“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall
Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale
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Web Extra: At the Core of Climate Change
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He is also Creative Director and co-owner at The Change Creation. Sami contributes regularly to TreeHugger and Mother Nature Network. You can also find his musings at ETSY Blog, NC Sustainability Center, HuffPost Green and Don't Sell Bodies. 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Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Find out how biodiversity below ground influences life above ground.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442704663,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":853},"headData":{"title":"“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall | KQED","description":"Find out how biodiversity below ground influences life above ground.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall","datePublished":"2014-01-30T15:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T23:17:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"62700 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62700","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/30/elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall/","disqusTitle":"“Elephants and Tigers” Beneath Our Feet: Q&A with Soil Scientist Diana Wall","path":"/quest/62700/elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66060\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66060\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-DrDianaWall_one-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Diana Wall\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Diana Wall\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cem> \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">Franklin D\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15373\">. Roosevelt\u003c/a>, February 26, 1937\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civilizations and their economies can rise and fall based on the availability of fertile, healthy soils. Dr. Diana Wall, the winner of the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.tylerprize.usc.edu/press/pr2013.html\">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement\u003c/a>, has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the hidden ecosystems that lie beneath our feet. We talked with Dr. Wall about her work and why soil health and human health are so fundamentally intertwined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Dirt\" or \"soil\" -- which term do you use?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I like soil. Dirt gives the idea that there is nothing beautiful in soil, that it is “dirty” and “dead,” yet the many organisms in soil can be extraordinarily beautiful if you put them under a microscope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Your work in Antarctica and elsewhere has revealed we never really understood soil at all. How has our understanding changed?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Work in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an extreme cold desert, has shown that tiny, microscopic invertebrates can be the top animals in the food web of this type of ecosystem. They are the “elephants and tigers” of the Dry Valleys even though they are hidden in soil. One species, a nematode roundworm [called] \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oiggTr83jc\">Scottnema\u003c/a>, occupies the majority of the landscape and contributes about 7 percent to the valley soil carbon turnover, a needed contribution to regulating global carbon cycling. Soils in different locations have very different “communities” of organisms. It’s just like the life above ground -- a desert has very different species compared to a tropical forest. We have just begun to scratch the surface and explore soils to discover the exciting food webs under our feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Dry-Valley-Abbey-Road-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/nemablog\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team of scientists conduct research in the Antarctic to better understand the relation between biodiversity above and below ground. Photos courtesy Dr. Wall/\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/nemablog/\">nemablog\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is biodiversity underground really as important as biodiversity above ground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Absolutely! We wouldn’t see the diversity above ground if we didn’t have the diversity below ground. The species above ground, from the birds to the plant species, depend on specific communities of small organisms in the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organisms in the food webs below ground work for us cleansing our water, decaying leaves and trees, and returning nutrients to make soils fertile; detoxifying chemicals; stabilizing soils and preventing erosion; and as biocontrol agents, controlling diseases that affect animals, plants, and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Worm-Farms-640x180.jpg\" alt=\"Worm Farms\" width=\"640\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worm farms in Antactica's McMurdo Dry Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How will climate change impact life underground?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Climate change can have a huge impact on life underground. What’s surprising for many is that life underground can also have a huge impact on climate change. It’s a cycle.\u003cbr>\nClimate change can alter soil moisture through droughts or excessive rainfall or soil temperatures, which affects the soil habitat, the food that the organisms eat, and the physiology of the organisms. What we’re trying to do now is to learn more about where and when these changes in soil biodiversity will affect [our ability to] sustain our food, soils, air, and life above ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/0000022496-NatureGeosciences2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000022496-NatureGeosciences2\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the “elephants and tigers” found in Antarctica's soil.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your favorite soil mini-beast and why?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Ahh… without a doubt it is Scottnema, the small, tough, resilient nematode roundworm from the driest desert on the earth, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=McMurdo+Dry+Valley&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P6LVUueBN8rNsQTAlID4Bg&ved=0CDcQsAQ&biw=1136&bih=634\">McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica\u003c/a>. It is hard to believe it survives in such a hostile environment, but it survives by changing its physiology from worm-like to a tiny “Cheerio” -- and then blows across the landscape with the cold winter winds. Despite this, this tough animal seems very sensitive to changes in temperature and to increasing soil moisture, which is a concern with increasing warming in Antarctica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How can soil scientists help advance our land management practices?