than planned because reports of the finding, some of them erroneous, were already beginning to appear online in publications like \u003cem>The Huffington Post\u003c/em> and the \u003cem>Guardian\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of NASA’s Thursday teleconference, Mary Voytek, director of the Astrobiology Program at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. responded to a question from a \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> journalist about the disappointment felt by its readers that in fact, NASA would not be pulling E.T out of a hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what I would say is that while being able to announce the discovery of an extra-terrestrial would be an incredible announcement, from our perspective, this is a phenomenal finding. It will require some paragraphs in textbooks to be rewritten,” said Voytek. “It will fundamentally change how we define life and how we look for it, maybe we’ll be able to find E.T. now because we’ve got more information about what we might be looking for,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team, led by Wolfe-Simon, discovered the new strain of bacteria, GFAJ-1, in muddy sediment cores extracted from the shores of Mono Lake, located in eastern California, near the Sierra Nevada mountains. The 70 square-mile inland lake is highly salty and alkaline with high concentrations of naturally-occurring arsenic. It has been separated from freshwater for 50 years and teems with brine shrimp and algae. It also serves as a major stop-over point for migratory birds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfe-Simon chose to investigate how GFAJ-1 responded to arsenic because of the toxic compound’s chemical similarity to phosphorus. She pointed out that arsenic lies just below phosphorus on the periodic table and that their atoms are roughly the same in size. But arsenic is highly toxic to most living organisms because it disrupts metabolic pathways in the cells which take up arsenic readily, given its chemical similarity to phosphorus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Wolfe-Simon took the muddy samples containing the bacteria and grew them in petri dishes in a watery solution containing sugar and high levels of arsenic, while reducing the amount of phosphate salt the bacteria were fed. Eventually, the bacteria were fed only a diet of arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grew and it thrived, and this was amazing. Nothing should have grown,” said Simon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just six days, the bacteria multiplied twenty-fold as it wolfed down the arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon and her colleagues used radiolabeled arsenate, a form of arsenic, to track the movement of arsenic inside the bacteria. With the aid of additional laboratory techniques, they found that the bacteria’s cellular machinery of lipids, proteins, even its DNA, were now made up of arsenic. So the bacteria were able to fully substitute phosphorus, which provides the chemical backbone of DNA, for arsenic and still function and grow just fine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon7HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Mono Lake, located in eastern California, next to the Sierra Nevada mountains, is highly saline and has high concentrations of arsenic. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that some microbes can breathe arsenic, but what we've found is a microbe doing something new -- building parts of itself out of arsenic,\" said Wolfe-Simon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to Professor Elser at Arizona State University, the discovery of a microbe that thrives on arsenic may have value beyond the lab and academic papers. Elser mused on the possibility of using GFAJ-1 to clean up naturally-occurring arsenic, which can pollute groundwater and lead to failure of organs such as the kidneys and liver if ingested. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the burgeoning field of biofuels, the next generation of which include algae. But algae and other plants being cultivated for renewable fuels require phosphorus to grow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what if someone was clever enough to be able to develop a bioenergy creature, a microorganism, based on this metabolism that doesn’t need phosphorus, so you don’t need to drain the fertilizer supply in order to solve the bioenergy problem,” said Elser. “It’s pretty exciting to think about the possibility of organisms that may be able to live without phosphorous,” he added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the discovery of the arsenic-loving bacteria is an important milestone in astrobiology, a discipline which combines chemistry, astronomy, biology and other sciences to understand the evolution of life and the future of life – on Earth and beyond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve cracked open the door to what’s possible for life elsewhere in the universe and that’s profound and to understand how life has formed and where life is going,” she said. “And what else might we find, what else might we want to look for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A Bay Area biochemist has found a new strain of bacteria living in the briny shores of Mono Lake that can not only eat arsenic, a substance highly toxic to most organisms, but thrive on it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316925477,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1322},"headData":{"title":"Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Expands Definition of Life | KQED","description":"A Bay Area biochemist has found a new strain of bacteria living in the briny shores of Mono Lake that can not only eat arsenic, a substance highly toxic to most organisms, but thrive on it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"10941 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/12/02/10941/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/","disqusTitle":"Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Expands Definition of Life","path":"/quest/10941/arsenic-bacteria","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon1HR-22.