Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It
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A patient displays one of the many symptoms of arsenic poisoning--skin lesions--in the picture above. 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A patient displays one of the many symptoms of arsenic poisoning--skin lesions--in the picture above. (Photo: waterdotorg, via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Public health advocates cheered when the Environmental Protection Agency approved a stricter standard for arsenic in drinking water in 2001. Arsenic, a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust, contaminates water supplies when it migrates from rocks into groundwater. Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water can cause serious skin and digestive problems and has been linked to several types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehjournal.net/content/11/1/84\">a recent study shows\u003c/a>, not everyone is reaping the benefits of the revised safety standard. Six years after the new rule went into effect, poor communities—who can’t afford the costs of compliance—face the highest risk of exposure to unsafe arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley researchers analyzed arsenic levels in hundreds of community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley, one of the poorest regions in the United States. Most residents are Latino farmworkers. Many speak little English. They live in one of the country’s most productive agricultural regions, but they don’t share its bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the study's lead researcher, Carolina Balazs, showed in a paper last year, low-income Latinos in the valley are more likely to have high levels of nitrates in their water. Her arsenic study, published in November, finds no clear link between ethnicity and arsenic exposure. But it does show that if you’re poor and live in the San Joaquin Valley, you’re more likely to have unsafe levels of arsenic in your water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA lowered the arsenic standard, from 50 parts per billion to 10 parts per billion, after a 1999 National Academy of Sciences report concluded that the higher standard “could easily” result in a 1-in-100 cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In a highly controversial move, the Bush White House postponed the revised rule, approved during the Clinton years, and asked the academy to evaluate new studies on arsenic’s health effects. To the dismay of some Bush supporters, the new studies actually strengthened the evidence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic levels in most groundwater samples in the United States average 1 ppb or below. But some places in the West, including the San Joaquin Valley, exceed 50 ppb. Small communities like those in the valley often get their drinking water from groundwater wells (while cities use surface water), and so are \u003ca href=\"http://oh.water.usgs.gov/tanc/pubs/BurowEtal04.pdf\">more likely to have higher concentrations of arsenic\u003c/a> in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 million California residents rely on groundwater supplied by community water systems for at least some of their drinking water, according to the California Department of Public Health. Demand for groundwater increases during droughts, when surface water supplies start drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2013/pr020413.pdf\">report released by the State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> last month found that 21 million residents get their drinking water from community water systems with contaminated groundwater sources. Arsenic was the most common naturally occurring contaminant, followed by nitrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board identified three general approaches to solving the problem: preventing pollution, removing contaminants, and finding alternative water supplies. Unfortunately, there’s no economically feasible way to remove a naturally occurring contaminant like arsenic from groundwater. In that case, the board noted, water suppliers should focus on finding alternative supplies or treatment at the point of delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board also acknowledged that community water systems in rural areas, which often serve just a few thousand people, can’t afford any of these solutions and may face persistent contamination problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recognized that many smaller, poorer community water systems might not be able to meet the tougher standard. That’s why it extended the compliance deadline to January 2006. Yet today some water systems still lack the technical and financial means to comply, prompting regulators to suggest exemptions, including stop-gap measures like supplying bottled water, to give them even more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Balazs and her colleagues argue, this would simply perpetuate the inequities they found. Small systems often lack the economies of scale to raise rates and the know-how to apply for loans to hire experts who can install and oversee new treatments. And their customers have to buy bottled water so their families have safe drinking water at home—whether they can afford it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the EPA simply extends the compliance period, it risks creating a situation where community water systems that can’t afford treatments will continue to violate the arsenic safety standard. And customers too poor to buy bottled water will suffer chronic exposure to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address these disparities in the short term, Balazs and her colleagues argue, regulators must provide technical and financial assistance tailored to the special needs of small water systems so they can reduce their arsenic levels. But in the long run, regulators will need to help these communities tap into regional systems so they can absorb the high costs of delivering safe drinking water to everyone in the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only then will public health advocates be able to celebrate the victory they envisioned more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Six years after the EPA's new arsenic rule for drinking water went into effect, poor communities in the San Joaquin Valley—who can’t afford the costs of complying with the stricter standard—face the highest risk of exposure to unsafe arsenic levels. \r\n\r\n\u003cp>\u003cspan>claimtoken-5144c0abd5ac8\u003c/span>\u003c/p>","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366756370,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":903},"headData":{"title":"Arsenic and Old Wells | KQED","description":"Six years after the EPA's new arsenic rule for drinking water went into effect, poor communities in the San Joaquin Valley—who can’t afford the costs of complying with the stricter standard—face the highest risk of exposure to unsafe arsenic levels. \r\n\r\nclaimtoken-5144c0abd5ac8","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Arsenic and Old Wells","datePublished":"2013-03-06T16:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T22:32:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50414 