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She has a deep curiosity about the natural world and native California wildlife.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1db01bf4502e099faeb0628c5015e81f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Cat | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1db01bf4502e099faeb0628c5015e81f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1db01bf4502e099faeb0628c5015e81f?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cat"},"jim-gunshinan":{"type":"authors","id":"10175","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10175","found":true},"name":"Jim Gunshinan","firstName":"Jim","lastName":"Gunshinan","slug":"jim-gunshinan","email":"JPGunshinan@homeenergy.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jim Gunshinan is the editor of Home Energy, the magazine of sustainable home building and 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FM","link":"/"}},"quest_48910":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48910","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48910","score":null,"sort":[1358956818000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country","title":"Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country","publishDate":1358956818,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After federal wildlife officials removed endangered species protections on wolves in the Rocky Mountains, hunters quickly killed them by the hundreds. If California's lone wolf leaves the state, he could meet a similar fate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366753220,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1082},"headData":{"title":"Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country | KQED","description":"After federal wildlife officials removed endangered species protections on wolves in the Rocky Mountains, hunters quickly killed them by the hundreds. If California's lone wolf leaves the state, he could meet a similar fate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country","datePublished":"2013-01-23T16:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-23T21:40:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48910 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=48910","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/","disqusTitle":"Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country","path":"/quest/48910/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48910/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_102","quest_326","quest_684","quest_13198","quest_1419","quest_11687","quest_13202","quest_3178"],"featImg":"quest_48912","label":"quest"},"quest_47050":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47050","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47050","score":null,"sort":[1352910764000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money","title":"Trophy Hunting: For the Love of Blood and Money","publishDate":1352910764,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/grizzly_denali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47053\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Grizzly_Denali-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear \" title=\"Grizzly Bear, Denali National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, in Denali National Park, Alaska. Trophy hunters routinely pay $14,500 to guides for the chance to bag a grizzly. (Photo: Diliff, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As long as I can remember, I’ve wondered about the inner lives of animals in the wild. I spent many a Sunday evening sprawled wide-eyed on the living room floor mesmerized by Marlin Perkins’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWzK5NDUaFfkI\">“Wild Kingdom,”\u003c/a> puzzling over the ways species exotic and familiar navigate their world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show pioneered the use of documentary footage to explain complex ecological interactions and raise awareness about the threats facing wildlife around the globe. I was barely five when I starting watching it, but the show had a profound effect on my view of the natural world. Far from the peaceable kingdom in my bedtime stories, Perkins gave me an object lesson in Tennyson’s nature red in tooth and claw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could never bring myself to watch the inevitable encounters between gazelle and cheetah, lion and wildebeest, Perkins’ avuncular narration doing little to mollify my discomfort. (His lessons in survival of the fittest included starving lions who never mastered the art of the hunt.) Still, I accepted them as the way of the wild, scenarios born of intricate ecological interactions that evolved over a time scale I had yet to grasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a movie billed as an Alaska wilderness adventure came to town, my mother took me as a special treat. To her dismay and my horror, the movie turned out to be a wildlife snuff film, an orgy of caribou, moose and grizzlies being gunned down against a pristine wilderness backdrop. I spent most of it hiding my face in my mom’s shoulder. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the movie’s title, “Alaskan Safari,” would have been a giveaway. But we weren’t big on hunting. For us, “safari” meant travel to exotic places to watch wildlife, not kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47054\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/chilkatvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47054\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/chilkatvalley-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chilkat Valley, Alaska\" title=\"chilkat valley\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47054\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chilkat Valley north of Haines, Alaska, is home to diverse species, including eagles, black and brown bears, wolves, wolverines and salmon. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought of that movie on a recent trip to Alaska, my first. Nearly everyone I met in the little town of Haines, a four-and-a-half-hour ferry ride north of Juneau, cited the rugged beauty of the landscape as the main attraction though disdain for rules, regulations and other people seems, for some, to run a close second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Haines, many people still make a living or stock their pantries from the resource-rich land. Most smoke, dry and can enough salmon to make it through the winter. Some take a moose during the three-week hunting season, more than enough meat to feed a family of four for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunters I talked to pride themselves on their intimate knowledge of the landscape and its inhabitants, and on having the wherewithal to feed themselves from the marine and terrestrial bounty around them. They’re a different breed of hunter from the trophy hunters celebrated in “Alaskan Safari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters still travel to Alaska to shell out big bucks to the 539 \u003ca href=\"http://www.conneroutdoors.com/hunting/alaska.html\">big game outfitters\u003c/a> registered in the state. Hunters pay thousands of dollars for the chance to shoot musk ox, caribou, polar bears (yes, polar bears), black bears, wolves, Dall’s sheep \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskatrophyadventures.com/hunt04.htm\">and of course grizzlies\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akmountainsafaris.com/prices.htm\">which can command up to $14,500.\u003c/a> (By state law, non-residents must hunt with a registered guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the history of big game hunting in Alaska features a rogues’ gallery of guides deploying everything short of rocket launchers to guarantee kills. One technique uses low-flying planes to frighten animals into the path of waiting hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, that’s exactly what Ron Hayes, the director of “Alaskan Safari,” did to keep his clients happy. A US Fish and Wildlife Service agent called him “probably the most notorious bandit guide that ever lived,” after Hayes was convicted in 1987 for illegally hunting grizzlies by plane. Hayes was forced to forfeit several planes, fined thousands of dollars and served two years in jail. (While in jail, the same FWS officer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/26/us/poachers-enlisted-to-save-big-game.html\">convinced him to tell other hunters \u003c/a>about the negative impacts of poaching in educational videos.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes now runs a fishing lodge in Alaska. On \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskarainbowlodge.com/alaska-fishing-blog/\">his Web site\u003c/a>, he boasts about taking Jimmy Dean, Cornell Wilde, William Shatner and Lee Majors on hunts. He acknowledges that poaching was neither sporting nor ethical. “If I had to do it over again, I would do it legal,” he says. “But that doesn’t take away the fact that we were good at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/Reading%20the%20Trophy%20RVST_18_02_04.pdf\">2003 paper in the journal Visual Studies\u003c/a>, two sociologists reviewed hundreds of photos in 14 popular hunting magazines, looking for themes in the photos of carcasses. They tested the notion in traditional hunting narratives that trophy displays pay tribute to the beauty of nature and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of love and respect for nature and individual animals,” the researchers reported, “we found extreme objectification of animal bodies, with severed deer heads and cut-off antlers representative examples of the contradiction in the love-of-nature hunting stereotype.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my short stay in Haines, I learned how the Tlingits—who call themselves the People of the Tides—view the wildlife they’ve lived with for thousands of years. Like other indigenous people, they believe that all the animals (and the rivers, rocks and plants) have spirits just like us. They wear symbols of the animals to make their spirits feel more concrete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear holds a special place in \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indians/tlingit/transformations.html\">Tlingit mythology\u003c/a>. Considered a close human relative, the bear symbolizes the connection between animals and humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, researchers knew very little about the inner lives of bears. But two preliminary studies published since August showed that captive \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822244\">black bears can “count”\u003c/a>—recognize the number of dots in an image—\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003284\">and learn concepts\u003c/a>, suggesting the average bear is indeed pretty smart. Study author Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University in Michigan, told National Geographic News that bears have been neglected by cognitive scientists but “may show abilities similar to species more like humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So bears are, as the Tlingit believe, a lot like us. Bears, however, hunt only to survive. They eat what they kill. That's the way of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters — people who kill for entertainment, or to gratify their egos — are a whole different breed. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Trophy hunters routinely pay thousands of dollars for the chance to kill big game like caribou, moose, black bear and especially grizzly bear. Trophy hunting narratives boast a love of nature. But some sociologists find a different story. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356732326,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":1115},"headData":{"title":"Trophy Hunting: For the Love of Blood and Money | KQED","description":"Trophy hunters routinely pay thousands of dollars for the chance to kill big game like caribou, moose, black bear and especially grizzly bear. Trophy hunting narratives boast a love of nature. But some sociologists find a different story. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Trophy Hunting: For the Love of Blood and Money","datePublished":"2012-11-14T16:32:44.000Z","dateModified":"2012-12-28T22:05:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47050 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47050","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/","disqusTitle":"Trophy Hunting: For the Love of Blood and Money","path":"/quest/47050/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/grizzly_denali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47053\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Grizzly_Denali-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear \" title=\"Grizzly Bear, Denali National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, in Denali National Park, Alaska. Trophy hunters routinely pay $14,500 to guides for the chance to bag a grizzly. (Photo: Diliff, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As long as I can remember, I’ve wondered about the inner lives of animals in the wild. I spent many a Sunday evening sprawled wide-eyed on the living room floor mesmerized by Marlin