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Scanning electron microscope image of the arsenic-loving bacteria GFAJ-1. (Credit: AAAS/Science) \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area biochemist has found a new strain of bacteria living in the briny shores of Mono Lake that can eat and thrive on arsenic, a substance highly toxic to most organisms. The discovery may lead to a significant shift in how scientists search for extraterrestrial life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All life that we know of requires carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus,” said Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the lead author of the study and a NASA Astrobiology Research Fellow in residence at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “We discovered an organism that can substitute one element for another,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those six major elements comprise the building blocks of key components of living cells, such as DNA, RNA and proteins – the molecular switches which power the cells and instruct them to perform tasks critical for cellular growth and survival. Researchers know of no other microbe that can consume arsenic let alone substitute it for phosphorus, thereby expanding the definition of what constitutes life on Earth and elsewhere in the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As someone who regularly gives lectures in which I state, ‘every living thing uses phosphorus to build its DNA’, the idea that I’m sitting here today discussing the possibility that that’s not true is quite shocking,” said James Elser, a professor at Arizona State University who participated in a NASA teleconference convened today to discuss the findings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of the arsenic-loving microbe also “opens new doors” to explore what life may look like in other reaches of the solar system, on environments such as Mars or the moons of Jupiter and Saturn that have previously been thought to be too cold and harsh to support life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon4HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Felicia Wolfe-Simon of the NASA Ames Research Center and USGS collects samples from a sediment core extracted from the shores of Mono Lake in eastern California. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still don’t know everything there is to know about what might make a habitable environment on another planet or a satellite of another planet,” said Pamela Conrad, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Perhaps arsenic is not an essential component for habitability or life but it may be one that can be tolerated and it opens our perspective to try and understand what other potential components may be tolerated or perhaps even essential that we presently haven’t thought of,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper describing the finding appears in this week’s edition of the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2010/12/01/science.1197258\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the embargo on the paper was lifted on Thursday, a flurry of speculation was set off earlier in the week that NASA had discovered proof of alien life, fueled by an ambiguous press release issued by NASA on Monday which trumpeted “an astrobiology finding that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life.” In fact, the embargo was lifted roughly two hours earlier than planned because reports of the finding, some of them erroneous, were already beginning to appear online in publications like \u003cem>The Huffington Post\u003c/em> and the \u003cem>Guardian\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of NASA’s Thursday teleconference, Mary Voytek, director of the Astrobiology Program at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. responded to a question from a \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> journalist about the disappointment felt by its readers that in fact, NASA would not be pulling E.T out of a hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what I would say is that while being able to announce the discovery of an extra-terrestrial would be an incredible announcement, from our perspective, this is a phenomenal finding. It will require some paragraphs in textbooks to be rewritten,” said Voytek. “It will fundamentally change how we define life and how we look for it, maybe we’ll be able to find E.T. now because we’ve got more information about what we might be looking for,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team, led by Wolfe-Simon, discovered the new strain of bacteria, GFAJ-1, in muddy sediment cores extracted from the shores of Mono Lake, located in eastern California, near the Sierra Nevada mountains. The 70 square-mile inland lake is highly salty and alkaline with high concentrations of naturally-occurring arsenic. It has been separated from freshwater for 50 years and teems with brine shrimp and algae. It also serves as a major stop-over point for migratory birds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfe-Simon chose to investigate how GFAJ-1 responded to arsenic because of the toxic compound’s chemical similarity to phosphorus. She pointed out that arsenic lies just below phosphorus on the periodic table and that their atoms are roughly the same in size. But arsenic is highly toxic to most living organisms because it disrupts metabolic pathways in the cells which take up arsenic readily, given its chemical similarity to phosphorus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Wolfe-Simon took the muddy samples containing the bacteria and grew them in petri dishes in a watery solution containing sugar and high levels of arsenic, while reducing the amount of phosphate salt the bacteria were fed. Eventually, the bacteria were fed only a diet of arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grew and it thrived, and this was amazing. Nothing should have grown,” said Simon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just six days, the bacteria multiplied twenty-fold as it wolfed down the arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon and her colleagues used radiolabeled arsenate, a form of arsenic, to track the movement of arsenic inside the bacteria. With the aid of additional laboratory techniques, they found that the bacteria’s cellular machinery of lipids, proteins, even its DNA, were now made up of arsenic. So the bacteria were able to fully substitute phosphorus, which provides the chemical backbone of DNA, for arsenic and still function and grow just fine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon7HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Mono Lake, located in eastern California, next to the Sierra Nevada mountains, is highly saline and has high concentrations of arsenic. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that some microbes can breathe arsenic, but what we've found is a microbe doing something new -- building parts of itself out of arsenic,\" said Wolfe-Simon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to Professor Elser at Arizona State University, the discovery of a microbe that thrives on arsenic may have value beyond the lab and academic papers. Elser mused on the possibility of using GFAJ-1 to clean up naturally-occurring arsenic, which can pollute groundwater and lead to failure of organs such as the kidneys and liver if ingested. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the burgeoning field of biofuels, the next generation of which include algae. But algae and other plants being cultivated for renewable fuels require phosphorus to grow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what if someone was clever enough to be able to develop a bioenergy creature, a microorganism, based on this metabolism that doesn’t need phosphorus, so you don’t need to drain the fertilizer supply in order to solve the bioenergy problem,” said Elser. “It’s pretty exciting to think about the possibility of organisms that may be able to live without phosphorous,” he added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the discovery of the arsenic-loving bacteria is an important milestone in astrobiology, a discipline which combines chemistry, astronomy, biology and other sciences to understand the evolution of life and the future of life – on Earth and beyond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve cracked open the door to what’s possible for life elsewhere in the universe and that’s profound and to understand how life has formed and where life is going,” she said. “And what else might we find, what else might we want to look for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10941/arsenic-bacteria","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_5"],"tags":["quest_237","quest_267","quest_1215","quest_1918","quest_13203"],"featImg":"quest_10945","label":"quest"},"quest_5669":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_5669","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"5669","score":null,"sort":[1271787412000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-the-plastic-breakdown","title":"Producer's Notes: The Plastic Breakdown","publishDate":1271787412,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Life was easier back before I produced this piece. Now everywhere I look and everything I touch seems to be made of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know why I didn’t think about plastic before I produced this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plastic-in-the-pacific\">story\u003c/a> about plastic from around the world that’s gathering and collecting in the Pacific Ocean. But now, everywhere I look and everything I touch seems to be made of plastic: this keyboard, pen, desk, the monitor in front of me, my water bottle, the phone to the left of me, the stacks of video tapes in plastic containers to the right, even the plastic office chair holding me up. But I’m not just struck by the fact that everything’s made of petroleum products. I’m stunned by the fact that I knew all the time that I was surrounded by plastic, but I’d found ways to ignore it, accept it and live with it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life was easier back before I did this piece. I didn’t think of albatross stomachs when I saw cigarette lighters for sale. I didn’t have to worry what to do with the plastic lid on the recycled paper cup after I drank my fair trade organic coffee. I didn’t get strange looks from the corner sandwich shop lady until I recently removed a lunch from the plastic bag she provided. I had to explain to her why I didn’t want the plastic bag she so carefully and skillfully packed with my chicken salad sandwich, cheddar cheese chips and juice (in an actual glass bottle). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I told her how plastic doesn’t go away for centuries, how it breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces, even nano-sized particles. I went on about how it could get into the food chain. She didn’t have an answer when I asked her if she knew what we’re doing to the ocean and the planet and our children. Plastic was the enemy and it was everywhere! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew I was getting carried away. But then I started thinking maybe I should get carried away. Maybe we all should get carried away, you know, talk about it, get informed about it, get angry about it, write our senators and members of Congress. But being a TV producer who’s always faced with making difficult cuts in the edit room, I knew when less was more. So I chilled out, gave her what I owed for the food and time and left a hefty tip, and started to leave. Her smile made me pause. She thanked me for telling her all about plastic. She said she’d speak to the owner about replacing the plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Life was easier back before I produced this piece. Now everywhere I look and everything I touch seems to be made of plastic.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457732579,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":470},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: The Plastic Breakdown | KQED","description":"Life was easier back before I produced this piece. Now everywhere I look and everything I touch seems to be made of plastic.