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50414","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/06/arsenic-and-old-wells/","disqusTitle":"Arsenic and Old Wells","path":"/quest/50414/arsenic-and-old-wells","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50416\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 616px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/06/arsenic-and-old-wells/arsenic_poisoning/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50416\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50416\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/arsenic_poisoning.jpg\" alt=\"arsenic poisoning\" width=\"616\" height=\"347\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/arsenic_poisoning.jpg 616w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/arsenic_poisoning-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The risks of arsenic-contaminated drinking water captured the world's attention when a 2010 Lancet study reported that close to 80 million people in Bangladesh may have been exposed to toxic levels of arsenic in their drinking water. A patient displays one of the many symptoms of arsenic poisoning--skin lesions--in the picture above. (Photo: waterdotorg, via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Public health advocates cheered when the Environmental Protection Agency approved a stricter standard for arsenic in drinking water in 2001. Arsenic, a naturally occurring element in the earth’s crust, contaminates water supplies when it migrates from rocks into groundwater. Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water can cause serious skin and digestive problems and has been linked to several types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehjournal.net/content/11/1/84\">a recent study shows\u003c/a>, not everyone is reaping the benefits of the revised safety standard. Six years after the new rule went into effect, poor communities—who can’t afford the costs of compliance—face the highest risk of exposure to unsafe arsenic levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley researchers analyzed arsenic levels in hundreds of community water systems in California’s San Joaquin Valley, one of the poorest regions in the United States. Most residents are Latino farmworkers. Many speak little English. They live in one of the country’s most productive agricultural regions, but they don’t share its bounty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the study's lead researcher, Carolina Balazs, showed in a paper last year, low-income Latinos in the valley are more likely to have high levels of nitrates in their water. Her arsenic study, published in November, finds no clear link between ethnicity and arsenic exposure. But it does show that if you’re poor and live in the San Joaquin Valley, you’re more likely to have unsafe levels of arsenic in your water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA lowered the arsenic standard, from 50 parts per billion to 10 parts per billion, after a 1999 National Academy of Sciences report concluded that the higher standard “could easily” result in a 1-in-100 cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In a highly controversial move, the Bush White House postponed the revised rule, approved during the Clinton years, and asked the academy to evaluate new studies on arsenic’s health effects. To the dismay of some Bush supporters, the new studies actually strengthened the evidence.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arsenic levels in most groundwater samples in the United States average 1 ppb or below. But some places in the West, including the San Joaquin Valley, exceed 50 ppb. Small communities like those in the valley often get their drinking water from groundwater wells (while cities use surface water), and so are \u003ca href=\"http://oh.water.usgs.gov/tanc/pubs/BurowEtal04.pdf\">more likely to have higher concentrations of arsenic\u003c/a> in their water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 million California residents rely on groundwater supplied by community water systems for at least some of their drinking water, according to the California Department of Public Health. Demand for groundwater increases during droughts, when surface water supplies start drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2013/pr020413.pdf\">report released by the State Water Resources Control Board\u003c/a> last month found that 21 million residents get their drinking water from community water systems with contaminated groundwater sources. Arsenic was the most common naturally occurring contaminant, followed by nitrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water board identified three general approaches to solving the problem: preventing pollution, removing contaminants, and finding alternative water supplies. Unfortunately, there’s no economically feasible way to remove a naturally occurring contaminant like arsenic from groundwater. In that case, the board noted, water suppliers should focus on finding alternative supplies or treatment at the point of delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the board also acknowledged that community water systems in rural areas, which often serve just a few thousand people, can’t afford any of these solutions and may face persistent contamination problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recognized that many smaller, poorer community water systems might not be able to meet the tougher standard. That’s why it extended the compliance deadline to January 2006. Yet today some water systems still lack the technical and financial means to comply, prompting regulators to suggest exemptions, including stop-gap measures like supplying bottled water, to give them even more time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Balazs and her colleagues argue, this would simply perpetuate the inequities they found. Small systems often lack the economies of scale to raise rates and the know-how to apply for loans to hire experts who can install and oversee new treatments. And their customers have to buy bottled water so their families have safe drinking water at home—whether they can afford it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the EPA simply extends the compliance period, it risks creating a situation where community water systems that can’t afford treatments will continue to violate the arsenic safety standard. And customers too poor to buy bottled water will suffer chronic exposure to arsenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address these disparities in the short term, Balazs and her colleagues argue, regulators must provide technical and financial assistance tailored to the special needs of small water systems so they can reduce their arsenic levels. But in the long run, regulators will need to help these communities tap into regional systems so they can absorb the high costs of delivering safe drinking water to everyone in the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only then will public health advocates be able to celebrate the victory they envisioned