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Let’s face it -- soils are under threat. We need lots of fertile soils to sustain our populations for the future. Soil scientists have the training to appreciate the different soil habitats and the individual contributions that soil organisms make to fertile and stable soils. All scientists can help to integrate and transfer this new knowledge about soil biodiversity for improved soil health, for the health of us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-66165 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Breana-Diana-and-Ed-with-Penguin_2-331x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\" width=\"331\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Wall and her team encounter a Penguin on a field study in Antarctica in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If everyone reading this interview committed to one thing to protect soil life, what should that one thing be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>They can help us protect and conserve and restore our living, teeming soils just as we protect clean air and clean water. Soils are being degraded at a rapid rate. We can all work to address the causes: contamination and pollution, erosion, sealing of soils by concrete, climate change, invasive plant and animal species, and the decline of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Dr. Wall’s current Antarctic research endeavors at her blog,\u003ca href=\"http://nemablog.wordpress.com/\">The World of Nematodes\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62700/elephants-and-tigers-beneath-our-feet-qa-with-soil-scientist-diana-wall","authors":["10529"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_6","quest_9","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_326","quest_12570","quest_12567","quest_12269","quest_10427","quest_12569","quest_2692","quest_12568"],"featImg":"quest_66064","label":"quest"},"quest_51210":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51210","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51210","score":null,"sort":[1363892654000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale","title":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale","publishDate":1363892654,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why is a rotting whale on the Antarctic seafloor exciting to geologists?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366389232,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":757},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale | KQED","description":"Why is a rotting whale on the Antarctic seafloor exciting to geologists?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale","datePublished":"2013-03-21T19:04:14.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-19T16:33:52.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51210 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=51210","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/","disqusTitle":"Scientists Celebrate a Long-Dead Whale","path":"/quest/51210/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51212\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/21/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale/whalefall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-51212\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/whalefall-300x169.png\" alt=\"Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy neptunecanada of Flickr via Creative Commons\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-51212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fallen whale carcasses nurture a variety of deep-sea life from large crabs and fish to thick coats of bacteria. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/neptunecanada/7329819240/\" target=\"_blank\">neptunecanada of Flickr\u003c/a> via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new paper describes the slowly rotting skeleton of a whale on the seafloor near the South Sandwich Islands, between South America and Antarctica. Why is such a thing exciting to geologists? There are a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When whales die, they drop dead wherever they happen to be. If they beach themselves first, their corpses lie on the beach, but most whales pass away at sea and sink. Once on the seafloor, their decomposing bodies, called \"whale falls,\" amount to a winning lottery ticket for a host of creatures, which gather around the corpses and settle in to live off them. The flesh goes first, then come the fat-filled bones. The biological communities that arise may last for decades, perhaps centuries, depending on the local conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are interested in whale falls as lovely self-contained examples of oceanic food chains. Geologists see whale falls as a rich study in \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/paleontology/qt/Taphonomy.htm\">taphonomy\u003c/a>, their name for everything that happens to organisms as they become fossilized. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think about the exquisite fossils you see in museums, the marvel is how clean they are, as if a taxidermist had prepared them for burial. But nature is a lousy taxidermist. For every perfect museum skeleton there are drawers backstage stuffed with thousands of bony fragments, incomplete and imperfect in many ways. But what the fossil collector sees as lamentable damage, the paleontologist—specifically the taphonomist—sees as possible environmental data. Everything from the tooth marks of scavengers to the scrapes made by construction-site bulldozers is the kind of evidence that geology prizes for insight into the living world of the deep past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the first whale falls studied by scientists were found by the U.S. Navy while they were searching for something they'd dropped. Most whale-fall research, however, is done on carcasses that are towed away from beaches and deliberately placed on the seafloor. That kind of research is quite young, though, and to learn about the late stages of whale-fall existence we need natural examples that are older. It is way too expensive to just dive down and look around for them, so we have to grab the opportunities that arise while we're looking for other things. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new paper was published in the journal \u003ci>Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography\u003c/i> in January (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513000489\">read it online\u003c/a>). The British research ship \u003ca href=\"http://noc.ac.uk/research-at-sea/ships/rrs-james-cook\">\u003ci>James Cook\u003c/i>\u003c/a> was surveying a blown-out seafloor volcano full of hydrothermal vents (\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geoprocesses/ig/hydrothermal-features/white-smoker.htm\">white smokers\u003c/a>) when it spotted whale bones. The scientists alertly carried out a state-of-the-art study using the ship's underwater roving vehicle \u003ci>Isis\u003c/i>, making a thorough video survey and grabbing some bone samples. It is only the sixth time that a natural whale fall has been examined in this much detail, and the first case from the Southern Ocean where whales are most abundant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper is full of the kind of information that can be applied to fossils as we get our bearings in this