Perkins’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWzK5NDUaFfkI\">“Wild Kingdom,”\u003c/a> puzzling over the ways species exotic and familiar navigate their world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show pioneered the use of documentary footage to explain complex ecological interactions and raise awareness about the threats facing wildlife around the globe. I was barely five when I starting watching it, but the show had a profound effect on my view of the natural world. Far from the peaceable kingdom in my bedtime stories, Perkins gave me an object lesson in Tennyson’s nature red in tooth and claw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could never bring myself to watch the inevitable encounters between gazelle and cheetah, lion and wildebeest, Perkins’ avuncular narration doing little to mollify my discomfort. (His lessons in survival of the fittest included starving lions who never mastered the art of the hunt.) Still, I accepted them as the way of the wild, scenarios born of intricate ecological interactions that evolved over a time scale I had yet to grasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a movie billed as an Alaska wilderness adventure came to town, my mother took me as a special treat. To her dismay and my horror, the movie turned out to be a wildlife snuff film, an orgy of caribou, moose and grizzlies being gunned down against a pristine wilderness backdrop. I spent most of it hiding my face in my mom’s shoulder. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the movie’s title, “Alaskan Safari,” would have been a giveaway. But we weren’t big on hunting. For us, “safari” meant travel to exotic places to watch wildlife, not kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47054\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/chilkatvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47054\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/chilkatvalley-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chilkat Valley, Alaska\" title=\"chilkat valley\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47054\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chilkat Valley north of Haines, Alaska, is home to diverse species, including eagles, black and brown bears, wolves, wolverines and salmon. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought of that movie on a recent trip to Alaska, my first. Nearly everyone I met in the little town of Haines, a four-and-a-half-hour ferry ride north of Juneau, cited the rugged beauty of the landscape as the main attraction though disdain for rules, regulations and other people seems, for some, to run a close second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Haines, many people still make a living or stock their pantries from the resource-rich land. Most smoke, dry and can enough salmon to make it through the winter. Some take a moose during the three-week hunting season, more than enough meat to feed a family of four for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunters I talked to pride themselves on their intimate knowledge of the landscape and its inhabitants, and on having the wherewithal to feed themselves from the marine and terrestrial bounty around them. They’re a different breed of hunter from the trophy hunters celebrated in “Alaskan Safari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters still travel to Alaska to shell out big bucks to the 539 \u003ca href=\"http://www.conneroutdoors.com/hunting/alaska.html\">big game outfitters\u003c/a> registered in the state. Hunters pay thousands of dollars for the chance to shoot musk ox, caribou, polar bears (yes, polar bears), black bears, wolves, Dall’s sheep \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskatrophyadventures.com/hunt04.htm\">and of course grizzlies\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akmountainsafaris.com/prices.htm\">which can command up to $14,500.\u003c/a> (By state law, non-residents must hunt with a registered guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the history of big game hunting in Alaska features a rogues’ gallery of guides deploying everything short of rocket launchers to guarantee kills. One technique uses low-flying planes to frighten animals into the path of waiting hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, that’s exactly what Ron Hayes, the director of “Alaskan Safari,” did to keep his clients happy. A US Fish and Wildlife Service agent called him “probably the most notorious bandit guide that ever lived,” after Hayes was convicted in 1987 for illegally hunting grizzlies by plane. Hayes was forced to forfeit several planes, fined thousands of dollars and served two years in jail. (While in jail, the same FWS officer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/26/us/poachers-enlisted-to-save-big-game.html\">convinced him to tell other hunters \u003c/a>about the negative impacts of poaching in educational videos.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes now runs a fishing lodge in Alaska. On \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskarainbowlodge.com/alaska-fishing-blog/\">his Web site\u003c/a>, he boasts about taking Jimmy Dean, Cornell Wilde, William Shatner and Lee Majors on hunts. He acknowledges that poaching was neither sporting nor ethical. “If I had to do it over again, I would do it legal,” he says. “But that doesn’t take away the fact that we were good at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/Reading%20the%20Trophy%20RVST_18_02_04.pdf\">2003 paper in the journal Visual Studies\u003c/a>, two sociologists reviewed hundreds of photos in 14 popular hunting magazines, looking for themes in the photos of carcasses. They tested the notion in traditional hunting narratives that trophy displays pay tribute to the beauty of nature and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of love and respect for nature and individual animals,” the researchers reported, “we found extreme objectification of animal bodies, with severed deer heads and cut-off antlers representative examples of the contradiction in the love-of-nature hunting stereotype.