more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50414/arsenic-and-old-wells","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_215","quest_9997","quest_688","quest_883","quest_13198","quest_11817","quest_13201","quest_11202","quest_13202","quest_13365"],"featImg":"quest_50416","label":"quest"},"quest_11004":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_11004","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"11004","score":null,"sort":[1291660635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"it-came-from-mono-lake","title":"It Came From Mono Lake","publishDate":1291660635,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The world is buzzing about the bacteria from Mono Lake, a strain of bacteria that can substitute the element arsenic for phosphorus into the backbone of its DNA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366918952,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":701},"headData":{"title":"It Came From Mono Lake | KQED","description":"The world is buzzing about the bacteria from Mono Lake, a strain of bacteria that can substitute the element arsenic for phosphorus into the backbone of its DNA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"It Came From Mono Lake","datePublished":"2010-12-06T18:37:15.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-25T19:42:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"11004 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=11004","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/06/it-came-from-mono-lake/","disqusTitle":"It Came From Mono Lake","path":"/quest/11004/it-came-from-mono-lake","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/11004/it-came-from-mono-lake","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_215","quest_237","quest_267","quest_1293","quest_1861","quest_2423"],"featImg":"quest_11007","label":"quest"},"quest_10933":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10933","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10933","score":null,"sort":[1291395041000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it","title":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It","publishDate":1291395041,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/monolake.jpg\">\u003cem>An alien landscape home to extraterrestrial life? No--it's Mono\u003cbr> Lake in California, but home to a very unexpected form of life!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was going to title this blog \"Life is Out There!\" But, that risks sensationalizing the available facts, so I won't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm starting to write this blog before NASA's big announcement of a discovery relating to astrobiology and extraterrestrial life. That announcement will be (was) made on Thursday, December 2nd, 2010 at 11:00 AM PST. What will it be? There's been a lot of wild speculation that NASA is going to report actually finding extraterrestrial life…but let's wait and see. I'll let you know what cat has been let out of the bag by the end of this blog….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mean time, what about it: Life Out There? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems we've been on the verge of finding it somewhere out there for a very long time, in one form or another. Speculation of life and intelligence and civilizations on other worlds has gone on for untold centuries. You might even count the ancient beliefs that the planets were embodiments of deities…but can a deity actually be counted as a form of life? Hmmm. Straying from topic….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a century-plus ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5630660&ps=rs\">Percival Lowell \u003c/a>squinting through the eyepiece of his telescope on Mars Hill thought he saw the signs of life: streaks and lines he perceived on the blurry disk of Mars that he claimed might be canals constructed by a civilization on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life on the Moon? While the Apollo program went to the Moon for rocks and glory, they were careful to quarantine their returning astronauts just in case they picked up a Moon bug. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've been scratching around on Mars since the Viking missions looking for signs (and will soon be scratching some more when the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory \u003c/a>begins its patrol)—and the sensation created by strange microbe-like rock features in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorite from Mars (ALH84001)\u003c/a> as possible Martian fossils is an ongoing investigation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also study forms of Terrestrial life we call \"\u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/cellular-microscopic/extremophile.htm\">extremophiles\u003c/a>\" because of their ability to thrive in extreme heat or cold or toxicity, and we compare those extreme environments to other locations in the solar system that may have similar conditions, looking to those places (especially the watery ones, like Europa and Enceladus and maybe Mars) as possible homes for life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I'm waiting for the announcement, I find myself thinking about the possibilities if life is as common in the Universe as some scientists think it might be. Finding other life in our own solar system would be awesome, even if it's fossilized remains of extinct life that we'll never meet microscope-to-photoreceptor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With evidence suggesting that planets are not only common, but probably far outnumber stars, coupled with profuse examples of Earthly life existing in a vast range of environments, imagine the potential variety of life in the galaxy, or the Universe. Imagine how different, apparently or fundamentally, the spectrum of possible life could be from one end to the other—if that spectrum has ends at all. Imagine how much life might be going on out there right now, maybe even close to home in our stellar neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then imagine, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute \u003c/a>has, the possibilities of intelligent life with technological civilizations. How vastly different could they be from our intelligence, and our civilization? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mind boggles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flash! This just in--\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/02dec_monolake/\">NASA's big announcement\u003c/a>: A bacterium has been found in the arsenic-rich environment of Mono Lake; a microbe that has the ability to substitute arsenic for phosphorous in its biochemistry, phosphorous being one of the essential elements for life as we know it (to which arsenic is toxic). While it is an Earthly microbe, the opening comment of the announcement was that this is NOT life as we have known it. (Funny—NASA's search for life on other planets has been for \"life as we know it,\" and here they find an example of another sort right here on Earth….