field. The different stages of life on a whale fall leave different signs in the bones. The subject is complex, but that's what science is for. And the Bay Area's younger rocks, especially in the Santa Cruz area, are full of whale fossils. Modern whale falls can inform our understanding of the ancient times in which those whales lived and died around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing that interests geologists, especially students of evolution, about whale falls is their role in the deep sea environment. Hospitable places in the deep sea are stepping stones for life, like oases in a desert or gas stations in Nevada. Many of the same species on whale falls also live on hydrothermal vents, which exist only in places where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Whale falls are scattered more randomly and allow the vent species to \"island hop,\" keeping the seafloor a unified biome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These matters are relevant to how Earth operates. The deep seafloor can be a source of new species when mass extinctions strike the surface world, and vice versa. How did this work before whales existed? Are there signs in the fossil record, or in the genetic records of living species, of this process at work in the past? Those are the scientific topics that this new set of whale bones will help us address.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51210/scientists-celebrate-a-long-dead-whale","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_3405","quest_10690","quest_13202","quest_2564","quest_11857","quest_3143"],"featImg":"quest_51212","label":"quest"},"quest_42473":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_42473","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"42473","score":null,"sort":[1347993019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"field-notes-dan-costa-in-antarctica","title":"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica","publishDate":1347993019,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay Area filmmaker and musician \u003ca title=\"Jesse Hiatt web site\" href=\"http://www.jessehiatt.com/\">Jesse Hiatt\u003c/a> traveled with UC Santa Cruz marine biologist \u003ca title=\"lab of UC Santa Cruz marine biologist Dan Costa\" href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a> to Antarctica in October 2011 and February 2012. Professor Costa had been awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study the winter foraging ecology of Weddell seals in Antarctica through the use of sophisticated satellite tags and physical examinations conducted by his research team. Hiatt first met Professor Costa while studying marine biology at UC Santa Cruz, where he developed 3D visualization software for diving mammals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>During the research trip, Hiatt spent long days filming Costa and other UC Santa Cruz researchers as they deployed and retrieved satellite tags from the seals and examined the large marine mammals. His breathtaking footage was edited into the two-minute QUEST segment, \"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica.\" In June 2012, QUEST Producer Sheraz Sadiq conducted an interview via email with Jesse Hiatt about his unforgettable experience working in Antarctica and getting up close to the hardy seals during their breeding season. The following is an excerpt of the interview which has been edited for length and clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42577\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filmmaker and musician Jesse Hiatt in Antarctica poses for a photo while a Weddell seal sticks its head out of the water. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Can you describe the gear that you used while filming in the harsh, extreme climate of Antarctica? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to use a Canon 7D for this project, because it is a fairly rugged weatherized camera. More importantly, I realized that despite the challenges of using a DSLR camera for video, it allowed me to stay within my budget and it could deliver the most high-quality cinematic footage. It would also take good stills. To make the camera more suitable for shooting video, I had a Zacuto EVF external viewfinder, a matte box with a variable ND filter and a Zacuto follow focus unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling in Antarctica can be a real challenge. We traveled by foot, snowmobile (referred to in Antarctica as snow-machines) and helicopter. Space was always limited and in every case I could not take nearly as much equipment as I would have liked. There was no one system that worked for all occasions. I had a bewildering array of different cases, backpacks and bags and would have to decide each day what I would bring and how to pack it. And every time, as Murphy's Law would suggest, there would be a great opportunities to use whatever I left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42578\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42578\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal with a satellite tag on its head. The tag allows Professor Dan Costa and his research team to track the animal's movement from their lab back in Santa Cruz. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We had a small box on the back of the snow-machine for gear and that would get seriously battered and beaten. I had several pieces of gear broken this way, and found the only safe place for cameras and lenses was in my backpack. When traveling by helicopter, space was even more limited, and I resorted to wrapping my Sachtler tripod in bubble wrap (no room for the case) and holding my camera in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>One of my favorite scenes in the “Field Notes” story shows a Weddell seal swimming underneath the ice. How did you capture this footage? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took a GoPro camera, and attached it to a bamboo pole. I used the pole to put the camera underwater in an area where the seals were swimming under the ice. I couldn't see what I was shooting so it was a lot like fishing. I was hoping to catch a shot of one of the tagged seals as she was swimming, and I got very close, but unfortunately she was just out of frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day started with lovely spring-skiing weather. Antarctica will lull you in a false sense of complacency and then all of a sudden slap you in the face and remind you who's boss. So without warning, it got bitterly cold and windy, and to add some excitement, huge sheets of the ice below our feet began shifting around us. Because I was dipping the bamboo pole below the water, my gloves would get wet, and so I was developing painful, frozen popsicle fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no glove that can really stand up to the cold. And there always arises some occasion that requires you to take your gloves off for a minute. Once your fingers get cold, it is very hard to warm them up again, even if you put them in some fresh gloves, you are basically insulating cold fingers, and the gloves become a refrigerator. The only solution is to stick your bare hands deep in a pocket with some chemical heat pads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42579\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Hiatt records audio during his two month stint filming in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So bracing from the cold and nursing my increasingly useless, frost-nipped claw hands, I finally I got a bit of luck. From where I was standing, I could see a seal below my feet, swim right up to the camera and put her nose right on the lens. Then she took a few breaths from the hole in the ice, and I knew she was in the shot. I couldn't wait to get home and see how it came out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Having spent so many hours observing and filming them, what did you find particularly fascinating about the behavior of Weddell seals?