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my short stay in Haines, I learned how the Tlingits—who call themselves the People of the Tides—view the wildlife they’ve lived with for thousands of years. Like other indigenous people, they believe that all the animals (and the rivers, rocks and plants) have spirits just like us. They wear symbols of the animals to make their spirits feel more concrete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear holds a special place in \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indians/tlingit/transformations.html\">Tlingit mythology\u003c/a>. Considered a close human relative, the bear symbolizes the connection between animals and humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, researchers knew very little about the inner lives of bears. But two preliminary studies published since August showed that captive \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822244\">black bears can “count”\u003c/a>—recognize the number of dots in an image—\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003284\">and learn concepts\u003c/a>, suggesting the average bear is indeed pretty smart. Study author Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University in Michigan, told National Geographic News that bears have been neglected by cognitive scientists but “may show abilities similar to species more like humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So bears are, as the Tlingit believe, a lot like us. Bears, however, hunt only to survive. They eat what they kill. That's the way of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters — people who kill for entertainment, or to gratify their egos — are a whole different breed. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47050/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money","authors":["6322"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_102","quest_11603","quest_11601","quest_684","quest_921","quest_11001","quest_1419","quest_11602","quest_13202","quest_11162"],"featImg":"quest_47053","label":"quest"},"quest_709":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_709","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"709","score":null,"sort":[1216839986000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watching-the-water","title":"Watching the Water","publishDate":1216839986,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/orca_pod_southern_residents1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 16th, my Mom and I left San Francisco by boat to tour the Southeast coastal islands of Alaska. I have been hearing stories about the untamed Alaska since I was a small child. My mom lived in Kodiak as a girl. Her father and my grandfather had his last tour of Naval duty on Kodiak. His assignment was to survey the numbers of Kodiak bears for the sake of conservation. So I was more than eager to see the wildness and wildlife of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While at sea, I've seen common Alaskan wildlife. Humpbacks have spouted and breached, raven and eagles have dived at the water for a dinner of spawning salmon. But I keep looking at the water, hoping to glimpse \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca\" target=\"_blank\">Orcas\u003c/a>. The next opportunity to do so will be tomorrow coming out of the port of Victoria, British Columbia. Orcas, or killer whales as they are commonly known, are not whales at all. They are the largest species of the dolphin family and they are prominent along the Southeast islands of Alaska. They have captured the spirit of natives in these lands. They are alive in their legends and are carved into totem poles that are being preserved in the towns and museums along the coast. Both the native people here and Orcas form matriarchal societies and many native people believe that members of their tribe are reincarnated as killer whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/orca1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.rockisland.com/~orcasurv/resident.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Resident Orcas\u003c/a> are just one type of Killer Whale. Three groups of Orcas have been found to be genetically separate on the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA level here. Resident Orcas stay close to the shore of the Alaskan islands in herds of up to 200. They have strongly bonded familial ties and are the fisherman of the Orcas, as their diet consists only of fish. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockisland.com/~orcasurv/transien.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Transient Orcas\u003c/a>, on the other hand, live also in groups of up to 200 but will split off for the sake of the hunt. They hunt small marine mammals and migrate a great deal more, going where they can find food. While residents have a small and predictable migration route, transients are harder to research because of an unpredictable migration route. Researchers in Alaska have been able to collect more data on resident pods because of their predictability. They identify each individual by their Saddle-patch, or the white markings adjacent to the dorsal fin. It is like a fingerprint, identifying individual Orcas. The third group of Orcas is even more elusive than the transient pods. They are known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockisland.com/~orcasurv/offshore.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Offshore Orcas\u003c/a>. They are known as the rogue of the species and have been very difficult to research because of their unpredictability and often solo migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am most interested in Orcas because of the question of Orca culture. They are seen as very intelligent animals by Native tribes as well as researchers. There is a controversy in the scientific field if Orcas have culture. Traits of fishing or hunting seem to be passed down to offspring denoting learning and hence culture. However, the science community is still split on learning behavior. One story I heard while here paints them as creatures of learning and remorse. One sick Orca was found in a pod. Fisherman noticed the other pod-mates line up and the sick Orca went through the line giving attention to each pod member and then left the pod after what looked like \"saying his goodbyes\". Was this a goodbye ritual for sending off a dying pod-mate? Whether is was or not, such unusual behavior is well worth more research. Hopefully, I will be able to see some of their behavior myself before returning to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While at sea, I've seen common Alaskan wildlife. Humpbacks have spouted and breached, raven and eagles have dived at the water for a dinner of spawning salmon. But I keep looking at the water, hoping to glimpse Orcas.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1216839986,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":617},"headData":{"title":"Watching the Water | KQED","description":"While at sea, I've seen common Alaskan wildlife. Humpbacks have spouted and breached, raven and eagles have dived at the water for a dinner of spawning salmon. But I keep looking at the water, hoping to glimpse Orcas.