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize NASA's talking chemistry and not psychic alien embryos that latch onto your spinal column…but this is pretty awesome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it isn't quite the same as the eventual announcement of the discovery of extraterrestrial life (which I can see happening at some point), the ramification of this homeland discovery that most excites me is how it \"widens the lens\" of our view on possible environments in which we might find life in the Universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life is out there (I expect), and now we have more places to look for it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA announces finding \"life NOT as we know it\" in the arsenic-laced waters of Mono Lake.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371064257,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":795},"headData":{"title":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It | KQED","description":"NASA announces finding "life NOT as we know it" in the arsenic-laced waters of Mono Lake.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It","datePublished":"2010-12-03T16:50:41.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T19:10:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10933 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10933","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/","disqusTitle":"Arsenic and Old Lakes: NASA Finds Life NOT As We Know It","path":"/quest/10933/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/monolake.jpg\">\u003cem>An alien landscape home to extraterrestrial life? No--it's Mono\u003cbr> Lake in California, but home to a very unexpected form of life!\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was going to title this blog \"Life is Out There!\" But, that risks sensationalizing the available facts, so I won't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm starting to write this blog before NASA's big announcement of a discovery relating to astrobiology and extraterrestrial life. That announcement will be (was) made on Thursday, December 2nd, 2010 at 11:00 AM PST. What will it be? There's been a lot of wild speculation that NASA is going to report actually finding extraterrestrial life…but let's wait and see. I'll let you know what cat has been let out of the bag by the end of this blog….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mean time, what about it: Life Out There? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems we've been on the verge of finding it somewhere out there for a very long time, in one form or another. Speculation of life and intelligence and civilizations on other worlds has gone on for untold centuries. You might even count the ancient beliefs that the planets were embodiments of deities…but can a deity actually be counted as a form of life? Hmmm. Straying from topic….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a century-plus ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5630660&ps=rs\">Percival Lowell \u003c/a>squinting through the eyepiece of his telescope on Mars Hill thought he saw the signs of life: streaks and lines he perceived on the blurry disk of Mars that he claimed might be canals constructed by a civilization on Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life on the Moon? While the Apollo program went to the Moon for rocks and glory, they were careful to quarantine their returning astronauts just in case they picked up a Moon bug. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've been scratching around on Mars since the Viking missions looking for signs (and will soon be scratching some more when the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory \u003c/a>begins its patrol)—and the sensation created by strange microbe-like rock features in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorite from Mars (ALH84001)\u003c/a> as possible Martian fossils is an ongoing investigation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also study forms of Terrestrial life we call \"\u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/cellular-microscopic/extremophile.htm\">extremophiles\u003c/a>\" because of their ability to thrive in extreme heat or cold or toxicity, and we compare those extreme environments to other locations in the solar system that may have similar conditions, looking to those places (especially the watery ones, like Europa and Enceladus and maybe Mars) as possible homes for life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I'm waiting for the announcement, I find myself thinking about the possibilities if life is as common in the Universe as some scientists think it might be. Finding other life in our own solar system would be awesome, even if it's fossilized remains of extinct life that we'll never meet microscope-to-photoreceptor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With evidence suggesting that planets are not only common, but probably far outnumber stars, coupled with profuse examples of Earthly life existing in a vast range of environments, imagine the potential variety of life in the galaxy, or the Universe. Imagine how different, apparently or fundamentally, the spectrum of possible life could be from one end to the other—if that spectrum has ends at all. Imagine how much life might be going on out there right now, maybe even close to home in our stellar neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then imagine, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute \u003c/a>has, the possibilities of intelligent life with technological civilizations. How vastly different could they be from our intelligence, and our civilization? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mind boggles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flash! This just in--\u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/02dec_monolake/\">NASA's big announcement\u003c/a>: A bacterium has been found in the arsenic-rich environment of Mono Lake; a microbe that has the ability to substitute arsenic for phosphorous in its biochemistry, phosphorous being one of the essential elements for life as we know it (to which arsenic is toxic). While it is an Earthly microbe, the opening comment of the announcement was that this is NOT life as we have known it. (Funny—NASA's search for life on other planets has been for \"life as we know it,\" and here they find an example of another sort right here on Earth….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize NASA's talking chemistry and not psychic alien embryos that latch onto your spinal column…but this is pretty awesome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it isn't quite the same as the eventual announcement of the discovery of extraterrestrial life (which I can see happening at some point), the ramification of this homeland discovery that most excites me is how it \"widens the lens\" of our view on possible environments in which we might find life in the Universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life is out there (I expect), and now we have more places to look for it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10933/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_215","quest_237","quest_13192","quest_268","quest_1051","quest_1656","quest_1861","quest_1918"],"featImg":"quest_10936","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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