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When seals are on the surface, they look like big fat slugs and it is relatively difficult for them to move around. Underwater, they are the masters. They are in complete command and swim quite gracefully. I dream of being able to go back to Antarctica and capture some more underwater footage. But it is a very rare privilege to be able to go there, even for researchers who have studied these animals for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42580\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal pokes its head out of an ice hole in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Weddell seals are fascinating creatures that live in one of the Earth's most extreme environments. They are in fact the southern-most mammal. During the winter they never see the sun. They can dive to depths of 500 meters. And they have no land-predators, so they have no real fear of humans which makes them great research subjects. It was a great privilege to visit their home and spend time with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s next for you? Do you have any plans to travel to other exotic locales for wildlife documentaries?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, I captured about 18 hours of footage in Antarctica, which I hope to edit into a half-hour documentary. I have moved from New Orleans back to Oakland, and I am building a small music studio where I will soon start work on my next record. I have upgraded my camera to the Canon 5D Mark III and I can't wait for the next opportunity for adventure and filmmaking.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"QUEST Producer Sheraz Sadiq interviews Bay Area filmmaker and musician Jesse Hiatt about the experience of filming in one of the world's most extreme environments. His breathtaking footage was edited into the QUEST segment, \"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566679,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1182},"headData":{"title":"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica | KQED","description":"QUEST Producer Sheraz Sadiq interviews Bay Area filmmaker and musician Jesse Hiatt about the experience of filming in one of the world's most extreme environments. His breathtaking footage was edited into the QUEST segment, "Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica","datePublished":"2012-09-18T18:30:19.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:37:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"42473 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=42473","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/18/field-notes-dan-costa-in-antarctica/","disqusTitle":"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJhFaNH_EaY","path":"/quest/42473/field-notes-dan-costa-in-antarctica","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Bay Area filmmaker and musician \u003ca title=\"Jesse Hiatt web site\" href=\"http://www.jessehiatt.com/\">Jesse Hiatt\u003c/a> traveled with UC Santa Cruz marine biologist \u003ca title=\"lab of UC Santa Cruz marine biologist Dan Costa\" href=\"http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/costa/\">Dan Costa\u003c/a> to Antarctica in October 2011 and February 2012. Professor Costa had been awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study the winter foraging ecology of Weddell seals in Antarctica through the use of sophisticated satellite tags and physical examinations conducted by his research team. Hiatt first met Professor Costa while studying marine biology at UC Santa Cruz, where he developed 3D visualization software for diving mammals.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>During the research trip, Hiatt spent long days filming Costa and other UC Santa Cruz researchers as they deployed and retrieved satellite tags from the seals and examined the large marine mammals. His breathtaking footage was edited into the two-minute QUEST segment, \"Field Notes: Dan Costa in Antarctica.\" In June 2012, QUEST Producer Sheraz Sadiq conducted an interview via email with Jesse Hiatt about his unforgettable experience working in Antarctica and getting up close to the hardy seals during their breeding season. The following is an excerpt of the interview which has been edited for length and clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42577\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_with_gear_JH-Seal-PBDolly2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Filmmaker and musician Jesse Hiatt in Antarctica poses for a photo while a Weddell seal sticks its head out of the water. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Can you describe the gear that you used while filming in the harsh, extreme climate of Antarctica? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to use a Canon 7D for this project, because it is a fairly rugged weatherized camera. More importantly, I realized that despite the challenges of using a DSLR camera for video, it allowed me to stay within my budget and it could deliver the most high-quality cinematic footage. It would also take good stills. To make the camera more suitable for shooting video, I had a Zacuto EVF external viewfinder, a matte box with a variable ND filter and a Zacuto follow focus unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traveling in Antarctica can be a real challenge. We traveled by foot, snowmobile (referred to in Antarctica as snow-machines) and helicopter. Space was always limited and in every case I could not take nearly as much equipment as I would have liked. There was no one system that worked for all occasions. I had a bewildering array of different cases, backpacks and bags and would have to decide each day what I would bring and how to pack it. And every time, as Murphy's Law would suggest, there would be a great opportunities to use whatever I left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42578\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42578\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_with_tag_Gypsy-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal with a satellite tag on its head. The tag allows Professor Dan Costa and his research team to track the animal's movement from their lab back in Santa Cruz. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We had a small box on the back of the snow-machine for gear and that would get seriously battered and beaten. I had several pieces of gear broken this way, and found the only safe place for cameras and lenses was in my backpack. When traveling by helicopter, space was even more limited, and I resorted to wrapping my Sachtler tripod in bubble wrap (no room for the case) and holding my camera in my lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>One of my favorite scenes in the “Field Notes” story shows a Weddell seal swimming underneath the ice. How did you capture this footage? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took a GoPro camera, and attached it to a bamboo pole. I used the pole to put the camera underwater in an area where the seals were swimming under the ice. I couldn't see what I was shooting so it was a lot like fishing. I was hoping to catch a shot of one of the tagged seals as she was swimming, and I got very close, but unfortunately she was just out of frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day started with lovely spring-skiing weather. Antarctica will lull you in a false sense of complacency and then all of a sudden slap you in the face and remind you who's boss. So without warning, it got bitterly cold and windy, and to add some excitement, huge sheets of the ice below our feet began shifting around us. Because I was dipping the bamboo pole below the water, my gloves would get wet, and so I was developing painful, frozen popsicle fingers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no glove that can really stand up to the cold. And there always arises some occasion that requires you to take your gloves off for a minute. Once your fingers get cold, it is very hard to warm them up again, even if you put them in some fresh gloves, you are basically insulating cold fingers, and the gloves become a refrigerator. The only solution is to stick your bare hands deep in a pocket with some chemical heat pads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42579\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_Jesse_recording_audio_JH-Hydrophone-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Hiatt records audio during his two month stint filming in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So bracing from the cold and nursing my increasingly useless, frost-nipped claw hands, I finally I got a bit of luck. From where I was standing, I could see a seal below my feet, swim right up to the camera and put her nose right on the lens. Then she took a few breaths from the hole in the ice, and I knew she was in the shot. I couldn't wait to get home and see how it came out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Having spent so many hours observing and filming them, what did you find particularly fascinating about the behavior of Weddell seals?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When seals are on the surface, they look like big fat slugs and it is relatively difficult for them to move around. Underwater, they are the masters. They are in complete command and swim quite gracefully. I dream of being able to go back to Antarctica and capture some more underwater footage. But it is a very rare privilege to be able to go there, even for researchers who have studied these animals for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_42580\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-42580\" title=\"606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/606i_JHiatt_seal_poking_out_ice-hole-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Weddell seal pokes its head out of an ice hole in Antarctica. Image courtesy of Jesse Hiatt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Weddell seals are fascinating creatures that live in one of the Earth's most extreme environments. They are in fact the southern-most mammal. During the winter they never see the sun. They can dive to depths of 500 meters. And they have no land-predators, so they have no real fear of humans which makes them great research subjects. It was a great privilege to visit their home and spend time with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s next for you? Do you have any plans to travel to other exotic locales for wildlife documentaries?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, I captured about 18 hours of footage in Antarctica, which I hope to edit into a half-hour documentary. I have moved from New Orleans back to Oakland, and I am building a small music studio where I will soon start work on my next record. I have upgraded my camera to the Canon 5D Mark III and I can't wait for the next opportunity for adventure and filmmaking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/42473/field-notes-dan-costa-in-antarctica","authors":["6176"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_758","quest_13","quest_11353","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_11352"],"featImg":"quest_42580","label":"quest"},"quest_30338":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_30338","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"30338","score":null,"sort":[1328803239000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"vostok-and-europa","title":"What Can Lake Vostok Tell Us About Europa?","publishDate":1328803239,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europatop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europatop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa has a thick crust of ice over an ocean. Lake Vostok, miles beneath the Antarctic ice, is similar. But lessons from one may not apply to the other. NASA image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was a thrill to learn that on Sunday, Russian scientists managed to poke a drill tip through miles of Antarctic ice into Lake Vostok. Samples of water from this extreme environment promise to provide one of biology's severest tests of life on Earth. Scientists are talking up the possibility that this experiment, the first of several in progress in Antarctica, could tell us more about possible life on the icy satellite of Jupiter named Europa. Is that a stretch? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're asking different questions here. At Vostok, we want to know if life has survived; at Europa we want to know if life could have arisen. In that context I think that Vostok and Europa are worlds apart; their similarities are superficial. Let's look at the two places in a bit more detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Vostok is a large tectonic basin, rather like Lake Tahoe, that happened to be overrun some 15 million years ago by the growing Antarctic ice cap. It has been sealed in profound darkness and freezing cold ever since, with the ice flowing slowly over it. Here's a diagram of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/vostok/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30341\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"vostok\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30341\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok-400x254.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Science Foundation image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lake is kept unfrozen because of a trickle of heat from the Earth's crust beneath plus the effect of great pressure in depressing the freezing point. Ice melts at the upstream end and lake water freezes at the downstream end, so on the geological time scale there's an exchange of water, and the water itself must be charged with air carried in by the ice. But the amount of minerals and nutrients entering the lake this way must be astronomically small. Somewhat larger amounts may come from the rock and sediment of the lake's floor, but the picture is still disheartening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet we have found life everywhere on Earth, from temperatures above the boiling point to below freezing. Microbes are recovered from within the ice cap itself. I believe that the microbes originally sealed into Lake Vostok survive today, because that's the way to bet on this planet. However, from everything we know, life could never have \u003ci>arisen\u003c/i> in such a place. The raw ingredients and energy required are absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that true for Europa? It's colder on its warmest day than anywhere on Earth, true. But Europa should have much more of the assets for life than Vostok.