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"5669 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/04/20/producers-notes-the-plastic-breakdown/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/20/producers-notes-the-plastic-breakdown/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: The Plastic Breakdown","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9fEbqxyNl0","path":"/quest/5669/producers-notes-the-plastic-breakdown","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Life was easier back before I produced this piece. Now everywhere I look and everything I touch seems to be made of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t know why I didn’t think about plastic before I produced this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plastic-in-the-pacific\">story\u003c/a> about plastic from around the world that’s gathering and collecting in the Pacific Ocean. But now, everywhere I look and everything I touch seems to be made of plastic: this keyboard, pen, desk, the monitor in front of me, my water bottle, the phone to the left of me, the stacks of video tapes in plastic containers to the right, even the plastic office chair holding me up. But I’m not just struck by the fact that everything’s made of petroleum products. I’m stunned by the fact that I knew all the time that I was surrounded by plastic, but I’d found ways to ignore it, accept it and live with it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life was easier back before I did this piece. I didn’t think of albatross stomachs when I saw cigarette lighters for sale. I didn’t have to worry what to do with the plastic lid on the recycled paper cup after I drank my fair trade organic coffee. I didn’t get strange looks from the corner sandwich shop lady until I recently removed a lunch from the plastic bag she provided. I had to explain to her why I didn’t want the plastic bag she so carefully and skillfully packed with my chicken salad sandwich, cheddar cheese chips and juice (in an actual glass bottle). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I told her how plastic doesn’t go away for centuries, how it breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces, even nano-sized particles. I went on about how it could get into the food chain. She didn’t have an answer when I asked her if she knew what we’re doing to the ocean and the planet and our children. Plastic was the enemy and it was everywhere! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew I was getting carried away. But then I started thinking maybe I should get carried away. Maybe we all should get carried away, you know, talk about it, get informed about it, get angry about it, write our senators and members of Congress. But being a TV producer who’s always faced with making difficult cuts in the edit room, I knew when less was more. So I chilled out, gave her what I owed for the food and time and left a hefty tip, and started to leave. Her smile made me pause. She thanked me for telling her all about plastic. She said she’d speak to the owner about replacing the plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/5669/producers-notes-the-plastic-breakdown","authors":["10214"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_117","quest_267","quest_336","quest_374","quest_420","quest_892","quest_1258","quest_2005","quest_2038","quest_2042","quest_2222","quest_2223","quest_2227","quest_2228","quest_2257","quest_2258","quest_2305","quest_2388"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3515":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3515","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3515","score":null,"sort":[1251915842000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"anti-bacterial-soap-is-the-medicine-worse-than-the-cure","title":"Anti-bacterial Soap: is the Medicine Worse Than the Cure?","publishDate":1251915842,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/snake-bracelet.jpg\">\u003cem>Often at the California Academy of Sciences, you will see docents out on the floor of the museum with an example from our live animal collection.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Academy offers chances to get up and personal with a variety of reptiles, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/lizard-world/blue-tongue-skink.html\">Skinks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/snake-world/ball-python.html\">Ball Pythons\u003c/a>. Docents follow up these close encounters by offering antimicrobial soap to guests to clean their hands-- not because the animals are slimy or grimy, but as a precaution against transmitting Salmonella bacteria from animals to people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of this bacteria before, as an unpleasant bug that sometimes finds its way into high-protein foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. It is also naturally found on and in many reptiles, and does not usually make the animals sick, but if passed to humans-- particularly young children, the elderly and infirm -- it can cause a serious infection called \u003cem>Salmonellosis\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But selecting the right anti-microbial was not as easy a choice as we thought it would be. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food and Drug Administration published reports question the use of antibacterial soap and hand sanitizers, saying that it found no medical studies that showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in infection rates. Plus, regular soap kills 90% of bacteria and leaves little impact on the environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, anti-bacterial products like \u003ca href=\"http://www.purell.com/index.jhtml\">Purell\u003c/a> use synthetic polymers known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclocarban\">Triclocarban\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan\">triclosan\u003c/a> to kill off bacteria. Triclosan is known to promote the growth of resistant bacteria, including E. coli, and both pose environmental toxicity risks; after washing your hands or washing the dishes they can get into the waste water system. Because they do not break down or get filtered out during waste water treatment, up to 75 percent of the original amount gets into the Bay. Once in the environment, these products have been known to disrupt the health of marine life and other wildlife. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Academy scientists went in search of an alternative product that does not contain the above 2 agents, and has recommended \u003ca href=\"http://www.metrex.com/metrex/metrex-handhygiene-2.php\">Vionex Antimicrobial Soap\u003c/a> for our public programs. Commonly used in the medical, dental, and law enforcement industries, Vionex uses a different antimicrobial agent called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMX\">PCMX\u003c/a>, or parachlorometaxylenol, which is considered significantly less toxic to humans and other mammals that Triclocarban and Triclosan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What you can do at home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you are not handling reptiles daily like we are, you can take action to reduce exposure to toxic anti-microbials. Whenever possible avoid products that are labeled “anti-bacterial.” Products that are likely to be anti-bacterial are most hand-sanitizers, hand wipes, cleaning products, and dishwasher detergent. If you must use hand-sanitizers, consider natural ones such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.allterrainco.com/natural_sanitizer.html\">Hand-Sanz\u003c/a> (found at Whole Food or Bristol Farms). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Even if you are not handling reptiles daily like we are, you can take action to reduce exposure to toxic anti-microbials.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1251915842,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":461},"headData":{"title":"Anti-bacterial Soap: is the Medicine Worse Than the Cure? | KQED","description":"Even if you are not handling reptiles daily like we are, you can take action to reduce exposure to toxic anti-microbials.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"disqusIdentifier":"3515 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3515","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/02/anti-bacterial-soap-is-the-medicine-worse-than-the-cure/","disqusTitle":"Anti-bacterial Soap: is the Medicine Worse Than the Cure?","path":"/quest/3515/anti-bacterial-soap-is-the-medicine-worse-than-the-cure","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/09/snake-bracelet.jpg\">\u003cem>Often at the California Academy of Sciences, you will see docents out on the floor of the museum with an example from our live animal collection.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Academy offers chances to get up and personal with a variety of reptiles, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/lizard-world/blue-tongue-skink.html\">Skinks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/snake-world/ball-python.html\">Ball Pythons\u003c/a>. Docents follow up these close encounters by offering antimicrobial soap to guests to clean their hands-- not because the animals are slimy or grimy, but as a precaution against transmitting Salmonella bacteria from animals to people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of this bacteria before, as an unpleasant bug that sometimes finds its way into high-protein foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. It is also naturally found on and in many reptiles, and does not usually make the animals sick, but if passed to humans-- particularly young children, the elderly and infirm -- it can cause a serious infection called \u003cem>Salmonellosis\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But selecting the right anti-microbial was not as easy a choice as we thought it would be. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food and Drug Administration published reports question the use of antibacterial soap and hand sanitizers, saying that it found no medical studies that showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in infection rates. Plus, regular soap kills 90% of bacteria and leaves little impact on the environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, anti-bacterial products like \u003ca href=\"http://www.purell.com/index.jhtml\">Purell\u003c/a> use synthetic polymers known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclocarban\">Triclocarban\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan\">triclosan\u003c/a> to kill off bacteria. Triclosan is known to promote the growth of resistant bacteria, including E. coli, and both pose environmental toxicity risks; after washing your hands or washing the dishes they can get into the waste water system. Because they do not break down or get filtered out during waste water treatment, up to 75 percent of the original amount gets into the Bay. Once in the environment, these products have been known to disrupt the health of marine life and other wildlife. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Academy scientists went in search of an alternative product that does not contain the above 2 agents, and has recommended \u003ca href=\"http://www.metrex.com/metrex/metrex-handhygiene-2.php\">Vionex Antimicrobial Soap\u003c/a> for our public programs. Commonly used in the medical, dental, and law enforcement industries, Vionex uses a different antimicrobial agent called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMX\">PCMX\u003c/a>, or parachlorometaxylenol, which is considered significantly less toxic to humans and other mammals that Triclocarban and Triclosan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What you can do at home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you are not handling reptiles daily like we are, you can take action to reduce exposure to toxic anti-microbials. Whenever possible avoid products that are labeled “anti-bacterial.” Products that are likely to be anti-bacterial are most hand-sanitizers, hand wipes, cleaning products, and dishwasher detergent. If you must use hand-sanitizers, consider natural ones such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.allterrainco.com/natural_sanitizer.html\">Hand-Sanz\u003c/a> (found at Whole Food or Bristol Farms). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3515/anti-bacterial-soap-is-the-medicine-worse-than-the-cure","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_171","quest_267","quest_431","quest_13201","quest_1897","quest_2415","quest_2480","quest_2481","quest_2502","quest_2685","quest_2995","quest_2997","quest_3076"],"label":"quest"},"quest_3076":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3076","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3076","score":null,"sort":[1248203722000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","title":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology","publishDate":1248203722,"format":"video","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture. Though many of these applications haven’t yet come on line, researchers are hard at work to synthesize new drugs and devices made from genetic parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there’s an enzyme that exists in plants which makes methyl halides, a molecule which can be catalytically converted into gasoline and other chemicals. Imagine if you could put this enzyme-making gene into yeast, then you could brew the yeast to churn out the methyl halides and after some optimization of the production pathway, you could scale up production to pump out this carbon neutral gasoline precursor for use in today’s automobiles. This is the idea behind an innovative biofuels project that has taken off in the lab of Chris Voigt at \u003ca href=\"http://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF’s School of Pharmacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3077\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/blog_synthbio1.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3077\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voigt and his team surveyed the genetic database for the presence of the gene that encodes for the enzyme that makes methyl halides. Lo and behold, the gene exists in plants as diverse as ice plant, which dots the northern California coast, bok choy and pinot noir grapes. After building a library of about 100 enzymes from these diverse plants, the researchers had to determine which of these would function best in the yeast. They zeroed in on an enzyme from ice plant and then used the tool of DNA synthesis to translate the gene for the enzyme that makes methyl halides into something that would work in yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remarkable thing about this project is that the researchers never actually touched any of the plants. They simply “Googled” a genetic database to find all the genes out there in plants that produce the enzyme that makes methyl halides. As Professor Voigt says, “it’s incredible that synthetic biology is something that could really unlock the potential of using organisms in order to produce fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975745,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":356},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Decoding Synthetic Biology | KQED","description":"Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":""},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtADBcxWpVg","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/3076/producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Synthetic biology portends big changes in our lives by ushering in a dizzying array of applications in everything from medicine to biofuels, environmental remediation to agriculture. Though many of these applications haven’t yet come on line, researchers are hard at work to synthesize new drugs and devices made from genetic parts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there’s an enzyme that exists in plants which makes methyl halides, a molecule which can be catalytically converted into gasoline and other chemicals. Imagine if you could put this enzyme-making gene into yeast, then you could brew the yeast to churn out the methyl halides and after some optimization of the production pathway, you could scale up production to pump out this carbon neutral gasoline precursor for use in today’s automobiles. This is the idea behind an innovative biofuels project that has taken off in the lab of Chris Voigt at \u003ca href=\"http://pharmacy.ucsf.edu/\">UCSF’s School of Pharmacy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3077\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/07/blog_synthbio1.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3077\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF biologist Jeff Tabor holds up an ecoli culture designed to display the shape of a squid.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Voigt and his team surveyed the genetic database for the presence of the gene that encodes for the enzyme that makes methyl halides. Lo and behold, the gene exists in plants as diverse as ice plant, which dots the northern California coast, bok choy and pinot noir grapes. After building a library of about 100 enzymes from these diverse plants, the researchers had to determine which of these would function best in the yeast. They zeroed in on an enzyme from ice plant and then used the tool of DNA synthesis to translate the gene for the enzyme that makes methyl halides into something that would work in yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remarkable thing about this project is that the researchers never actually touched any of the plants. They simply “Googled” a genetic database to find all the genes out there in plants that produce the enzyme that makes methyl halides. As Professor Voigt says, “it’s incredible that synthetic biology is something that could really unlock the potential of using organisms in order to produce fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3076/producers-notes-decoding-synthetic-biology","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_5","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_152","quest_219","quest_267","quest_324","quest_328","quest_13193","quest_13194","quest_880","quest_13197","quest_1191","quest_1520","quest_3351","quest_1592","quest_2771","quest_2861","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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