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Watching the Water","datePublished":"2008-07-23T19:06:26.000Z","dateModified":"2008-07-23T19:06:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"709 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=709","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/07/23/watching-the-water/","disqusTitle":"Watching the Water","path":"/quest/709/watching-the-water","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/orca_pod_southern_residents1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 16th, my Mom and I left San Francisco by boat to tour the Southeast coastal islands of Alaska. I have been hearing stories about the untamed Alaska since I was a small child. My mom lived in Kodiak as a girl. Her father and my grandfather had his last tour of Naval duty on Kodiak. His assignment was to survey the numbers of Kodiak bears for the sake of conservation. So I was more than eager to see the wildness and wildlife of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While at sea, I've seen common Alaskan wildlife. Humpbacks have spouted and breached, raven and eagles have dived at the water for a dinner of spawning salmon. But I keep looking at the water, hoping to glimpse \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca\" target=\"_blank\">Orcas\u003c/a>. The next opportunity to do so will be tomorrow coming out of the port of Victoria, British Columbia. Orcas, or killer whales as they are commonly known, are not whales at all. They are the largest species of the dolphin family and they are prominent along the Southeast islands of Alaska. They have captured the spirit of natives in these lands. They are alive in their legends and are carved into totem poles that are being preserved in the towns and museums along the coast. Both the native people here and Orcas form matriarchal societies and many native people believe that members of their tribe are reincarnated as killer whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/orca1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.rockisland.com/~orcasurv/resident.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Resident Orcas\u003c/a> are just one type of Killer Whale. Three groups of Orcas have been found to be genetically separate on the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA level here. Resident Orcas stay close to the shore of the Alaskan islands in herds of up to 200. They have strongly bonded familial ties and are the fisherman of the Orcas, as their diet consists only of fish. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockisland.com/~orcasurv/transien.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Transient Orcas\u003c/a>, on the other hand, live also in groups of up to 200 but will split off for the sake of the hunt. They hunt small marine mammals and migrate a great deal more, going where they can find food. While residents have a small and predictable migration route, transients are harder to research because of an unpredictable migration route. Researchers in Alaska have been able to collect more data on resident pods because of their predictability. They identify each individual by their Saddle-patch, or the white markings adjacent to the dorsal fin. It is like a fingerprint, identifying individual Orcas. The third group of Orcas is even more elusive than the transient pods. They are known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rockisland.com/~orcasurv/offshore.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Offshore Orcas\u003c/a>. They are known as the rogue of the species and have been very difficult to research because of their unpredictability and often solo migration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am most interested in Orcas because of the question of Orca culture. They are seen as very intelligent animals by Native tribes as well as researchers. There is a controversy in the scientific field if Orcas have culture. Traits of fishing or hunting seem to be passed down to offspring denoting learning and hence culture. However, the science community is still split on learning behavior. One story I heard while here paints them as creatures of learning and remorse. One sick Orca was found in a pod. Fisherman noticed the other pod-mates line up and the sick Orca went through the line giving attention to each pod member and then left the pod after what looked like \"saying his goodbyes\". Was this a goodbye ritual for sending off a dying pod-mate? Whether is was or not, such unusual behavior is well worth more research. Hopefully, I will be able to see some of their behavior myself before returning to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/709/watching-the-water","authors":["10173"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_102","quest_13193","quest_473","quest_848","quest_859","quest_1099","quest_1569","quest_3351","quest_1726","quest_2034","quest_2056","quest_2086","quest_2349","quest_2420","quest_2556","quest_2979","quest_3058","quest_3108","quest_3143"],"label":"quest"},"quest_647":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_647","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"647","score":null,"sort":[1213673959000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-village-takes-on-global-warming","title":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","publishDate":1213673959,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sarichef ia a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457835814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":465},"headData":{"title":"A Village Takes on Global Warming | KQED","description":"Sarichef ia a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","datePublished":"2008-06-17T03:39:19.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T02:23:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"647 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=647","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/16/a-village-takes-on-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","path":"/quest/647/a-village-takes-on-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/647/a-village-takes-on-global-warming","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_3228","quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_102","quest_127","quest_157","quest_211","quest_438","quest_669","quest_984","quest_1224","quest_1334","quest_1381","quest_1487","quest_1488","quest_1506","quest_3351","quest_1802","quest_1937","quest_2011","quest_2034","quest_2107","quest_2349","quest_2510","quest_2620","quest_2621","quest_2844","quest_13365","quest_2893","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_648","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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