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa is an old world that formed along with the rest of the planets. Like Earth, Europa separated into a dense interior and a light shell, only with a greater share of water. Its rocks, like those of the early Earth, had lots of natural radioactivity that must have generated enough heat to keep part of the overlying water melted throughout its history. (More recently, Jupiter's four major satellites have fallen into mutually resonant orbits that wring them with changing tidal forces. The innermost moon, Io, is heated to volcanism this way, and Europa and Ganymede are heated to lesser extents.) The heat must have expressed itself in hydrothermal vents, too, exactly like Earth's seafloor \"black smoker\" vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a word, as far as planetary scientists can tell Europa should have started out with the same setting that is commonly thought to have spawned life on Earth. The first structures that served as cell membranes could have arisen at hydrothermal vents, which would exist on Europa just as they do on Earth: springs of hot, chemically active water on the floor of a big cold sea. The water itself should contain ammonia, sulfates, even hydrocarbons. All of this is straightforward modeling based on what we already know about the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europacrust/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30342\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europacrust\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Model of the icy crust of Europa. Jet Propulsion Laboratory image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Planetary modelers are finding that the thick ice shell of Europa should have some interesting activity, too. The eerie striped pattern of Europa's surface shows that the ice fractures regularly due to tidal forces. When that happens, water would rise and its dissolved gases would come out in bubbles. These \"Perrier ocean\" eruptions would spray over the surface, where the ice and its organic compounds would bake and polymerize and react in the radiation from Jupiter and the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, after approximately a billion years, the entire icy crust would become replaced with ice bearing this baked material. And at that point you would have a nutrient cycle. In sum, it's quite plausible for life to arise and persist on Europa where it's quite impossible in Lake Vostok. If we ever get a spacecraft to Europa—proposals keep being submitted—our experience drilling to Vostok would help us drill through Europa's crust. But a more elegant proposal is to simply swoop over Europa in low orbit and scoop up bits of dust from its icy surface raised by micrometeorite impacts. Just like on Earth, if life is on Europa its signs should be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Does the prospect of life in subglacial Lake Vostok really point to the same on the icy satellite Europa? The answer may surprise you.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1329840454,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":856},"headData":{"title":"What Can Lake Vostok Tell Us About Europa? | KQED","description":"Does the prospect of life in subglacial Lake Vostok really point to the same on the icy satellite Europa? The answer may surprise you.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What Can Lake Vostok Tell Us About Europa?","datePublished":"2012-02-09T16:00:39.000Z","dateModified":"2012-02-21T16:07:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"30338 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=30338","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/","disqusTitle":"What Can Lake Vostok Tell Us About Europa?","path":"/quest/30338/vostok-and-europa","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europatop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europatop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa has a thick crust of ice over an ocean. Lake Vostok, miles beneath the Antarctic ice, is similar. But lessons from one may not apply to the other. NASA image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was a thrill to learn that on Sunday, Russian scientists managed to poke a drill tip through miles of Antarctic ice into Lake Vostok. Samples of water from this extreme environment promise to provide one of biology's severest tests of life on Earth. Scientists are talking up the possibility that this experiment, the first of several in progress in Antarctica, could tell us more about possible life on the icy satellite of Jupiter named Europa. Is that a stretch? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're asking different questions here. At Vostok, we want to know if life has survived; at Europa we want to know if life could have arisen. In that context I think that Vostok and Europa are worlds apart; their similarities are superficial. Let's look at the two places in a bit more detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Vostok is a large tectonic basin, rather like Lake Tahoe, that happened to be overrun some 15 million years ago by the growing Antarctic ice cap. It has been sealed in profound darkness and freezing cold ever since, with the ice flowing slowly over it. Here's a diagram of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/vostok/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30341\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"vostok\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30341\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok-400x254.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Science Foundation image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lake is kept unfrozen because of a trickle of heat from the Earth's crust beneath plus the effect of great pressure in depressing the freezing point. Ice melts at the upstream end and lake water freezes at the downstream end, so on the geological time scale there's an exchange of water, and the water itself must be charged with air carried in by the ice. But the amount of minerals and nutrients entering the lake this way must be astronomically small. Somewhat larger amounts may come from the rock and sediment of the lake's floor, but the picture is still disheartening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet we have found life everywhere on Earth, from temperatures above the boiling point to below freezing. Microbes are recovered from within the ice cap itself. I believe that the microbes originally sealed into Lake Vostok survive today, because that's the way to bet on this planet. However, from everything we know, life could never have \u003ci>arisen\u003c/i> in such a place. The raw ingredients and energy required are absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that true for Europa? It's colder on its warmest day than anywhere on Earth, true. But Europa should have much more of the assets for life than Vostok.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa is an old world that formed along with the rest of the planets. Like Earth, Europa separated into a dense interior and a light shell, only with a greater share of water. Its rocks, like those of the early Earth, had lots of natural radioactivity that must have generated enough heat to keep part of the overlying water melted throughout its history. (More recently, Jupiter's four major satellites have fallen into mutually resonant orbits that wring them with changing tidal forces. The innermost moon, Io, is heated to volcanism this way, and Europa and Ganymede are heated to lesser extents.) The heat must have expressed itself in hydrothermal vents, too, exactly like Earth's seafloor \"black smoker\" vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a word, as far as planetary scientists can tell Europa should have started out with the same setting that is commonly thought to have spawned life on Earth. The first structures that served as cell membranes could have arisen at hydrothermal vents, which would exist on Europa just as they do on Earth: springs of hot, chemically active water on the floor of a big cold sea. The water itself should contain ammonia, sulfates, even hydrocarbons. All of this is straightforward modeling based on what we already know about the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europacrust/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30342\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europacrust\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Model of the icy crust of Europa. Jet Propulsion Laboratory image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Planetary modelers are finding that the thick ice shell of Europa should have some interesting activity, too. The eerie striped pattern of Europa's surface shows that the ice fractures regularly due to tidal forces. When that happens, water would rise and its dissolved gases would come out in bubbles. These \"Perrier ocean\" eruptions would spray over the surface, where the ice and its organic compounds would bake and polymerize and react in the radiation from Jupiter and the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, after approximately a billion years, the entire icy crust would become replaced with ice bearing this baked material. And at that point you would have a nutrient cycle. In sum, it's quite plausible for life to arise and persist on Europa where it's quite impossible in Lake Vostok. If we ever get a spacecraft to Europa—proposals keep being submitted—our experience drilling to Vostok would help us drill through Europa's crust. But a more elegant proposal is to simply swoop over Europa in low orbit and scoop up bits of dust from its icy surface raised by micrometeorite impacts. Just like on Earth, if life is on Europa its signs should be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/30338/vostok-and-europa","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_3","quest_4","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_1027","quest_10683","quest_1054","quest_2218","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_30340","label":"quest"},"quest_17473":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17473","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17473","score":null,"sort":[1240022700000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"web-extra-at-the-core-of-climate-change","title":"Web Extra: At the Core of Climate Change","publishDate":1240022700,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"web_extra_icecores\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know that the climate is changing? In this video, provided by scientist Kendrick Taylor, learn how 8-foot long ice core samples extracted from deep in the ice layer of Antarctica hold key evidence of rapidly changing climactic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How do we know that the climate is changing? In this video, provided by scientist Kendrick Taylor, learn how 8-foot long ice core samples extracted from deep in the ice layer of Antarctica hold key evidence of rapidly changing climactic conditions.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1331234483,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":47},"headData":{"title":"Web Extra: At the Core of Climate Change | KQED","description":"How do we know that the climate is changing? In this video, provided by scientist Kendrick Taylor, learn how 8-foot long ice core samples extracted from deep in the ice layer of Antarctica hold key evidence of rapidly changing climactic conditions.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Web Extra: At the Core of Climate Change","datePublished":"2009-04-18T02:45:00.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-08T19:21:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17473 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/web-extra-at-the-core-of-climate-change/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/17/web-extra-at-the-core-of-climate-change/","disqusTitle":"Web Extra: At the Core of Climate Change","path":"/quest/17473/web-extra-at-the-core-of-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[jwvideo id=\"web_extra_icecores\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do we know that the climate is changing? In this video, provided by scientist Kendrick Taylor, learn how 8-foot long ice core samples extracted from deep in the ice layer of Antarctica hold key evidence of rapidly changing climactic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17473/web-extra-at-the-core-of-climate-change","authors":["10216"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_621","quest_10757","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_2893"],"label":"quest"},"quest_908":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_908","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"908","score":null,"sort":[1225119645000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"living-life-to-the-extreme","title":"Living Life To The Extreme","publishDate":1225119645,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/maritime-antarctica.jpg\">\u003cem>Having extra copies of certain genes helps fish live in Antarctica\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've always loved weird creatures. Bacteria that can live in boiling mudpots. Weird tubeworms huddled around deep sea hydrothermal vents. Fish that live in below freezing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I like is learning how these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment. More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this blog I'll focus on those poor fish living in the waters off Antarctica. These waters are icy cold and the fish aren't warm blooded. Which means their body temperature is the same as the water around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most biological processes do terribly under these conditions. Proteins don't fold right, enzymes work incredibly slowly, fats glob up. It is astonishing that these fish survive at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured out back in the 70's that these fish evolved a special antifreeze protein to keep their blood from freezing. Since then they've done other experiments that show other adaptations to the cold too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/105/35/12944\">new study\u003c/a>, scientists from the University of Illinois and the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to take a look at as many genes and as much of the DNA of these fish as they could. What they found was that lots of genes are turned up in these fish compared to relatives that live in warmer waters. And that many of these genes are turned on higher because the Antarctic fish have extra copies of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genes they found that were different made sense. For example, there are a bunch of genes that make proteins called chaperones. Chaperones help other proteins fold up right. In this cold, proteins need all the help they can get!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also they found that there were more of the proteins that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these fish. This makes sense because colder water has more oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O2 is a pretty nasty molecule that tends to create even nastier chemicals (ROS) that beat up on DNA and proteins. We all have proteins whose job it is to defuse these chemicals. These fish make more of these proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago it would have been surprising to find that the way these genes made more proteins was by duplicating themselves. Not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we look closely at the DNA of various creatures, we are finding that gene duplications (and deletions) happen a lot. Even in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, people from cultures that eat a lot of starch \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=62\">have extra amylase genes\u003c/a>. (This gene makes amylase, a protein that helps breakdown starch.) Some people are resistant to HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) because they have \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=74\">extra copies of the CCL3L1 gene\u003c/a>. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA is much less stable than we thought. Which is one way we can better adapt to our surroundings. I can't wait to see what they learn about those tubeworms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Fish live in the below-freezing waters off Antarctica. How these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment? More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1316921980,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":500},"headData":{"title":"Living Life To The Extreme | KQED","description":"Fish live in the below-freezing waters off Antarctica. How these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment? More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Living Life To The Extreme","datePublished":"2008-10-27T15:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2011-09-25T03:39:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"908 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=908","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/10/27/living-life-to-the-extreme/","disqusTitle":"Living Life To The Extreme","path":"/quest/908/living-life-to-the-extreme","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/maritime-antarctica.jpg\">\u003cem>Having extra copies of certain genes helps fish live in Antarctica\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I've always loved weird creatures. Bacteria that can live in boiling mudpots. Weird tubeworms huddled around deep sea hydrothermal vents. Fish that live in below freezing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I like is learning how these beasts have adapted to their incredibly harsh environment. More specifically, what changes have happened in their DNA that allow them to live where no other animal could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this blog I'll focus on those poor fish living in the waters off Antarctica. These waters are icy cold and the fish aren't warm blooded. Which means their body temperature is the same as the water around them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most biological processes do terribly under these conditions. Proteins don't fold right, enzymes work incredibly slowly, fats glob up. It is astonishing that these fish survive at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists figured out back in the 70's that these fish evolved a special antifreeze protein to keep their blood from freezing. Since then they've done other experiments that show other adaptations to the cold too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/105/35/12944\">new study\u003c/a>, scientists from the University of Illinois and the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to take a look at as many genes and as much of the DNA of these fish as they could. What they found was that lots of genes are turned up in these fish compared to relatives that live in warmer waters. And that many of these genes are turned on higher because the Antarctic fish have extra copies of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genes they found that were different made sense. For example, there are a bunch of genes that make proteins called chaperones. Chaperones help other proteins fold up right. In this cold, proteins need all the help they can get!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also they found that there were more of the proteins that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these fish. This makes sense because colder water has more oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O2 is a pretty nasty molecule that tends to create even nastier chemicals (ROS) that beat up on DNA and proteins. We all have proteins whose job it is to defuse these chemicals. These fish make more of these proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago it would have been surprising to find that the way these genes made more proteins was by duplicating themselves. Not anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we look closely at the DNA of various creatures, we are finding that gene duplications (and deletions) happen a lot. Even in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, people from cultures that eat a lot of starch \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=62\">have extra amylase genes\u003c/a>. (This gene makes amylase, a protein that helps breakdown starch.) Some people are resistant to HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) because they have \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=74\">extra copies of the CCL3L1 gene\u003c/a>. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our DNA is much less stable than we thought. Which is one way we can better adapt to our surroundings. I can't wait to see what they learn about those tubeworms!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/908/living-life-to-the-extreme","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_176","quest_552","quest_848","quest_1099","quest_1192","quest_3351","quest_2318","quest_2349","quest_2880","quest_2881"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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